2007 Conference Papers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

2007 Conference Papers Volume19 Journalof the NumismaticAs soc ratron of Austraha 2007Conference Papers Coinage of the Libyan Revolt, 241–238 BC Stephen P Mulligan Historical background Mediterranean with control over Sardinia, The Libyan Revolt was a conflict western Sicily and the North African between Carthage and her former coast12. Carthage had her own military and mercenary army that lasted from 241 political classes such as the famous Barcid to 238 BC1-7. It is also known as the family (e.g. Hamilcar Barca and his son ‘Mercenary War’ or the ‘Truceless War’, Hannibal)13–14. The continuous use of the the latter reflecting the barbarity on both horse as an image on her coinage suggests a sides1,7. It occurred immediately after the strong equestrian and cavalry tradition prolonged First Punic-Roman War that within Punic society15–20. However, probably spanned 23 years from 264 to 241 BC, and due to her limited population and for simple that had taken place on land and sea commercial reasons, during much of her 8-11 around Sicily . history Carthage appears to have relied There are two sources of evidence for heavily on mercenary armies when the need the Libyan Revolt; the historical account arose21–22. This was particularly in the era in of Polybius1 and the numismatic evidence which she produced coinage, and there is an of the coins that were issued by the rebels. obvious link, because the most convenient Coins have a special symbolism in this method of payment for a mercenary army war, which began as a financial dispute was coinage. The mercenaries were drawn between a city of merchants, her from around the Carthaginian home- mercenary army and the heavily taxed land populated by native Libyans, who populace. They show us the imagery with accounted for the largest numbers, which the rebels chose to portray Numidians, as well as Greeks, Celts, Gauls, themselves. Ligurians, Campanians, Balearic Islanders Carthage was built on the North and Iberians1. It was the mercenary forces African coast on a promontory just north of employed during the twenty-three year long Cap Bon. The city was founded in First Punic-Roman War that were 814 BC by Elissa (Dido) and other refugees subsequently involved in the Libyan escaping from political turmoil in their Revolt. former home city of Tyre in Phoenicia2-6. At the end of the First Punic War with Carthage was in a very central and highly Rome, the mercenary army was repatriated strategic location for access, trade and from the last Carthaginian bases of Erice naval control within the Mediterranean and Lilybaeum in western Sicily back to (Fig. 1). Carthage1,7. The Carthaginian surrender Carthage was primarily a mercantile had been signed from his stronghold in city and became the dominant power in the Erice by Hamilcar Barca, who had JNAA 19 2008 17 Stephen P Mulligan Figure 1. Map of the Mediterranean illustrating the Figure 2. Map of Libya (modern Northern Tunisia) strategic location of Carthage. showing principal locations in the Libyan Revolt. remained undefeated, but in stalemate. military and political figure, to resolve this Hamilcar returned immediately to Carthage payment dispute, the soldiers escalated and left his deputy, General Gisco, to their demands and the negotiations failed. organise the repatriation of the troops Finally, Carthage dispatched Gisco (Table 1). Gisco did this deliberately in with full payment for the mercenaries. Two small units so that the soldiers would be mercenary soldiers, Mathos and Spendius, paid their dues, and then dispersed back to emerged as leaders, as arguments developed their respective homelands to prevent the among the different ethnic and language build-up of large numbers of troops in the groups of the mercenaries. The two mother city and the unruly behaviour that ringleaders quashed any dissent in the might be expected. Regrettably for atmosphere of mob rule that had developed. Carthage, this is precisely what was to The mercenaries took Gisco hostage and transpire, when the authorities in Carthage seized all the Carthaginian money from were either unable or unwilling to pay the him. Then 20,000 mercenaries marched to dues to the soldiers. Hence, large numbers Carthage and made camp at Tunis, 15 of soldiers congregated in the city, with kilometres from the Punic capital. resulting problems in law and order. The rebels are reported to have had The Carthaginian authorities then ample supplies and finances to enable them expelled the troops from Carthage to Sicca to conduct a prolonged campaign. Among about 160 kilometres to the west (Fig. 2), their initial forays they besieged Utica and allowing them to take their baggage and Hippocritae in the north. Hanno was placed families with them. Polybius records that in command of the Carthaginian forces, the soldiers were each given a gold stater and while he evidently had organisational (Fig. 3) to cover their immediate expenses. ability in procuring new soldiers for Following their arrival in Sicca, and Carthage, he was incompetent in the field. during the course of the subsequent He lost significant battles while trying to deliberations with Hanno, a leading lift the sieges of Utica and Hippocritae. 