MASSACRE S IN SYRIA .
Lfi I ARLEY J. W S F ,
” A o n mu n: mg m. UTHOI r o “ ,
LONDON
D BRA BURY EV NS 1 1 BO ERIE STREET. A , , UV
1861
! The right of translationis reserved ]
PRE FA C E .
WHE N th e Janissaries t ose fanati al t rants , h c y wh o m nd unma e sultans were totall d e ade a d , y
x l imd s r e un 1 5 a mou II . e a e t oy d (J e , M h d c ,
H enceforth I shall recognise th e Moslemonly inh is mos ue th e C ristianinhis ur and q , h ch ch, th e Jewinhis synagogue but th e precepts of th e Koranare held more sacre d by th e Mussul mans t ana atti- h uma ounor imerial res ri t h h y , p c p , and th e benevolent intentions of that wise and
- mn a ne r n far sighte d o arch h ve ve be e fulfilled .
I nvainh as th e present Sultandeclared his desire that all his subj ects should live together like brothers ; invainh as th e hatti- humayoun
r l ime th e e ualit of th e f F b . 1 8 1 85 6 o a o e , , p c d q y
Christianwith th e Turk invainhave our ships
‘ defende d th e capital and our soldiers shed their blood indefence of a tottering empire — for th e i v PREFACE .
same feelingt hat inspired th e followers of Abou
Be r and his succe ssors still lives inth e heart . k n of every true believer. Th e Mussulmans alo e “ are men sai o amme t e a e een , d M h d ; h y h v b
' chosenby God to know th e truth ; and th e proof in i m i is t at I am th e m st of t e . D es se , h d h p
e er ot er nationre ar t emwit rr r d v y h , g d h h ho o an
i t T ar i ur i d sgus . hey e mp e ; nyou alone is
purity .
T ese re e ts t us inul ate urin 1 2 0 0 h p c p , h c c d d g
ears annot be su enl era i ate nor canth e y , c dd y d c d,
conquering lords of so many centuries look
calmly uponth e slave of yesterday as th e equal
- n th e of to d a . InE uro ea ur e ere y p T k y, wh
ristians utnumer th e ussulmans t is fe el C h o b M , h
in it is true is not so enerall er e ti le but g, , g y p c p b
inS ria w ere th e oslemelement re ails it y , h M p v ,
exists infull i our and th e oorest and meanest v g , p
osl m amal or orter nsi er himself alto M e h , p , co d s
gether a superior being to th e best dresse d and
richest giaour whomh e passe s inth e street ; for h as not o amme sai Th ulmans M h d d, e Muss n n alo e are me .
In onsi erin owe er th n ha e c d g, h v , e eve ts which v vii PREFACE .
. recently takenplace in Mount L ebanonand
D amas us we must not lose si t ofth e fa t t at c , gh c h
aIl NIussulmans are not Tur s as onth e con k , , trar th e Ottomans are in a onsi era le y, c d b minrit and t e hatre felt towar s th e C ris o y, h d d h
tians th e arious tri es and ra es ina itin , by v b c h b g th e ountr is in ome instanes nt mr s o e c y, , c , o bitter thanthat which is entertained towards th e n o ernme t of th e Sultan. ro erl s ea in g v P p y p k g, there is no S riannationfor th e ina itants ft at y , h b o h
beautiful land are comprised of races dissimilar inlanua e inmanners and in ar r a t . O g g , , ch c e n h er soil we fi nd menwh o claimas their ancestors those warriors wh o fell indefence of th e C ross
t A re and at As alon and ot ers wh o tra e a c c , h c their descent fromthat valiant band of heroes wh o met their death onth e shattered ramparts of
C onstantino le fi tin ra el esi e t eir p , gh g b v y b d h prince until overpowered and troddendownby n th e co quering hordes of th e sonof Amurath .
H ere are L atins as well as ree s ews ersians G k , J , P ,
rans and Ara s Samaritans and Kedamécés F k , b ;
Turkomans and Bedawins ; Kurds and D ruse s ; th e ar nite and Metualis ot alike i tims M o s , b h, , v c viii PREFACE.
of reli ious erse utions th e Ansa rians wh o g p c ; y ,
ill ra ti th e w rs i ofA onis th e Kelbieh s st p c ce o h p d ,
r th d o th e Jezidis wh o d ore th e wh o ado e e g; , a
il infi ne o er all th e rulin ra e th e dev ; , v , g c , n f nf un mn. We must ot t ere ore o o Otto a s , h , c d
h la t r wit th e former nor attri ute to t em t e t e h , b h
rimes inwhi t e a e not arti i ate and c ch h y h v p c p d, of which no one h as expressed a greater indigna t n l tionthanHis Maj es y th e Sulta himse f.
Amon t ose ifferent ra e s mentione a o e g h d c , d b v , th e most remar a le are wit out ou t th e k b , h d b ,
aronites and th e D ruses wit w ose misfor M , h h tunes and wit w ose rueltie s th e worl h as h h c d ,
latel eenma e familiar. So mu owe e r y, b d ch, h v , h as eensai and so mu h as eenwritten b d, ch b u onth e su e t t at I s o ul no esitate p bj c , h h d w h
! la in t ese letters efore th e u li were i p c g h b p b c , t not t t I amanxious if ossi le to remo e ha , p b , v fromth e mind s of E nglishmensome very fal se imressions w i t e ma er a s entertain p h ch h y y, p h p , with regard to a pe ople wh o have beenfor many
Letters I . II and I . were o V. riginally contributed by me to th e Momin t P os . Th e oth er letters alth ou h artiall g , g p y writtenat th e d ates indicated are now ublish ed r h fi r t , p fo t e s im t e . R FA E P E C .
ears th vi tims of ruel rse n n y e c c pe cutio s , a d
whose calamities have brought themina pro
minent mnn ef re th e e es of E uro e a er b o y p . A
' residence for some time inSyria h as afi ord ed me
many opportunities of knowing a good deal of
th e eo le d I t t it ill be onsi ere t a p p , an rus w c d d h t th e following pages give a faithful and impartial re cord of th e events which have recently taken l p ace.
ConsrAxrmorm ,
A ril 0 p 2 , 1 861 .
E C ON T NTS.
PAGE
LETT ER I .
AR mLE BANO THE Orvn. W N
LETTE II R .
AND THE DnusEs
LETTER III .
MAESAa s A nE x m r RAs r A, HAS BEIYA, DE
E L-KAME
LETTER IV .
THE TRE ATY or PEACE
LETTER V.
Mosm FANAr' rcrsu
LETTER VI .
DAnAscus x1i CONTENTS.
LETTER VII .
TR E MAs sA CRE OF CHRISTIANS IN DAMASCUB
LETTER VIII .
RETRIBUTION
LETTER IX.
THE SYRI AN RE LIE F FUND
LETTER X.
WR o W E R E THE AGGRESSORS
X LETTER I.
THE FRENCH IN SYRIA
LETTER XII .
SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT MAS S ACRE S IN SYRI A.
LE ER I TT .
THE CIVIL wAR IN LEBAN ON. P CONSTANTINO LE ul 1 1 1 860 . , J y ,
th e 1 2 th e ruar 1 848 th e aronite s Of ON F b y, , M
Syria forwarde d a petitionto th e Government
f L o i hili e imlorin aid a ainst t eir o us P pp , p g g h enemies th e D ruses and attri utin all th e , , b g calamities of th e country to th e momentary
” nonmen f L ann r n a a t o e o a e . Be ol b d b by F c h d, t e a th e au e of all our mi fortuns—of h y s y, c s s e our ruinunparallele d— Of our blood so profusely shed— of th e destructionof our homes— Of th e profanationof our churchss— Of th e dishonour of our ir ins— Oi th e massa re of our hil ren v g c c d ,
B 2 THE CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON .
cut intwo by th e savage sword of th e D ruses .
Twel e ears a e asse and a aint ese eo le v y h v p d, g h p p ,
o iousl o resse en forth t eir iteous so d y pp d, s d h p cr not nw to rane alone ut to e er nation y, o F c , b v y inw i th ro s is si nof o e and to e er h ch e C s a g h p , v y
e le to w omli e t emC rist is a e e mer. p op h , k h , h R d e
Onthese mountains— where for centuries th e
C ross h as risentriumphant above th e C rescent onwhose rugge d sides liberty h as so Oftenfound a refu e t ere is now is la e to th e e es Of g , h d p y d y E urope a spectacle far more melancholy than any of those with which history h as made us acquainted ; and deeds are being enacted equally as bloody and as cruel as any Ofthose perpetrate d
1 2 00 e rs a o th e r morsele s ale or th e y a g by e s Kh d, fer i - oc ous Abo uBekr.
E very one wh o h as ascended the sloping sides of Lebanonmust have been struck with th e ener f t e eo le and a e rem e ow gy o h p p , h v ark d h successfully th e industry of th e inhabitants h as triumphed over th e inequalities Of the ground and th e other natural difi culties with which they
a h onn B ir i r e ad t te . t a ona e h v o c d A sh r , v y ele ate s on nn not far v d ituati onMount L eba o , THE CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON. 3
fromits summit and w ere nture seem aff r , h a s to o d nothin for th e ustenan f h n i nts g s ce o t e i hab ta , numerous C hristianvillage s flourish and every inch Of roun is ulti h own ur g d c vate d . T e t is s
roune wit fruit tre s mul err lantations d d h e , b y p ,
ine ar s and elds of rain t ou t ere is v y d , fi g , h gh h
scar el a natural laintw n But c y p e ty feet square .
th e inhabitants meet this diffi culty by building
rra es and t us wit sinular inustr se ure te c , h h g d y c
a portionof level ground to prevent th e e arth
m ein n th e inter rains fro b g swept dow by w ,
retaining at th e same time th e water requisite f ill for th e irrigationOftheir crops. By dint o sk
and la our t e a e comell a ro soil to b , h y h v p ed cky
come fertile . S ometime to a ail t msel es be s, v he v
ofth e water t e a ma e annel for t em s , h y h ve d a ch h
by means of a thousand windings onth e d ecli
tie or a arre te t eminth e alle vi s, h ve s d h v y by
mnt At ot er times t e e ro e embank e s . h h y hav p pp d
up th e earth that was ready to roll downby
terra es and walls so t at th e mountains rese nt c , h p
the appearance of a staircase or of anamphi
t eatr e a ti r Of i i ro of ines or h e , ch e wh ch s a w v
ml rr tr mntions t at h e ube y ees, Ofwhich Volney e h
s 2 4 THE CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON. h ad counted from1 00 to 1 2 0 tiers fromth e ‘ On bottomofth e valley to th e top of th e hill. these noble mountains are th e homes Of those ancient Christians Of th e sixth century calle d
aronit fromth e name ofone oft eir a ostles . M es, h p
They number their arms are chiefly th e simple instruments used intheir industrial o u ation ile t eir tur ulent nei ours cc p s, wh h b ghb , th e D ruses numerin onl wit ata , b g y h y
ans int eir ans uns u ont eir s oul ers gh h h d , g p h h d ,
istols int eir elts and fanati al atre i p h b , c h d n t eir earts e our and estr li ti ers th e h h , d v d oy, ke g ,
rodu e oft eir toil and lea e t eir a ome p c h , v h h ppy h s in esolationand in ame d fl s .
It was but th e other d ay that Hasbeiya was a peaceful vill age th e menwere busy onth e mountainsides ; th e womenand childrenw ere carryingth eleaves of th e white mulberry to th e sil -worms e s w en u l k h d , h s ddeny th e D ruses sur roune th e la e Onall i h s es . at er h d d p c d F s , us
ans rot ers rus e to th f b d , b h , h d e de ence of those t e lo e and es air a e t h y v d, d p g v hema courage
Volne — r a y U quh rt. THE CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON. 5
which their barbarous enemies could not con
te mn. Th e D ruses esitate to a ane but h d dv c ,
demanded that th e Maronite s should lay down t i f n i a he r arms . These unortu ate Christ ans p pe ale d to th e commander of th e Turkish troops inth e i init ini te u onth e eman v c y, but h e s s d p d d
Of th e D ruses in omlie wit statin t at be g c p d h, g h onthat conditionh e would guarantee th e safety
Ofth e n n Th e arms were place a d its inhabita ts .
i enu and sent off th e Tur is ommaner gv p , by k h c d to D amascus ; onth e way they were seized by th e D ruses . Th e people took refuge inth e
’ E mir s ala e w i was imme i tel f r p c , h ch d a y o ced by
” th e D ruses and menwomenand hil r n ere , , , c d e w
ut ere to th e nmer f 1 0 T is is a b ch d u b O 0 0 . h
i ilise a e and et th e e end ants f t o c v d g , y d sc o h se
’ wh o fought and fell 800 ye ars ago uponSyria s
lains for th e efene of th e C ross loo alml p d c , k c y onand len not a t a e d hand o s v .
Wh at will th e Turkish Government do inorder to put a stop to this frightful state of things
T e cand o not in t is i l to waste tim in h y h g. I d e e usel s otiati n It will h e s neg o s . be much better ift e
E uropeanPowers cease for a time their own 6 THE CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON.
issensions and in a ommon O e t in d , , hav g c bj c
ie w insist t a th e Po l treat th e L e anon v , h t rts sha l b as it h as tr at l a ia W alla hia and Servia e ed Mo d v , c , , and permit th e Maronites to governthemselves .
To attainthis Obj e ct anend must be put to th e intolerable state of these mixe d village s of th e mountains for t ere canbe no h O e ofth e a i , h p p c
fi cationofth e L ebanonas longas those perfldious n e emie s ofth e Christians are permitted to remain.
Th e D ruse s naturall marau ers and a enturers , y d dv
— menwit out fait and wit out it and of h h h p y, whose crime s history h as givenus so many
x l — mu n i tane T e e amp e s st be se t to a d s c . h y must give up th e land which intheir hands is unro u ti e re ei in if ne essar su com p d c v , c v g, c y, ch pensationfromth e Maronites as may be decide d T h n l upon. hent e L eb ano will be come real y fre e and t en t ans to th e industr of its ; h , h k y ina itants and to t eir uarantee se urit a h b , h g d c y, new era of peace and prosperity will commence for these people wh o for twelve centuries have
e enso ruell o re sse b c y pp d .
His E x ellen ua as a minister off r i n c cy F d P h , o e g affairs lea es ere to -morrow for Be rout H , v h y . e
LET ER II T .
THE MARONITES AND THE DR USES .
CONSTANTINOPLE ul 1 , J y 8, 1 860 .
AT th e resent moment w enth e i il ar in p , h c v w th e L e anonh as assume su ast ro ortions b d ch v p p , and whenth e awful sufferings of th e Maronites
nh ne an and th e ar arou rueltie s m o t e o h d , b b s c co
‘ mitted thet D ruses onth e ot er fi ll us at th e by h , same time wit omassionand wit orr r it h c p h h o , may not be uninterestingto take a short re view of th e originand character ofth e two races that figure so prominently inth e bloody tragedy which is now
in ena te efore th e e es Of C ristian be g c d b y h s .
Th e origin of th e Maronites is differently a ounte for ist r S ome annalists on cc d by h o y . c
' f un t emwit th e Mardaite s anani n u o d h h , c e t b t not ini enous eo le Of S ria wh o wit th e d g p p y , , h or inar irtues Of mountaineers so riet d y v b y, '‘ THE MABONII ES AND THE DRUSES. 9
oura e lo e f ine n n — a c g , v o d pe de ce possesse d also
ertains irit ofa enture whi onman o a c p dv , ch, y cc
sions led t em t un n. , h o dertake distant expeditio s
' These Mard aites occupied a district of l o
S ria alle aronia fromw i it is su se y , c d M , h ch, ppo d ,
ame th e name of ar ni l c M o te s . This historica assertionis o e er s t t mu t , h w v , ubj ec o ch doub , inasmuch as no ancient geographer mentions this p articular district of l o - Syria ; and it appears impossible that one Of those immense valleys
stretching betweenth e L ebanonand th e Anti
L ebanon should have beenunknown to th e
ifferent nations wh o inturn onuere S ria d c q d y , fromth e time of th e Greeks under Alexander to th e R mn n e o a s u er Titus . Be t at ow er as d h , h v , it may ; whether th e Maronite s were formed from
‘ a colony of those Mardaites wh o occupied th e mountains of L e anonfromremote anti uit o b q y, r fromanimmigrationOf proscribed Christians at th e time of th e er ian onuest and u ac P s c q , s h quently incre ased by further emigrants at th e time of th e ussulmaninasi n it is we e M v o , ho v r certainthat toward s th e end of th e seventh century they were Of very considerable import 1 0 THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES. ance inSyria ; so much so that th e C aliph
Moawiah was oblige d to treat with them; and t eir ossessions a or in to th e istorian h p , cc d g h ,
Th eO h anus extene from ount Taurus at p , d d M th e northernextremity of Syria eveninto Galilee
r l Th e aro as far as th e environs of Je usa em. M nite historians themselves give th e following account Of th e originof their nation
is o a of o n vi ar of th e Under th e ep c p cy J h , c
in h e E ast ertainwanerin C ristians Pope t , c d g h settle at B los now D e ail a small sea ort d yb , j b , p
i t n ri li d B r u T ese s tua ed betwee T po an ey o t. h
C hristians sent a deputationto Johnre questing himto send the ma bishop ; and accordingly h e
ert inmn name ar unwh o at appointe d a c a o k d M o , that time was living ina monastery established
h h Th ri i alit ont e banks of t e Orontes . e p nc p y of B los inlu e a reat art of th e L e anon yb c d d g p b , and ossesse two er imortant towns namel p d v y p , y,
l nd B tr o Byb os a o ys . Marounwas named bish p
B tr l n l a d of o s . As ear e a e um e n y d s h was h b , deeply concerned for th e moral interests of his
flo k h e resol e not to ermit amon th e moun c , v d p g tainest e of wh omh e was th e pastor any of those THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES. l l numerous and contradictory sects wh o at that time dispute d with e ach other for religious supremacy inth e capitals of th e Byzantine emire— at C onstantino le at Alexanria nd p p , d , a An B tioch . eing already distinguished by his writings against th e doctrines Of Nestorius and
E ut us it was eas for himto r f l th ych , y e ute a l e new doctrines which were tending rapidly to di i e Ch ristianit and his ser i es e ame s v d y, v c b c o useful to th e Church that h e soonreceived th e titl of atriar fth e L e anon Thi x e P ch o b . s e cellent mandid not content himself with giving moral aid to those wh o were threatened with heretical contagion— h e heaped temporal benefits uponall t ose w omh e enountere and w omh e his h h c d, h , by
oo ee s attra te towar s h is os ita le g d d d , c d d h p b
un H e ra i init full x nt mo tains . p ct sed s est e te h H nd th e true charity of t e GOSpel. is virtues a his benefi cence increase d ina short time th e numerical strength of th e principality Of which
Th r e ristians h e was th e patriarch . e p oscrib d Ch of all th e nei ourin ountries th e O resse ghb gc , pp d , th sla fi olators all min row s to see e ves o d , ca e c d k a r fu in th e ina ssi le ea s ofL e anon e ge b eh d cce b p k b , 1 2 THE MA RONITES AND THE DRUSES . inth e midst of th e people so well organise d and
is wort so well protecte d by Maroun. Th hy pastor be came at length so dear to themthat t e too th e name of aronites inor er to h y k M , d ex ress wit t eir ratitu e for t eir reli ious p , h h g d h g
ief th e s irit f ine enene and arit ch , p o d p d c ch y which ought for ever to distinguish their society.
Marounh ad chosenfor his residence th e mo ne t r of Kanobinfoune T eo osius th e s e y , d d by h d
re at situate inth e eautiful alle of Tri oli G , d b v y p , water th e Na r- Ka ir th e H ol Ri er and e d by h d , y v ; fromt ene h e wat e o er his eo le and h c ch d v p p , there h e continued to occupy himself for their f uture welfare .
That which proves this bishop tohave beena tr e as or Of menis t at h e did not ontent u p t , h c
imself wit reli iouS e ex o ations or even h h g h rt , examples of brotherly love ; h e al so encouraged h is eo le inmanual la our and ex it t mo p p b , c e d he t
militar is i line . T us t ans to him lle y d c p h , h k , fi d wit a lo e Of ine enene and sin r l h v d p d c , ce e y
tta e to t eir reli ionth e ar nit r a ch d h g , M o es epul se d
with vigour th e first bands Of Arabs that spread
t msel es o er th e ountr n he v v c y . I defending THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES. 1 3
t ems l e t e learne th e art of war and t us h e v s h y d , h t e oon e ame a le sol iers s ilful ar ers h y s b c b d , k ch ,
and ex ellent orsemen so t at at last not con c h ; h , tent wit re ulsin forei ninasiont e e an h p g g v , h y b g
to inre ase t eir o n ossessions until t e c h w p , h y
finally e stablished themselves fromMount Taurus inth n n l in e orth to Mou t C arme th e south .
Whenthey met with too much resistance from
th e Ar s t e sou t refu e inth e d ee a erns ab , h y gh g p c v
f h e Anti- L e anon r ehin th e ntural f rt O t b , o b d a o
reeses of t eir mountains and ui e t ir h ; , g d d by he
is o t e o u ie t emel b h p , h y cc p d h s ve s with th e arts
of ea e . T us t e built Baskh outah u on p c h h y , p
th e easternextremit of th e L e anon mi wa y b , d y
‘ uponth e chainOf mountains overlooking th e
' luxuriant valley of th e Bekaa : thenH addeth
was ere cte d by theminone Of th e shady valleys
f th e N ahr- Ka ir and lastl Bshirrai th e O d ; , y, ,
t situate ofth e t ree surroune mun be s d h , d d by o
tains w i rote te it alike fromth e ra a es , h ch p c d v g
of th e tempest and th e incursions of th e bar
h ariana.
e h ad nu r ia t e Whenth Arabs co q e e d Syr , h ir
rapid victory at fi rst spread terror over th e 14 THE MARONLTEs AND THE DRUSES .
e anon Th e aronites owe er fortifi e L b . M , h v , d
th emel e and ermitte th e storm o ass s v s, p d t p
O er. But w en at lent th e ussulman v h , gh, M
e re is erse o er th e worl wh enth forc s we d p d v d, e
enemies of Christianity diminished innumber
an ar i oo th e aronites a ain s owe d h d h d, M g h d
m es e on th eir frontiers and c m the selv b y d , o menced with th e Mah omedans a war which
Th aronite s n ceased no more . e M o longer
o e ea e and w enth e reat cities of ri enj y d p c , h g Sy a
n d ostilities t e r m suspe de h , hes b ave endid not
u um th e ne er lai ownt eir arm and s cc b ; y v d d h s, ,
r in to th e tra itions of th e o ntr it acco d g d c u y, was
fromtheir determined persistence inactinginde
nentl th at th e were alle th Ar pe d y, y c d by e abs
” r els and t at th e o ernment f th th e eb , h G v O e n C aliphs treated th emas mortal e emies .
JeanMaroundied about, th e year 660 ; his
r people regretted himand revered his memo y .
h e h ad li d lon enou to nis his wor But ve g gh fi h k,
by constituting a society more durable than
man ot ers e au e it was foune onfra y h , b c s d d up
t and l f in n n F r 1 0 terni y a ove O depe de ce. o 2 0
years have th e. de scendants of the se me npre
1 6 THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES.
last rines of th e nast of Ommia es h ad p c dy y d , valiantly fought against th e numerous troops of th e C ali but at lent ein o er owere ph, gh, b g v p d by
u eri r numers h e was ta en risoner and s p o b , k p , ut brought before th e young H ake m. Yo h
o for e wrons and to usually finds it easy t g t g ,
ont em ut th e C ali of fte en ears pard h , b ph fi y
out el showed himselfpitiless and cruel . Y h s dom
na on but H a emannoune loves to look o g y, k c d to his prisoner that h e would assist inpersonat
T t is his punishment. h e imaginationof youh
uall eerful and a ut t at ofth e oun us y ch h ppy, b h y g despot occupied itselfduring eight d ays inmedi tatingfor h is enemy such a death as would be
most ruel and at th e same time h e most th e c , t
H e as e t l x n shameful . w somwha perp e ed betwee th e various tortures that his ferocious imagina tion su este but at lent H a em e i e gg d, gh k d c d d uponthat which presented inits atrocity suf
i nt f th e ridi ul fi c e o c ous to enliventh e execution.
H e ordered his captive to be bound hand and foot u ona amel ari e in himh e p c , d b h d placed a mone remar a le for it i iou n w i k y, k b s v c s ess, h ch, strikingits victimonth e nape ofth e neck with a HE M T ABONITES AND THE DRUSES.
stone ini te u onhima linerin and i ful , fl c d p g g pa n
death, amidst bursts of laughter fromth e young
x ui e ec t oner.
This o er nl th e mmnemnt of , h wev , was o y co e c e
th e e ili areer of t is ussulman es ot for d v sh c h M d p ,
soon th e er e esire of ommittin e il e , fi c d c g v d ve
lo e itself more and more until at lent h e p d , gh
t r nt ll f b ecame th e most o dious of y a s . Fu o
us i i n inst women h e or ere t at t e s p c o aga , d d h h y should never leave their apartments ; and gave
directions that th e shoemakers throughout his
e mpire should be interdicte d frommaking shoes
r f H e e t o f r as to o boots or their use . w n s a
s ut t emu li e ir s i a a e and allowe h h p k b d n c g , d
themto receive food only through a small door
int eir ri on in s a manner as t e h p s , uch h y
could not be seenby those wh o waited onthem;
and it is evensaid that one d ay as h e passed
alon th e street earin th e lau ter of women g , h g gh
ro ee in fromth e interior ofa ubli at h e p c d g p c b h,
imme diately caused th e doors of th e buildingto
f u and eno e imelf inlistenin be astene d p, j y d h s g
n ries o hi n r tim to th e despairi g c f s ume ous vic s .
H e oni ere th e C ri tian as aninferior ra e c s d d h s s c , 1 8 THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES. and ordered th e Mussulma ns to treat th emas a
r e o le umtuar law nue e . H e asse s co q d p p p d p y s, by which th e Jews were oblige d to c arry round their necks a block of woo d of th e formof a
’ alf s e a inme mor ofth e wors i onemne c h d, y h p c d d
th r ets ile th ristians were m by e p oph , wh e Ch co pelled to carry also round their necks a wooden
ross a u it and a alf inlent and four c , c b h gh n ml t uns in ei t. At l t as if to o e po d w gh e gh, c p e
i llies h e ause imself to be ro laime a h s fo , c d h p c d
i init and th e founer of a new reli ionwhi d v y, d g , ch was entirely to set aside that of Mohamme d .
Prophets were found wh o declared their belief in his i ine ori inth e rini al of w omwas a d v g , p c p h
. in o amm N h te hins Turk birth certa M h ed ec g , by ,
n m r hi nas iolent a d surna e D usi. romt s ma d F , v as h e was e ra e th e D ruses a e ta ent eir d p v d, h v k h ! name s .
H akemwas assassinated inthe ye ar of th e
' H e ira 4 1 1 his izier H msi wh o too os g , by V a , k p se ssionof th e t rone and ntin maintain h , co ue d to n f th e ew ait . Subse uent ali e r h q c phs, h ow ve , persecuted th e followers of Hakem; and rather
’ Volne — d Herbelot— David y . THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES. 1 9 th anrenounce their absurb and immoral doctrine th e fled to S ria wh ere s rea in t e msel e y y , , p d g h v s
ov er th e L e anonth e soon e me th e c ur b , y b ca s o ge
and terror of th h o i e Christians . T e Mar nte s
d efene t emsel es ra el but at lent t e d d h v b v y, gh h y
were o bliged to retire farth er into their moun
tains and anona rti f , ab d po ono th eir lands to
t ose ferocious and erfi dio s men h o are th e h p u , w
true an fth cestors o e present D ruse s.
lainl ineed d o th e resent race of D ruses P y, d , p
in 9th Ma l display their origin. S ce th e 2 of y ast
th ey have burnt and d estroye d upwards of 1 50
C ris tianvilla es and sent f mor t an h g , orth e h
Christian men women and il ren , , ch d
f H as i w ere wit ut r l . At a ho ood o c othing be y , h
th C ristian after a los se s too refu e in e h s, he vy , k g
’ th e ala f h e E mir S aa - d - DinS e a th e p ce o t d e h h b ,
D in nt ir li erinu t e m ruse s siste d o he de v g p h ir ar s .