18 JNAA 19 2008 Coinage of the Libyan Revolt, 241–238 BC found himself in difficulties. Navaras, a Numidian prince who had traditional ties with the Carthaginians, boldly offered himself and his cavalry force to Hamilcar. In both this and subsequent battles against the rebel forces, Navaras was to contribute significantly to the Carthaginian success. Figure 3. Carthage electrum stater, c.300 BC (7.3 g). After his victory over Spendius, Hamilcar Obv: Head of Tanit (the consort of Baal) left, made an important decision to offer crowned with corn wreath, wearing earring with immunity to any captured rebels who pendant and necklace, dotted border. Rev: Free horse agreed to either join his army, or go their standing right, double exergue line, one dot before own way, as long as they did not take part horse’s front leg, dotted border. cf Sear 6462, Jenkins group V cf No.245, SNG Copenhagen 976. in any further action against Carthage. Hamilcar’s leniency and offer of immunity clearly had a major impact on the Hamilcar Barca was then given rebel leaders, who feared mass defection. command of the Carthaginian forces. At Mathos, Spendius and Autaritus determined this stage of the revolt the rebel forces on a course of committing atrocities that under Mathos were controlling the siege of would increase the hatred on each side to Hippocritae, while Spendius and Autaritus such an extent, that compromise was no were at Tunis from where they were able longer possible. This was begun by cutting to prevent the Carthaginians from leaving off the hands of Gisco, followed by his Carthage. Hamilcar and his troops further mutilation and murder, and then managed to escape from this entrapment the same torture and murder of 700 by crossing the Macaras River at night, Carthaginian hostages that they held. making use of a wind-assisted tidal At this time, there was mutiny in change. On the plain beside the Macaras Sardinia. Polybius reports that all River, where he used his cavalry and Carthaginian soldiers stationed there were elephants to full effect, Hamilcar then taken prisoner, tortured and murdered1. defeated the rebel army led by Spendius. As a result, the Carthaginians suffered So complete was this victory, that where complete loss of control over the island. possible, the mercenaries subsequently Shortly after, Utica and Hippocritae avoided engaging in battle on the plains, defected to the rebels. Mathos and preferring to fight on hilly terrain where Spendius then laid siege to Carthage Hamilcar and his troops, cavalry and herself. Rome refused to occupy either elephants no longer had such an Sardinia or Utica despite invitations by the advantage. rebels to do so, but loyally observed her The next major battle, according to treaty engagements, returned remaining Polybius, was located in an unidentified prisoners from the Sicilian (First Punic- place described as ‘a plain surrounded by Roman) War, and gave permission to her mountains’1 (7–8). The rebel forces under merchants to export all requirements with Spendius had been joined by Numidian ‘prompt and friendly attention’ to requests and Libyan reinforcements, and Hamilcar from Carthage. JNAA 19 2008 19 Stephen P Mulligan Figure 4. Siculo-Punic AR tetradrachm; Carthage Figure 5. Siculo-Punic AR tetradrachm; Tanit/Horse series, c.410–395 BC (17.60 g). Obv: Forepart of series c.320-310 BC (18.84 g). Obv: Wreathed head bridled horse right; above, Nike flying right holding of Tanit/Persephone left wearing triple pendant wreath and caduceus over horse's head; barley grain earring and necklace, four dolphins swimming right. Punic legend QRTHDST. Rev: Palm tree with two around Rev: Horse's head left, palm tree behind, date clusters. Punic legend MHNT. Punic legend MMHNT below. Jenkins, Punic 13 (O3'/R13; this coin listed as ‘private collection S.6434, SNG Lloyd 1633, Jenkins SNR 56 [Series 3a], 183 Y’, pl.3, 13Y); SNG Copenhagen (Carthage) 72 (same obv. die) [O53/R161]. http://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=69838. Hamilcar, Navaras and Hannibal (not series of tetradrachms known as the Barca) scoured the country intercepting ‘Carthage series’ were produced17. Jenkins supplies of the rebels and harassing them identified an Akragine tetradrachm that in many skirmishes. Any captured enemy was overstruck on this type, indicating that soldiers were thrown to the elephants and it was struck before 406 BC when Akragas trampled to death. By these tactics, the was destroyed18. These coins were produced rebels were reduced to famine and, as a with twelve obverse dies, some of which consequence, cannibalism. They were have the name of the city QRTHDST (Qart finally surrounded and forced to engage Hadast meaning New City, i.e.
Recommended publications
  • A Glimpse Into the Roman Finances of the Second Punic War Through
    Letter Geochemical Perspectives Letters the history of the western world. Carthage was a colony founded next to modern Tunis in the 8th century BC by Phoenician merchants. During the 3rd century BC its empire expanded westward into southern Spain and Sardinia, two major silver producers of the West Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Rome’s grip had tight- © 2016 European Association of Geochemistry ened over the central and southern Italian peninsula. The Punic Wars marked the beginning of Rome’s imperial expansion and ended the time of Carthage. A glimpse into the Roman finances The First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), conducted by a network of alliances in Sicily, ended up with Rome prevailing over Carthage. A consequence of this of the Second Punic War conflict was the Mercenary War (240 BC–237 BC) between Carthage and its through silver isotopes unpaid mercenaries, which Rome helped to quell, again at great cost to Carthage. Hostilities between the two cities resumed in 219 BC when Hannibal seized the F. Albarède1,2*, J. Blichert-Toft1,2, M. Rivoal1, P. Telouk1 Spanish city of Saguntum, a Roman ally. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed the Alps into the Po plain and inflicted devastating mili- tary defeats on the Roman legions in a quick sequence of major battles, the Trebia (December 218 BC), Lake Trasimene (June 217 BC), and Cannae (August 216 BC). As a measure of the extent of the disaster, it was claimed that more than 100,000 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1613 Roman soldiers and Italian allies lost their lives in these three battles, including The defeat of Hannibal’s armies at the culmination of the Second Punic War (218 BC–201 three consuls.
    [Show full text]
  • Polybius and His World. Essays in Melllory of F. W. Walbank
    Polybius and his world. Essays in melllory of F. W. Walbank EDITED BY BRUCE GIBSON AND THOMAS HARRISON OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ~ments Contents Isly by the British Academy as well Abbreviations LX Id Egyptology of the University of List of Illustrations xi all aspects of the conference with Notes on Contributors xii lary O'Shea and her colleagues at Welcome to the Liverpool Conference: Frank Walbank xvi ~ assistance, and to the anonymous previously published in J. Pastor, 1. Introduction: F. W. Walbank, Polybius, and the Decline of Greece phus: Interpretation and History, Bruce Gibson and Thomas Harrison of ludaism, 146 (Leiden, 2011), 2. 'A piece of work which would occupy some years .. .' Oxford ission of Brill. Finally, we should University Press Archive Files 814152, 814173, 814011 37 rt and advice of Dorothy Thomp­ lohn Henderson ,ank. 3. Polybius, Phylarchus, and 'Tragic History': A Reconsideration 73 B. J. G lohn Marincola T.H. 4. Polybius, Aratus, and the History of the 140 th Olympiad 91 Andrew Meadows 5. Some Misunderstandings of Polybius in Livy 117 lohn Briscoe 6. Polybius' Roman prokataskeue 125 Hans Beck 7. Historiographie Patterns and Historical Obstacles in Polybius' Histories: Marcellus, Flaminius, and the Mamertine Crisis 143 Craige Champion 8. Polybius and Xenophon: The Mercenary War 159 Bruce Gibson 9. Youthfulness in Polybius: The Case of Philip V of Macedon 181 Brian McGing 10. Frank Walbank's Philippos Tragoidoumenos: Polybius' Account of Philip's Last Years 201 Boris Dreyer 11. Polybius in Context: The Political Dimension of the Histories 213 101m Thornton 12. How to Rule the World: Polybius Book 6 Reconsidered 231 Andrew Erskine viii Contents 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College
    Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Emery, Kevin Patrick, "Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 11. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/11 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wofford College Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity An Honors Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For An Honors Degree in History By Kevin Patrick Emery Spartanburg, South Carolina May 2016 1 Introduction The story of the mercenary armies of Carthage is one of incompetence and disaster, followed by clever innovation. It is a story not just of battles and betrayal, but also of the interactions between dissimilar peoples in a multiethnic army trying to coordinate, fight, and win, while commanded by a Punic officer corps which may or may not have been competent. Carthaginian mercenaries are one piece of a larger narrative about the struggle between Carthage and Rome for dominance in the Western Mediterranean, and their history illustrates the evolution of the mercenary system employed by the Carthaginian Empire to extend her power and ensure her survival.