Th e C ri tians well nowin th e trea er of h s , k g ch y
t eir enemies esitate but th e Turkis sol iers h , h d, h d
tol t emt at in ase of refusal t e o l fi re d h h , c , h y w ud
u n m i e r tianwere o t e . T us s tuate th C is s p h h d, h
compelled to submit ; and thenb reakinginto th e
alace th e D ruses r in alou Th e loo of p , , c y g d, b d
o 2 2 0 THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES .
th e C ristians ut to inis riminate and rutal h , p d c b slau t r mo e t an 800 men women and gh e r h , ,
il r n A D ir-el-Kamr similar atro itie s ch d e . t e c
r A rres onent fromBe rout we e committed . co p d y “ says I have se enone of th e womenof D eir
- el Kamr wh h a a ee as inh er t i . , o s d p g h h gh
Th e wound was caused by th e said thigh being use d as a block to chop offth e head ofh er infant
Ant er oor women boy of three d ays old . o h p
trie to o er h er il sa in t at it was a irl . d c v ch d , y g h g
Th e D ruses foun out it was a bo and sta e d y, bb d
’ it t ro h e mt Th e same cor h ugh t o her s body . re spondent says All that d ay and night th e
or f illa e and l n n Towar s w k o p g b ood we t o . d eveningth e Turkish soldiers took part with th e
Menw re mur ere ml il ren D ruses . e a e d d, ch d tornto ie e s womena use th e latter onl p c , b d ( y
th e tr n u oo s a d o ses urne . T war s by p ) , h b d o d
daybreak a body of 600 Christians took refuge
inth e S eral or o ernment ouse a in een , G v h , h v g b
n t t d o so h r W e th e i vi e d o by t e governo . h n
D ruses dis o ere t is some ours later t e c v d h , h , h y
e towar s th e uil in w ere th e militar rush d d b d g, h y
authorities and th e governor ofth e townreceived THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES. 2 1
themwith openarms and delivered to themth e
aronite refu e s w omt — th e D ruses M g e , h hey
ille li e s f h n k d k heep . O all t e 60 0 persons o e
manalone es a e a in o l o Soussa c p d, certa B u s .
Th e court was e entwo a s f rwar s a foot , v d y a te d , d in ” eep blood .
A telegramwas received here yesterday from
Smrna statin t at a ussulmanrisin h ad y , g h M g
ta en la e at D amas s onth e 9th inst our k p c cu . F
hundred Christians were reporte d kille d and
woun n n r w r de d . Several co vents a d chuches e e
urne th Amri an nul w une and th e b d, e e c co s o d d,
E nglish and French consuls compelled to fly .
Further details relative to th e above émeute have
h n r of C ristians just beenre ceived . T e umbe h
ille and w une wa it is sai 5 00 and k d o d d s, d, ;
besides th e injury done to th e convents and
ur es th e ren Austrianand ree con ch ch , F ch, , G k
sulat s were s ke and urne to th r n e ac d b d e g ou d .
Th e consuls and their families fle d to th e house
ofAbd - el- Kader wh o r tected t emfrom er , p g h p “ sonal outrage)
Subsequent accounts state th e total number ofkilled during
th e mas r o n sac e t have bee 8000. 2 2 THE MARONITES AND THE DRUSES.
Th e re ei t of this intelli ene h as as ma c p g c , y
ell be su ose reate h e most serious w pp d, c d t anxi ties onall si es His Hi ness Aali a e . as d gh P h , after interviews with Sir H enry Bulwer and
L a h h a n of . d e alette as d a lon audie M v , g ce th e ultanth e result of whi is it is sai t at S , ch , d, h th r esi e s es atc in ana itional bat e Po te, b d d p h g dd tali nromT essal and anot er fromBatonm o f h y h , proposes to ask th e Viceroy of E gypt to send anauxiliary contingent of meninto Syria to aid inaccomplishingth e prompt and complete pacifi cationofth e province .
2 4. THE MA AC E AT A EI A SS R S R SH Y ,
last. romth e san d es rts of th e sout and F dy e h ,
fromth e snow re ions ofth e nort er e ans y g h, fi c b d
a enturers a issu f rt insu ession of dv h ve ed o h cc ,
passing over h er surface . like a de solating tor
rent and lea in e in onl as e and ruins . , v g b h d y h s
But all th e e e s of loo and ra ine w i d d b d p by h ch , fromtime to time th e ountr h as eens our e , c y b c g d , sink into insignifi cance whencompare d with th e barb aritie s th at have be ennow committed ; and th e
rueltie of Tamerlane and th e fratri i al mad c s , c d ness of S elimfail to awa eninour mins th e , k d
am feelins of orror dis ust and ini nation s e g h , g , d g with which we are impressed at th e deliberate
- W and cold bloode d atrocitie s of th e D ruse s. e caneasily imagine th e excesses that may have
een er etrate inth e sixteent entur a b p p d h c y, by
ar arian monar us e wit s c ess and b b ch , fl h d h uc c onuest but we annot inth e ear 1 860 alml q ; c y , c y
' contemplate th e miserable spectacle s ofunoflend ing and unarme d Christians being ruthlessly butchere d ; of matrons and virgins violated ; of
’ il r n ra e fromth mot er reast and ch d e d gg d e h s b ,
’ tornintwo before their parents eyes ; ofvillages n m f W i fla es ; o cherished homes inashes. e - s L- xm 2 5 HASBEIYA, AND Dsla .
' re a wit s er f t ose inumanexh ibi d , h a hudd , o h h tions where menwere oblige d to slaughter each
ot er f r th e amusement f th e R oman eo le h o o p p , and w ere in h e ar na a ti e s fou t with h , t e , c p v gh sav a e easts ma s ill more sa a e uner g b , de t v g by h g ; but still ot alto et er , these captives were n g h
e ri e of h O e for t e h ad a oo swor d p v d p , h y g d d w e rewit t f n mel es and w ent e h h o de e d the s v , h h y did fall t e f ll to th e l ast for life and , h y e fighting li n i l sation ert . But a th nt d a w e vi i b y t e prese y, h c
h as s e it inu ne er th e worl h d s softening fl e c ov d,
we behold th e generals of a sovereigninfriendly
relations wit Chri ti nstates eli eratel dis h s a , d b y armin t eir ownf ll w- s e ts s uttin t em g h e o ubj c , h g h
u infortresses and t enlettin infi er e and p , h g c
savage monsters inhumanformto butcher and
d es ro em l ause t ese unfortunate t y th , sole y bec h
people preferred to follow th e precepts of th e
os el a tau t C rist rat er t anth e d oc G p s gh by h , h h trine s ofth e Koranas inculcate d by Mohammed .
Th e 2 9th ofMa 1 860 will be roni le as a y, , ch c d memora le d a not al ne in istor f S ria b y, o th e h y o y , but als o inth e annals ofth e OttomanE mpire ; and future i ori n ill r a s ate fromt ene h st a s w , pe h p , d h c 2 6 was MASSACRES T nxsnnrn A , th e rise and proper development of th e C hristian
o lationor th e e line and all p pu , d c f ofthat despotic
ower w i now for u war s of f ur enturie s p h ch, p d o c , h as held its rule inth e ancient capital of C on
stantine.
On t at d a Kh orsh eed as a o ernor h y, P h , g v
eneral ofSi onand re resentati f ultan g d , p ve o th e S inS ria ro ee e fromhi resi ence inBe y , p c d d s d y rout to th e Turkish camp at th e foot ofL ebanon.
Th e guns of th e artillery proclaimed h is E xcel
’ lenc s arri al and th t uner of th e canon y v , e h d re er erated amonst th e mountains e oin in v b g , ch g th e recesses of th e istant ill But ar el d h s. sc c y h d h last so n ie awa w enth e uns of a t e u d d d y, h g
” h e Druses e an to s ea and th e ame s t b g p k, fl fromth e burning village of Beit-Miry rose up
against th e sky : a dee p meaning answer to th e
i u salute of th as a Th wor of ostentat o s e P h . e k
arna e and estructionh ad e nand efore c g d b gu , b
the sunh ad set e on th e la i waters of . b y d p c d
h e M d rranean wo an irt illa e r t e ite , t d th y v g s we e
re u e to a s es and t i in i n d c d h , he r hab ta ts either
f ull mur ere or omelle t seek r o y d d, c p d o ana nce t e nt f ainsh lter i h e caves o L ebanon. HASBEIYA AND DEl - - , E EL KAMR. 2 7
Th e Christians were totally unprepare d for th is su enatta u ont em s in dd ck p h , a , accordance wit th e or ers of Kh orsh e ed as a th e h d h d P h , y a
e t erfe tl uiet and a taine fr m k p p c y q , bs d o every t in inan wa al ulate to ro o e a nfli t h g y y c c d p v k co c .
As we a e one fromth e e innin sa s th h v d b g g, y e
aronite atri ar inhis mmrial to th e as a M P ch , e o P h ,
we have againrenewe d our warning and posi tive injunctions to all th e C hristians to keep
uiet and a st in l f frome e r t in cal cu q , b a a oo v y h g l e ate d to bring oncollisions or agitation. Th y
a e uni ers ll li t n to our a i e and h v v a y s e ed dv c , s owe due su mi nt our no le or ers and h d b ssio o y b d , have not made a single step tendingto th e most
triflin ontest or mmtion ut a e e t in g c co o , b h v k p their h omes and inplace s at a distance fromth e
s ene of warfare waitin th e ful lment of w at c , g fi h
was promised by your E xcellency inth e way of
du r r n But onth e ot er e e ession nd re arati . p a p o , h
an th e D ruse a e a te inth e ontrar h d , s h v c d c y
sense for after th ro lamationof our or ers , e p c y d ,
and after th e re solutioncome to as above -men tioned t e a fallenu onth e C ristians of , h y h ve p h
th e small district of Djezzinwhilst they were runMASSACBES AT RASHEIYA ,
livin ea ea l int eir ouses at e t em g p c b y h h , tack d h
tre a erousl and ille all t os w m ch y, k d h e ho they
oul o erta e men women and il ren as c d v k , , , ch d ,
w ll ri mn nd nun T e a e as ests o s a s . e p , k , h y h v
ill a e urnt and estro e t eir oo s t eir p g d, b , d y d h g d , h
ur es and t eir onents and is erse th e , h c v , d p d “ch ch ina i nt T e a s e and lunere h b ta s . h y h ve ack d p d d
th e rest of th e Christians scattere d among th e
D ruses withinth e three Akleems and dispersed
m Li i in h h oof ar i- el - Be aa t e . ew s t e S h k e , G b k ,
th e Arkoob Monassif S abh ar D urd ar th e , , h , j , G b ,
lain fBe rout n h n o a d t e ete . p y , M
A ainina lett r t onul enr l o re g , e o C s G e a M o ,
th e Patriarch further says Th e C hris
tians have givenanirrecusable proof of their
o e i n th r ers f ur E x ellen and b d e ce to e o d o yo c cy,
a esionto our ounsels ina stainin from dh y c , b g
na in in Bu th e g g g collisions and ho stilities . t e
D ruses onth e ontrar a e not refraine nor , c y, h v d,
woul d it seemthat they are dispose d to refrain
fromt eir a ressi e mo ements w i a h gg v v , h ch h ve
m inol r l T i beco e t e ab e . h s overwhelms us with
sur rise for h ow could t a entur t a t p , hey h ve v ed o c
inthis manner inoppositionto th e orders of th e A n —nn— a 2 9 mum ND um xm. ,
t orities and h ow oul th e o ernment tole auh , c d G v rate their Openly proceeding to th e length they h ave done
u ml t l re are and ta enad van Th s co p e e y unp p d, k
ta e of at all oints th e C ristians fled incon g p , h
usionand isma fromt eir urnin omes f d y h b g h ,
hopingto fi nd anasylumeither inSidonor Bey
Bu th ru es e mol en th re rou . t e s e e t D , b d d by p
f orsh d a nd his troo s ad sence o Kh ee Pash a p ,
’ vanced onth e 3 oth to withinanhour s distance of
th e latter townstorme th e villa es of H a et , d g d h
and Bh abd a and ut to inis riminate slau ter , p d c gh
all those wh o were unable to e scape their fury .
Th e E mir Bes ir-el - Kassimformerl o ernor , h , y G v
f L e anona manei t - fi ve ears of a e and o b , gh y y g ,
ml t l lin fe l eneat th e swor s of th c o p e e y b d , l b h d e
as i- Bazouks w il th e ina itants wh o B h h e h b ,
ou t safet infli t were it is sai fi re u on s gh y gh , , d, d p T by th e Turkish soldiers . h e Christians from
e inand ot er vill a es wh o fled towar s Dj zz h g , d
Sidonwere inter e te withinsi t of th e town , c p d gh
th e D ruses and oslems and onth e mornin by M , g
of th e l st of une 3 0 0 mtilate o ies inlu J , u d b d , c d
in t ose of t ent rie w re eens attere g h w y p sts, e s c d 0 3 THE MASSACRES AT RASHE IYA,
over th e plain. Th e womenwere shamefully ill
te nd t se wh o trea d, a ho succeede d inat length rea hin s elter were foun to ntri c g h , d have bee s pped e ento t eir uner armnt v h d g e s . Th e Christians wh o h ad collecte d together fromvarious parts of th e mountaininth e illa e of amour left v g D ,
urin th e ni t for Be rout but ont eir wa d g gh y , h y, they were attacke d by a strong body of D ruses and Metawalis and onl a few rea th , y ched e
- l Th w f and lse wished for goa . e oo ds o Jeba e
r re t onfi re th e a es we er w ere whe e we se , c v re ev y h
ear e and t ose unfortunate fu iti es wh o s ch d, h g v
r i ex osure and want fell eneat th e suv ved p , b h
h or Th o nts fD eir- l dagger and t e sw d . e c nve o e
r illa e C assimYoussef L ieu Mukhallis we e p g d by ,
D oublat th e reat D ruse S ei tenant ofSaid j , g h kh
tar and h is followers th e ur of Mukh ah , ; ch ch , inwhich h ad beenaccumulated the treasures of
1 75 ears was lunere and th e cu s of ol y , p d d, p g d and sil er rosse s inlai wit re ious stone s v , c d h p c ,
stment n e s oo s c . eit er ole or estro e v , b k , & , h st d y d ; th e cattle belonging to th e surrounding vill ages
r i off and the ina itants rutall were ca r ed , h b b y
ri tians wh o h ad astil murdered . Some Ch s h y
HE ma a e A'l‘ RASHEIYA T ss cr s ,
ast losel lo a e h e D ruse et h p , c y b ck d d by t s, y e
ne er mo e one ste inits efene and alt ou h v v d p d c ; , h g
’ onl fi ve ours istane h rmi t town y h d c , e pe tted tha
to be tta e and ta enonth e followin da th e a ck d k g y,
nd of une 2 J .
- Onth e 8th of Ma our C onsul eneral Mr. 2 y, G ,
r om M Moo e h ad re ei e a letter fr th e R ev. r , c v d .
Bird Ameri an issionar at D eir-el - Kamr be , c M y , hin im d i i n seec gh to ai its unfortunate nhab ta ts . “ ” Th e ief men f D eir- el- Kamr sa s Mr ch o , y .
Bi re ueste aninter iew wit me t is morn rd, q d v h h
n u nte me h t f i and a ai it t e ta e o t ins . g, cq d w h s h g
Th ey have before themth e horrors of aggre ssive
r f famin warfare o o e . E vennow th e standing
rnis no loner ri ate ro Th co g p v p perty. e C hris
tians of th e neighbouring villages have fled here
' or r f e Th e su lies ar all cut off. Th e f e ug . pp e
people of th e place have done what they could to
r ent war t e d nt i i T e im p ev a ; h y o o w sh t. h y
plore and beseech you to make it possible for “ ur ase n r C annt El em to p ch ecessa y food . o
Government convoy mule -loads of flour or wheat
fromBeyrout ?
‘ Must they be left to th e fearful alternative of - - HASBEIYA, AND DEIE EL KAME .
earning their bread by their good swords and muskets I f they canhave provisions they in
ten to ee uiet and ave n f ars f h d k p q , h o e o t e n Druses . If ot t e m f , h y ust go orth to attack t em and wh o cantell th e issue Th e D ru es h , s
seemmost evidently th e aggressors inthis region
at least and th e eo le of this e av r , p p plac h e e
ceive d commendatory letters fromth e Pasha on
T e r account of their forbearance. h y were p o
mise d that th e roads would be kept cpenif they
woul ee uiet. All seems emt or d k p q p y w ds .
With th e citizens of this place I would be
seech you to use your utmost efforts to save
i lif H el t emint eir xtre it if prec ous e . p h h e my it
l r r nl f be possib e . The e are provisions fo o y a ew l n a loner as I am re i informe . a d ys g , c d b y d M y
evennow cannot get bread to ea
E n efore h e re ei t of t is letter Mr ve b t c p h , .
Moore h ad represented th e very critical position
of D eir- el-Kamr to Kh orsh eed as a and h is P h ,
E xcellency thenpromise d to forward provisions
wi ut an furt er ela and to at one o ena tho y h d y, , c , p
ni n it th But t se ro commu catio w h e town. he p
mi r ne r e eeme and onth e zud of ses we e ve r d d, HE mssacsns AT RASHEIYA 3 4 T ,
- - nr th e D rus s ne D ir el Kamr surre e e to e Ju , e d d
e under th e command of Beshir Bey Nak d .
T n f rmrl th a ital of L e anon his tow , o e y e c p b , ul I contained a populationof about 8000 so s . t
uff re o si r l fi fte en ears a o urin s e d c nde ab y, y g , d g
th e war w i a at time ra e etweenth e h ch, t th , g d b
C ristians and D rus s ut ine t en it h ad h e ; b , s c h ,
e re its anient ros erit and was con r cove d c p p y,
sid ered one of th e wealthiest and most thriving
i a es of h Th e h ouses uilt v ll g t e Mountain. , b
alon th e stee i r ill and th e g p s de of a ocky h ,
terrace s raise d one above another fromth e bottom
of th e len lti a to th e to and o ere g , cu v te d p c v d
wit ine ol m err lantations re h v , ive, and ulb y p , p
sente d a most beautiful and picturesque appear
ane and e i en in remar a le manner th e c , v d ced, a k b ,
inustr an er e e f t inh a it ts d y d p s v rance o i s b an .
onth e fi rst ta m e th e Drus s th e Up at ck ad by e ,
C ristians were su es f l and ro e a t eir h cc s u, d v b ck h
enemies th e e e l in twent -fi ve men , b si ge d os g y ,
while th e be siegers left one hundre d killed behind
t em n . Some arri a es were t e t rownu in h , b c d h h p
or er to efen t e entrane to th e townbut th d d d h c , e
D ruses a i re i reinfor ements s e , h v ng ce ved c , ruh d HAS E A AND Dam- sa u n B IY , a . 3 5
inwit o erw elmin numers and lt ou h h v h g b , , a h g
th e Christians valiantly defende d every inch of
roun w r at len Wa t of ro e e t us . n g d, gh victorio p
ision mell n ur ner v s co p ed an unconditio al s re d , and thenabout 1 5 0 houses were burned to th e
roun th e assailant h o w ent e h ad g d by s, w , h h y suflicientl satisfi e t eir r nsities for lund er y d h p ope p , retire d upon th e villages of Rash eiya and i H asbe ya .
R ash ei a and H as ei a numerin r s e ti el y b y , b g e p c v y
3 00 0 and 5 000 ina itants a e e nfor c n h b , h v b e , e turies rul e osl mE m h rinel , d by M e irs of t e p c y
ouse of Sh eh db relati es ofth e renowne E mir h , v d
Be ir wh o o erne inL e nn until 1 840 . sh , g v d ba o
' romE mir E fi endi o ernor of Rash ei a and F , g v y ,
’ E mir aa - d - Din o ernor of H as ei a th e S d c , g v b y ,
Christians have invariably re ceive d kindness and
support ; and th e consequence h as beena d eep
and bitter feeling of hatre d and resentment on
u To rote t imself and th e part of th e D r ses . p c h
’ hi ri an e o le E mir S aa - ed - Din some s C h sti p p , d , time a o inu e A me as a o ernor of g , d c d ch d P h , g v
D ama us to arrisonH as ei a and R ashe i a sc , g b y y
ment of80 0 troo s and w en with a Turkish regi p , , h
D 2 unmassacres AT RASHEIYA 3 6 r ,
e th e D ruse s th e ommandin offi er threatend by , c g c
h imt at t ere was nothin to fear as if assured h h g , ,
i ants r main ui t h e and his sol ier th e inh ab t e ed q e , d s
n n e 3 rd f n efe t em. O th o u e th e w ould d d h J ,
ru atta e Has ei a but were re ulse D ses ck d b y , p d by
’ - d - - nfo E mir S aa c Din. Th e war cr h ad o e rth d y g ,
owe er to th e Hauran and I smail-el- Atras h v , , h , n wit h s sa a e follower a eare u onth e s e e . h i v g s, pp d p c
R ash ei a was urne to th e roun and th e C ris y b d g d, h
tianinhabitants were put to th e sword under cir
cumstances of unparallele d barbarity while th e
’ a e E mir E flendi wit h is entire f mil as bru g d , h a y, w
tall mur er ale il renwere slau tere y d ed. M ch d gh d
’ int eir mot ers arms and w mn inman h , h , o e , y
instanes were ille w ile ainl enea ourin c , k d h v y d v g
" to i ff rin fi sa e t e r o s . Ali Be Hamd ee v h p g y ,
Th e followin statement mad e b a few survivors fromt g , y h e
massacre at Rash ei a ma be read with some interest y , y
You are already acquainted with th e massacre of our cc ~
reli ionists and th e sackin illa e and burnin ofour h o g , g, p g , g uses . Th e circumstances are so frigh tful th at we cannot fi nd word s to
d escribe th em We be h w . o ever to i e o g, , gv y ubriefly th e follow narrati e ing v . It beganthus
Tenmuleteers belonin to th e ad oinin , g g j g village of Deir el- Kamr were oin to Dam us arr in , g g asc , c y g earth enware ; th ese HASBEIYA AN - - , D DEl R E L KAMR. 3 7
se cretar of Sai D oublat sent for OsmanBe y d j , y,
olonel of th e Turkis troo s h c h p , w o, after a short
were met b a band of Druses inth e vicinit of - o y y Kefr k uk, wh o fi red u onth emkillin two of th em the fl p , g rest ed. Th eir relatives at Deir-el- Kamr u onh earin th e ne , p g ws, went and brou ht th e bodies of th e two murd ered men nd collec h g , a ted t e ei ht fuitives and forth wi h wai g g , t ted uponth e colonel of th e
Turkish re ulars uartered at Rash ei a as well as u nEm g q y , po ir
Ali Sh eh fi b th e overnor of th e district and brou h th , g , g t e case to th eir o n t th eir o er knwled e . A inues b rd was h el o g q , y , d n th e bodies of th e two murdered menand subse uentl a olic , q y p e force under th e order of a Sh chAb Emir was sent to th e villa , , ge of Kefr-kouk and arrested two of th e d elinuents brou h t th em q , g to Rash ei a and u h emin rison Two d a afterward s h t t . s t e y , p p y , Druses of th e townofRash eiya and its neighbourh ood required
eremtoril th e release of th e risoners Th e ov ernor and p p y p . g l h co onel ave wa to this d eman and set t emat libert . Th g y d , y e
Druses th enth reatened th e Ch ristians of Deir-el Kamr with
and k lumat Rash nth e followin da Saturda too asy eiya. O g y, y, befor noo h Druses f ei a and its environs roceed ed e n, t e o Rash y p to D eir-el-Kamr and set to it burnin all th e h ouses after fi re , g
a inth OnSunda th e attacked the villa e Haoush ill em. p g g y y g , killed several menand illa ed all th e h ouses ofth e Christians , p g and th e same da went anoth er v illa e Beit Labia disarmed y to g , ,
n e an e d a f llow th e a r d sev ral . Onth e Mon o Ch risti s th e , killed y in th D attack K fr-M hki disarmed h e Christians g, e ruses ed e es , t ,
illa e a d burnt th eir h ouses and killed h e riest and some p g d n , t p
r l a m h at afte rnoon Ch ristians th e e. Th e Druses h e d eeting t ,
k h i a A ersoncame and resolved to attac th e townof Ras e y . p to h s Th e riests and elders of give th e C ristian warning. p Bash eiya waited immediately uponth e chiefs of th e Alien 3 8 THE ma a es AT usamn ss cr ,
inter iew return to H as ei a and tol th e v , ed b y , d people that th e D rus es were determined to kill themas well as th e inhabitants of all th e sur rounin vill a es but t at if th e Christians ame d g g , h c
famil th e rinci al famil amon e Druses ofRash ei a and y ( p p y g th y , relatives of ArianPash a and informed th emof th e d esi ns of ) , g th r ese chieftains su oned th eir co-reli ionists in e D uses. Th mm g
h e townand th ose ofth e nei hbourin villa es and confronted t , g g g ,
l at which th emat a meeting with th eir Ch ristiantownspeop e, meeting th e Ch ristians receiv ed assurances of goodwill and
acifi c intentio Th e chiefs subse uentl accomanied th em p ns. q y p to th e Mudir vernor Emir Ali Sh eha as well as to th e (go ) , b,
Tur i h ol nl e ona es k s c o e , and rep ated before th ese two functi ri th at th ey sh ould be witness of th ese assurancea Th e latter afterward s issued a roclamationinth to obod sh oul p e wn, th at n y d be afraid and to live in e elt mo , peac and the Ch ristians f re as sured but inth e evening of that same d ay th e Druses attacked th e townonfour diff nd set fi re to th e erent sid es, a h ous es of th e Ch ristians killin and ill in e slau ter , g p ag g. Th gh continued till noonof th e next d a ednesda Those wh o y, W y. could not fly were killed ; but a great number of mento ok refu e to eth er with th eir families in e S ra rnment g , g , th c i (gove h ouse at Rash ei a seekin e ro on roo ) y , gth p tecti ofth e Turkish t ps, wh ere th e continued insafet till S a h Drus y y und y. T at day th e e ch iefs invited th e colonel to a meetingth ey were h olding at th e villa e of Teltaté inth e vicinit of sh ei nh return g , y Ba ya. O is , h e intimated to th e Christianrefugees not to move fromth e O Semi. nMonday arriv ed before Rash eiya th e Druses of th e
Hauran und er Ismail- el-Atrash Waked - el-Hem Hezimé , , dan,
Hend é AbouAli Hannaw Beit- n-Na a B - - lfiani y , y, e w fli, eit el Ka , and Halil A h a chief of Din- l r on ribes g , A i. A po ti of th ese t
4 0 THE MASSACRE-S AT RASHEIYA,
mi sc t e elivere u t eir arms w i h were at , h yd d p h , h c once packed and sent ofi onmules to D amas
n e te cus . Th e D ruses owe er a in i ter , h v , h v g c p d n h a d seiz e t emr urne to H as ei a. T e d h , et d b y gates of th e Serai were thrownopenby Osman
Be th e D ruses ruhed inand wit a unite y, s , h d shout of Th e blood of th e C h ristians ! ruth le ssl and ar arousl mur ere men wo men y b b y d d , ,
d S w men an childrento th e number of800 . ome o and childrentook refuge inth e h aremof Sitt
Naisie sister of Sai D oublat and a few men , d j , , wh o h ad concealed th ems elves under heaps of slain e s a e urin th e ni t and foun t eir , c p d d g gh , d h wa D am y to as cus .
Th e D ruse nw excite r nere s, o d by succe ss, e d d more sa a th e loo w i t e h ad e v ge by b d h ch h y sh d,
d reinf r e or es of Metawalis Kur s an o c d by h d , d , and Ara s rus e li e ma ene ti ers u on b , h d k dd d g p
ahle th e mos im rtant mos ros Z h, t po , and t p
erous t wninL e ann Th e ina i a t a p o b o . h b t ns mde
re arations for efene and urin six a s p p d c , d g d y ,
2 0 0 0 C hristians held inche ck of their
enemies .
h th of une i Ont e 9 J , th e B shops ofZahleh sent mssmn - - , AND DEIR EL KAMB.
a memorial to th e E r n - n u opeanC o suls Ge eral, re questing their interference with Kh orsh eed
as a inor r to P h , de avert th e threatened attack of th e Dr uses . I t must have be come knownto ” ou t e sa t t l min d y , h y y, ha tota an destruction have been brought onth e Christians of th e
ountainand ot er la es h e D M h p c by t ruses, so th at t e the C ri i n a e om u l h y, h st a s , h ve b c e tter y
estitute of e m f u isten N w d th eans o s bs ce . ow e have ascertained that a large body of Dmses fromth e HauranH as ei a R ash ei a and ot er , b y , y , h
la e s is omin to reinfor e t ose of th oun p c , c g c h e M tainfor th e purpose of attacking and destroying th e townof a le and after two or t re e a s Z h h, h d y they will effect a junctionwith each other inour ne ighbourhood .