    [Show full text]
  • (Eg Carthage, Hippacra, Tunes, Utica, Hamilcar, Hanno the Great, Mathos, Polybius) Are Not
    INDEX Very frequently mentioned names (e.g. Carthage, Hippacra, Tunes, Utica, Hamilcar, Hanno the Great, Mathos, Polybius) are not indexed. HB = Hamilcar Barca Acholla 239 Bizerte, Lac de 102 Acra Leuce (Spain) 255 Bizerte: see Hippacra Ad Gallum Gallinacium 113 boetharchos (area commander) 155 Adherbal (general in Sicily 250–248) Bomilcar (4th Cent.) 15 22–23, 212 Bomilcar (HB’s son-in-law) 21–22, Aegates Islands (battle) xv, 13 233 Agathocles xiii, xiv, 18, 32, 97, Bostar (of\ cer in Sardinia) 155–57, 143–44, 185, 231, 244 272 Alexander the Great 8, 77, 114, 143, Bulla 133, 199, 256 175 Appian xix, 15, 20–21, 26, 32, 51, 85, Campania, Campanians xiv, 7, 26, 42, 102, 110, 127, 129, 149, 244, 255, 48, 66–67, 69, 77–79, 129, 133, 144, 263, 269 155, 273 Aptuca 137 Cape Bon xvi, 82–83, 92, 126, 162, arbitration 56–57, 59–60, 64, 86 183, 192–93, 207–8, 212, 220, 238, Argoub Beïda (ridge) 208 240, 253 Ariana, El 52, 113 Carales (Cagliari) 156 Aristotle xvii, 13–14, 83, 273 Carthalo (admiral 249–248) 9, 22, army of Sicily: see Sicily 212 artillery 33, 38, 61, 97–99, 100, 102, Cassius Dio xix, 129 105, 264 Castra Cornelia (Galaat el Andless) 97 Atilius Regulus, Marcus xiv, xv, 32, Catulus: see Lutatius 124–25, 185, 251 Cercina, isle (Kerkennah) 238–39 Autaritus 42–49, 68, 70–72, 74, 79, Cirta 156, 244 91, 115, 132–36, 141–42, 144, 146, coinage (rebel) 79–80, 91, 139, 150–51, 154, 160–61, 164–65, 140–42, 198–99 168–71, 174, 188, 194, 196, 198, Conon (Athenian general) 29 201–3, 210–11, 213–14, 219, 230, Crétéville 236 246, 265, 271–72 Crimisus
    [Show full text]
  • The First Punic War, 264 to 241 B.C
    Carthage Scenario Book V2.0 July, 2013 VOLUME #2 of THE ANCIENT WORLD SERIES A RICHARD H. BERG GAME DESIGN SCENARIO BOOK Version 2.0 July, 203 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S CR .0 Introduction ................................................... 2 7.6 Naval Transport ........................................... 2 CR 2.0 Components ................................................... 2 7.7 Port Harbor Capacity and Winter ................ 22 CR 2. The Maps ................................................ 2 CR 8.0 Land Combat ................................................. 23 CR 2.2 Counters ................................................. 2 CR 9.0 Cities and Sieges ............................................ 23 CR 2.3 Player Aids ............................................. 4 CR 0.0 Manpower .................................................... 24 CR 3.0 The Sequence of Play .................................... 4 10. Raising Legions ......................................... 24 The Roman Political and Command System ............ 5 10.2 Placement of Roman Manpower ............... 25 CR 5. The Magistrates of Rome ....................... 5 10.3 Legion Training ......................................... 25 CR 5.2 Elections and Assignment of Magistrates . 7 10.4 Carthaginian Manpower ............................ 25 CR 5.3 Prorogue of Imperium ............................ 10 10.5 Carthaginian Army Efficiency ................... 26 CR 5.4 Magistrate Restrictions .......................... 10 CR 2.0 Diplomacy ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Carthaginian Casualties: the Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 8-9-2016 Carthaginian Casualties: The Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War Laura Valiani Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Valiani, Laura, "Carthaginian Casualties: The Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2016. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/108 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CARTHAGINIAN CASUALTIES: THE SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE LOSSES SUSTAINED IN THE FIRST PUNIC WAR by LAURA VALIANI Under the Direction of Lela Urquhart, PhD ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to investigate the short- and long-term socio-economic impact of the First Punic War on Carthage and its people. It will do so by exploring three parts of the Carthaginian political and socio-economic system during the fourth through the second centuries BCE. The first is its navy, and specifically the costs – in both material and man – of its use. This will be the subject of the first chapter. The second analyses the additional expenditures which the war extracted from Carthage, such as the outlays to recruit, maintain, and provide for the land army. The final chapter focuses on the long-term ramifications of the war, which will be explored by means of an in-depth analysis of the last few battles of the First Punic War from an economic angle.
    [Show full text]
  • Dead Men Do Tell Tales: Spendius, Mathos, and Autaritus and the Punic Army
    Dead Men Do Tell Tales: Spendius, Mathos, and Autaritus and the Punic Army In 240 BCE, in the aftermath of the First Punic War, the Carthaginian army rebelled. Known now as the Mercenary, Libyan, or Truceless War, the rebellion was headed by three soldiers previously in the service of Carthage: Spendius, a Campanian slave, Mathos, a Libyan, and Autaritus, a Gallic mercenary. These men began their careers as common soldiers and members of the historically overlooked non-elite, eventually rising to command. Thus through their unique backgrounds and trajectories, we have a rare opportunity to re-examine certain neglected aspects of the Carthaginian army, including social status, ethnicity, and language within the ranks. In modern scholarship, there has been little attempt to establish basic biographies of these three individuals, let alone analyze the army based on their experiences. Hoyos (2007) makes important observations about them where relevant, but avoids making statements about the army via their careers. Similarly, Ameling (1993), analyzes the army as a whole, but extrapolates little from the three leaders. Huss (1988) concentrates solely on the Truceless War leaders, and is thus a rarity, but is only concerned with coinage. Fariselli (1999) actually cites a need for more studies on the ethnic composition of Carthaginian soldiers in Sicily; the same should be said about social statuses and linguistics across the army. A fuller understanding of these concepts would not only illuminate the workings of the Punic army, but also allow us to understand the thousands of common people, like Spendius, Mathos and Autaritus, who worked in its service.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revolutionary Shift in the Cyclical Nature of Mercenary Use
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Summer 2018 The Mercenary Tradition and Conflict Privatization: A Revolutionary Shift in the Cyclical Nature of Mercenary Use Joseph M. Tribble Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tribble, Joseph M., "The Mercenary Tradition and Conflict Privatization: A Revolutionary Shift in the Cyclical Nature of Mercenary Use" (2018). MSU Graduate Theses. 3303. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3303 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MERCENARY TRADITION AND CONFLICT PRIVATIZATION: A REVOLUTIONARY SHIFT IN THE CYCLICAL NATURE OF MERCENARY USE A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Joseph M. Tribble August 2018 THE MERCENARY TRADITION AND CONFLICT PRIVATIZATION: A REVOLUTIONARY SHIFT IN THE CYCLICAL NATURE OF MERCENARY USE Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, August 2018 Master of Science Joseph M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Carthaginians 6Th–2Nd Century BC
    The Carthaginians 6th–2nd Century BC ANDREA SALIMBETI ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA & RAFFAELE D’AMATO © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Elite • 201 The Carthaginians 6th–2nd Century BC ANDREA SALIMBETI ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA & RAFFAELE D’AMATO Series editor Martin Windrow © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 )JTUPSJDBMCBDLHSPVOE HISTORICAL REPUTATION 9 $SVFMFYFDVUJPOT )VNBOTBDSJGJDF CHRONOLOGY 12 ORGANIZATION 16 $PNNBOE $JUJ[FONJMJUJB -JCZP1IPFOJDJBOT .FSDFOBSJFTBMMJFTBEWBOUBHFTBOEEBOHFSTPG SFMJBODFPONFSDFOBSJFTo/PSUI"GSJDBOTo*CFSJBOTo$FMUT /POJOGBOUSZUSPPQT$BWBMSZo$IBSJPUTo&MFQIBOUTo"SUJMMFSZ TACTICS 28 )FBWZBOEMJHIUJOGBOUSZ &WPMVUJPOPGNFSDFOBSZUBDUJDTJO1VOJDTFSWJDF*CFSJBODBWBMSZo$FMUT ARMS & EQUIPMENT 32 $BSUIBHJOJBO-JCZP1IPFOJDJBOJOGBOUSZBOEDBWBMSZ"SNPVS Shields 8FBQPOT /PSUI "GSJDBODBWBMSZBOEJOGBOUSZo*CFSJBOTUIF1P[P.PSPCVSJBMo#BMFBSJDTMJOHFSTo$FMUTo*OTJHOJB standards CLOTHING & PHYSICAL APPEARANCE 46 THE NAVY 48 SELECTED CAMPAIGNS & BATTLES 52 5IFDPORVFTUPG4BSEJOJB oc.#$ 5IFCBUUMFPG)JNFSB #$ 5IFNFSDFOBSZSFWPMU #$ SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 INDEX 64 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com THE CARTHAGINIANS 6th–2nd CENTURIES BC INTRODUCTION 5FSSBDPUUBNBMFIFBEGSPN Carthage was the greatest military power in the western Mediterranean $BSUIBHF UIDFOUVSZ#$5IJT world during the centuries of the Greek and Roman expansions, and used its SFBMJTUJDQPSUSBJUJNBHFPGB mighty fleet to build a commercial and territorial empire in North Africa, the $BSUIBHJOJBOOPCMFNBOPS Iberian Peninsula