Some ofth e D ruses ofth e L ebanonare quar tered now ina place two hours and a halfdistant
W f r of uin ur ri fromus . e there o e beg yo yo C h s tian e al to interest d x rt oursel e s wit th e z , an e e y v h
o ernment for re entin this atta u on our g v , p v g ck p y
rvant inh a itant of ahl e as whi God s e s, b s Z h, , ch f r i ul a le be estro e t ere will o b d , sho d Z h h d y d, h remainno name for th e Christians inthis country . runMASSA E A'l‘ msnnm 42 CR S ,
Th e enemy are doingtheir best to destroy it for t at ur ose as i n r all ristians h p p , ts inhabita ts a e C h ,
D rus s to a ro riate to t em and - to enable th e e pp p h n ” selves all C hristia nproperty inthis cou try.
Againdid th e C ons uls-General proceed to th e
’ as a s am and a aindid t e re ei e ro P h c p, g h y c v p mises ofassistance for th e beleagured Christians .
This time owe er th e romises were fulfi lle , h v , p d, and 5 00 regular troops were despatched onth e l 6 n h f a le th ofJu e to t e defence o Z h h .
OnM ona th e 1 8th a omine atta of d y, , c b d ck th e D ruses of L ebanonand of th e H auran
e onth e was mad devote d town. Th e Z ah li s resiste manfull but t ir ammunition ote d y, he failin t e were re sse a t eir f g, h y p d b ck by h oe s, wh o enetratin as far as th e ur mr r , p g ch ch , u de ed a riest the s olars of th e esuit olle e and p , ch J c g , several womenwh o h ad taken refuge in th e
a re i e h i s c d ed fic . T e C hrist ans thenthrew away t eir fi re -arms and wit t eir w r n h , h h s o ds a d dag
ers re ulse th e esie ers at e er oi t ur g p d b g v y p n, p suing themto a distance of two hours from Th n a le . e t was fi er e a d loo r Z h h figh c b dy, fo th e
C hristians lost 70 0 men w ile th , h e D ruses, in - - HASBEIYA, AND DEIR BL KAMR. 43
kille and woun lo 1 0 . Bu nw th e d ded, st 50 t o treachery of Kh orsh eed Pasha became evident ; for as th e D ruses fled towar th Tur i am ds e k sh c p , th e soldiers opene d out and fire d uponth e victo rious Z ah liotes e enusin it is sai a fi eld , v g, d,
ie e w i t e h ad rou t t mfrom p c , h ch h y b gh with he
B e rout. Th e C ri i r r y h st ans retired ingood o de , but seeingthat th e troops h ad j oined their ene mies t e a e uner o er of , h y g v up all hope, and d c v th e ni t effe te t eir retrea towar s th e Kes gh , c d h t d
r imill n h ru e aw . O th e mornin fth l 9th t e D s s g o e ,
a ainatta e th wn t n la e g ck d e to , bu they fou d th e p c
nr completely evacuated . A few age d and i fi m
menand womenalone remaine and e d , these th y
u t r — d sla e e . a le r u an eautiful gh d Z h h, th e p o d b
a le — was tr e fi re and th e ast Z h h, des oy d by , v
property it contained became th e spoil of its
re ro in t ache us vaders .
E nra e a s f t ir ims th g d t th e e cape o he vict , e
D n - -K mr ruses ow againturne d towards D eir el a ,
All th at portionof Mount Lebanonto th e north of th e
- - l Do r i esraw nand is Nah r el Ke b or g Rive , s called th e K fi
x lusi el b Maronites Th e south ern ortion inh abited e c v y y . p , ” mixed districts is inh abited both b Maronites and Druses. , y 4 4 THE MASSACRES AT RASHEIYA, where they surpassed their former exploits in
ar arit nd l b b y a crue ty .
Onth e 3 rd of une w enth e news rea e J , h ch d
Be rout t t D eir- el- Kamr h d rr nered th e y ha a su e d , ‘ C onsuls e Greneral made strongrepre sentations to
Kh orsh eed Pasha relative to th e dangerous posi tionof its inhabitants ; but as only vague pro mi r o r ses of assistane oul be o taine M . o e c c d b d, M ex resse his eterminationto ro e al one if p d d p c ed , ne essar to th e S ot and usin his inuene c y, p , by g fl c wit th e D ruse iefs s th ri ian if h ch , ave e Ch st s, pos sible,fromth e fate with which they were threat
n r n - nr e e d. Th e ene gy of our C o sul Ge e al h ad th e esire effe t and Ta ir as a eneral of d d c , h P h , g
f r- l-Kamr i isi n ro ee e to th e relief o D ei e . d v o , p c d d
C on ne was t us to a ertainextent r store fide c h , c , e d, and relying onth e repeate d assurances of this “ oflicer t at t e mi t e en onth e roteo , h h y gh d p d p
” tionof his troo s th e eo l e anto fee a p , p p e b g l
m ati n f o ar e se s o s uri . OnWe n a c p v e ec ty d esd y, th e 2 oth of une owe er th e D ru es a se on J , h v , s c d
time a eare efore th e t n. Th ri tians pp d b ow e Ch s ,
’ fi lle wit larm rus ai ut th d h a , hed to th e S er , b e militar o ernor ul - lamBe tol t em y g v , Abd Se y, d h - - HASBEIYA, AND DEIR EL KAMR . 45
at ro i e e e t ui t h oul th , p v d d th y k p q e , e w d answer
for t eir safet wit his ea . Th e D ruses re h y h h d , p tendin fri enshi and oo - ill enter g d p g d w , ed nu oppose d ; but no sooner were they assemble d in suffi ient num rs t ant e ommen r c be , h h y c ce d to b eak o enth e s o s and ware ouses and s oot own p h p h , h d
er n t at ffere h re i tan h ev y o e h o d t e least s s ce . T e s ol iers now oine inth e eneral illa e and th e d j d g p g ,
‘ n ri fl d t th unfortu ate C h stians again e o e Serai .
Againdid Abdul - SelamBey assure themof his
rote tion and a aina at H as ei a were th e p c , g , s b y ,
C hri stians trea h e l r All t c rous y bet ayed . hose wh o esire a la e of safet were or r d d p c y, de ed to deliver up their arms and come at once to th e
Th e or er was o e e and efore mid S erai . d b y d, b night hundreds h ad crowde d into th e gre at court
’ f e o ernor s ouse rinin wit t emt eir o th g v h , b g g h h h
ewels ol and su ot er valua les as t e j , g d, ch h b h y
could readily carry.
OnT urs a mornin th e 2 l st of une th e h d y g, J , s unrose over Mount L ebanonwith all its wonted
s le nour bu i rou t no o e to th e imri p d , t t b gh h p p
- - Th e ri t soned citizens of D eir el Kamr. b gh
am u fi el fi 'omt eir urnin omes fl es shot p erc y h b gh , A E A'l‘ A HEIYA 46 THE MASS CR S R S ,
l m s ut out th e li t ofd a and tlie b ack s oke h gh y, as if ende avouring to cover with animpenetrable
veil th e deeds of d arkness and of blood which
ere ein ena te All feelins of umanit w b g c d. g h y
h ad fled and th e sa a e instints of th e ti er , v g c g
alone fi lled th e hearts of those wh o now rushe d u ont eir efeneless re iens t e loo e p h d c p y. F d h y k d, as th rou fi re and smo e th e D ruse and l m gh k , Mos e fell uponth e unarme d Christian; monsters worse t anfi ens as wa in anle - ee in loo t e h d , , d g k d p b d, h y still ontinue t eir earful wor of lau ter c d h f k s gh .
’ At about two o clock th e fi re h ad partially burne d itselfout th e smo e leare awa and th e sun ; k c d y, loo e ownu on2 000 uman o ies ma e k d d p h b d , d after th e ima e of t eir C reator now a e g h , h ck d,
T la eadle mui at and estro e . ere ss t l ed, d y d h y h truns and ere or ea s wearin u on k ; h , g y h d , g p their fe atures th e expression of unutterable a on il ren of t ree or four e ars old g y ; ch d h y , whose innocence might have beentheir pro
c on and ld mn w r mi te ti ; o e , hose grey hai s ght
nr W ne a e ee es e te . omen wou and h v b p c d , d d dyinguponth e bodies of their lifeless infants ;
oun irls wee in f r th fat ers and rot ers y gg , p g o e h b h
un A ES AT RA Y 48 r MASS CR SHEI A,
D ruse — th e s outs th e fi re and th e smo e all s, h , , k , forme a s ene at w i h umanit s u ers and d c h c h y h dd , from th e contemplationof which th e heart s rin a si ene and a h ks b ck ck d ppalled .
Onth e zud of ne alarm d n ti 2 Ju , an co sterna on was s rea throu t e ownof Be ro it elf p d gh h t y ut s , f r e er l arme D ru s ar e h e o s v a d se p ad d t streets, and were everywhere re ceive d intriumph by th e
lem nth e followin mornin t Mos s. O g g, wo Mos lembutchers quarrelle d about a sheep outside
h e to One of th e menwas ille t wn. k d by th e
t Th u ulmans seiz eir rms o her. e M ss ed th a , and
’ h to th e S erai eman h e l rus ing , d ded t b ood of a
C ri tianw omt e sai as th e assassin T h s , h h y d w . h e
whole Christianpopulationfled interror to th e
onul ates to th e E nlis ouses and o h C s , g h h , t t e
i s inth e ar our w ile anarme mo l sh p h b , h d b he d
th e townfor a considerable time inits posses
n An fort t C r fr sio . un una e h istian omDjezzin
was sei e and u onth e e i en f a z d, p v d ce o boy only
i ears old as ent e ght y , w s enced and beheaded
wit intw ours Th h o h . e wretched mande clared
his inno ene to th e last momnt ut hi c c e , b s protes
tations a aile himnot d h v d , an is headless body - - I D EIR EL KAMR . 49 HASBE YA, AN D was exposed duringth e whole of Sunday to th e insult f f n i r l rtunat l a s o a a at al a e . o e c bb F y,
Tur is line - of- attle i wit 2 2 5 0 troo s on k h b sh p , h p
oar uner th mman of I smail as a b d, d e co d P h
eneral Kmet h ad inth e meantime arri e (G y) , , , v d ; and this a e t h re ne of six E nlis , dd d o t e p se c g h,
' ren and Russianfri ates in th e ar our F ch, g h b , sa e B e rout er a s from illa e and mas v d y , p h p , p g sa re and au e or er to be omarati el c , c s d d c p v y
or re st ed .
Durin all th is time th e womenand il ren g , ch d wh o h ad ma e t eir es a e fromD ir- el- Kamr d h c p e , and h ad fled to th e sea- si e were ein sa e d , b g v d by our ships fromth e violationand death which
t r i e n th m Th e o he w s would have befalle e .
annet and o aw rou t u from G M h k, b gh p th e D amour ri er onth nd and 2 3 rd of une v , e 2 2 J alone no le t n risti n mn n , ss ha 2 3 0 0 Ch a wo e a d
hil rennumers of omh ad n un c d , b wh bee wo ded w hile in from t eir erse utors after th e fly g h p c , murder of their husbands and mal e relatives ;
Th e wretchedness and sufferings ofthese unfortu nate e o le no en oul erfe tl es ri e and p p , p c d p c y d c b , they now appeal to C hristianE urope to save - - 5 0 MASSACRES AT DEIR EL KAMR .
emfromth e orrors of famine and res ue th h , c themfromth e otherwise certainmisery which n i i must res lt. E er o e of us is n stress u v y d , “ l z i E e write th e poor pe op e of Dj e z n. v ry ' morningth e enemy comes against us and hunts
' us like goats ; and now we are suflering more
r Th D ru e ar rea r thanat fi st. e s s e pingth e c op of raininits straw and ta in it awa to th e g , k g y
istri t of C ouf not in is left to us neit er d c h h g , h
in n r e ra or o rt nor men. Th e istress g , p p y, d which h as come up onth e people ofDj ezzinnever canhave beene qualled ; every d ay a battle takes place ; they have killed tenwomenof th e dis triet and e enth e se ul r f th t , v p ch es o e de ad hey n have ope e d . Of this state of things we cannot write a es ri tionfor e enth e tonu woul be d c p , v g e d ” una le to e r b d sc ibe it. LETTER I V.
THE O TREATY F PEACE.
CONsrAN'nNor s Au ust 1 8 u, g 8, 60 .
THE Journa l d e C onsta ntino le states t at at p , h , th e inter entionofth e as a ofB rout a treat v P h ey , y o f peace h as beendiscusse d betweenth e D ruses and th e aronites but t at r M , h th e p opositions which have beenmade by th e former have not s atisfi e th e latter inasmu as th D ru e ire d , ch e ses d s to throw a veil over everythingwhich h as been d one on t i rut owe er is t at o s es . Th e t b h d h, h v , h
Kh orsh eed as a seein assistane at an now P h , g c h d, s eeks to force uponth e unfortunate Maronite s a te morar ea e w i woul ena l himnot p y p c , h ch d b e a lone to cast a veil over th e remorseless cruelties ' o f th e Druses but o hi n llan an , ver s ow vi y d
trea er . Kh orsh eed as a wh o t o assi el ch y P h , s o d p v y by with his troops while th e Christians were being THE TREATY OF PE ACE . murdere d almost before his eyes ; wh o refused to send aid at th e urgent solicitationofth e E nglish and French consuls ; wh o helpe d to disarmth e
aronite s romisin t emsu ur and roteo M , p g h cco p tionand t en eli re th mu d fenele ss to , h d ve d e p e c be slau tere t eir nmi t i manw ose gh d by h e e e s ; h s , h life inany other country would be th e forfeit of h is rimenow see s to for e u onth e C ristians c , k c p h , at th e point of th e sw ord reeking with th e bloo d oft eir fat ers t eir wi e s and t eir il rena h h , h v , h ch d ,
e a e w i woul no t be lastin and whi h p c h ch d g, c could only se rve th e te mporary purpose ofthrow in u t in h ! gd s t e eyes ofE urope .
Inreferene to t is same tre at of e a e t is c h y p c , h
' same Jowrna l d o C onsta ntinop le h as th e efi rontery to say It is to be de sire d that th e Christians will now returnto t eir illa es w ere we o e h v g , h , h p ,
He Kh orsh eed Pash a ro osed as th e onl means of ( ) p p , y
mmediate conciliationto ublish a Bo ourould of eace on i , p y y p , th e expre ss condition(d emand ed by th e Druses as a sine qua non f h e cessationof h ostilities th at th e two arties sh ould or t ) , p
re to for et th e ast and sh oul d at once renounce ever ag e g p , y
d o with th e losses ex erienced onboth sid es claimhavingto p .
h i occas ionmad e use of th e Arabic ex ression Th e Pash a ont s p ,
’ Tha wh ich is d one is d one — Des atch Mad a ma mada t . p
nr ulwer frommul Genera l Moore to Sir He y B . THE TREATY OF PEACE . 5 3
th e will fi nd tranuillit and s W at y q y repo e . h mockery and absurdity is this One hundre d a nd ft towns villa es and amlets a e een fi y , g , h h v b d e stroye d by fi re ; Christians are house le ss wanderers over th e mountains ; women and childrenhave beenma de widows and orphans by th e cold - bloode d butchery of their husbands and fat ers at Rash ei a H as ei a and D eir- el h y , b y
K amr ; yet these Christians are calmly t o ld by th e Government j ournal to returnquietly “ to t eir omes w re t e will fi n tranuillit h h , he h y d q y
” a nd re ose ! Y trul th e tranuillit and p es, y, q y
re ose f th t m l and o e ra e . L e t e efene ess p g v h , d c
unarme returnto t eir illa es and see tran d, h v g , k
quillity incontemplatingth e ruine d wall s ofwhat
w ere one t eir om and let t emfi nd re ose c h h es, h p
inlooking uponth e mangle d remnants of what
they canno longer recognise as a father or a
l n u i r it ou c i . A d as t t s s t to et e w t h d hey h g h , h
l r and wit out f o surroune e er s he te h o d, d d by v y
thingthat makes manappear so little and G od
o reat t e will loo u to t at e er lorious s g , h y k p h v g
k a o e t emand ask ea t er if t ere is s y b v h , ch o h h
in n u and ri te u u e wh o not Heave a j st gh o s J dg , 54 THE TREATY OF PEACE .
will unis th e mur erers ofHi il r n T e p h d s ch d e . h y
will ask each oth er— simple mountaineers as they
are— if th e rans a e all turne Tur s and F k h v d k ,
are leagued against the m or they will wonder if
th e traditionof those Mussulmans be true which relates th e disappearance of Mohammed - ben
H assaninth e rotto of Stella 1 60 ofth e H e ira g ( g ) , where h e is to remaininvisible until h e shall a ain ome fort und er th e name of e i th e g c h M hd ,
le a er t e will uestione a ot er if inee d ; h y q ch h , d d , t is e i can a e now ome for and w t er h M hd h v c th, he h
it is de stined that h e shall plant his banner once
? more over th e prostrate standard ofth e C ross
C anit be wondered at if these poor people
indulge in such reveries when they see all
ChristianE urope standingp assive and inactive
C anit be wondered if they be ginto fancy that
th e only followers of Christ are those wh o are
sheltered by th e pe aks of L ebanon L et me
ere owe er tell E nlan and rane t at if h , h v , g d F c , h
they now permit th e barbaritie s of th e past two
months to go unpunishe d— if they allow a peace
to be at e u astin a eil o er ra ine iola p ch d p , c g v v p , v
tion and mu er — let me warnt emt at th e , rd , h h
THE TRE ATY OF PEACE .
and inste a of i i in th e two ra e s and ma in , d d v d g c k g t em stro ea ot er h e was a le th e h de y ch h , , by , b
reat aut orit w i h e osse sse to unite t em g h y h ch p d , h al most into one o w ilst onth e ontrar b dy ; h , c y , th e rule w i su e e e h imofth e Karmacams h ch cc d d , , wh o are mere ele ate s of th e as a of Si on d g P h d , h as h ad for its obj ect th e old policy of D ivid e
rn and gove .
Th e policy we have pursue d inSyria since
1 840 h as been altogether destructive of that inuene w i we formerl ossesse for in fl c h ch y p d ; , order to counterbalance th e othe rwise preponde ratin influene of rane w e a e eenine er g c F c , h v b v y instance th e supporters and champions of th e
ru es It is a fa t w i annot b e enie D s . c h ch c d d na inee it is a mitte — t at th e E nlish y, d d , d d h g re sidents inBeyrout have always beenth e stanch su orters ofth e D ruse s and t ese eo le a e pp , h p p h v invariably looke d to our consuls for encourage “ ment and protection) I d o not spe ak fromhear
“ At th e commencement of th e stru le th e s mathies of gg , y p ” “ rsons were with th e Druse A o t many pe s . mngs th e Druses educationand reli ious tolerationwere makin , g g
e n ra id strides. Th welcomed a craved for Enlish sch ools p y , y, , g . E TRE T PEACE 57 TH A Y OF . say— I speak frompersonal observation— and I must incandour avow that th e statement mad e
. ierre D a i formrl ren onul by M P v d, e y F ch C s
eneral inTur e is not wit out some founs G k y, h d n ” tio . W at h e sa s can a e now arme h , y , h v d th e D ruses against th e Maronite s — these two races so long united for their commonsafety
T e tal of Ameri missionaries wh o were h y k can , come to excite their minds by a religious mysti cismminle wit i eas ofli ert but wh o can , g d h d b y ; su ose t at t ese C ristians ofth e sixt entur pp h h h h c y, wit out e u ation wit out re arationof an h d c , h p p y
ind in oliti i as onstantl un r s k p cal de , c y de th e eye of t eir is o s and t eir rie sts woul ermit h b h p h p , d p themselve s to be se duce d by such transatlantic
r Prote stantis Th e ligh t of th e Gospel was gradually sp ead ing. m was effec in a footin both amon th emand th e Christians in t g g, g
— ndent o the Levant Hera ld Be rout rr es o . th eir districts. y Co p f
’ S aid Bey— th e great Druse ch ief of Mukh tarah — answ ered me I and my people are und er th e command of th e Queenof ’ obe Enland inall hins England ; our only d esire is to y g t g .
Mr inS ria . Re b P ap ers rela ting to the D isturbances y port y . m ul rd Grah a , J y 3 .
as allies of Enland Th e Drus es are generally regard ed g . Th e Druses look uponth e English as th eir
— author o Five rotectors Rev. J. L . P orter friends and p . , f
and P a lestine . Yea rs inM ews, Syria 58 THE TREATY OF PEACE . reveries Wh o canthink that these cultivators of ines and mul erries ontent it t eir lot v b , c w h h , would become philosophical thinkers and instru ments f re l tion As forth e D ruses t at o vo u , h s e ies of am ious reli ionists wh o rofess in p c phib g , p turns ust as it ma uit t emeith er I slamism , j y s h , or Christianit or I now not w at o s ure y, k h b c idolatry having a resemblance to that of th e goldencalf; and wh o would profe ss a fourth
eliefift eir a ari e ere intereste o t at t b h v c w d, s h hey could rej ect it whenit no longer served their
ur ose are t e e ome re olutionar rb a p p , h y b c v y p p
gandists uponth e invitationof the se American
‘ rea ers 2 T at is s ar el re i le W ere p ch h c c y c d b . h , t enwas th e ause of t is ivil war so ontrar h , c h c , c y to th e commonsafety of th e two populations
. It is suspecte d that E ngland h as favoured th e
American missionaries for a purpose purely ” but oliti al. No u i i xa erate p c do bt th s s e gg d ; , ne ert eless it ontains some trut and alt ou h v h c h , h g t at trut ma be unalata le I d o not with h h y p b ,
l it as I trust our ernment ma ta e ho d , Gov y k warnin from ast errors and instea of su g p , d p
ortin one ra e a ainst anot er oin rml and p g c g h , j fi y THE TREATY OF PE ACE . 59 s incerely with France for th e commongood of l al .
A me as a ex - ommaner-in- ief of th ch d P h , c d ch e arm ofArabistanarri e ere uner arrest on y , v d h d
ona l H i n M d y ast. e was mmediately co veye d to th e Seraskeriat w ere in ursuane of anime , h , p c p rial irad e h e h as eent is d a u li l e ra e , b h y p b c y d g d d
' fromhis ran Th imerial or er w as rea k . e p d d aloud inpre sence of a large body of troops and
i il funtionaries and t enwit most humili c v c , h , h atin re ision th e ferah rass utton was g p c , y (b b )
tornfromth e fez of this degraded general ; th e golden epaulettes were rudely taken fromhis s oul ers th e swor w i h e h ad not th e our h d , d, h ch c
f n of th e inno ent was age to draw inde e ce c ,
ro n f r his fa e and w enth e S e tators b ke be o e c , h p c “ h ad b eeninforme d that Achme d Pasha was
” f ll ran and onours h e th e late deprived o a k h , ,
o ernor- eneral of D amas us was onu te g v g c , c d c d
r back to p ison. 60 THE TRE ATY OF PEACE.
The following is the text of the Trea ty of P eace
” nt hr stia ns nd D ruses which ha s betwee he C i a ,
beenp rop osed by Khorsheed P ash a .
We th e unersi ne Karmacamofth e C ris , d g d , h ‘ tians D e uties of th e eo le Onakils E mirs , p p p , , ,
l and Mokattadj l snmembers of th e Medjlis and
Nota les a e a eare in o e iene to th e b , h v pp d, b d c orders of his E xcellency our L ord th e Mushir o f
’ th E alet efore h is E x ellen s Kiah ia and e y , b c cy
' Lie utenant his E x ellen W asfi E flendi and , c cy , after deliberationand discussionbetwe enus and th e Karmacamofth e D ruses and D eputies ofth e sai nationOnakils E mirs Mokattad is me m d , , , j ,
ers ofth e Me d lis and N ota les as to th e ut b j b , d y of securing th e means of repre ssing th e dissen sions t at a e arisen of uar in th e ountr h h v , g d g c y ,
Onakil si nifi es a law - auth orit e uivalent a a g y, q to p id i mag strate .
‘ ' l Mokattad is is about th e same as th e ma or of a j y district . THE RE F P 6 T ATY O EACE . 1 o f restoringth e tranquilt and well-being ofth e
e o le in ursuane ofth e Mushirial or rs and p p , p c de , o f our l e of ountr a e a re e as follow s ov c y, h v g d That since th e commencement of those dis turbances th e o rnment th e hiefs of th e , G ve , c
c o untr th e reasona le menand t ose wh o lov e y, b , h th e ountr and tranuillit a ne er ease c y q y, h ve v c d n u to preve t their takingplace . B t whereas from th e ma inations oft ose wh o lo e isor er and ch h v d d , p rincipally persons wh o have no pity onnew b orn a es oun o s and irls and fromth e b b , y g b y g ,
o stina of unreasona l men t r n b cy b e , hey we e ot
l t r n w r m r k n A a b e o p eve t a fro b ea i g out. dmit
ting also that insuch a state of things there is
no other means ofputting anend to th e effusion
of loo and ro u in a eneral ea e t an b d, p d c g g p c h
concluding a treaty betwe enth e belligerent par
ties conformably to th e conditionof that-which
w as made inth e year 1 2 61 of th e Hegira l ’ which is Oblivionofwhat h as takenp ace . It h as consequently beenagreed with th e
This preamble is intend ed apparently to exclude all id ea of
m tationonth e art of th e local auth orities and to throw pre edi p , n th e blame onsome unfortunate Christians selected inadva ce . THE TREATY OF PEACE. help of God to draw up this treaty of general
a e onth e a o e mentione ondition and pe c , b v d c , that for all that h as ha ppene d fromth e com
mencement of th e general war to th e present time none of th e arties h as th e ri t ofma in , p gh k g
any claimeither for th e present or th e future
that after th e signature of this treaty wh oever
shall seek to break th e peace shall be imme diately
th e aut orities and w oe er s all punished by h , h v h
endeavour to prote ct himshall be also punished .
All th e chiefs must insuch a case unite to prevent
a th e re currence ofsuch fact.
Th e orders of th e authorities will be issued
inconformity with th e regulations of th e Moun
' in Th e Kaimacamand t e Mokattad i must ta . h j s
also conformtheir actions to th e administrative
re ulations of th e Libanus wit out an ane g , h y ch g ,
and must promptly execute all th e orders of th e
u rities and ma e th e latter a uain a tho , k cq ted with
th e state of affairs whenever it may be necessary
T e must use all t eir effort t so to do. h y h s o pro
mote unionfri enshi and onor etween , d p , c c d b th e
two nations ; to procure th e tranquillity and wel.
l th e ina itants and arti fare of al h b , p cularly to
THE TREATY OF PEACE .
All th e Mokattadp s and offi cials must p er formth e duties confided to themwith zeal and attention in onformit wit th e re ulations of , c y h g th e ountain wit out allowin an one to b e M , h g y tre ated with th e slightest injustice— duties which it is hoped they will fulfil with conscientious eagerness and impartiality.
C onforma l wit th e a o e ea e is con b y h b v , p c
lu e etweenus onth e onitiona o e name d c d d b c d b v , and it h as beenconsidered proper to draw up four o ies of it si ne ea nation two of c p , g d by ch , w i will be ex ane etweenth e arties h ch ch g d b p , and two will be presented to his E xcellency th e
us ir to be e t inth e ar i es ofth e o ern M h , k p ch v G v
mnt and ser e as th e . rul of onu t for th e e , v e c d c
” n f r h fu r present a d o t e tu e .
I is a fi rs te towa betweenth e Powers and th e Porte. t t s p rds
n nh Mo nain Turkish interfere ce i t e u t .
Th e ChristianKal macamand some of his creatures si ne g d,
t h e cler refused and letters state th at the reater ortion bu t gy , g p of th e principal Ch ristians and Onakils refuse to accept th e nt d ocume . LETTER V.
M M F I I M OSLE ANAT C S .
xs'rmmorm u us t 1 1 Co , A g 5, 860 .
Ta ndreadful calamities which have just be fall nD ams us a en ause no su n e a c , h ve be c d by dde outburst of MohammedanTanaticism; onth e contrar th e feelins of atre now so stronl y, g h d, gy evine a e e enlon ent u nd ano r c d, h v b g p p, a ppo tunity alone was wante d to wreak a wished - for
' e an u h ni ristian Si v nge ce pont e unofi e d ngCh . nce th e mur ers ommitt at D e dd ah t se f elin d c ed j , ho e gs
a e ontinue to in ease until at l nt th h v c d cr , , e gh, e successful onslaught of th e D ruses onth e Maro nite s e ame as it were th e si nal for t at risin b c , , g h g, w i it was o e woul fi nall and for e er h ch h p d d, y v ,
u hri ti it fr h trample o t C s any omt e land .
I t is not a very long time since a fanatic mob of Mussulmans attacke d th e Greek Orthodox 66 MOSLEM FANATICISM.
ur at aza seriousl inurin th e uil in C h ch G , y j g b d g
n th a oinin s ool- room solel us a d e dj g ch , y beca e
they would not endure to see th e church white
” A t h same im washed or painted . bou t e t e
r r onsul nnre orte t at . C i (Octobe , M F p d h
th e native Ch ristians inJerusalemwere under
apprehensions of some outbreak ofMohammedan
fanaticismagainst them and this ide a was
founded not only onth e curses hurle d at them
and their religion while passing through th e
streets ont eir ail a o ations or w ile sittin h d y v c , h g
int eir s o s ut oninnumera le small c h h p , b b o
currences se eming to tend towards th e same ” nd Th e effe t ro uce th e . c p d d on e populationof
D amascus by th e murder of th e consul ar offi cers
of reat Britainand rane at D eddah as G F c j , w ,
’ a or in to Mr. C onsul Brant s re ort Au ust 2 cc d g p ( g ,
a certaindegree of satisfactionth at th e
Infi d els h ad eenso treate for ollutin b d p g, by
i r n t e r ese e so ol a it . Some in h p c , h y c y , dee d,
went so far as to speak of expelling E uropean
onsuls and C ristians fromD amas us an i c h c , d t was remarked that a consul h ad beenmurdere d at Maras for whi no unis men h, ch p h t was in F NATI SM 6 7 MOSLEM A CI .
flicted At Ale o th e e ullitionof oslem . pp , b M fanaticism was so great that fi re - arms and a mmunitionwere hurriedly purchase d wherever t e oul be o taine and some of th e Mussul h y c d b d, mans secretly announced to respe ctable E uropean
families wit w omt e were onfrienl terms , h h h y d y ,
t a a eneral massa re was a out to ommene h t g c b c c ,
and advise d themto take refuge i nplaces of u ul ” n safet if an s o be foun. I th e y, y ch c d d
distri t of Nablons two illa es Z ebabd eh and c , v g ,
L ikfair (all th e inhabitants of which are
Christians were omletel sa e and men ), c p y ck d,
and womenstripped evento their shirts and
t en ift Th e ous of th i h turned adr . h e e Chr stian
priest was takenduring h is absence ; h is stores
of grainand oil for household use during th e
winterwere mixed into one heap by th e Moslems
of th e it and t rowninto th e street c y, h ; and
t ree atriar w enreturnin th rou h e G k P ch, h g gh
’ th e streets ofJerusalemfromth e Cadi s C ourt of
u ment re e e carasses and ra oman J dg , p c d d by d g ,
had to pass through a gauntlet of curses hurled
ne Mr 1 o Ske to . Alis nJ 1 8 8 C nsul o ul 5 . , y 3 ,
r 2 68 MOSLEM FANATICISM.
” at his reli ionh is ra ers and h is fa g , p y , thers . In
- view ofsu a state oft ins Mr. C onul e nral ch h g , s G e
Moore thought it necessary to recommend that
anE nlis man-of- war s oul be sent to Be rout g h h d y ,
for th e protectionof the lives and property of
Britis su e ts resi ent inS ria for alth ou h bj c d y , gh t at town owin to th e reat ma orit of th e h , g g j y
o ulatio ein C ristian was omarati l p p nb g h , c p ve y se ure et th e lar e interior ities su as c , y g c , ch
D amas us and Ale o as well as th e sea - oast c pp , c towns were lia le at an moment to a oham , b y M
medan
It woul h owe er be a er reat mi t t d, v , v y g s ake o suppose that this intolerance arises altogether fromth e fanati ismof th e Tur s as onth e on c k , , c trar th e atre entertaine th e ussulman y, h d d by M
populationof Syria towards their Turkish mas
ters is scarcely less violent thanth e detestation
th e ristians Th e O manli Tur t war s C . s s felt o d h k ,
wh o formbut a very small p ortionof th e pcpu
l tionare enerall loo e u onas e enerate a , g y k d p d g
amme ns and e enth e aut rit Moh da , v ho y of th e
Consul Finnto th e Earl ofMalmesbur November 8 1 y, , 858 .
' n l-General Moore to Vice -Admiral Fansh awe 1 Co su . MOSLEM FANATICISM. 6 9
Sultan imself is arel e Th Arab h b y r specte d . e s
and other Moslems consi der th at th e Sultanh as
forfeite t ei alle iane and t at infa t th d h r g c , h , c , e
ountr no loner elons to h imona ount of c y g b g , cc
th e unlawful concessions which h e h as made to ‘ Chri t s ians . E venoffi cials inauthority d o not
esitate to a t re ro es u onth e a is a h c s p ach p P d h h,
assertingthat Th e Sultane ats and
“ ’ th at His Maj esty s offi cers and subj ects are only
bound to obey himso long as his orders are in
” nfo it wit t aw f r et co rmy h h e l o th e P oph .
Th e ussulmans of erusalem Nazaret M J , h,
Al o and D mas us e een issatis e epp , a c hav b d fi d
with th e reforms which His Maj esty h as en
d eavoured to effe t and ini nant at th e con c , d g
cessions w h h as of late ears ma e to th e hich e , y , d
C hristians ; and while th e Rayahs at C onstan
“ mmon amel - ri r likewise of th e Bedawinbrin A co c d ve , , g
in salt frombe ond th e Dead Se rotested last week to Mr. g y a, p ,
Mesh ullamth at th e countr belons not to th e Turkish Sultan , y g , w h as mad e nlawful concessions to Ch ristians th erefore h o u , th e swords of true believe rs will be speedily d efi l ed wi
— ' Chri oo onsul Finnto the Earl o Ma lmesbur . stianbl d . C f y
A vul ar ex ression w eanin th at th e Sultantalks im 1 g p , g
entl or alks nonsense pot y, t . 7 0 MOSLEM FANATICISM.
tin0 1e wh o not lon a o were o li e to ontent p , ; g g , b g d c t e msel es wit ouses of a arti ular olour h v h h p c c , and of a er misera le a earane are now th e v y b pp c ,
ossessors of th e nest alis onth e B S h Ol'll S p fi y O p , and th e most s leni ala es in era th e osi p d d p c P , p tionof their brethreninth e cities of Syria h as
x nn eene ee inl inse ure . InC onsta ti o le b c d gy c p ,
Smrna and some ot er ieftowns ivilisation y , h ch , c
r e r l E ur e a and prog ess are verywhe e visib e . op n
manners have been assume d ; old - e stablishe d
prejudices h ave givenway ; and eventh e national
character itself h as yielde d to th e salutary in
fluence exercise d by th e WesternPowers ; but ‘in
th e Asiatic provinces no such progress h as been
ma e and wit th e ex e tiono f Be rout reli d , , h c p y ,
gions animosity still disturbs th e pe ace of th e
towns while th e lains of S ria are to -da as , p y y,
t e were a t ousan e ars a o th e attle -fi eld h y h d y g , b
onw i ra e ontests wit ra e and tri e con h ch c c h c , b i t i n tends w th r be . In th e L ebanonth e o ce
powerful family of th e H arfush h as become
arl anni ilate intemcin feu s e r ne y h d by e e d . M e
o amme Harfus of ahle atta s wit h is M h d h, Z h, ck , h
1 00 0 followers eer Suleimanof Baal I , M bek . n
72 MOSLEM FANATICISM.
of t is mournful intelli ene is s ot mth e si e h g c , h d
Ali S all and nall t one of by h ah, fi y despa ched by
’ ‘‘ ’ hi l l arl n mre il s unc e s fo lowers . I sm s so s ( e ch
‘ dren are sou t for a Ali S alla rememers ) gh , s h h b t at if e r w u to manoo t ere will be a h th y g o p h d, h
l T e are a or inl b ood feud betweenthem. h y cc d gy foun and ut to at Th e ea s of I smail d, p de h . h d
and hi r D amas us while s b other are sent to c , their wive s are share d betweenAh Shallah and . i all e omes hief of th e h is gang. Al Sh ah b c c
Ansa rians and will no oubt some d a meet y , , d , y
a similar fate to that inflicte d by h imuponhis ne In lain s lon ew . th e s of E rae th e Ara ph p d , b tri es of th e Beni Sukr es ousin th e interests b , p g
of th To and enar inth e e el Nahlous e kan J J b ,
oppose th e Adwfinand other tribes frombeyond
or n Th e for r lose t eir ele rate ief J da . me h c b d ch
Rubbah h and sen wailin womenoncmels to , d g
proclaimtheir calamity among th e Arabs of th e
r E ast and wri emto formanalliane for fa , te to th c ta in re ne w ile th e i torious Adwfinand k g ve g , h v c
Abdul-Hady pursue their advantages by plun d ering flocks and herd s beyond th e district of n i ' Nablons ; evento villages withi s ght of Jafi a . MOSLEM FANATICISM. 78
D uring th e short space of three months it was c alculated that 3 0 00 Bed awinh ad perished in c onflicts with e ach oth er withinth e Pashalic of
Jerusalemal one .
Over su a eo l omose of ra es so ch p p e, c p d c d issimilar in ara ter and inmanners it must ch c , necessarily be very diffi cult to rule ; and it is not at all to be wond ere at if amonst t emth e d , , g h , au But thority of th e Sultanis little heeded .
although disunite d and livinginconstant hostility to e ac ot r n n hi h he , there is one poi t upo w ch th ey
are all a reed and t at is un in atre to th e g , h , dy gh d
C ristian. T ese menuni ilise and unlearne h h , c v d d,
shut out fromall knowledge of th e world beyond
t eir ownlimi e ere ta e no note of th e h t d Sph , k
a an of time inter ret th e Korannow dv ce ; and p , inth e same Spirit as their ance stors did 1 2 0 0
e ars a Th e orst of all easts is th e y go . w b
” n e wh o d no elie e in I fid el . Kill all thos o t b v
” G od and inth e da of ment sa s th e Koran y judg , y ;
but these people believe that th e Infi d els are not
alone t s h d o nt ie e inGod but also ho e w o o bel v ,
" those wh o d o not believe inMohammed.
a is Th at th e Osmanlis do not th us interpret th e Kor n, 74. MOSLEM FANATICISM.
Th e Mussulmans of D amascus are not less fanatical thantheir brethrenof th e surrounding
lains mi d it ma t erefore be easil ima ine p ; y, h , y g d with what feelings of gratificationthey receive d th e nw ofth e massa re at R ash ei a H as ei a e s c s y , b y ,
- - numerin an D ir el Kamr. Th e C ristians d e h , b g
evid ent fromth e u lic acts of man Sultans as well as from p b y ,
- th e edicts f M II a d i successor Abdul Med id . If o ahmoud . nh s j an roof o f this were wanin it would be found not al one in y p t g, th e Hatti- Huma oun of 1 56 b t inth e recent d es atch y 8 , u p
r addressed by th e lhrrkish Government to th e governors of ! Kurdistan of Kh ar ont Mossul Ba h Mar-ash Adana , p , , g dad , , ,
Sivas Anora Trebizond Erzeroumand to th e command er- in , g , , ,
chief m of Ana o of th e ar t lia . Th e Porte sa s th Turki y , y e sh
Government h as learned with much re ret th at at Damascus , g , ,
Mussulmans hav e attacked s f b of th e Ch ri tians, aithful su jects
ul anand h ave d ared to commi cruel ie such as murd er an S t , t t s d
ill e It is unnecessar to re eat th at th e rotectionof th e p ag . y p p
ro ert of th e life and ofth e h onour ofth e Christiansub ects p p y, , j
of th e Ports confi d ed b God o our soverei nis one of t e , y t g , h
most lorious and fund amental rece ts of th e h ol law and it g p p y ,
is evident th at h e wh o acts contrar to that rece canfi nd y p pt,
neith er safet inthis w ld or tionin e ne y or n salva th xt.
Alth ou h th e auth ors of th ese odious acts so contrar to g , y th e law of Moh ammed and to th e benev olent and paternal
feelin ofHis Imerial Ma est sh all soonsuff r se ise g p j y, e vere chast
ments accordin to th e law and to th e cod et if senseless g e, y ,
men not erfectl understandin th eir reli ionsh ould a ain , p y g g , g
commit similar acts a ains Christians th e g t , difficulti es and d angers which would thus result to th e government would be ” us . enormo &c 8m. , , T I 75 MOSLEM FANA IC SU .
only ina populationof naturally
e ame alarme for th e intolerane and i otr b c d, c b g y
of former a m t r Old d ys co mence d o eappear.
O ser anes annulle law and lon sine b v c , d by g c
asse awa were a aininsiste u on. Christians p d y, g d p were one more o li e to ismount fromt eir , c , b g d d h
orses u onenterin th e ates and omelle to h p g g , c p d w l f n i i Th e olour a k on oot whe w thinth e c ty . c of th eir res e am offensi e and inor er to d s b c e v , , d es a e frominsult t e were o li ed not onl c p , h y b g , y to h ane t eir lot e s but to onforminman c g h c h , c y ways to th e old vexatious regulations which h ad
een olis e th e T nzimat omlaints b ab h d by a . C p were ma e fromtime to time to A me as a d , , ch d P h th o ernor- eneral but h e too no ste s e G v G , k p
in a itation whatever to quell th e daily increas g g .
T mat er nt until th e 8th of Jul hus t s we on y, w en as th e C ristians were lea in t eir h , h v g h
ur e s row s of oslem o s amuse t em ch ch , c d M b y d h sel e s ma in rosses wit al u onth v by k g c , h ch k, p e
round insu a manner t at th ri g , ch h e Ch stians w r n l o e e ece ssari y obliged to w alk over them. N t satis e e enwit t is wantoninult th e o s fi d v h h s , b y
ontinue to s it u on r emlemand c d p p th e sac e d b , 76 MOSLEM FANATICISM
re e ristians as t e asse to t eir vile th Ch , h y p d h
uses it all t o o ro rious e it ets w i ho , w h h se pp b p h h ch a low ra le inall ountries so t orou l bb , c , h gh y
n r as a enof u derstand . No notice whateve w t k
h ri i n n ert eless on this conduct by t e Ch st a s ; ev h , th e nxt da th e hiefof oli e la e a numer e y, c p c p c d b
n ains nd sent th em o swee of these boys i ch , a t p
i othin th e streets inth e C hr stianquarter. N g could be more conducive to create disorder than thi act onth e art of th e aut orities and s p h ; ,
a ordinl as ifth e ol f i h d nr u cc gy, wh e afa r a be e eg larl lanne for d ri imm y p d be ehan, a ot ediately n ’ ue . e s At o lo . n o P M. on d tw c ck, , Mo day th e
9th of ul th e tumult h a assum J y, d e d a serious and t reatenin as e t. A out 5 00 Mussulmans h g p c b , arme wit sti s swor s a ers a xes and d h ck , d , d gg , , with any other weaponuponwhich they could seize rus e into th e ristian uarter r in , h d Ch q , c y g alou D at i i s ! l t em! d, e h to th e Chr st an Ki l h Butcher them! Burnth e houses ! Plunder !
L eave nothing! Fear not th e soldiers Rid th e
ol it f r er ofth In l Th e Russian h y c y o ev e fide ,
ren and ree C onsulates th rancis an F ch, G k , e F c
on n Terra Santa th onent th e i ers c ve t of , e c v of S st MOSLEM FANATICISM. 77
of C arit th e ur es - infa t th e w ole h y ch ch , c , h d t C hristianquarter was soonpillage d an des royed .
F romho ur to hour th e excitement continued to
ruses Kur s and Ara s swelle th e mcrease . D , d , b d sur in ti e of mis reants as t e rus e on g g d c , h y h d
war s illa in urnin and sla in. rom d , p g g, b g, y g F
’ n i i t o e o tinuous p M . u til mn n n two o lo . c ck, , d gh , c streamof uman eins ontinue to a ane h b g c d dv c , wh ile anot er returne la enwit luner of h d, d h p d all sorts ewels ol ta les airs orse s sil s , j , g d, b , ch , h , k and ottons e er t in and ant in t at t e c , v y h g y h g h h y coul la ans u oneit er inth e o s th e d y h d p h sh p ,
ouses or th e ur es . A out sunset 3 00 h , ch ch b ,
Turkish troops arrive d fromth e castle ; but as
’ t e were uner th e omman of OsmanBe h y d c d y, wh o h ad rendered himself so infamously notorious at Has ei a t eir re sene instea of affor in b y , h p c , d d g
r te tio to th ri tians onl a p o c n e C h s , y dded to th e i number of their assassins . D ur ng sevendays th e wor of ill a e and massa re ontinue and k p g c c d,
Achme d Pasha was invainimplored to stay th e l n u inth s au ter. S utti h imself e castl gh h g p e ,
’ h e a fi eld -mars al in th e Sutans servi e , h l c , o ernor- eneral ofD amas us a d omman G v G c , n c der 78 MOSLEM FANATICISM.
in- ief of th e arm of Ara istan rmitte his ch y b , pe d
fellow-subj e cts to be murdered and their pro
ert lunere wit out liftin a an o sa e p y p d d, h g h d t v
t em alt ou i is ll n n h h h , h gh t we k ow that ad e
placed himself at th e he ad of a hundre d arme d
men etermine to d o t eir ut h e oul at d d h d y, c d,
an moment a ut to to th e rri l t y , h ve p a s p ho b e ac s
i n a w were ei er etrate . Onth e fi rst d h ch b g p p d y ,
h r e ri r s terian t Mr. a a a I s e e Rev . m n G h , h P by
mis ionar s mi ta for n ofth E ro ean s y, wa s ken o e e u p
onsuls and ill e lose to e Britis C onsulate . c , k d c th h
E i t ranis anfri f th e Terra Santa gh F c c ars o ,
and fi fty Greek and Maronite priests were mas
n e una le . All th e C ristianme h o w re sacred h , w b to resch th e castle or obtainshelter inth e house
d - el- Ka er were most ar arousl mur of Ab d , b b y
dere d ; while hundreds ofrespe ctable womenand
irls wh o u to t at moment h ad li e inth e g , , p h v d enj oyment of all th e e ase and luxury wh ich
t ul i e were eit r ra e into th e weal h co d gv , he d gg d
m o th e oslems r arrie off th h are s f M , o c d by e
h se Bedawininto t e de rt.
of arit surr une 3 00 un Th e sisters ch y, o d d by
fu ees ontemlate t eir fate wit fortunate re g , c p d h h
MOSLEM FANATICISM. 80 .
ri Th e latte r posed that at least 80 0 0 pe shed .
rs to a lose a roximationto th e truth appea be c pp .
i nt ous n ri tians it is sai were sa e d F ftee h a d Ch s , d, v
Abd -el- Ka er and 7000 too refu e inth e by d , k g
astl ma in inall i t of a c e , k g wh ch ou populationof would leave a total loss of LET ER I T V .
DAMASCUS .
C ousrm'rmornr Auust 2 2 1 60 , g , 8 .
D AMASCU S th e a ital of ria is situate ii , c p S y , i a
fertile lainat th e east ase ofth e Anti-L e ann p b b o ,
a out 1 80 miles fromAle o and 60 miles fr m b pp , o u i n B eyro t . It s o e of th e most ancient cities in
h e world and h as eenfromth earlie st times t , b , e ,
remarkable alike for th e unrivalled beauty of its
i ation as well as for th e su eriorit of its s tu , p y
f it trade manufactures and th e magnitude o s .
Standing onth e high -road betwe enth e Medi
n na nd th e er ianGulf it e ame inth e terra ea P s , b c ,
fl uris in da s of ni ian ommer e an o h g y Phoe c c c ,
e mp oriumfor th e trade betwe enE urope and
I ndia and t ou u l ers a owe ; , al h gh s bsequent y ov h d d b th e ma ni en and rand ur of almra it y g fic ce g e P y , ros e o reat wealth and r Inth e time of t g powe .
G 8 2 DAMASCUS.
S olomonit was th e a ital of anine enent , c p d p d
in om whi aft rwar s uner th e name of k gd , ch e d , d th e Kin omof S ria was ena e inwars wit gd y , g g d h
th I w l nnx e Jews . t as subse quent y a e ed to th e
e mire of Ass ria as well as to th at of ersia p y , P ; it t enfell into th e ans o f th e a e onians h h d M c d , th e R omans th e Ara s and lastl ofth e Ottoman , b , y 1 1 7i n S T s ninA .D 5 t was a ultan ur w e . t e k , h , k by
u s of enta enand d elim . till t o t e S I S , ho gh k vastated it h as alwa s risena ainand w ile th e , y g , h wonderful ruins of Baalbec and Palmyra mourn full attest th e reatness oft eir former S lenour y g h p d ,
D amascus h as remained th e most opul ent city in
i ul i n f D amas us efore th a. T e at o o e Syr h pop c , b re t out rea amounte to cen b k, d
uss lmans C h ristians and ews . M u , , J
Th it n 60 la es of wors i 3 1 e c y co tained p c h p,
ans and lar e entre 6ts for mer andise kh , g p ch , besides th e great Bazaar destined to receive th e
ara ans and a a le of ontainin from1 0 c v , c p b c g 2 0 to 1 5 0 0 amels 1 0 offe e - ouses ome f hi c ; 5 c h , s o w ch were considered th e fi ne st inth e E aSt 75 0 dealers
’ in amas stuffs 1 85 e rs 70 rinters onstufi s d k , dy , p ,
2 00 al r in k r an fan articles de e s hand e chiefs d cy , DAMASC US. 3
’ 98 frine ma ers 72 sa lers - s o s 78 to a o g k , dd h p , b cc manufa turers nd 4 i a 8 ma . c , p pe kers
Th e as ali of D amas u extens nort to p h c c s d , h
out fromHama s h, h onth e Orontes downto th e deserts of Arabia Petre a south -east of th e D ead n Sea a le t of a out four e rees of latitu e . , gh b d g d
It comprehends th e country of H auranand th e
t r istri ts onth e ast si e ofth e or anth e o he d c e d J d ,
L a e of Ti erias and th D a a e si es th e k b e e d Se , b d greater part ofJud aea we st ofth e Jordan, includ in erusalemand N l u flax ah o s . orn em g J C , h p , ,
ma er to a o ottonsilk and o inal are dd , b cc , c , , c ch e ,
th e hief ro u ts . Th s fa inth c p d c e ur ce , except e
west is le el and th e lan u e ti le of ulti , v ; d, s sc p b c
ationis extremel fertile a a le of su ortin v , y , c p b pp g
Th e c u a populationofsix millions ofsouls . p p
lationat resent ex lui ofth e Be awinis n p , c s ve d , ot
more than
romits fa oura le ositionD amas u is th e F v b p , c s
seat of anextensive trade . Th e productions of
India onsistin ie ofS i e r inn , c g ch fly p ces, p ppe , c a
mon nutme s a a and ot er su ars mus , g , J v h g ; k,
ar amoms aloes am or tto m ufa tures c d , , c ph ; co n an c ,
' oarse and fi ne muslins ol tufls or elain c , g d s ; p c ,
o 2 84 Dama s scu. n ini o &c . are in re at eman and ri i d g , , g d d b g h gh
ri s T e ar r u t fromInia b th e p ce . h y e b o gh d y
Persian ulf Bussora and Ba ad . Th e manu G , ghd
factures of Great Britainare much sought after
and el in er i esteem arti ularl re h d v y h gh , p c y g y
T lot s rinte ttons and hintzes re c h , p d co c , g y
ali oes lon- lot s ali o s irtin and s eetin c c , gc h , c c h g h g,
a onets otton an erchiefs and sil and otton j c , c h dk k c
s awls of a olours made inimitationoft ose h g y c , h f o C ashmere . About pieces of plain
calicoes are annually used for local consump
tion also pieces ofvarious kinds ofprinte d
ali oes a out 5 000 ozens otton an erc iefs c c , b d c h dk h ,
and lbs . of cottonyarnused inmixing il in with s k th e manufactures of th e place .
Besi es t e e t ere are im r d h s , h po ted a considerable
uantit of s eet o er s eet and bar ir ntin q y h c pp , h o , in ars and lates some refi ne su ar West b p , d g , Ini fi ' d a co ee and spices .
Th e manufa tur re- la es for w i c e of sab b d , h ch
D amas us was form l l rate h as lon c er y so ce eb d, g sine e line ut th man a tur ofsil tuffs c d c d ; b e uf c es k s , emroi ere wit ol as well a of laincotton b d d h g d, s p , and otton d il mix rie nto a c an s k ed, are car d o DAMASCUS. 85 considerable extent ; while inth e bazaars are to b e seenth e manufactures ofalmost every country inth u rs s from e world . S perb caparisons for ho e
E uro eanTur e ri ridles martinal es and p k y ch b , g silver emb ossed breastpieces fromPersia ; richly ornamented fi re - arms fromFrance and Germany
il fr m i fr mRussia s k o Ind a and C hina ; furs o , ' eor ia Cir assia and Armnia el ets from G g , c e ; v v
Ital and otton fr m r Britainas well as y, c s o G eat , various other articles of aninferior kind from nl n n n a d erman a d ra e . E g , G y, F c
Th e reat H a i ara an onsistin of from g dj c v , c g
to il rims oes er ear from p g , g ev y y
D amas s to e a and nits e arture and cu M cc , o d p arrival occasions considerable activity to trade .
nit assa e out war it i es ori into a O s p g s h d , gv g r tail tra e inE nlis tt nmanufa tures small e d g h co o c ,
rti l of i manufa ture and sometimes a c es Pers an c , , ,
ll r n r urnth e H a is rin a ewe e . O its et j y , dj b gb ck
Ind nand Ara ian ro u e offee S i es al o e , ia b p d c , c , p c ,
ndi nmanufa oo and arious r i les ofI a ture . w d, v a t c c ‘
LETTER VII .
THE MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS IN DAMASCUS.
PLE Au ut 1 0 . CONSTANTINO , g s 2 9, 86
E L L h Amassa or sai ua as a to T t e b d , d F d P h
manof th e ren E mas th e chief drago F ch b sy,
at t h ofm life I s all wi out th e th a t e peril y , h pe
whi res u nth e nour of th e arm stain ch ts po ho y, t Ad and that th e troops will do their duy.
mira le le e i in romise of ol and fi rm b p dg , gv g p b d
r w i u ell to th e r l e s . N le o s so n w eso v ob w d , h ch d
e r and loo e on a er. a , k w ll p p
Th e steamfri ate Talif wit his E x ellen g , h c cy
nd suite left h e o enH ornf Be rout on a , t G ld or y
h 1 2 th of ul et u to this d a nothin h as t e J y ; y p y, g
beendone which caninth e slightest degree satisfy
li o inioninE uro e or alla th e le itimate pub c p p , y g
indignationwhich h as beenfelt at th e cold-blooded
ro ities t at a e eenommitt Tr e some at c h h v b c ed . u ,
THE MASSACRES IN DAMASCUS. those horrors ofwhich th e L ebanonh as beenth e
ne and outra ed umanit alls for veneane sce , g h y c g c onth e manby whose means and at wh ose insti
n r r gationsuch barbarities have bee pe pet ate d .