    [Show full text]
  • Xanthippus of Laecedemonia: a Foreign Commander in the Army Of
    Xanthippus of Laecedemonia: a foreign commander in the army of Carthage Autor(es): Dantas, Daniela Publicado por: Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/44038 DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.14195/0871-9527_26_6 Accessed : 6-Oct-2021 13:35:34 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt XANTHIPPUS OF LAECEDEMONIA: A foreign commander in the army of Carthage Daniela Dantas Centro de História, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa [email protected] | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0243-1328 proposta: aceitação: submission 28/12/2016 acceptance 20/11/2017 Abstract Throughout its History, and especially during the Hellenistic period, Carthage is known to strongly rely on the use of mercenaries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greatest Generals of the Second Punic War
    The Greatest Generals of the Second Punic War A fair comparison between Hannibal Barcas & Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Hannibal Scipio Björn Flapper Studentnumber 0613479 Master Thesis ~ Oude Geschiedenis Dhr. H. W. Singor Wednesday 18th of July 2012 Contents: Introduction 2 Chapter 1 Culture and Education 4 - Heir of the Carthaginian General 4 - Survivor of Chaos 10 - Wealth of Experience 16 Chapter 2 The Plans of Men and States 19 - Scourge of Rome 19 - Road to Carthage 25 - In the Shadow of Cities 32 Chapter 3 Blessed by Victory 35 - The Armies 35 - Carthaginian Lighting 37 - Roman Wave 45 - Face to Face 51 - Master and Apprentice? 55 Conclusion 58 Primary Sources & Literature 61 The picture on the cover and in the conclusion come from the Japanese Manga Drifers by Kitou Hirano. The story focuses on historical characters in an alternative world. Hannibal and Scipio are depicted as two old men who constantly fight over who is the greatest. Hannibal claims that he is the mastermind behind a double envelopment, like at Cannae, while Scipio claims that the winner takes it all. Despite this, both have a deep respect for each other. "A million men could not make Rome tremble in fear, yet the Rome trembled whenever she heard the name of Hannibal" - Scipio Africanus in Drifers page15, volume 1, chapter 8, translation from Japanese. 1 Introduction No war has cost Italy more than the Second Punic War. The Carthaginian general, Hannibal Barcas, led his army from the Iberian peninsula, across the alps into Roman lands. There he wreaked havoc upon the Romans and their allies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Histories of Polybius Book One Translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
    The Histories of Polybius Book One translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh ©In parentheses Publications Greek Series Cambridge, Ontario 2002 The Histories of Polybius Book One 1. Had the praise of History been passed over by former Chroniclers it would perhaps have been incumbent upon me to urge the choice and special study of records of this sort, as the readiest means men can have of correcting their knowledge of the past. But my predecessors have not been sparing in this respect. They have all begun and ended, so to speak, by enlarging on this theme: asserting again and again that the study of History is in the truest sense an education, and a training for political life; and that the most instructive, or rather the only, method of learning to bear with dignity the vicissitudes of fortune is to recall the catastrophes of others. It is evident, therefore, that no one need think it his duty to repeat what has been said by many, and said well. Least of all myself: for the surprising nature of the events which I have undertaken to relate is in itself sufficient to challenge and stimulate the attention of every one, old or young, to the study of my work. Can any one be so indifferent or idle as not to care to know by what means, and under what kind of polity, almost the whole inhabited world was conquered and brought under the dominion of the single city of Rome, and that too within a period of not quite fifty-three years? Or who again can be so completely absorbed in other subjects of contemplation or study, as to think any of them superior in importance to the accurate understanding of an event for which the past affords no precedent.
    [Show full text]