A e n t at Be rout S ea in of Kh or corr spo den y , p k g sh e ed as a Was th e as a ofBe rout P h , says P h y ignorant that D ruses and C hristians were for th e
mon nth eve of t in arms last four ths o e ak g up , th e one a ainst th e ot er If so h e was th e g h , only maninBeyrout wh o was not aware of th e f t W at re e ti did h ac . h p v nve steps e take N one
w ate er. But I will o furt er H o it h v g h . w was that th e fact ofth e Pasha movinginto camp close to th e illa e s of H et and Bh abda bout v g ad h , a
’ alf- an- our s ri e fromBe rout wit 600 re ular h h d y , h g troo s uner his orders - h ow was it I ask t at p d , , , h
is was th e S ar w i e th . p k h ch S t fi re to th e train — H ow was it there are E uropeanwitnesses of this wh o were inth e D ruse mountains at th e time and canS ea to th e fa t an , p k c , d wh o will he only too glad to come forward and give their
— evidence h ow was it that th e moment th e fi rst gunof th e salute was fi re d onth e afternoonof
Tues a th e 2 9th of Ma to d y, y, celebrate th e ‘ THE msss csus IN Dam u asc s. 89
’ Pasha s arrival inth e camp (a salute und er such circumstances is unheard of evenamongst th e
Tur s but let t at ass e er D ruse inL ebanon k , h p ), v y l f his la our seize his unand rus ed t th e t b , d g , h o e
lace of rene vous sa in T ere is th e si nal p d z , y g h g for us to fall uponth e dogs of Christians
W ere all these circumstances but owingto ch ance if so th e as a ofBe rout is a most unfortunate , P h y mn But I will o furt er still and relate w at a . g h , h
I tne ss ed wit m owne es standin no two wi h y y , g t
ard s fromth e en f oni hundre d y sc e o c fl ct. How is it t at onth e mornin ofWe nesd a th e 3 o h g d y, th
fMa w enth e D ruses rus e ownli e lo d o y, h h d d k b o
o un onth e illa es ofH a et and Bhabda h ds up v g d h , that th e Pasha and his troop stood without moving
man r una ainst t em and allowe th e a o a g g h , d c onflict to go onwithinthree hundred yards ofth e
am No I amwron th ere was a movement c p , g;
’ ma fromth e a s am but it was n de P sha c p , o th e part of his irregular troops wh o burnt and plundered evenmore thanth e D ruses : and wh en th e C hristians of th ese village s (all th e armed menof which h ad been ordere d th e evening
’ ef r dis r and h ad o e e th e b o e to pe se, b y d Pasha s 90 runMASSACRES IN Damascus.
r fle war Be rout menwomenand o der) , d to ds y , , ,
hildrenina el less multitu e— h ow ame th e c , h p d c
Pasha to Openout and fi re th ree rounds fromth e
el i e u ont em All his I re eat I was fi d p ec s p h t , p , witness of and I S eak a isedl and incol , p dv y d
loo n at in and b d, whe I say th th e afi air ofHadeth
ha da alone Kh orsh eed as a was eith er a B b , P h traitor to his I merial master or els e th e Sultan p ,
e r ri an u ts th e latter no b t ayed his Ch sti s bj ec ; ,
on f our e el e s . And et this was er e, o c s , b i ve y p ” haps th e least guilty act of th e whole crusade .
Th e losses sustained by th e inhabitants of
ount L e anonwoul be at th e resent moment M b d , p ,
mossi le to al ulate . All th e cra s sil i p b c c p , k ,
r ls & r mh i f h mu rries e ea c . f o t e stri t o t e lbe , c , , d c
n the lains of Nazaret re er ere Mete to p h, a ev ywh
lai waste 2 8 olle es and 3 2 6 villa es are it d ; c g g ,
is ai inmine 0 ur a e een ull ed s d, ; 56 ch ches h v b p
ownand 42 onents to t er i 9 E uro ean d , c v , ge h w th p
r li ious esta li n e s me ts e n urne . Th e g b h , have b e b d
products of th e gardens inth e fertile plains of
e aa of th e Anti- e anon from h th e B k , L b , t e
villa e of ama to th e H auranas well as th e g H h ,
ro s of th e Hauranitself th e ri est distri t n c p , ch c i
92 THE MASSACRES IN DAMASCUS.
f ud a two asyluminth e Russianconvent o Said y ,
’ h ours distance ; but scarcely h ad they reached
‘ l e e el- da eri eh distant a p ace call d Djessar Hi ch y , (
u r r o an our romD amas us w en only a q a te f h f c ) , h t r ssaile a an of 00 Mussulmns hey we e a d by b d 8 a ,
and t e x e ti n 1 800 womenand , wi h th e c p o of
irl h ole ara w r rutall massacre . g s, t e wh c van e e b y d
Th nfo unat omendra e into th e ardens e u rt e w , gg d g
t h e i o o em ouses w e and ino t ne ghb uringM sl h , er
i ims uns e a a l violence after which v ct of p k b e ,
some we e omell f e to emra e slam r c p ed, by orc , b c I
sm il t t ers w o ill i eir torturers i , wh s o h , h st res sted th ,
w r l u r n er e e cruelly s a ghtered . Th e greate umb
wer n ou h e ml tel nak e drive thr gh t streets co p e y ed,
sca el a l to al and t ens l au ion rc y b e w k, h o d by ct ,
at romfi ve t twent - v l s o t e f o y fi e shil ing , t h
Be in Ara s ofth e D daw s and b esert.
Onth e same a nar th os ue of Zekieh d y, e e M q ,
no er an of m eants ter 9 is a th b d iscr encoun ed . Chr
tianfamily wh o were endeavouringto escape ; inan
tant t eir assa e w s t e e of ins h p g a s opp d . Th chief
th e famil ana e enerable m invainstood y, g d, v an, ' rth oflerin himself s a a i e nd i fo g a s cr fi c , a call ng
o murd r o l mbut s ar h e up nth e ere s t s ay hi , p e t THE MASSACRES IN DAMASCUS. 93
womn hil r T u ulma rush e e and c d en. wo M ss ns d towar s th e old man t e cut off hi nose his d ; h y s , ears and h is li s and avin ma aninision , p , , h g de c u onhis fore ea inth e formof a oss tore p h d cr ,
wnth e i o er h i e T n lin t o s n s es. e wi d k v y h , b d h
lood mad with ainand d e s air t is unfortunate b , p p , h cre ature went howling and groping along th e streets noc in at th e oors in ainfor no one , k k g d v ,
h uri t is time are i ima mittane . D n d d gve d c g h , two siste rs one ofw omwas su linh er infant , h ck g ,
e Th e were rude ly separated frome ach oth r. infant tornfromth e maternal osomwas ast , b , c
n n h urin rr and th e unmot er‘ upo a eig o gte ace, yo g h found h erself inth e arms ofth e murderer ofh er
u es air c il . Sh e stru le owe er wit s h d gg d, h v , h ch d p
ener th at twice sh e t rew h er ra is er to ing gy, h v h
round t en f elin h er strent failin th e g ; h , e g gh g,
e i ta r h ans drew sh s e zed a ya ghanwith both h e d ,
it fromits s eat nd lune it into h er reast. h h, a p g d b
H er bleeding body fell palpitatinguponthat of
h i r ea li e h er but ea after dis onour. er s ste , d d k , d d h
Th e latter h ad be enslaughtered uponth e yet li in o of h er rot er wh o h ad fallen v g b dy b h , , wounde d inh er defence . 94; THE MASSACRES IN DAMASCUS.
At a short distance fromth e Serar there was a
a aar e t C ristians su e ts of H ollan. b z k p by h , bj c d
h e o lems enetrate into th e s o for e T M s p d h p, c d n th e oor a d ommene to illa e . Th e ewels d s, c c d p g j and a ortion fth e mer ise h ad eenh ow p o chand b , e er fortunatel or r t er I s oul sa unfor v , y, a h h d y, tunatel remo e and oneale urin th e y, v d, c c d d g
'
revious d a . This exas rate th e ro ers p y pe d bb ,
h Mr r w o s ize s . Vemer and atta in a o to e d , , ch g c d
h er left le el . h r u ne fromth e winow g, h d e s spe d d d wit h r ead own t i osition e h e h d wards. Inh s p th y allowe d h er to struggle for a considerable time th e monsters inth e streets loade d their pistols wit ow er and re th e nts at h er o h p d fi d conte b dy, while those above amused th emselves by casting
nh r i nit r Thi ontinu f r upo e g e d ags . s c ed o an
our until at lent sh e was slowl urn and h , gh y b ed,
x ire inth mt rri h e p d e os ho ble torments . T e
Mr nr e us an . er e ti th e ans and feet h b d, V , d by h d upona stove which his murderers caused to be
was a s e tator ofthi rri ene th e heated, p c s ho d sc ; y
mmone himas th e onl in hi s m of u d , y eans sav g s wife to tell t emw ere h h ad la e his ol , h h e p c d g d and j ewels . He told themth e house ofth e mer
96 THE MASSACRES IN DAMASCUS.
' th Kurd oth ers more ortunate were met to e s ; , f ,
na of th r n c ns te h M . La usse e e c o ula w o F h , ,
s uis a a Be awintrav r e th e stre ts wit d i g ed s d , e s d e h
tron fAl erins and s e th C ris a s gbody o g e , av d e h h m n . L a t tians wh o e e countere d. M anusse bough t ese unfortunate women homh e o ere it h , w c v d w h
he loaks of th e Al erin d onu th em t c g es, anc d cted i fe t - - nsa ty o Abd el Kader. LETTER III V .
RETRIBUTION.
s mmormSe tember 1 1 Conr , p , 860
THE RE are some persons whomnothingappears to ti f Th e more t e o tainth e more t eir sa s y . h y b h
esire inre ase and instead of ein ful d s c , , b g thank for ast onessions t e e ome till mre p c c , h y b c s o e An xa l f idios nra is xacting. e mp e o this y c cy afforde d by th e Beyrout corre spondent of th e
t r Th e L evant H erald inone ofhis recent let e s . unexpecte d and surprising energy displayed by
ua as a th e u li exe utionof 9 3 9 Mus F d P h , p b c c salm s at D amas us th e trial and conemna an c , d tion ofA me as a ex - Govemor- eneral ofL ieu ch d P h , G , tenants C olonel OsmanBe Meh emet-Ali Be y, y, and Abdul - SelamBey; wh o respe ctively com mand ed at H as ei a R ash ei a and D eir-el b y , y ,
Kamr all t is a e r insufi i nt to satisf , h pp a s c e y
H 93 RETRIBUTION.
th e ra in e sires of t is writer w omnot in c v g d h , h h g le ss will now content thanth e he ad of a Pasha fr mC onstantino l o p e .
Th e Turks have made great progre ss during th e ast twent ears but t e a e not et p y y , h y h v y introduced trial by jury into their internal ad ministration; and as Achme d Pasha was tried at
D amas us and Kh orsh e ed as a i n ar c , P h s ow rai ne d at Be rout efore a ommissioninstea g y , b c , d
f efore a ur wit a u li au iene th e con o b j y h p b c d c ,
lusionis t erefore at one arri e at t at s me c h c v d , h o
tate se ret is ein us e u and t at infa t s c b gh h d p, h , c , some riminal reater t an e en Kh rsh ee d c , g h v o
i n u mi T ere as a s ei t s er tte to e s a e . P h , b gh p d c p h “ mu t a e een sa s t is orres ond ent some s h v b , y h c p ,
i th es in ntanino le wh o one beh nd e scen C o s t p ,
ordere d those iniquities which have beenperpe
’ trated and t at some one ou t to be rou h t , h gh b g n it th n i t. Better to d o it ow w a oo a to l gh h g d,
afterwards with a bad grace — better that th e
fanatical culprit should be denounced by th e n ultant an some forei n ower. It is o S , h by g p
m oin so for our u lis in w at I oul use y d g , y p b h g h c d
now write downas to th e suppose d name of th e
1 00 RETRIBUTION.
’ C olonel O R eill onth e mmis ion t D a ‘ ( y) , co s a
masons nor woul h e a e sele te Kai sserle , d h v c d y
A me as a late o ernor- eneral ofSmrna ch d P h , G v G y ,
as President of that at Beyrout— a manheld in
such high e steemby th e C hristianinhabitants of
Smrna t at ane arnest and numerousl si ne y , h y g d
itionw as f rwar e to th Sultanre uestin pet o d d e , q g
that his Maj e sty would not remove himfrom
n Su nunf une a usati n amo gst them. ch a o d d cc o
as t at to w i I a allu e is not ina or h h ch h ve d d, cc d
ance with th e Spirit of fair play that generally
ar eri h If th e rr ch act ses t e E nglish press . co e spond ent of th e L evant H era ld can write down th e more thansuppose d name of th e more than nota le ul rit h e is for th e sa e of umanit b c p , , k h y
and usti e oun to make it n t t l j c , b d k owno h e wor d ;
but if h e annot d o so t enh e is uall o c , h eq y b und
candidly and honourably to avow that h e h as w rittenunder a misconceptionof th e true state ofth e
ona th e 2 0th of Au ust was a a M d y, g , d y of
I have every re asonto believe that th e editor of th e Lava/M
H er ld d e a o s not participate inth e sentiments quoted above from ’ his corres ond ent s le r p tte . '‘ BETBIBUI ION. 1 0 1
lamentationinD ama us nt at d loo sc . O h ay b d wa a ainsh d t s th l f x i s e bu it wa e oo o e iat on. g . , b d p
Againwere heard th e wailing cries ofwidows and orphans— wh o mourne d for husbands and fathers lost to t emfor e er but this time th tim h v ; , e vic s
’ were stru downnot anassassins h an ut ck , by d, b
th e ullet and th r f t by b e co d o th e executioner. A
’ t ree o lo mmth Tur i tr h c ck, , e k sh oops were forme in th e u li s are alle en d p b c qu , c d G ek
ei an 1 1 1 risoners were led out and ina M d ; p , f mment th l u re ort of mus etr e u e w o s, e o d p k y nounced to th e people that justice h ad been
- ac omlis e . Inth e ubli streets fi ft six c p h d p c , y lifeless botfi es hung suspende d fromas many — i ets a terri le warnin to th e uilt it . gbb , b g g y c y
Amnst th e ul rits exe ute were I smail -A e o g c p c d, g ,
mmissar and C h amdinin- O lon C ief of C o y, g , h
a Be aris A a and lim Police ; Moustaph y, F g , Se
A a C a tains inth e Tur is servi e a mou g , p k h c ; M h d
Bikab H assan- S a di and S ei o amme , d , h kh M h d
a na t ree ofth e rini al oslemmer ants C va , h p c p M ch ,
Be ou ta a Be and Ali Be and Hassan y, M s ph y, y, h th e three sons ofNe ssip Pasha.
h l oth ofAu ust a oun irl a eare Ont e g , y g g pp d 1 0 2 RETRIB ITION I .
r a ad n rri befo e Fuad Pash . Sh e h bee ca e d 0 3 by
fo ur oslems wh o cruell mutilate h er moth r M , y d e ,
and inth e most ar arous manner slau tere b b , gh d
h er t r rot r for h r e h e av a h ee b he s be e e yes. S g e
es ri tionof th e murd erers and th e next da d c p , y
they were arrested by th e military auth orities .
L oa e wit irons and onu te to th e Seras d d h , c d c d
eriat t e were at one onfronte wit th e k , h y c c d h
i timof t eir infamous rutalit wh o relate v c h b y, d,
wit arious eart-renin etails th e rue lties h v h d g d , c
which they h ad pe rpe trate d uponh er brothers
nd r mo Th l a h e ther. e atter h ad survive d th e
mutilations ini te t ese assassins and was fl c d by h ,
ro u in ourt as a i n m p d ced c w tness agai st the .
’ Th e oor irl rus e to h er mot er s arms u p g h d h , b t
after th e rst feelins of o h ad asse sh e a ain fi g j y p d, g
rememere h er ownsorrows and wil l strikin b d , d y g
h er breast and tearing fromh er hair the silken
tresses w i in a ier time s were ail e e h ch, h pp , g y d ck d
W t ol enornaments and oins sh i h g d c , e threw h er
self at th e feet of ua as a ex laimin F d P h , c g
You a e restore to me m mot er but wh o h v d y h ; ,
alas canre store to me m onur ! D l , y h o eep y
mo e at t is ite ous s ene ua a n v d h p c , F d P sha at o ce
1 04 RETRIBUTION.
thanto punish criminals ; and Fuad Pasha should
th erefore lose no time instrikingth e inhabitants
’ of n Acre and o t er Al e L i . ea d ppo, atak a, St J , h
towns with that salutary fear of his power which
may effe ctually restraintheir feelings of fanati
cism and nall t to t ose is ra eful , fi y put a s op h d g c
acts which are still spreadingterror amongst th e
h ot et su ue C ristians . Th e D ruses are n y bd d,
and their war-song
Ya ma h ala a ma h ala , y ,
Debhil nassara a me h ala , y ,
still resouns er th e un n Th o lems d ov Mo tai . e M s
’ t n A e ail r n ea d cr t th of S . J d y th ea e e C hri stian
ina itants and th e Ara ro lamati n hi h b , b p c o w ch
h as beenrecently poste d uponth e doors of th e
ur es h as onsi era l a e to t eir a re ch ch , c d b y dd d h pp n n d h e sio an alarm.
Th e following is a translationof this docu ment
Fromth e nationof Islamto th e nationof
o e is H w sw et it , h ow sweet it is,
o sla th e e is T y Ch ristians, h ow sw et it . nerms urxox. 1 05
In elit ofbad fait and imiet to th e nation fid y, h p y ;
whi ontrar to all ri ht has e me au ht ch, c y g , b co h g y
and rou u nh p d po t e earth .
To ouw T at o ar mins lent y e say, h y u e beco e o and ungrateful ; that youhave made changes and
spread perfi diousness throughout th e land in
which we had planted only good ; and because
ouo taine su fr mth ernm t u y b d pport o e Gov en, yo
have committed acts such as no people before
ou e er er y v p petrated .
B Alla — and we re ea it— All ou y h p t by ah, y
are only dogs ! Your massacre is a sweet tri
umph ; it is ple asant to see th e sharp sword of
death fall and cause you horrible torments ; and
now sine ou ar ri f r thin and , c y e dep ve d o eve y g,
astisement h as o erta en ou ouare e ome ch v k y , y b c
as mangy curs .
Ma th e ml di tionofAlla fall on ou o y a e c h y , n
our ra e and on ur C ross e ause ur r li y c , yo , b c yo e
ionis animos re Th e reli ion f g p tu . g o Mohamme d
(may Allah watch over himand salute himi) is ,
ase u ontrut and at a later da ou will b d p h ; , y, y se e th e true religion spread over th e whole
art e h . 1 03 RETRIBUTION.
You are su orte th e rans and ou pp d by F k , y are become proud and insolent ; but by Allah ! th e ranks nnot tan f r us nor omat F ca s d be o e , c b wit us seein t at our swor s are li e s t e s h , g h d k cy h , and l n li - i in Our rse our a ces ke de ath gv gdarts . ho s are th e fi eetest an our warriors are li e er e , d k fi c
! Inh a lions . Woe to you! Woe to you t e comb t
ouwill se w at e l I t will ta e lace y e h w sha l do . k p t is ear and t nwill a ento uw at h as h y , he h pp yo h happene d to those of D amascus ; for we have no fear no ! not e enof a lionand we are for no , v , c n o e . Your loo our n hus ans our b d, y ho our as b d , y
r r all ar r u li its o e t e ou s . o a a se th e m p p y, Y h ve p s d
fi xed and t ose wh o do so s all lose t ose t ree , h h h h things Youare yourselve s th e authors of your ownruin for Alla th e ost Hi h as sai in ; h, M gh , d
‘ h is blessed book : You shall eat what your hands have gathere d and Allah is not unjust to his
children.
By All ah ! uponth e e arth there shall remain
r memrane of our name and t e only th e e b c y , h y s ll a t at th ere was one ere su and ha s y, h c h ch
l F r th e future we s all s e a to such a peop e . o h p k
W a u ur you only with th e sword . e h ve sh t o
'‘ RETRIBU I ION.
D ruse E mir a ir-ed - Dinand whi is now th e F kh , ch favourite resort of both natives and E uropeans .
It is no woner t at e er ne oes t ere for it d h v y o g h , is wit out ex e tionth e rettiest s ot t at can , h c p , p p h
in Th nin lan possibly be imag ed . e surrou d g d s a e is ex ee inl eautiful and th mo st c p c d gy b , e
i ersi e o e ts as well as th e most armin d v fi d bj c , ch g
i n n ll i Th e a stream e s ca e seeno s es . v w , b a d g y ers and th e gladly - welcome d standards of France now oatin ami st th e tree s th e li el souns fl g d , v y d
fth e musi th e rilliant ostumes ofth e oua e s o c , b c Z v , together with th e various tableaux of Oriental life w i momentaril resent t emsel e s must h ch y p h v ,
add considerably to th e natural be auties of th e n sce e .
Th e Moslems of Syria are particularly alarme d
t th e arri al f ren troo s as ananient a v o F ch p , c traditionh as predicte d th e overthrow of Mussul
manrule by th e power of France . Th e Mussul mans are all fatalists and elie e t at noth in , b v h g i canhappencontrary to destiny . That which s
is ritten and mu t ten w s be a omlis e . writ , cc p h d
T imresse wit th e elief t at th e ar hus, p d h b h ye
1 860 l witness t eir ownfall t e were woud h d , h y ’ ‘ RETRIBUI ION. 1 09
rmine it is sai to wrea t eir eneane d ete d , d, k h v g c
nti e C ristians and if omelle to uponth e a v h , , c p d r ire to lea e not in e in t embut ruin et , v h g b h d h s
h ul e as f D ama r and ashe s . T e m o scus p eserve v iou ro e ies but er a s one of th e m ar s p ph c , , p h p , ost remarkable is that which pre dicts th e conquest of S ria Meh emet-Ali h is efe at in1 840 y by , d ,
n th ren in 8 and th e la ding of e F ch 1 60 . Th e following is an extract from this prophecy c alled
THE PR OPHE CY or JAPHR .
I nth e a s to ome th e followin d y c , g events will
a en. R ea er enea our to uners h pp d , d v d tand .
AnE tian in w ose name is om gyp k g, h c pose d
’ oftwo wor s and o e troo s ear wa e s u d , wh s p b v pon
t eir ea s will o ern alestine erusalem h h d , g v P , J
wit its mountains Ale o D amas us H ama h , pp , c , h,
H ome L ata ia D iarbekh r aras , k , , M h, Mount
ilistine and ount L e anon as w ll Ph , M b , e as all
th e coast of th e sea ; h e will disarmall this
re ionh e will raise taxes h e will ma e mot r g , , k he s
weep by forcing their sons into his military
Mehemet-Ali . 1 1 0 RETRIBUTION. service ; h e will massacre great personage s ; the re will be inth e differe nt istricts of t is lan , d h d, so mu a re ensionand so man istur anes ch pp h y d b c , th at a war will bre ak out betweenthis same king and th e o ulationof t is ountr as well as p p h c y, with th e pe ople of Mount L e banon and th e mountainof th e Philistines many place s will be destroyed .
H e will governall th ese countries only with
i tane of a ilistine in wh o will ome th e ass s c Ph k g, c
’ H a in su u nd rul t his aid . e a e S ria o r v g bd d d y ,
h e will at lent t in t at h is th l ; g h, h k h e e so e
monarch of th e universe and that Go d h as
created only him; h is government will only last
1 2 0 mont s after w i God wh o o erns th h , h ch , g v e
eart and umiliate s th e rou will rmi h h p d, pe t that
h e be ase out of S ria stron menwh o ch d y by g ,
will reta e fromhimall th e oasts of th e se a k c ,
and wh o will b e j oine d by th e populationof this
same country revolte d against him; h e will be
f r e to returninto E t after a in lost a o c d gyp , h v g
r ofhi great numbe s troops .
- ‘ Th e Jebel Druse . 1 Th e Emir Beshir.
1 12 RETRIBUTION.
L e anonand th e non- Ch ristianna ono b , ti s nMount ' hilistine and inth e eniro f n P , v ns o Sido and
T re . Th e reat Kin le arnin t ent at th e y G g, g h h
non- C ristiannations are a ree amonst t em h g d . g h
sel e a aint C ristianit will e lare himself v s g s h y, d c
i s f n r inh e mont of R a e une inth e t de e de t h j b (J ),
ear 8 1 a in a stron for e formin ei t y 1 6 , h v g g c g gh y
our mies ea of whi will be omose f f ar , ch ch c p d o
mn arr in wit t emth e invini l e , c y g h h c b e
arm (th e cross) . Th e districts of th e Turkomans will
mletel ruine and th e rea r art be co p y d, g te p
ina itants will eris th e or of their h b p h by sw d .
They will be entirely overrun; Great p er
sonages will be executed and their property
confiscated .
Th e ussulmans will t enre-assemle and M h b ,
all in t emsel e s wit th e Ara s Kur s and y g h v h b , d ,
Metufilis will olle t to et er at C arth a enna , c c g h g ,
th ear 1 861 inth e mont ofHe e nd t e in e y , h g , a h y
will rise against th e C hristians ; there will be
fierce combats ; thirty - fi ve thousand Christians
l ris and t e ill be ri en ac three wi l pe h, h y w d v b k times ; but th e Mussulmans will lose more m i n 1 13 nnm ur o .
mata s use he a e des ised co b nt ), beca t y h v p
h l ross t e ho y c .
e is ofA é e th e Ch rist anwill I nth d trict dn , i s triumph over th e Otto man; there will be great w and th e h ir e th l r ars, a ev nof e chi d enwill become white ; the overthrow will be complete ;
r will b su terror and su ani t the e e ch ch p c, hat th e greater number will say : Would to God that we never were born! Th enth e King ofE gypt will come to t eir assistane and h e will rs u h c , pe ec te
r s i s in d mini l th e Ch i t an i o bn al h s s . Th e rich
ill be massa re t eir ro ert onfi s ate and w c d, h p p y c c d,
t th eate mi all re duce d o e gr st sery. Thenth e
n of E t i ia lea nin th f r and Ki g h op , r g e uy fanati
ismof th e Mussulmans and to w at ane xtent c , h
they have carried th e persecution against th e
tians will ome into E t inth e e r Chris , c gyp y a
862 h e will ut e er thin to fi re an w r 1 ; p v y g d s o d,
and in1 863 h e will come to erusal m n h , , J e a d e
rnamen will o t it.
In1 863 t ere will be terri le wars at Al e , h b ppo ,
inwhich eighty-four thousand combatants will
eris with out re onin th e wome nand th p h, ck g . e Th children. e King of Egypt hims elf will be 1 1 , ETEIBanon 4 B .
killed inth e environs ofAleppo ; all th e districts
near th e it as alfia k Diarbekh r H ama and c y, J , , h,
H orns will be ivenu to th e ames and t e g p fl , h y
un d rr will be like to S odoman Gomo ah .
I n1 864 t ere will e erfe t tranuillit at , h b p c q y
Baal e as well as in ount L e anon t ere b k, M b ; h will be neither combat nor war ; th e C hristians will re air t ere fromall si e s see in it as p h d , k g their last asylumagainst th e persecutionof th e u ulmn M ss a s . “ At D amas us th e ussulmans will ass ml c , M e b e incrowds ; there will be anexcessive scarcity of provisions ; twenty-four combats will take place th ere so t at th e streets will be su mer e with , h b g d
n r loo . Th e ussulma s t ou atre of th b d M , h gh h d e
n ll wa te th H l la s Th C h ristia s wi la s e o e . e , y y P c
C ristians t en onth e o t er an will a ree h h , h h d , g
together and de stroy Mecca (th e tomb of th e
ro et Th e reat ul emas ill r P ph ) . g w be massac ed ;
th e calls to prayer fromth e minarets will be
oli e in1 6 i uil em ab sh d 8 6 . They w ll reb d Jerusal ;
th e government will be theninth e hands of th e
risti n ea e will rei n arit will take th C h a s, p c g , ch y e
place of hatred and j ealousy ; th e rich - and th e
LETTER IX.
.
THE SYRIAN RELIEF FUND.
nsrmmormSe tember 5 1 860 . Co , p ,
A GE NE R AL meeting of th e E nglish residents inC onstantino le was el onlast T urs a at p h d h d y,
’ i iri otel for th e ur ose of raisin sub M ss e s h , p p g scriptions inaid of th e sufferers by th e recent
x n ir H enr massacres inSyria. His E celle cy S y
a inth e air. . . Am ssa or was Bulw r H . B e , M b d , ch
Th e followingresolutions were propose d
1 T a mmittee be a oint inC on . hat co pp ed stantinople for th e purpose of collecting funds for th e relief of th e sufferers by th e late mas sa res inS ria and t at th e fun o oll t c y , h ds s c e c e d shall be applie d insuch a manner as may be most imme diatel on h e en y c ducive to t d inview.
2 . That it is d esirable that th e committe e shall be formed without any distinctionof cree d o r THE SYRIAN RELIEF FUND. 1 1 7
nationalit and t erefore t at a ro osal s all y ; , h , h p p h
be made to th e chiefs of th e several nationalities
inC onstantino le u e stin anamal amation p , s gg g g
of th e several committees that have beenalready
formed or t at ma e at resent incont mla , h y b p e p ti n o .
3 Th H h ultan . at inasmuch as is Maj esty t e S
h as givenundoubte d proofs ofpaternal solicitude
for his Ch ristian u e ts and th e Ottoman s bj c ,
Government h ave beenmost energetic inth eir
’ endeavours to alleviate th e wants ofth e sufi erers ;
t is meetin is of o iniont at anO ortunit of h g p , h pp y
' cc - o eratin inth e efi ort now ein or ani e d p g b g g s ,
should be afforded to such members of th e
Turkish government or native society as may
desire to avail themselves of such a means of
expre ssing their active sympathies with th e
movemnt e .
Th e third resolutionwas altogether disapprove d
' of b th e meetin th e se on m y g; c d et with only a
uali e a ro al but th e rst q fi d pp v , fi was read by
His E x ellen and asse unanim l ’ c cy p d ous y . Th e followingcommittee was thenappointed THE SYRIAN BELIEF FUND.
His Ex llen Sir B. ce c H. L. Bulw r G C. y e , .
- Pnns n a r ms .
His Excellenc James William M ericanMinister to th e y s,
Porto .
- J Drummn Ha E B onsul General. o d s . H . . A in C y, q M. , ct g
Conm'rrnn
ne R. J. Keu Es , q. , Dutch
’ '
Ch ar d G Curtis . e Afi aires Rev . C . . g .
T. N Bla . ck s . N. Butt Es . , E q , q 8 C . nso . Ha nEs . A . A. Fr Es , q y, q.
N rivil io Es P e . C . Lafo C . ntaine Es . g , q , q.
Lewis Farle E . afona s J. Es n . . L t i e E y, q , q
J. . Abbott Es N , q.
Tnms nnns u .
M s Ha es rs C . S. nson . 85 Co.
Hon. Sncmanv .
James MoCoanEs , q.
Th e documents forwarded fromBeyrout by
th e Anglo - Americanrelief committee state as
follows
One hundred and fifty towns and villages h ave
illa ed and urne to et er it t eir beenp g b d, g h w h h
monasteries s ools . all th e churches, , ch , &c ;
hri ian ouses inD amas us as well as th e C st h c , n l E uro ea onsuates a e een estro e . Th p c , h v b d y d e
LETTER X.
WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS.
xsra mxo nnSe tember 1 2 1 0 Co r , p , 86 .
THE RE is nothing more easy thanto make assertions whenthere is little probability oftheir
ein ontra i te and e er one nows t at no b g c d c d ; v y k h , matter h ow false th e assertions ma be it is onl y , y nece ssary th at they should be repeate d sufficiently often inor er t at t e s oul be at lenth , d h h y h d g n r as trut s . No assertio for examle e ceived h , p , c o uld be more incorrect thanth e one which h as
eenre entl ma e inE nlan namel th a " b c y d g d, y, t
th e Maronite s were th e aggre ssors ; yet I h a e no ou t t at t at assertionwill be re e ate v d b h h p d, until intime it will ome to be re ar e , , c g d d as an e i ent and al a le f t oul be e uall v d p p b act. I w d q y easy for me to assert that th e D ruses were th e a ressors and oni rin th e ersonal ex gg , c s de g p pe WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS. 1 2 1
' rience w i I a e h ad and th e nowled e of h ch h v , k g
S ria whi I ossess su anassertionmi ht y ch p , ch g ,
r a s arr as mu wei t as th e contrar pe h p , c y ch gh y assertions oft ose wh o alt ou t e a e never h , h gh h y h v seenth e ountr h esitate not to lau th e D ruse s c y, d as men f onur and true t e s of ivalr o h o yp ch y, w ile at th e same time t e ran th e C ristians h , , h y b d h as d es i a le intri uers utterl d e oi of rini le p c b g , y v d p c p o reli i n ut in r o . B su s t at th e as erti n g , ppo g h s o , so re lessl ma e were true and t at inth ck y d , , h e re nt i il war as it is alle th e aronites ce c v , c d, M
’ were inee th e a ressors a moment s con , d d, gg , siderationwould show that such a fact ought not
militat a ains t em If m next- o r to e g t h . y d o neighbour amuse himself by constantly abusing me if d a d a insult is a e to insult if , , y by y, dd d , m remises are continuall ina e if one d a y p y v d d , , y, h e ta e a fan to m attle th e next d a t m k cy y c , y o y
ro s and th e next d a a ainto m or ar if c p , y g y ch d ; , infact mfamil are o utra e mser ant illed , y y g d, y v k , and my house no longer prote ct me fromhis atta s and if at last nin th e law will ive ck , , , fi d g g me no red ress I lose all atiene and stri e o , p c k d wn
m tormentor will th e ver i t of manor . y , d c th e 1 2 2 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS. justice ofH eavencondemnme as th e aggressor
Wh o is t ere t at re ountin th e ee s w i h h , c g d d h ch
are now ta in th ardi k gplace inItaly, will have e h
oo to stan forwar and e lare efore th e h d d d, d c b
world that th e I talians were th e aggressors
T e a e it is true fallenu ont eir foe s but h y h v , , p h ,
efore God and man th e true a re ssors a e b , gg h v
eenth h l n o res t em b e tyrants w o so o g pp sed h ,
and wh o have now fle d terrifie d at th e clanking
’ n s t re ou m r ai s . I e s nds oftheir victi s b okench h ,
t en no mat be felt for t ose ra e h , sy p hy to h b v
aronites wh o for twel e enturies a e el M , , v c , h v h d
their faith unsullie d inth e midst of th e ene mie s
of th e ross and wh o alt ou er a s wantin c , , h gh p h p g
inthat p erfect C hristianSpirit and that complete
tolerane for th e o inions of ot ers w i it is c p h , h ch,
so well nown exist amon oursel es et refer k , g v , y p
to relinuis lans and life rat er t an ro e q h d , h h p v
false to th e beliefwhich their fathers taught them
I s there no allowance to be made for those poor
C ristians of ount L e anonwh o for so man h M b , , y
e ars a e suffere su ruel rons and y , h v d ch c w g ,
enure wit a sur assin a n h d d, h p gp tie ce, t e unheard
of tyranny of th e D ruses
1 2 4 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS .
onsummate raft for w i t e are famous th e c c h ch h y ,
nr D ruses onstant a re ssions a e ee o , by c gg , h v b p voking th e Ch ristians to attack themin self
efene th e a e at th e same time ma e t e m d c , y h v , , d h sel es a e ar to be a erse to war o enl e larin v pp v , p y d c g,
’ we d o not want to t ! w il e t inrealit figh h ye , y,
: goading onth e C hristians to th e very act.
Multitudes ofdiscerningmenhave beend eceive d ” Th e by these specious pretences Ofth e Druse s .
ir ri anmissionar » v Mr. B a ot er A e R . n m e d , h c y, writing fromD eir-el - Kamr to C onsul - General
Moore onth e 2 8th of Ma last full be ars out , y , y
’
h . a t e R ev Mr. E s statements for h e s s ddy , y
Th D ru s se mms ntl th e a ressors e se e o t e vide y gg , int is re ionat least and th e Ch ris tians ere h g , h
mth e have received commendatory letters fro ” But r ane . Pasha onaccount of their fo be ar c ,
er a s th e stronest e i ene ont is su e t is p h p , g v d c h bj c
' t e f un inth r ril ra amto o b o d e letter of M . Cy G h
'
L r D uflerin ate B r ut ul 1 8 . L or o d , d d ey o , J y d
' r n now Britis ommissioner in S ria Dufl e i , h C y , when transmitting this letter to L ord John'
ell r for i l ex resse h is O inionwith Russ , ve y c b y p d p
i t f Mr a amand no re r o th e re i li o . r ga d t c d b y G h , WHO WERE THE ascenssons. 1 2 5
one I ima ine will e inline to out th e , g , b c d d b
' sincerity of L ord Duflerin. His L ordship says that L ord JohnRussell may rely with M plicit
’ n n on a ura of all Mr ra am c o fide ce th e cc cy . G h s statements of fa t as his nowle e of Ara i c , k dg b c, and his pers onal acquaintance both with th e Druse and Mar nite ulatio ns comine o pop , b d with th e
Opportunitie s h e h as h ad of visiting th e place s wh ere t e se tra e ie ha e o urre will h g d s v cc d , have
trut . Now afte r t is testimon onth r f h , h y e pa t o
' L ord Dufi erinfew ersons I anti i ate will be , p , c p , li el to ou t th e sta mnt m k y d b te e s ade by Mr.
ra am et t is entlemaninh is letter at G h ; y h g , d ed th e 1 8th of ul last istintl and une ui o ll J y , d c y q v ca y sa s Th e D ruses were th e rst a re s r ! y , fi gg s o s
Th e impartial evidence afforde d by th e state
me nts of t ese t ree entle menwo l h h g , ud alone be
sufi cient to prove th e inno cence ofth e Maronites ;
but t ere is still furt er e i ene of h h v d c , perhaps a , more conlusi e ara ter and one w i omin c v ch c , h ch, c g fromanOfi cial sour e I e arnestl r omm c , y ec end to
th e c onsiderationofthose membe rs Ofparliament
wh o may feel incline d to stand forth as th e 1 2 6 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS.
h am ons of th e D rus Th e R ev . Mr. E c pi es. ddy,
s u t a o e a s t at we all fi nd th e auses a q o e d b v , s y h sh c
of this war rst and ie inth e a re ssions , fi ch fly gg
made for more thana year past by th e D ruses
u th e ristians but th e Of ial es at es pon Ch , fic d p ch
fromour C onsuls inSyria go evenfarther back
t anth e eri ta r E and le arl h p od s ted by M . ddy, c y
ro e t at for th e last two ears th e D ruses a e p v h , y , h v
inevery instance been th e aggre ssors . Th e
following extracts fromth e despatche s speak for
t emsel es and I s all t erefore la e t em h v , h , h , p c h
before youwithout explanationor comment
N O. I .
na d General M oore to the E arl o Ma lmesb-vm Ca f y.
BEYBOUT Se tember 4 , p 1 , 1 858.
I mv E th e h onour to report to your Lord ship upon
er unsatisfactor state of affairs inthis countr the v y y y .
Besid es individual murd ers h ere and th ere a wee , k ago a wh ole family was massacred at a village a few
s distant fromBe rout Th e murd erers are Druses h our y . ,
e v ictims Ch ristians Th as re e and th ir . e occasionw v nge
th e fath er for h avin about fi fteen ears k upon , g, y bac ,
e i w uld seem inself- d efence killed a Drus , as t o , . Th e
WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS. 3 3 treated with such leniency inasmuch as not evento be called onto refund th e tribute which th ey collected in th e name of th e Governme nt en ur h em , has co aged t to
‘ oppre ss us to th e present extent so th at we h ave now beenreduced to th e necessit of d efendin l e y g ourse v s, and to se ek b all means inour ower for relieffrom , y p , th e oppressionand distress surrounding us fromth ese foes wh o seemed d etermined to exterminte us W , a . e belie ve th at we are justifi ed inresorting to th ese ex tremes laws natural udicial and administrative by all , , j , .
We venture h erefore to submit to our Excellenc , t , y y this h umle Memrial and to entreat outo be leas ed b o , y p to take into our benevolent consid erationour sition y po , and to ad opt means to d eliver us fromth e oppressionof
e emies wh o have resol ed to i te th es cruel en , v annhila us. W e d o so because we canno longer tolerate such glaring
t and o ressionmuch less to continue und e ou rages pp , r a
id f usti e to rule which is utterly d evo o all j c , which we h ave beencompelled to submit inpast times
' W h e same time ofler h eartfelt ra ers to th e e, at t , p y Almighty to preserve to us your noble and exalted per
n d to strenth enand consolidate for ever th e so , an g
vernmen power of your Go t.
Th e Ch ristians of th e Mixed n Districts of Mount Leba on.
Th e Maronites have beenbrought before th e
T e b ar of public opi mon inE urope . h y are 1 3 45 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS .
“ charged with th e crime of having been th e a re sors but t eir a users a e not ut gg s , h cc h v p . f in m forward a single proof o guilt aga st the .
u li inionw i is el omunust will not P b c op , h ch s d j , ,
I fel assure onemnth e inno ent u onth e e d , c d c p mr nof t eir enemie s infa e of su e e assertio h , c ch unimpeachable evid ence as I have here adduce d .
i ne of our onsuls alone I am Uponth e ev de c c ,
m in a er i t int eir fa our justifi ed inde and g v d c h v , and I feel confident that that verdict must be
a r r th e Maronites were not th e gg esso s .
Since th e fi rst outbreak ofhostilities inMount
L e anon th e s mat ies of th e ren o ern b , y p h F ch g v ment and ofth e eo le a e eenune ui ocall p p h v b , q v y, wit th e aronite s w ile unfortunatel amonst h M , h y, g a ertainlass of E nlis mena ontrar f e c c g h , c y e ling h as it erto existe a fe elin reate I h h d, gc d, have no
ou t imressions and o inion m d b , by p p s e anating fromt ose wh o are naturall eem h , y, d ed to be
aut orities insu matters but wh o I f h ch , , ear,
allow themselves to be influenced by their own
personal prejudices and led astray fromth e
trut th e oliti al exi enies of th e h , by p c g c occasion.
1 3 6 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS.
of th e truth and anentire su ersion of th e , bv
n n Ar ires to le e fa ts . I S ria w e an a es c y , h b d p dg
himelf more l mnl nusual h e sa s : I s so e y tha , y
r mise nth w r f an nlish man but p o o e o d o E g ; , h ow long will this unbounded confidence in
E nlis onur ontinue w enth e C ristians g h h o c , h h
fi nd themselves th e obj ects of unfounded calum
nies nd see e enth e er fa ts erverte and , a v v y c p d made use of to their disadvantage H ow long will th e E nglis h name continue to be re specte d inS ria w enth e C ristians ear t ems l e s y , h h h h e v
raned no onl as th e ori inators of all t ose b d , t y g h
disturbances which date fromth e 2 9th of May last but wit a su se uent fero it and loo , h b q c y b d thirstiness t at if true woul ta e fromt em h , , d k h th e s mathie of onest men and ustl dis y p s h , , j y,
grac e theminth e eyes of E urope 9 L ord John
R ussell h as state inth e H ouse of C ommn d o s,
as aninstance ofth e fi erceness of th e different
Fuad Pasha having aske d th e bishops ofth e different Christianse cts h ow many of th e eight thousand adult males inthat part of th e ountr ou t int eir o inion to e c y gh , h p , b put to
death inexpiationof th e massacres which h ad WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS. 13 7
ta en lace th e ish o s t eir si natures to a k p , b p , by h g
a er re uire n p p , q d that o le ss th anfour thousand six hundre d of th e eight th ousand should be exe ute and it wa i r l c d, s w th g eat diffi cuty that
Fuad Pasha and th e commis sioners got themto re duce their demands to one thousand two hun
dre whi t e sai was th e lowest t at d, ch, h y d , h
” t to e ri ough b sac ficed .
n answer this s ment th Christian I to tate , e bishops declare d that they have never signe d an su a er and t erefore t at it woul be y ch p p , , h , h d ” L or impossible to produce such a document. d
ll is owe er Se retar ofState for JohnRusse , h v , c y
orei nAffairs and th e worl ustl i es his F g , d, j y, gv
n ra it No lordship credit for judgment a d ve c y .
u t to be etter informe and et L ord one o gh b d, y
sell h as eenmista en. Th e alumn JohnRus b k c y, ne ert eless is re eate and omin fromsu v h , p d, c g ch
n fi ial sour e I amnot at all sur rise t at a o c c , p d h imli i l li I f n ul it is t e e e . r o e s o p c y b v d , o , h d never think of doubting anyth ing that fell from
’ th e lips of L ord JohnRussell ; his lordship s
0
‘ ’ h of Lord JohnRussell inth e House of Commons Speec ,
r 1 1 . Februa y 8, 86 1 3 8 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS.
lon n r u tarnis e th e sli t g and oble care e , n h d by gh
t his trut is in es stainuponhis honour or h, ,
itself a uarantee of oo fait and I feel , g g d h,
was ma e his assured th at whenth at accusation d ,
lordship beh ave d it to be true ; but whenth e
Minister of or i i t us er a s F e gnAffairs s h , p h p
unintentionall misinf rme h ow areful ou t y, o d, c gh
we to be ingiving anunqualifi ed credence to th e
assertions of tlemn h o neit er from those gen e w , h
ersonal no l e f S r nor oflicial con p k w edg o y ia,
nectionwit h e at all ina osition h t e country, ar p to enlightenus uponth e subj ect of which they
e Sp ak .
Th e following letter h as beenaddressed by th e
bishops of L ebanonto th e E uropeancommis
sioners at Beyrout
E March 1 0 1 B YBOUT, , 1 86 .
I t was with amictionand grief that we re ad
inth e I nde end anc B el e of th e 1 1 th e ruar p e g F b y,
th e arti le of w i a re t enl c h ch copy is he wi h c ose d .
I fthis arti le foun r nm c , ded uponth e decla atio s ad e
inth e H ouse of C ommons onth e 8th February
L or o nRussell n rne onl our by d J h , co ce d y selves,
1 40 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS .
was inth ex lusi e ro ine o u ti e furt er e c v p v c f j s c , h thanto point out some persons capable of giving himth e informa on hi r uire Th e ti w ch h e eq d . bishops thenmentioned th e names of sixteen
C ri tians osenfromamon th e most onour h s , ch g h a le ofth e lait wh o were su se uentl ar e b y, , b q y, ch g d by his E xcellency to furnish himwith th e infor mationt at h e wante and wh o ena e t em h d, g g d h
sel es oat s ea onl th e trut . T ese v , by h, to p k y h h nota les remitte some da s afterwar s to his b d, y d ,
E x ellen a list of th e names of four t ousan c cy, h d six undre D ruses ussulmans and Metufilis h d , M , , ina itin th e L e anon th e - L anonand h b g b , Anti eb , th e H aurfin and ta e fromamon t irt t ou , k n g h y h san omatants and not solel from amon d c b , y g ei t t ousan D ruses as it is retene ini gh h d , p d d ; d
atin at th e same time th e nature ofth e rimes c g, , c which were charge d against e ach of th e indi viduals comprised inth e list.
His E xcellency againsummone d th e bishops in r er to tell t emt at h e new er well th e o d h , h k v y
D ruse s were uilt but t at th e numer men g y, h b ti ned wa to nsi r l nd t at i w ul o s o co de ab e , a h t o d be necessary to point out th ose wh o were th e most WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS. 1 41
cul a le h li th p b . T e bishops rep ed that ey knew nothingwhatever of th e list nor of th e persons wh o were t re mentione and t at it w l nt he d, h oud o accord with their positionto interfere inth e
affair. Th e sixteenC ristiannota les we r h b , ho ve , a ain alle u on ua as a ex laine t at g c d p by F d P h , p d h th e list whi h t e h ad sent himat his re uest c h y , q , was only anindicationcalcul ate d to enlighten
usti e and t at most ertainl neit er t j c , h , c y, h hey nor th e C hristianpopulations ever thought of d emanding that th e repressionshould comprise su a on r l m f i r ch c side ab e nu ber o v ctims . Neve th eless u onth e man ofhis E x ell n t e , p de d c e cy, h y
then reduced th e list to one thousand two
f h e most omromise leavin alto hundred o t c p d, g
gether to justice th e care of establishing their
uilt and to th e o ernment t at of eter g , g v h d mining th e extent and th e nature of th e punish
ments .
s t en a e not inan wa inter Th e bishop , h , h v y y
re ression and th e nota les a e fered with th e p , b h v only furnished certain information which his
W ile as to E xcellency h ad himself demande d . h
th e document which h as beenspokenof inth e 1 42 WHO WERE THE AGGRESSORS .
House of C ommons th e unersi ne is o s , d g d b h p
declare that they have never signed any such
a er and t er fore l im p p , h e that it woud be possible
to produce it.
Such are th e facts ; inrecalling themto th e re olle tionof th e c mmission th e unersi ne c c q , d g d
nture to ask inth e name of th e bishops ve ,
tians fromw omit is now sou t to with Chris , h gh draw his strane alumn th e s mathies of , by t g c y, y p
h i ilis w th at t is e larations oul t e c v e d orld, h d c h d be made knownto their respective governments and to th e u li so t t th in r t f w p b c , ha e te es o hich th e C hristians of S ria are th e o e t ma not y bj c , y be diminished by th e feeling that they h ave n fit shownthemselves to be u worthy o .
i n Toma Aomv Bis o ofBe rou (S g ed) , h p y t.
B 'mos Bous'ram Bis o of u , h p
’ and i t n t. e Acre and Ass s a t S J ,
Ar is f n d r chb hop o Sido an Ty e .
BASIL C R AHIAT Bis o of , h p
a le an fi Z h h d th e Bek a .
MA L ATHI OS Bis o of Baal e , h p b k
and its ni depende c es .
LETTER XI .
H T E FRENCH IN SYRIA.
' Consnmmornr tember 9 , Sep 1 , 1860.
WHE N rane sent h er sol iers to S ria h e F c d y , s was not alone actuated by th e natural instincts of h umanit w i all E uro e outra e at th e y, h ch p , g d
rimes t at h ad een ommitt uall n r c h b c ed, eq y e te taine d ; sh e was also impelled by those feelings of honour and duty which neither individuals nor states canle itimatel resis rane h as e en g y t. F c b for centuries th e recognise d protectress of th e
C hri stians inth e E ast d th ar nites ossess , an e M o p a charter which gives thema claimthat h as ever beenacknowledge d by th e successors of Saint
L ouis .
T i arter a dr l th rine and h s ch , d esse d to e P c
atriar of th e aronites and rante P ch M , g d by n n L i IX. as a rewar for assista e re ere ous , d c d d
urin th e C rusa es i as follows d g d , s THE FRENCH IN SYRIA. 145
Our heart was fi lled with joy whenwe beheld
our sonSimon at the ea of mn y , h d e , a anin to meet us on our art inor r t dv c g y p , de o convey to us th e expressionof your sentiments and to offer us th e arious ifts as well as th e v g ,
eautiful orses whi ouh a e sent us . Inee b h , ch y v d d, th e sincere friendship which we commence d to feel for th e aronites urin our so ournat M , d g j
C rus w ere t e are esta lis e is now mu yp , h h y b h d , ch W inrease . e re oni e t at t is nation c d a c v nc d h h , which we fi nd settle d here under th e name of
S aint- arounis a art ofth e ren ntionin M , p F ch a , s emueh as its friendship for us is not unlike th e
er friendship which th e French feel for each oth .
In onse uene i is onl ust t at ou nd all c q c , t y j h y a th e Maronites should enj oy th e same prote ction
h ren eno wit us and t at ou be as t e F ch j y h , h y
li i l for and a mitte into emlo ments e gb e , d d , p y W n as th e are t emsel es . e i ite ou e qually y h v v y ,
u tri u rine to la our wit eal for th e ill s o s P c , b h z w re f h e inabitants of ount L e anon elfa o t h M b , and also to occupy yourself incre ating a nobility from monst th e most eser in as it is th e a g d v g,
n And u m r tom o d o in ra e. o L o cus t F c y , y d
I. 146 THE FRENCH IN SYRIA.
atriar Bis o s and Cler and ou aronite P ch , h p , gy ; y , M
o le as well as our no le rine w see with pe p , y b P c ; e
considerable satisfactionyour fi rmattachment to your religionand your respect for th e head of th e C ur th e su essor of S aint eter we h ch, cc P ; besee ch youto preserve this respe ct and to remain
With ar always unshakeninyour faith . reg d to ourselve s and our successors onth e throne of
Frane we r mise to i e ou ou and our c , p o gv y , y y
h m rote tionas th e ren t em people , t e sa e p c F ch h s l es e no and onstantl to d o e er thin e v j y, c y v y g which may be nece ssary for your welfare .
’ i nnear ain- and Acre th e 2 l st d a G ve S t Je , y
f Ma 1 5 0 and inth e twen -fourt ear of o y, 2 , ty h y our reign.
W e oui I e lare th at th e Maronites h nL s X. d c d forme art of th e ren nation h e was well d p F ch , fi aware t at a entur d alf re i usl e h , c y an a h p v o y, th y
ad fou t uner th e sacre tandard si e b h gh d d s , d y side with th e crusaders ofGodefroy d e Bouillon; interniarriages h ad mingled th e blood of th e two ra es and t e welt to eth er uner th e rul ofth e c , h yd g d e
ran ins of erusalemuntil u onth e estruo F k k g J , , p d tionof th at in omth la en k gd , e st Fr ch crusaders
1 4 8 THE FR ENCH IN SYRIA .
A onst th e ri ile es whi t e solemnity . m g p v g ch h y
rane th e most imortant wit out a ccorde d to F c , p , h
ou t as t at of onferrin u onh er th e ri t d b , w h c g p gh of prote cting th e Christianreligioninth e state s
f h tan This rote tioninreasin from o t e Sul . p c , c g time t time extene to th e ol se ul h re to o , d d h y p c , th ur s to th e is o s to th e riests as e ch che , b h p , p ,
ll as t th e arious reli ious or ers and an we o v g d , , by
r i i as rarel onte ste ur interp etat onwh ch w y c d, S
n o a ertainextent th e C ristianih rou de d, t c , h
u i r li u a itants t emsel es . T s t s e io s h b h v h , h g
rote tion e ame insensi l a i il rote tion p c b c b y c v p c , that guarantee d th e people fromth e exactions and outrages to which they h ad formerly been
x ose and th e amassa ors and th e onsuls of e p d, b d c
rane onsi ere it a ut to inter ene it o F c c d d d y v , w h ut
e in u f eir c - eli i ni as infa o r o t c o sts . c g, v h r g
T is ri t of rote tion onse rate h gh p c , c c d by a p os se ssionof t ree enturies was for a time l h c , , , ost to
rane w enin1 840 th e Christians of oun F c , h , , M t
L ebanonwere takenfromth e rule of th e old
E mir Be ir and ane o er to t at f th sh , h d d v h o e
Kaimacams wh o ar th e mere ele ate s and , e d g
reatur of a i n r m t c es th e Pash of S do . F o tha THE FRENCH IN SYRIA. 1 49
time th ri ians a e nownn e a e and , e Ch st h v k o p c , alt ou in1 845 E uro e a aininter ene th e h gh p g v d, state of th e Maronites h as become every year more mi era le and o eless and th e mountain s b h p , h as never beenfree fromanarchy and disorder.
n r h r f e E mir Bes ir life and U de t e ule o th h ,
’ property were perfectly secure ; no mans goods
be wronfull seize and no one no matter coul d g y d, , h w xalte his ositionwas ermitte to extort o e d p , p d ant in fromth e eo le or for e t emto re ner y h g p p , c h d
r i i ut a f mnr on Th e taxes e e s w th o air r u e ati . s v c e , it is true ere ea and ri orousl exa te , w h vy g y c d
ut a se urit was omle te and assistane as b , s c y c p c w
lwa s affor e w en ne essar th e e asants a y d d h c y, p
d i i s and illa e s were happy an contented . C t e v g
h ad e en eserte ere re - ina ite and that b d d w h b d ,
r ul i n untille d lands were againb ought into c t vatio .
L oans were made to those wh o re - occupied these
n n illa e s so as to ena le t emto re air aba do e d v g , b h p th e h ouse s and furnish themselve s with stock ;
e er enoura ement was infa t el out to v y c g , c , h d
ro u ions mu o t at animmuni ensure p d ct , o ch s , h ty
x f r r e rs w as fr uentl rante fromta es o th ee y a eq y g d .
el e r w th e E mir B shir x elle S carc y, how ve , as e e p d 1 5 0 THE FRENCH IN SYRIA.
and th e strongarmremoved which h ad kept every
u u r th rulin ower one ind e s bo dinationto e g p ,
than resistance to authority beganto re place
i n e ulationand waste to be su stitute obed e ce , p c b d for hone sty and economy ; th e Arabs againto
encroach onth e settle d inhabitants ; th e newly re -people d vill ages and lands to be gradually a anone until at th e resent moment t ere is b d d ; , p , h so little se curity for th e personor property ofth e
ristian o ulationt at it ma alm C h p p , h y ost be said
r to no longe exist.
Sine th e e ar 1 840 rane h as n ftenim c y , F c bee o
ortune d th e aronites and alle u onto p by M , c d p re me mer th e ani nt r aint ui b c e charte of S L o s .
Onth e 1 5th of ul 1 845 th e C ount de onta J y, , M l m rt en a to m u li inionb e be de voure d ove p b c op , y
etailin inth e C amer of eers some of th e d g, h b P , frightful scenes which were at that time being h n enacted . T e latest letters which have be e re ei e h e sa s announe th e ontinuane of c v d, y , c c c
ostilities of e re ations and of assassinations h , d p d ,
mmi th e D ru e wh o mmit unh eard co tted by s s, co
f r s i h e a es of h e ar ni o at ocitie nt vill g t M o tes .
Little childrenare tornlimb fromlimb ; th e
1 5 2 THE FRENCH IN SYRIA. ravishing wolve s destroying th e flock confi de d to t eir are and ml tin nral mer h c , co p e gth e ge e is y
now exa n r fi A by cti g th e t ibute for ve years . t rannous laimw i ex ite th e eart wit a y c , h ch c s h h
enerous ini nati n resses th e oura e of g d g o , dep c g th e wise ll it n th e souls of th e , and fi s w h a ger
- Wh o inee can sensiti e and th e hi S irite . v gh p d , d d, see with indifference these barbarians give th e l Wh ansee wit aw to a civilised people o c , h
out s u erin t ese sla es of Satan reten h dd g, h v p d to o n f it ful an t at too g verna d prote ct th e a h d h , ,
after a in at t ree ifferent times lund ere h v g, h d , p d
and urne t eir ouses s t eir loo cor b d h h , he d h b d,
ru ted t eir il ren onoure t eir wi es p h ch d , dish d h v
and t eir d au ters tramle u onth eir rosses h gh , p d p c
nd r ir s after avin in a dest oye d the churche ; h g,
fi ne ri nth minto th e solitu es and th e , d ve e d
eserts and o rw elme themwit exatious d , ve h d h v to such anextent that many amongst themdied
it ol and uner w h c d h g .
Th e calamities that th e Maronites have h ad to endure fromtheir cruel enemies are beyond
ri ion ne ert eless t ese nemies are th e desc pt ; v h , h e menwh o are no u ose to rote t t emto w s pp d p c h , wa s reas onmemu. 1 58
o ern m wa o er e er t in th at g v the , and tch v v y h g
interests them! Wh o canlearn with out th e
most intense indi nation t at t ese sanuinar g , h h g y
barbarians kill th e innocent— rob th e widow and
th e orphan— cause all th e wealth of th e Maron
ites to pass through their hands— gathering
before their eyes th e fruit of their sweat and of
their blood— consuming and wasting th e pro
visions destined to sustainth e lives of them
sel es and t eir hildren Yet t ese are th e v h c , h
menwh o rule over th e Christians inthese nu
a tim h ppy es .
H ow canit possibly be that those wh o de ny
th e existence of God should be th e guardians
of His people Wh at ! th e ene mies of th e reli
gionof Christ— those wh o laugh at this holy faith— wh o ardently desire its utter destruction
— wh o by cunning or by force lead a. great many
of th e simple and th e weak - minded into th e
practice ofidolatry— wh o d o not cease to commit
a tions th e most infamous su as th abduc c , ch e tionof girls and young boys ; these are th e men
wh o o ernh e e and wh o ire h e eo le of g v r , d ct t p p th e Messiah ! 1 54, THE FRENCH IN SYRI A.
Th ose to whomevery abominationis per mitted— those whomth e sacre d books and th e prophets prohibit not fromth e pillage of their
’ neighbours goods— those wh o consider them
m r f th e worl re ar in selves as th e aste s o d, g d g every other pe ople as their servants and slaves ; are these th e menwh o ought to be e ntruste d with th e care of preserving th e tranquillity and th fth r nites N o ertainl not e liberty o e Ma o , c y ;
ul enur t eir entire estru tion that wo d be to s e h d c ,
nni il tion ft ir nme and th e a h a eveno he a .
romw omt en will ome th e assis ane F h , h , c t c that we have a right to expect Wh ere is th e zeal of th e Christiankings for our interests
Wh ere is th e prote ctionwhich they have pro
‘ mi t th e aronites P Wh ere is t eir lor sed o M h g y, t eir ma ni ene and th e raneur of t ir h g fic c , g d he power Where is th e assistance which they owe to th e o resse H a e t e t enno loner pp d v h y, h , g
‘ any fear of God P H ave they lost their magna nimous zeal for th e interests of th e religionof th essia sine t e l iff r n e M h, c h y ook onwith ind e e ce at th e horrible acts committed by our enemies t monsters wh o li e ales swallow us u hose , , k wh , p
1 56 THE FRENCH IN SYRIA.
ro e en ta fromus and c ps, v our food they ke , ,
alas ! they have left us nought but th e natural
c overing of our bones ! Nevertheless they rule
o er us v .
E verythingwhich h as not be enconsumed by
fi re r is be come th e pre y of these barba ians .
Wh o could calculate th e amount of what they
have robbe d us— of copper— of silver— of wax
candles— ofcandelabra— ofbeds— ofvestments
— of sa er tal ornaments of ali es &c . &c . c do ch c , ?
Add to t is th e animals su as orses mules h , ch h , ,
amel c s east of ur n x n e and oats . , b s b de , o e , she p g
Na mor h - y, e they have takenevent e title deeds
of our ine ar s of our ar ens and of our v y d , g d
lands ; they have stolenth e registers of all th e
ur h es h ouses and olle e s inth e istri ts ch c , , c g d c
inhabited by Christians incommonwith these
er iou enemi h e aronites now ossess f oc s es . T M p
neither move able nor immoveable property ; th e
former h as beenpillaged and burne d ; th e title “
d e eds of th e latter have beentornaway by force fromth e hands of their owners ; and now they
add to th e distre ss of their victims by imposing u n po themfi ve years oftribute . They lookupon YRIA 1 THE FRENCH IN S . 5 7 th e Maronite s as slave s conquered at th e point of h t e sword .
Alas ! th e poor Maronites send forth their cries but not one of all th e C hristianKins , g
ears th em T k i t . e as for u o on h a h h y p ty, b n e s
it ont em. T e iml re omassionbut no p y h h y p o c p , one omas i n mi f rtun c p s o ate s their s o es . They have beendegrade d and scoffe d at before all
I r i n nations . t is not pe mtte d themto e j oy re se it er d a r n o e o t. p , h by y by igh
I t is impossible to give a just idea of th e losses whi we a e ustaine w il e o ch h v s d, h ur ene mie r till l u e a e l ll s a e s p undering s. W h v ost a
i h x f ri se curity. Be s des t e e actiono th e t bute for
fi ears whi t e now eman a e we not ve y , ch h y d d, h v beenplaced completely inth e power of those
l nemies es ilers of our ro ert crue e , d po p p y
a e a se on time urne th e uil ins They h v , c d , b d b d g
f h e is o al seat as well as t ose of th e o t e p c p , h schools which we h ad restored to their former
i T e a e a ain illa e e er hin condit on. h y h v g p g d v yt g that belonge d either to ourselves or to our col
Th alue of th e ifferent arti les w i lege . e v d c h ch they h ave stolenfromus amounts to th e sumof I S I 1 58 THE FRENCH N YR A.
iastres wit out inlu in th e h ali es p , h c d g c c res r e for th e e is o al servi e th e mitre and e v d p c p c , th e cross th e sacer otal rnaments th e title , d o ,
‘ dee ds of the college and of anth e churches in
th e dio ese and e enth e lar e rin whi w e c , v g g ch
Wh o made use ofat th e solemnis ationof mass .
wears th e ring at th e pre sent moment instead of
ai D oublat ourselves Th e D ruse Sheikh S d j ,
! our ne w governor n n Our diocess is now completely aba do e d.
' Its inh abitants are scattere d inth e solitude s and inth e sert T ir n nd t eir h un de s . he naked ess a h
er wrin ur e art T a onl th e ault g g o h . hey h ve y v ofh ea enfor a co erin and th e wil er s for v v g, d h b
h h e oura e to nourishment. Those wh o ad t c g re urnto t eir ruine omes a e not foun a t h d h , h v d less miserable fate thanthat of their wandering
r t er n ir o s . Th e mies etermine u o th e b h e ne , d d p
estru tionleft mn ena s elter. d c , the ot ev h
This is th e same man h ose a e t CassimY oussef con w g n, , ducted th e recent massacres a Sidon wh ose secretar Ali Be t ; y, y
Hamfi d ee l onth e e slau h er of th e Ch ristians , ed Drus s to th e g t at Hasbei a and Deir- el - Kamr an t execute wh omaccord in y , d o , g to some Members of Parliamen would be a dis race to t, g
1 6 E N N I 0 TH FRE CH I srR A .
our loo of th ose wh o estro our wh o shed b d, g d y
f t o e wh o e ur th e fruit of our country, o h s d vo
il e h o luner and ob us of all th e to , ofthos w p d r wealth which we colle cte d together with so much trou l and th e la our of ur w ole life ! b e, by b o h
Youcanprotect us ; you canre -establish us in our former osition i in us C hristian p , by gv g
o ernors wh o will e ote t emselves to inem g v , d v h d nif o l Y u can a e y us f r what we have ost. o h v
it nu m h All- werful God th e p y o s : and ay t e p o ,
aster f d r r n ou as a. M o heavenan ea th, g a t y , re omense ower strent and aut orit o er c p , p , gh, h y v
ll ins a th g .
But al ! i it not in i t t we entertain , as s va nha so secret a hope H ave you beendistresse d at our misfortunes 7H ave you beenindignant at
e s e din f our loo t th e is onour o f th h d g o b d, a d h our wi es and au ters at th e ma sa re of our v d gh , s c children And why should it not be o Are we no our ro ers th e il s t y b th , ch
h e ame lood meme f th e same drenof t s b , b rs o bo o no we will not a e to re ou le dy N , ce s d b our ri nd to r ne w our u li ations to th e c es, a e s pp c t rone f t Hi d inor er th at h o th e Mos gh Go , d THE FRENCH IN SYRIA. 1 61 youmay at length h ave pity and compassion n o us .
Th e blood ofthose wh o have beenslaughtered amo st us th e orru tionofw i h our il ren ng , c p h c ch d h ave enh e ad i tims h e one ofour d ea be t s v c , t b s d wh i e l to ufromt eir ra es th e as es ch app a yo h g v , h
ft o e e n o sume inth e ame o h s wh o hav bee c n d fl s,
Th ailin all implore and call for assistance . e w g o four il renth e wee in o our is onsolat ch d , p g f d c e w omenth e rief of th e or anth e anuis of , g ph , g h
‘ th e wi ow th e roans of t ose wh o h uner nd d , g h g a thirst h e entire aronite e l th e tree th e , t M p op e, s, e arth h e e a ens th e i ts of oun L e , t h v , he gh M t ba nonall cr wit out easin Sa e us 0 ins , y h c g, v , k g !
0 o ur rot ers in esus C rist it oma b h J h , p y, c p s
sionate assist O ou. wh o ar riend s of mer , , y e f cy and of charity ! Save us fromour miseries !
Ah we esee ou th e infi ni mr t ! b ch y , by te e i s o f th e loo ofour i ine S a iour and hi r t b d d v v , by s g ea lo e ans er our reiterate ra ers r ei v , w d p y , ec ve fa. v ourabl our su li ations ine y pp c , s c you are our
brothers
eo le of rane it is t rou f r P p F c , h gh ea that you
ma er a rul o er hi untr t y p h ps e v t s co y, hat our 1 6 H 2 T E FRE NCH IN SYRIA. jealous and proud enemie s have overwhelme d us
wit so man e ils e ra e us and so ruell h y v , d g d d , c y
O r ss us . H astent our a sistane f r i pp e e d o s c , o f
o tarr mu h lon r w s all all ri an y u y c ge e h pe sh , d
your aid will arrive after th e death and complete a nni ilationof th e ar nite T en th e d a h M o s. h , at y
f th e last u ment w enwe s all all stan in o j dg , h h d
resenc e of th e re at God h e will eman from p G , d d
ount o f o r l od of our rumof ou youanacc u b o , , r
mise ies and of ou sorrows w i sur a l r , r , h ch p ss a l
” d e ri ti n sc p o .
‘ I th e e ar 1 848 th e aronite s a aina eale d n y , M g pp
to th e renc overnment a d forwar e a e ti~ F h g , n d d p
‘ ti ninw ic th at ribut d all t ir mi fortune f o , h h ey t e he s s t o th e a anonment of ount L e anonb ran b d M b y F ce .
” Be ol t e sa th e ause ofth miser h d, h y y, c e y
and all th e ruinwhich h as befallenus ; of th e b lood which h as b eenshe d ; of th e burnings of
ur e . our houses ; ofth e profanationof our ch ch s ; o f th e dishonour of our virgindaughters ofth e ma ssa re ofo ur il renout intwo h ! t e swords c ch d , y h ” r ofth e savage D uses .
Since that time , France h as Spoke n upon
h o on various o ccasions, and h as raise d er v ice
H N YRIA 1 64 T E FRE CH IN S .
a sufi cient forCe h as be enassigne d h imfor that
' ur se Th afi air ill s oon t erefore with p po . e w , h ,
th ass st n of G d re e e solution on e i a ce o , c iv a c
formable to th e compassionate sentiments of th e
‘ Sultanto th e d esire s of all intelli ent Mussul , g
mn an h L a s d to e is es of E uro e . . d e a , t w h p M
vellette h as c ommunicated to th e Sublime Porte
a telegramwhich h e h as re ceived fromhis go
‘ vernment relative to th e sending of anE uropean
ommissioninto S ria to ma e inconert with c y , k , c
th e O ttoman ut oriti s ninuir nto th e a h e , a q y i
caus s of th ese ~ events an to re ise th e arrane e , d v g
ments of 1 845 also r elati e to th e ex e ition ; , v p d f in ofa body o tr0 0 ps to Syria, for th e purp ose of l endinassistance to th e Su lim P orts in irtue g b e , v
‘ o f a c onventionto be conclude d betweenthem a nd th e r il ini ter g e at Powers . Th e C ounc ofM s s
a e eli erated u nt r i ‘ h e h v d b po hese p oposit ons . T
s ending of th e commissionh as met with no oh
ection but as to h e x e iti n or i n j ; , t e p d o of f e g
' ‘ troo s into S ria un r r n irctumstanes p y , de p e se t c c ,
we h ave submitte d to th e representatives o f
France and E ngland at C onstantinople consider a tions of th e hi est imortane and h e te t gh p c , t la s THE FRENCH IN SYRIA. 1 65
’ infdrmatibnreceived by th e Sublime Porte gives us th e certainty that th e forces of th e Sultan, whi h are at resent in a un c p th t co try, will be amply sufi cient to provide for all th e e xigencies ofth e moment and to ac omlis th e en w ic , c p h d h h
His Maj esty th e Sultanand h is allies have in
ie ert less if en u ionis dis v w. Nev he , , wh th e q est
usse a aris th e l ni tenti ries of th e c d t P , by p e po a
reat f n h g Powers, rie ds and allie s of t e S ubh e
rte it ni Po , shall be co s dered ne cessary to send a o of E uro eantroo s in ria act in b dy p p to Sy , to concert with th e C ommissioners of th e Sublime
o P rte , inorder promptly and completely to esta lis ea e tranuillit nd au rit b h p c , q y, a th e tho y of
His a st e ultant en int at case ou M j e y th S , h , h , y are aut ori e b r er of His a st to ne h s d, y o d M j e y, ‘ gotiate and to signa conventionuponth e follow ingbasis — Th e movement and th e actionofth e expeditionary corps shall take place inconcert
h um r f with th e Ottomanauthority. T e n be o this c orps shall be fixe d after a considerationo fth e
' ir h u tions all ta actual state of afi a s . T e evac a h ke
l in ertaintime b e i e u on p ace with a c , to e d c d d p n n by th e conve tio . 166 THS rRc H II! SYRIA.
Th e following is th e te xt of the convention
' which was accordingly agre ed to by the ministe rs
le ni otentiar of th e reat owers sittinin p p y g p , g Confe rence at Paris
His Imerial a est th e S ultan bein p M j y , g
desirous of arresting by prompt and efi icacious
masur s th e e ffusionof loo in ria and of e e b d Sy ,
showinghis fi rmd eterminationto ensure peace
and order amongth e populations subj ect to h is
suzerainty ; and their Maj esties th e E mperors of
ane an Austria th e ueenof re at Britain Fr c d , Q G
and I relan His R o al Hi ne ss th e rine d, y gh P c
e ent of russia and His a est th e Emeror R g P , M j y p
' f ussia a in ofi ered t eir a ti e cc -o era o R , h v g h c v p
tionwhi has beena e te His Ma e t th , ch cc p d by j s y e
Sultan— th eir said Maj esties and His Royal High
ness have resolve d to conclude a conventionto
this effe ct
Art. 1 . A or s of E uro an o s whi h c p pe tr op , c
may be made up to th e number of men , shall be despatche d to Syria to contribute to ward s
- li mnt n th e re estab sh e of tra quillity.
His Ma e st Art. 2 . j y th e E mperor of th e
French agrees to furnish immediately h alf th e
THE FRENCH IN SYR IA;
’ a six months o ccupationby E uropeantroops will be sufi cient for th e proposed pacifi cationof
Syria.
6 Th u lime orte ena es to fa ili‘ Art. . e S b P g g c tate th e providingfor th e expeditionary corps .
7 Th e resent onentions all be rati Art. . p c v h
th ratifi cations all be ex ane at fi ed , and e sh ch g d
nwitne s P aris withina. period of I s of which th e re spe ctive plenipote ntiaries have signed and attache d their se al s .
D o e at aris Se t. 5 1 8 60 . n P , p ,
E FYx (Signed) AHME D V .
E TTE R NI C H M .
TH C UVE NE L .
n Th e Fre ch troops are now inSyria, wh ere
they have be enre ceived with joy and exultation
th e C ristians and wit e er mar r by h , h v y k of espe ct t and good faith by th e authori ies of th e Sultan.
ua P as a ina re ent a ress informe th F d h , c dd , d e
Turkish army that some French and E nglish
troo s ere a out to arri in h p w b ve Syria, as t e
owers of E uro e int eir onstant ir P p , h c des e to see
th e ountr ina stat oftranuill t c y e q i y, were anxi ous THE FRENCH lN SYRIA;
to aid inrepressingth e disorders that h ad taken
la il h m rnment inor er p ce ; wh e t e Otto anGove , d
to show th e confidence which it reposes inits
allie h i i ar s, as accepte d the r ass stance . You e
aware h e ontinu t at t , c es o say, th hese tr0 0 ps
belong to those same Powers that ona former
' o asionafi ord e us s mu assi tan cc d o ch s ce . You
will t enful l towar s t emth e uti s , h , fi d h d e of good m o ra es . You are t ome and t e e troo c d a h , h s ps
will be our uests . You will is ar e t en y g d ch g , h ,
th e uties w i os italit im d t d h ch h p y poses, an hey
will see h ow you appreciate th e sentiments of
usti e of our o erei n and h o m ou j c s v g , w uch y
respe ct military discipline and honour. They
will see that youhave no nee d to be seconde d in
punishing th e authors of th e crimes committe d
e risti ns wh o are our fellow against th Ch a , y
untr men e uall wit oursel e s nor en co y q y h v ,
couraged inexecuting vengeance inth e name of ” humanity.
Fuad Pasha h as shownthat th e confid ence re
pose d inhimby th e Sultanwas not misplaced,
and th e Turkis troo s a or in t hi redi ~ h p , cc d g o s p c
n ne t eir ut . Th ose er n wh o tio , have do h d y p so s ' !l HE FRENCH IN SYRIA.
' proclaimed that the Turkish soldie rs would not
fi r u on ussulmans a e foun t emsel es e p M , h v d h v e xcee dingly mistaken; for not only were one hundred and elevenMoslems exe cute d at D amas cus onth o b f u u t t ut e nth e ex e 2 t o A g s las , b ve
r- n as o erno e ral hims lf. A me a G v G e e ch d P h , to et er with OsmanB e o amme -Ali Be g h y, M h d y, and A ul - SelamB e th e colonl wh o com bd y, e s mene at H as ei a R ash ei a and D eir-« l- Kamr d d b y , y , e ,
' all these offi cers sufi ered death onth e 7th instant and fell th e ans of t eir co-reli i nists by h d h go k
Th e unis me nt of th e uilt alt ou a nece s p h g y, h gh s ar is not owe er th e onl ut w i th e y, , h v , y d y h ch
a rm Th n P orts and its allies h ve now to perfo . e fi al settlement of th e Syrianquestionis yet to be arran th E uro ean ommissionand th e ged by e p c , measures which must be takento prevent a re . c urrence of such atrocities as have lately startled
C ristenom il re uire mature eli er tion h d , w l q d b a , and will certainly not be less important intheir re sults thanth e mere exe cutionof a te mporary n ve geance .
Th e Maronites do not dreamof ac quiring a
ml t ine enene or of with rawin t em c o p e e d p d c , d g h
1 72 THE FRENCH IN SYRIA;
Inth Katmacama e Ch ristian t.
MRI'OIIIIB 0 00 S Q o 8 , 0
Greeks Orth od ox 3 4 000 , ,
Cath oli 00 c 1 2 , 0
Druses
Metufi lis
Mussulmans
Total
Th e D ruses it will be se en numer onl , , b y
— exclusive oftheir brethreninthe Anti
an and th e H auran— and th e mo st ru ent L eb on , p d
Cour e t erefore to a o t woul be to se arate s , h , d p , d p t emalto et e r fromth e ristia s for ea e h g h Ch n, p c and se curity cannever be perfe ctly ensured in
n a l n as t e e t ra es so Mount L eba on s o g h s wo c ,
imilar inreli ionand ara ter are omelle diss g ch c , c p d
L et h e lans ofth e D ruses to remaintogether. t d
e f l al e d th e amount e uita l a b air y v u d , an q b y ssesse d u o th aronites L et th e D ru e o n p n e M . s s fL ebano
retire alto et er to th e H aurfinw ere it g h , h , w h th e comensationt e s all ve re i e a p h y h ha ce v d, th ey c n rea il e sta lis t emsel es T ent Maro d y b h h v . h , h e
i rule o er as formerl a ri ti ntes, d v , y, by Ch s an
o ernor will e ome free and a and th e g v , b c h ppy , L ebanonwill once more give signs ofthat activity THE RENCH IN SYRIA 73 F . 1 and industry for which its inh abitants were so m h re ar a le . If owe er t e oli ofan ofth e k b , h v , p cy y
reat owers re er t is ro e t imr ti a le g P nd h p j c p ac c b , measures s oul at least be ta ento re nt h h d, , k p ve t e re currence ofthose frigh tful atrocities which have for th e ast fteen ears e olat th e an p fi y d s e d L eb on, and th e C hristians of Syria should be placed in such a positionas w ould enable themno longer to fear th e atta s of t eir enemi ck h es .
Th e population of Syria is e stimated at
viz .
Th e D ruses and Mussulmans are generally fully
rm w il ristians are usuall wi o a ed, h e th e C h y th ut
n a ons efene Th e entire o ulation a y we p of d c . p p ought to be placed uponth e same equality inthis r d i ul be ma e enl espect, an therefore t sho d d p a 1 74» THE FRENCH IN SYRIA:
” for an one w e th er Mussulmanor Christiant y , h , o
r unle s l au i A T c ar y arms s duy th or se d . urkish
Go ernor eneral a ointe th e Ports s oul v G , pp d by , h d h ave a sufi oient number oftroops at his command so as to enable himto keep th e D ruses and th e various Mosle mraces insubjectionto th e Sultan while a C hristianGovernor of L ebanonshoul d be allowe d to organise anarmed force capable of
rote tin th e eo le under i ic io n p c g p p his jur sd t .
Uponthis point I amable to place before youth e o inions of th e S rians t emsel es and wh ic p y h v , h , comin fromt ose most intereste eser m g h d, d ve so e
s e i r ti n re p ct and cons de a o .
Th e C hristians of S yria demand that th e
ti n f a C ristianarm me s o n crea o o h y, by an f co s ri tions all be at one a ree u on E a c p , h : c g d p ch ye ar there shall be embodie d a certainnumber of
i n o th ulati n I t is C hristians inproport o t e pop o . estimated that two thous and mencanbe enrolle d
s th at at th e end of fi ve ears t e re e very year, o y h would be an available force of tenthousand
ear two th ousan men all be troops . E ach y d sh disch arged and replace d by two thousand ne w
t at at th e end offi fteen ears th ere recruits, so h , y ,
1 76 THE FRENCH IN SYRIA.
ut n ra ti e or in to th e means a o e p i p c c , acc d g b v
tate t enint at c ase th e C h ristians c anloo s d, h h k forward to their future with confidence ; but if
h nr r ul unfortunatel o ur no one t e co t a y sh o d, y, cc , canrefuse to th emth e right of demanding th e
protectionof th e great Powers for their persons
and ro ert or t at t e ma be a le to l ea e p p y, h h y y b v their country and seek elsewhere for that which
n fi nd h m Wh s oul they canno lo ger at o e . y h d t e re maininS ria onl to fi nd a ra e h y y , y g v
T ose h o fell in th e re ent massa r s f h w c c e , ell
mart rs t t eir fait and to t eir inno e e y o h h h c nc .
They showe d themselves unshakenat th e moment whena great and unexpe cte d misfortune assailed t em But it woul be no loner th e same if h . d g , ,
for ettin su a sad and terri le ex eriene the g g ch b p c ,
s urvivors permitte d themselve s to be overtaken
by th e same disasters . They would no more
th e r wn f th e mart r r h fi nd c o o y , but e ceive t e
merited price of a carelessness and anapathy
a le inexcus b .
To abandontheir native land is analternative to which th e great E uropeanpowers would not
e t is unfortunate o le n for wish to reduc h pe p , a d H EN IN YRIA 1 77 T E FR CH S . th e honour of civilisationand of th e C hristian name th e C ristians f S ria o e t at arrane , h o y h p h g ments will be at once made so as to secure to t emth e means of enefort efenin t eir h , h c h, d d g h h onour an t eir life d h . LETTER XII .
SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT.
' onsrmmormSe tember 2 6 1 86 0 . C , p ,
HE N r a inh r infan and lo n W G ee ce w s e cy, g
f r R m ad e r eenfoune th e oast of be o e o e h ve b d d, c
Syria was covere d with magnificent and wealthy
Onth e nort stoo Aradus th e m ern citie s . h d ( od
R nad ei teenmiles to th e sout Tri olis o ) ; gh h, p ; at a imilar distane B los D e ail wit th e s c yb ( j b ), h temle of A onis a ainfurt er sout B er tus p d ; g , h h y
Be rout at a li e distane Si on and nall ( y ) k c d ; , fi y, about fifteenmile s further stood th e Que enof
h e W at r h l r m t e s t e state e . ro th e latter , y Ty F
it arose ommer e ivil sation th e arts and c y c c , c i ,
ienes and a o e all t at reat instrument sc c , , b v , h g of so ial ro ress th e ift of letters To its c p g , g ina itants th oeni ians e ar in t f r h b , e Ph c , w e deb e d o th e nowle e of astronom and arith meti as k dg y c,
1 80 SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT.
f t ers and ea erl emaned h er erfumes her a h , g y d d p ,
il and h er re ious stone s w t e aid s ks, p c , hich h y p
Th or f for with th e spoils of th e world . e p ts o
Syria continue d to send forth argosies fi lled with
mer anise with ol sil er rich and costly ch d ; g d, v , tin and ot er metal s wit essels of rass , h ; h v b ,
la e mules s ee and oats e arls re ious s v s, , h p, g ; p , p c
ne and oral w eat alm one oil s i es sto s, c ; h , b , h y, , p c ,
wine Ber Be rout ums wo e sil and . tus g , v k, y ( y )
f m f r h er immense ex ort tionof orn was a ous o p a c ,
oil nd oi est wine s . Th e e ars of , a th e ch c c d
L ebanonfurnishe d th e R omans with wood for
th e manufa ture of ma ni ent ornament as c g fic s,
ell as for th e omesti ar ite ture of th i h w d c ch c e r c ,
and th e adornment of th e temles of t eir od s p h g .
Th e ate s of S ria were well - no f r alen d y k wn; o G ,
inone of his treatises mentions t eir ro e , h p p rtie s ,
and omare s t emwit t os f E c p h h h e o gypt. Th e
lums and ot er fruits o f D amas a p h cus ppeare d ,
amon arious exoti luxuries u on g v c , p th e table s
of th e epicures ; and Virgil tells us of a delicious s e ies of ear th e ulti ati n p c p , c v o of which h ad
eeninhis time intr b , , oduced into Italy ; while fromth e fi rst da of th e em y pire, th e Tyrian SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT. 1 8 l
nd e s purple was used to cover th e tables a b d , and sometime as H ora e sa s it ser e th e s, c y , v d
ur oses ni o rt and eile with a p p of sple d d p ve y, v d gaudy coveringth e emptiness of fallengreatness.
But t i r s rit of uch ra i rowt was h s p o pe y, s p d g h, ofshort duration; for with th e invasionof I slam
A n. and th e fall ofth e Romanascendancy ( . came a long and dreary perio d of desolationand d es air Th reli on f mm ma e little p . e gi o Moha ed d difference inth e instincts and ferocity of th e
Ara tri e s ex e t er a s t add th e for e of b b , c p , p h p , o c mad fanati is r talit and c mto me e savage bru y, ime a ut p l themto conquest or massacre as d y, w ereas efor h ad inite onl h , b e , they been c d y by cu i it i fi r eal and p d y or want. Inspire d w th a e y z a onte mt of eat th e s oilers more fi er e and c p d h, p , c
ree int eir t irst fo luner t ane en g dy h h r p d , h v former ina ers h ad own mel es rus e v d sh the s v , h d li e ti ers u nt eir re T e lai waste far k g po h p y. h y d and near with fi re and sword ; destroying utterly w ate er t e oul not a r ri ate s ttin fi re h v h y c d pp op , e g to w ate ver w oul urnand ra in to th e round h d b , z g g
ate r ul t r n tatues uil wh ve co d be h ow down. S , b d ins oo s i all ared inone common g , b k , p ctures, sh 1 82 SYRIA PAST AND PR ESENT.
d estruction; e very work of art and every useful
c ontri ane th e a liane f s iene th e imle v c , pp c s o c c , p
ments of tra e all isa eare to et er a s a d , d pp d g h ,
cr0 of e etati naft r a i it of l ust T e p v g o e v s oc s . h y
foun a ar enbut t e ma e a esert. d g d , h y d d
ner th e rei nofth e C ali s owe er com U d g ph , h v ,
mer e a ainre i e and i ilis ation awakin c g v v d , c v , g
fromits trane ut fort tenfol i our makin c , p h d v g , g
greater progress intwo centuries thanth e world
h ad se n ef r Th e itie s of S ria were a ain e b o e . c y g
e mellis e anar ite ture of th e i est or er b h d, ch c h gh d
lent its arm th uildins and e er th in ch to e b g , v y g
t at uman in uit ul a omlis was h h gen y co d cc p h,
effected for th e prosperity and welfare of th e
n All ur istories ontaina ounts of cou try. o h c cc
th e presents sent to C harlemagne by th e gre at
H - al - a i t t rine wh o h as e er aroun R sch d, ha p c v
e n to our ima ination th e emo iment of b e , g , b d ni n all t at is rand wonerful and ma e t. h g , d , g fic
Among these presents were perfumes of e very
in a rofusionof earls and e wels anele k d , p p j ,
ri l a ari on f r war and a loc phant ch y c p s e d o , c k,
r E o e t enina which appea ed a wonder in ur p , h s emi- ar ar s st and i was la e in b b ou ate, wh ch p c d
1 84 SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT.
sil worms whi su l th e manf k , ch pp y uactorie s of
n i ir L o s w t t e re ious ro u ts . Lime stone y h h p c p d c ,
sanstone asalt slate oal iron and o d , b , , c , , c pper,
are plentiful inth e mountaindistricts ; timber
of e er es ri tion fromth e ce ar to th e oak v y d c p , d ,
fromth e lane to th e ine ma h p p , y be ad for th e
felling; w hile sycamores ofenormous size spread their branches wide enough to cover a whole
t t ir rateful a H r caravanwi h he g sh de . e e are valleys where everything that is useful or be au tiful inth e vegetable kingdomis found inth e natural unfor e ro u e of th e soil , c d p d c , spread out
and ro i al a inrich p d g bundance . Here are
ar ens ere th e rose th e orane -flower th e g d wh , g ,
asmine minle t eir erfume s into one eli ious j , g h p d c
t ow ul f r n ur almos too erf o th e se ses . odo , p
Avenues of fi g-tre e s shade th e roads ; growths of oleander follow th e course ofth e rivers ; red
flowered grass blends its hues with a thousand
gay flowers that enamel th e meadows ; above is
ault of ea en and t en th e blue v h v , be we stretches
eanof lear ellui atmos r . Inth th e oc c , p c d phe e e
of th e Tur s t is fa our i nh poetry k , h v ed rego as “ beencalle d th e odour ofparadise ; inthat of SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT. 1 85
th e He re a r n b ws, ga de planted by God for th e
fi rst man and inthat of th e Arabs it is d e
scribed as a country where th e mountains bear winter on eir ea s s in u ont eir s oul th h d , pr g p h h
ers aut mnaroun t eir osom w ile ummer d , u d h b s, h s is e er lee in a t e fee v s p g t h ir t.
re ousl o th e re nt istu anes a r P vi y t ce d rb c , ve y extraordinary improvement inth e commercial
ros eri of S i was er h r arent p p ty yr a ev yw e e app , despite th e disadvantages arising froma want of that internal communication which is so n r r ex ecessary to th e extensionof t ade . Fo amle inth e ear 1 85 1 th e imorts at e p , y , p Al ppo amounte nl 48 0 60L w ere as in1 855 d o y to 6 , , h ,
i In1 854 t e they ncrease d to , h ex
r s r 9 9 63 0 . but in1 855 t e amount po t we e 8, l , , h y ed to At e rout th e imorts in1 84 1 B y , p ,
74 h 1 848 wer onl 66 8l. int e e ar t e h ad e y , ; y , h y
inrea to 54 2 6l. inth e ear 1 85 3 t e c sed 6 , 6 ; y , h y amunt 72 864l 111 1 85 6 to 1 1 62 676l o ed to 2 , , , ,
7 il e rin th e in1 85 , to wh du g past year they still further increased to
rt 1 84 1 amount onl to 2 5 1 2 8l Th e expo s in , ed y ,
1 84 we e 2 53 648l. in h e ear 1 853 in 8, they r , ; t y , 1 86 SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT.
t e in 44 795 6 57l. rease to 62 4 5 t. in18 5 6 to h y c d , ; , , ; in1 8 57to d in e ear 1 859 to , an th y ,
At Al exand retta L ata ia Tri olis , k , p ,
‘ ' ' Si onT re Kaifi a and Jafi a si ns of anin d , y , , , g
reasin mmr r ls ent and if c g co e ce w e e a o evid , , peace were now secure d to th e people uponan e uita le asis and th e Ara tri e s el in q b b , b b h d
u i n a fi rmand stron- ane o ernor s bj ect o by gh d d g v , th e country would soonresume its former acti vit tra e woul re i e and lent woul a ain y, d d v v , p y d g spre ad happiness over th e land . Th e traffic
etwe enI ndia and E uro e so lon arrie on b p , g c d t rou th e Atlanti and th e IndianO ean i h gh c c , s gradually returning to its more dire ct and natural course ; and it is by no means impro bable that th e route by th e Me diterraneanand th e PersianGulf will s hortly prove to be th e
st and a e st as it is e id e l h e b e che p , d c d y t shortest.
Th e ro al ities of Nine e and Ba lonare it y c v h by , is true no more and th e meantown , , s of Mosul and Hillah alone mark th e places where they
t ut th e reat ri ers th e Ti ri s ood ; b g v , g s and th e
E u rates w i ontri ute to t eir raneur ph , h ch c b d h g d ,
still flow onwar s to th e sea. Th e or an d J d ,
188 SYRIA PAST AND PRESENT.
d e -Lionand a Sala -cd -Din t is lan teem h ; h d, in wit untol wealt and w o soil urst g h d h, h se b s s ontaneousl wit ro u ti eness is now ein p y h p d c v , b g quietly and gradually occupie d by th e descend ants of t ose wh o nearl i t unre rs h , y e gh h d d ye a a o fou t and fell u onits lains an i ili g , gh p p ; d c v
— ere h ad it irt but w i h fle sation which h s b h, h c d
fore ru e and i norant ar arian interror be d g b b s , fi ndinga refuge inth e west— is now comingback a ainu onth e wins of ea e see in for its g p g p c , k g ancient but still remembered home .
BR ADBUR AND EVANS PRINTERS n11 ‘ Y , , a wonxs PUBLISHED BY
BR A DBUR Y AND E V A N S.
InOne with Ma r 1 3 . 6d . 80 0 , p , p ice 0 . PRINCE OF WALES IN CANAD A AND THE UNITED STATES
B N Y . A. WOODS , ESQ , “ ” m ENT. mas armour. ooEE mPOND
I t is a m i f r r r " ost admirable example of th e produc w e d esire to commend to th e not ce o ou ead e s. tions or a class of wri w h t ters ose labours h ave ,s a r. afford ed so much leasure and rofi t to th eir fellow Amonst th e events of th e past ear wh ich th e p g _ y countr me arisin oet n W111 ha ve to ch ronicle few P . h isto riano f our cou tr y y , n Th is ma y be consigered as th e only auth entic w ill 5 ass ininte rest th e visit ofth e h e ir a are t h istorical reco rd of th e visit of th e P rince ofW ales to th e ngio - S a xonrace be ond th e A tlapppc In o y U ni r h i account of th e to th e ted States ofNorth America . I t w ill In th is b oo k w e mee t with a g ap c ” assuredl be re ad w ith leasure b l r mme hi h is w ritte nwith s irit and viva a l a ties. a eir w c y p y p , p gi gun. ( 4 ’ J ’ me ery incident oi th e B o al P rogre ss fromth e A S th e P rince of W al es s j ourney h as beco a lann or th ’ im nce co so closel d i e P rince at t . Joh ns Ne wfound litical fact of reat orta , g , y land is de at P ortland is d escribed gfore th e r en its poninth e Sta and as , h , ec t with a ore x rk v nearl ex m power of e ressionw h ich gives Mr. W ood s h as mfi e h is w o . to u th at i will ch aning and d ivers ed scene anaspect h austive of th e an ect , w e do bt no of m r f r h istorical m. s r. ty M W oods h as done inthis now and h ereafter e a wo k o h and m nd h i " — l e a h l r i urna . so inte est n volume wh ich referene . 0w rt Jo g y g , c
R M E S J A P A N E S E F A G N T .
B BY C APTAIN S HERARD OS ORN, R. N. ,
Th is Work is illustrated w ith Facsimiles of D rawins urch ased by th e Auth or inth e of th emh av e beenre d u e pb e new ten roces of h C ity of Yed o . Six c d gY t p s t e n r h o W r l k ma and are 0 0 1o afte t e ri nals . h e ood Enravin E le ct o B oc Co p y , gi g gs, - are l mh a an ins w w nnumber accurate traced fro t e J ese d raw . t e nty t o i , y p g
’ rd sborn’ nese F ra ments with Osbornh ave anad ditional reasonfor familiari n Sh era O s Japa g , si g miles of illust rati ns b artists of Yed o is a th emselves with one of th e best wor s of th e facsi o y , k " — h Momi oet. real novelty ; infact it h as come upont e artist season. ngP w orld as a surprise to fi nd th ere are artists in3 1 1: Th e little volume is a picture of a strange civili d w i our of Gilra an3 3 1e zationth at h a s ma not 1 an ma w h o can ra w ith th e v g , p , y 0 endure , d y " mmen . he fi fties be onfl en o d de licac and h umourofR ich ard D o is . c d y rec ed t o 3awh o h ave a taste “ y ” h h n h ad e ad v anta e of enuin ar is ic curios i — eetmineter B e Th ose w o av e ot yet g g e t t ty. W e ncountering th e literary Captain n 1 na 1s. ea Ja .
E V A N H A R R I N G T O N ;
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BY G EO RGE MEREDITH.
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A STORY OF THE LAST CENTURY.
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D m M i e y with ap , p r ce DESCRIPTIVE DICTIONARY OF
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VALUABLE WORK F S O REFERENCE. C ND ED BY O UC T C HARLES KNIGHT .
These Works erha s formin th e m l bl , p p g ost va ua e and comprehmsive Works of fere nc i h l blish Re e nt e anguage, pu ed as a wh ole under the title Of THE EE OLISH CYCLOPB DIA are founded u onth e valuable Co ri ht ofth Prim r L , p py g e C c orEIDIA, which has alwa s r min nthe n e a ed i h n. NIG T y a of M K H . Th e elabora te re vi sions with the lar ad itions Of th , ge d , e t w ork, have involved a new for literar labour of not less v nT m y thanSe e h ousand Pounds, aking the cost 0 literar rod uctionalone no far s r Of Fift y p t h o t y Th ousand Pounds.
THE CYCLOPE DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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C clo e d ia of t ork y p Bi ph y ma with stitu s a fourth of th e w h ole w . Th e out res umtion be amo be th mos Six ol muc ma tter as m containas h p p , t e t V u es complete Biographical Dictionar e xtant ; Forty Octavo Volum such as th os e of th e uneq inany language for tye univer» Bi phie Universe ls th e y exceed in salit of its ran its lness v b - o Vol m of Ch al y ge, fu with out e r quanty th e Th irty tw u es ’ ” bosit its acc urac and its comleteness me rs Bio ra hi l ictionar and Four y, y , p p ca D y , to th e resen tim I th p t e . t ossess“ th e new of th ese VOgumes are equal ine xtent to e ’ and important feature 0 P vin noticps Of Tw e lve Volumes of Ro se s Biograph ica l g ” livin ers ons Enlish an forei no n nr o ork of a similar na ture g p , g g , f co Dictio a y . N w temo rar celebrit Th noti E lis o of Rio . ese n h cl di p y y ces, and app roach es th e g Cy p e a of e minent ersons recentl d ecease co ra h inh ea ness p y d , n g p y c p . ‘ Th e ch eapness and excellence of th is C clo wmsecure to it wid e circula tion y ‘ and a ermanent n e in u nO th e na mes of livin e rso ns makes th e p tio . Th trod ctio g p w ork more valuab n c i o is ad mirabl writ te n and con e a d attra t ve . Th e Cycl pwd ia y , sid ering th e ve ry large number of mistake s usually found inth e bio ph ica l d ic tionaries — miner h n r s Exa . ublis ed i th is o nt ll be com markabl for its corre ctnes . p c u y, wi e re e
THE CYCLOPE DI A OF NATURAL HISTORY .
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This ncl d n H h ose of r D i u es th e co tribu ro nr and P SIOLOG t M . a Y Y, y , io ns of s most mn D ut hw ood mi t i en Enlis nat f r Pa e t d r. So h n S . e t g h ura Pro esso g , a t nBorr r th o lists. I arl s b nkes ner read r th is C cl o e Dr. La ter To th e al e e dia , y , ge , y p , r Lin nd Gno e D . d le a n r ti d tails Dr. Ro l in noc v em n th e most i te es n y, y e , braci g th ose of Sir Henr d e la Bech e Mr H or N a resented inth e mos t at y , . tural p - ne r and Professor Ph illi nMI NE a s tractiv form0 scientifi c ex lanation and , i e p , Lomr h o ofMr l r und red s of t se . hil f r ill r t w man h beau , R. |P ps and P o esso ust a ed ith y urne r Zoo - w a m W . T n noor h n n ill furnish os ; i , t ose of Mr. Bro tiful w ood e vi gs, ' d eri P rof r is bra r To essor o Mr l h li . th p, F bes, . Ogi by, and d esirable ad tionto y Waterh ouse in r ' w r s indi s l Mr. k e ; C onana rrvr. A N A Med ical Stud ent th e o i p nsab e . ‘ O e nin th e Natural Histor volumes w e see th at inth r icle A ua viva rium p g y . e a t q , ‘ th e rat ionale of th e e xhib itionnth Zoolo i l ard ens is ven Inth e article Dod i e ca G . o g , all th e ne w and curious ma te h M i k and m i n t r collecte d by t e late r. tr c l is e bod ed i th e admirable a e r inth P enn h b more remar e b ri . w i h v n ka p p y y Mr. Brod e p Fe t na a e ee ble th anth e ro ress of natural h tor h w nt ea rs arti ul l p g is y rese arc d uring the t t e y y , p c ar y inth e lower d e artments of or anise d fe inw h ich h e m e h as re vealed o mu h p g li , t icroscop s c to nce of ish us . Th e ad va knwl l h E nl C w ia o ed ge h as beenaccurate y noted int e g yc p wd . Inits red ecessor as discover succeed ed dis ver th e wri r w ere come lled to noti p , y co y, te s p new matters und er th nam ci e T e scattere d orti e e of spe es rath er th anOf genra . h p ons are now all brou h t b mn n r h nams as OwenEd w ard Forbe g e Th e ars e tio o suc e , s, Harve Huxle Wm: au h ori e n h ows h ow much h as y, as t ties innatural sci ce , s to be stated w hic was not inth e ori i w r fe n th e names of Lie bi g nal o k. A re re ce to g Le mannDr m h e re i of nw h . ter and Pr f or Ans te d su ests h ow uch t s e , o e s , gg curious to be foun lac!;em s siolo an olo Not to o be ond th e fi rst p gy , d ge t g y y ’ ‘ y ’ ’ v olume th e articles Ad i o me r Bl d e r Ainmal Kind om Bile indicate , p s a Ai ad , g , , W RKS P BLI HED BY BRADB Y AND E N O U S UR VA S.
THE CYCLOPE DIA OF GE Y OGRAPH .
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” Inthis C clo d ia which e mbraces th e introd uced and man of th e old n y pe , , y o es h si v r untr and th e lied b oth ers w h - ‘ p y cal features of e e y co y, p y oll re writte n. Th e s tatistics of r me nts its cities and ness and accur c 0 e inform its d e pa t , a y th ation1 marts of mm w ll as rec ord in furnish ed ~ re nd er th e C cIO wd co erce , as e g , y p ia of its histor h most re ce nt eriod th e ra b a necessar manua l for e v li y to t e p , g y y e b greates t care h as beenbestow ed to gi ve an ne w s-room; not re senting a ry co mp leteness to th e valuable articles upon logue of names of p ea but furnia T no f w hic h th is new w ork is found ed . h at tices o eneral inte rest and e mb g , care h as not be enconfi ned to revisionand wh ate v er is new and important inGet o rre on w h av e bee n h i en c cti . Many ne articles p cal sci ce .
By commonconsent th is C row rz nra or Gnoc mnv seems to be anexce ‘ w ork n cl wb d me . it took its rise inth e Pe n Cy ere th e epart nt of Geogre w as a rti l w l na All ter discoveries and m e f r el ma ed . th e ul ud fac ts 0 p cula y g , tit o ' ma mtud es r vea led b ur nt w ars and re cord ed b th e a of m g e y o rece , n th e ca p t h e sh i h av be n f ncor orated with th e w ory n mak i h p, e e care ully i p a e t th e ric es
h ave . estminster Review October 1 868. W , ,
THE CYCLOPE DIA OF ARTS AND SOIE NC
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C ONTENTS O F THE S IXTH VO LUME.
O a rs Pasrm La r s Ps a P p P s arrrua 'rrox or T : ; ; orno . By P a nrrmnsm ; th e lat v m an J r' P o: Re W. R d e . . C MORT N nv Pmanmo m rr . O . x o ; q ; Ons l a va rron a rm E x p s arx rrrrr na s o p 'rv R s nna s B C O s s sro ; Pn rm ; n. y TION Oma norv P mons or R av nwmBarriste r-at-Law ; ; ow Goo , nos Pms Pmnorru Pmmrmv - ; ; ; . J C . ; P a rm ; Pa r um PE NA LTY By . P noronrrorz ; Quanaa rc rur or runC ra - - w a La . Da v , Barrister t cns R mo B re nna nFroc a s s A ; ; . By . s ns : Po nie s B D Macn Pa wmox . y . D E MORGAN niv t U ersi C olle e L ond n. , y g , o - - L AN . Barrister at Law . 0 mMm ra cma nor P ma . ; u MAR O F AC P sna sc us A sc mrsc w nn; PERSI AN ruas . B so no s: Donn y G . nc B a nna Ta c ima . ca ero us . y J Omro A orn; A mw ms o r OPIUM : Os c a ' Pmnc nux ; Pra c na rrcs ; Pow mr. 13 mo A nanv ss s ; OnGamc Ba sra ; OR GA NIC uurt s of D r: MORGA N and C . To s C a mera s ; a a mc Conrotmns ; Oma o , C olle e . nro Ra nroa ns ; ORGANO- META LLIC Boo ms ; g norus Ba um! P ansmrrvs . B T Osirosn Pa nna nrmr P ou mx B y ; ; ss . y ’ olle e Kings C g . F . Pe nm a nPh . D Le r n , cture o Ch e ’ P mrrsrs : PLE URIS mis r o P mrnrmcr r ; t at St. Barth lomw s s l ; y e Ho pita . Y r ow e r ; Pumsmr. D res s ers ; QU Ow es ; Pou nrz arrort or h e a r ; Ba m M D . m B E L A NK ES TE R . ru . . now y , . B G. G. Sroxns Luca ianPro y , s T Ma non of ms v B . fe ssor Cambrid Univ rsi Pnoroc . y , e e t . , g y n d n tutio . Onmumos ; P omoors ; Bu rs a r ; Ra v e Lono Insti mrrorv an Pa r eto“. Foac ss (Conn L uv H ov e r . B e na res th late . N s ; y J , ar-a re na s o f Sand h urst Militar lle nd Ca P u ma ; R a m; Bras s : B y Co ge, a p s E W Ba n nC os s mr or runGnon. B . tai , R E . y tution P a nama Soa oors or B R N Won Librarianoft h e Lond onInsti . , . y . . m Curator of th e Na nal Galle r Pit as Pins Pru: E xams Pnornr. , tro y , ; ; ; uns an JA E na n ut R A ILWA B G. R . B d M S T o r o . . ; Y y Pamoc nap nv Pa nnr gE rsmr. N E . S . A . ; By . . IL umBarriste r- at HAM TON h B w W . of t e ritis use m POOR La . B G , h M u . y , - P a nv as n nd ofth e Poor la w Board . M nr a r. o a no c a r . B R . Diox , y
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LORD BROUGHAK.
’ P a NG r Mr ni h w ll (1 8 Tim OPU LAR Hi sro r or E LANno . K g t s book e 0 6 C s umss KN ios r' is of a somew h a t h igh e r name ; it will be emph atically p o p p rice ( compa ring it with w orks issum in it will gainits pularity b ge nuin ‘ num r s w efi as It is as ood k h e nd as e p enny be s) : but th e plate , as g a oft n nof th e a er are re tl or and i w ritten. Th ex sio p p , g a y superi , ts is te litera me rits o v h i o r v ince of h ist or mane rs and ry are f a ery gh rde . y to n nd eed nothin h as v r a su rior life and all th at indicates th e con I , g e e pp eared pe , , ifanth in ha s e n l h ual to th e th e eo le is far fro mne w b ut it h y g be pub is ed eq p p , , accoun of h e mmerce o vern beene xe cute d with anth in like tb t t state of co . g y g i ' ” m me nt and soc e t at difl re nt e riod . as e with w hich i is h ere a tte , y e p s e t p r s onP o L h e eeti ov e rla in h nnl t n A dd es p ula r iterature, at t M ng y t e public a a s bu i , , a a l s t r n e m o of the N tion A socia ionfor the t ati g tg . Th e auth or ap l ‘ o Social Science October 12 1 858 h av in out rownth e limits ori f , , . g g g o h is olo w ill be ve r p sed . T ap gy y TI“ . ind b h is ad er for no y re s, f Th is is th e h istory or English youth . mh a r w u mcl n t t th e e is a ord too Ja .
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As animmns t - h ouse -s< Th e auth or ofth is ne w History ofEng e e s ore land sta tes th at h e was ind uce d to und e r th ousand ages o f facts bearing 11 h istory mpi ionliterature arts take its publicationinco uence of an , g , , , o bservationmad e b Lord oh nRusse ll a nd life ofEngland fromth e Bo rne: y , ’ Re volutionof 1 688 Kmour s Fo r m w h end eliv ering a lecture at Bristol o nth e , TOB o r EN LA is ond ll stud ofhistor to th e effect th at th ere was Y G N D bey a q y y , ’ v ma w h e r re rkabl k . Not t e no oth er History OfEngla nd thanHume s ; y e or marka bl fe ture init erh a s is and th at w h ena youn manof eigh tee n e a p p ’ 110 88 of feelin and th e cath o]icit h , y a sked for a History of ugland , t ere w as g ‘ w h ich still ins ire a manw h om no resource but to ve h imH ume p , associate with no th in lse thanth But th e influe nce 0 Hume is ra d ly passing g e w p ofth e Useful Know led e 8 a ay . Subs e quent historians ive told th e g ’ ta le of E land s rise and gre atne ss with le ss re u ice and infewer w ords w h ile m ATS m . p j , oth ers w ill no d oubt be found to d o t h e . , Meantime we ver cordially ub , y' s c m i i l r . j e t ore j ust ce in ts d e tai s . M ’ ' Mr Kui h v umes to h e read . t s ol t Kni h t d oes not as ire to ush Hume ofi g p p h to ’ t ey see We know of no h is h n ur bl h our s elve s a d o ta es . He onl w is es y l nd 8 m re udiee so th a 0 free fro j , to write a h istor of th e eo le a h istor y p p y o n m rtfl so stored w r h nest a d i a , w h ich sh ould not merel dis ort in a a y p g y fancies and ustrations and , , w ild erne o a ne cd o manne rs n ss f tes , a d cus ” none so w ell ada t d for sch ool 0 toms furniture and fash ions but sh oul d , , as th is Popular ggtory ofE nglam c onne ct d o me stic matters with th e co urse ‘ Ofpublic ev e nts and th e p olitical condition ’ m omnib us IN t D . o fth e vari ous s o f i F D N classe soc ety . or such a
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PUNCH’S HISTORY OF THE LAST TWENTY YE
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OR several years it has beena source of earnest Inquiry F ” corres ndents Inever r r f the lob h 6 po y qua te o g e, wh et er PUNCH commencement could not be had at a price withinreach of persons of 111 is ur d h at ex ndin as it does v ri f w means . It e t te o er a e od o t ent g , g Q y embracing as it were a complete History of the Times ; and illustrating v i h e various soci l and oli i l h an of fi delity t a p t ca c ges the period , PUNCH i f r f r w ll mu valuable w ork o e e ence as e as a sement. But to those especially t h earl ears of PUNCH are Unknownits t e - ublicationat a modem t e y y , p would be most acceptable . rietors influenced b th ese consid eration have d e rmined Th e Prop , y s, te to “ ” mi commncemn in1 841 n PUNCH fro ts e e t to the e d of 1 860 . At th im feelin th at man of the ast allusions are obscure if not for otte t e, g y p , g refi x anINTRODUCTION to each Volum w wil propose to p e, hich l furnish a th e events satirised or commented on; th e reby perpetuating inits original th e wit and humour which have made PUNCH so famous through In?ds
-i mod of bli onh v o narranin th is re ssue tw o es u cati a e beenad ted . I g g , p p - - nb MONTHL Volumes each containin th e Numbe rs for h alfa ear rice 53 . i Y , g y , p th e edges unc ut so as to enable urc h asers to re - bind th emaccord ing to th eir fan er inv olumes ublis ed ev er A LTERN ATI MONTH nd co th e Th e oth , p y . a w ill rm n v V l ear so th at each ear fo a d isti ct olume . Th e rice ofth ese o for a y , y p ” n me l bound incloth ilt ed es h o r P UNCH be 1 03 . 6d . , h a d so y , g g As, w e ve , m ced inJul 1 841 th e Volume for that ear will be h alfth e size ofth e oth ers en y, , y , p rice
Th e Dates of Publicationfor th e current year will he
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