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‘AT HOME IN THE WORLD’: Iraqi Refugees in Jordan and the Search for Comfort Giulia El Dardiry Department of Anthropology McGill University, Montreal December 2019 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Giulia El Dardiry 2019 Per mia madre – Che anni fa mi regalò il libro che ha dato inizio a tutto ciò 2 Abstract In the decade following the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, thousands of Iraqis made their way to neighbouring Jordan, where many spent years living. Unlike other major refugee groups in the region, such as Palestinians or, more recently, Syrians, Iraqis in Jordan during this period were overwhelmingly educated, middle-class professionals. They self-settled throughout Amman and were generally financially better off than many of their Jordanian hosts. While most eventually registered with the UN in the hopes of being resettlement outside of the Middle East, many did so several years after being in Jordan. Based on 18 months of fieldwork with Iraqis in Amman between 2010 and 2013, this dissertation is an examination of the dynamics of Iraqi mobility into and out of Jordan following the US-led invasion. Specifically, it explores how concepts and experiences of home were being reimagined and reconfigured among Iraqis. As Iraqis spoke to me of their departures from Iraq and as I shared their lives in Jordan, it became clear that they experienced their ‘displacement’ less as an ‘event’ that had occurred to them than as an ambiguous and open-ended process that extended over time and across places. They sought to construct a sense of home that was fundamentally affective—what they termed “a sense of comfort” in the world. As Iraqis moved across the destabilised terrains of Iraq, Jordan, and beyond, how was their sense of comfort—of being at home in the world—alternately cultivated and undermined? Drawing on Heidegger’s notion of “equipment,” I argue that Iraqi experiences of displacement and of home should neither be understood as binary (home / not home) nor as dominated solely by legal or financial concerns. Iraqis assessed the comfort, and thus liveability, of various places in ways that were multi-layered, contradictory, and shifting. In illustrating this, I contend that Iraqi patterns of mobility and emplacement were intimately tied not only to the specific configurations of laws, people, and opportunities available to them in various places, but also—and especially— to the amount of labour that was required to sustain a sense of comfort. 3 Résumé Dans la décennie qui suivi l’invasion de l’Irak en 2003, des milliers d’Iraquiens se sont installés en Jordanie voisine, où ils ont passé plusieurs années. À la différence des autres populations réfugiées dans la région, comme les Palestiniens ou, plus récemment, les Syriens, les Iraquiens en Jordanie durant cette période sont principalement des ménages de classe moyenne, généralement instruits. Installés en majorité à Amman, ils sont bien souvent plus aisés que beaucoup de leurs hôtes jordaniens. Si la plupart se sont enregistrés auprès des Nations-Unis dans l’espoir de pouvoir se reconstruire une vie en dehors de la région, beaucoup ont attendu des années pour franchir ce pas. Cette thèse analyse les dynamiques de mobilités des populations iraquiennes vers, et depuis, la Jordanie, à la suite de l’invasion américaine. S’appuyant sur un travail de terrain de 18 mois effectué entre 2010 et 2013 à Amman, elle explore, en particulier, la manière dont les concepts et les expériences de ‘chez soi’ ont été ré-imaginés et reconfigurés parmi les Iraquiens en Jordanie. Comme ces derniers me l’ont confié, et comme j’ai pu le constater par moi-même en partageant leur quotidien, leur ‘déplacement’ a été vécu moins comme un ‘événement’ en tant que tel, que comme un processus ouvert et ambigu, qui se prolonge dans le temps, et à travers l’espace. À bien des égards, ces Iraquiens ont cherché à construire un sens du ‘chez soi’ fondamentalement affectif, qu’ils ont appelé un « sens du confort » dans le monde. Pour ces Iraquiens qui ont connu, et traversé, les terres instables d’Iraq, de Jordanie, et d’ailleurs, comment leur sens du confort—ce sens d’être ‘chez soi’ dans le monde—a-t-il été cultivé ou ébranlé ? En mobilisant la notion « d’outil » chez Heidegger, cette recherche suggère que les expériences de déplacement et de ‘chez soi’ chez les iraquiens, ne sont ni binaire (‘chez soi’ / pas ‘chez soi’), ni uniquement façonnées par des considérations légales ou financières. Ces populations évaluent le confort des multiples lieux qu’ils ont connu, et donc leur habitabilité, de manière multiple, mouvante, et parfois contradictoire. En illustrant cette réalité, cette thèse affirme que les modèles de mobilité et d’emplacement construits par les iraquiens sont intimement liés, non seulement au cadre légal en vigueur, aux rencontres qu’ils ont pu faire, et aux opportunités qui leur ont été offertes dans les pays où ils se trouvent, mais aussi, et en particulier, à la quantité de travail requise pour entretenir un sens de confort. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................ 10 A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION ............................................................... 11 PREFACE .................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 13 CONTEXTUALIZING DISPLACEMENT ................................................................................... 18 Theorizing Displacement ........................................................................................... 19 Displacement as Process ............................................................................................ 24 The Regional Specificities of Displacement .............................................................. 28 DISPLACEMENT AND HOME: OR ‘AN ECOLOGY OF COMFORT’ ............................................. 32 “EQUIPMENT,” EFFORT, AND EVERYDAY LIFE .................................................................... 38 UNDERSTANDING THE FIELD ............................................................................................ 44 Iraqis in Jordan ......................................................................................................... 53 Research Ethics and the Challenge of Sectarianism ................................................ 56 ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT ................................................................................ 58 1— GREYING HEARTS .............................................................................. 62 LIFE IN “SADDAM’S TIME” ................................................................................................. 69 CAUTIOUS HOPE ............................................................................................................... 77 DISFIGUREMENT .............................................................................................................. 85 Ripping Out the Roots ................................................................................................ 86 A Broken City ............................................................................................................. 92 Becoming Strangers ................................................................................................... 94 MOVING NORTH .............................................................................................................. 113 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 117 2— GUESTS OF NO ONE ........................................................................... 121 JORDAN IN TRANSREGIONAL PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................... 124 The Ottoman Legacy ................................................................................................ 130 Pan-Arabism and Pan-Islamism in the Postcolonial Era ...................................... 134 Provisional Permanence ........................................................................................... 137 POTTED PLANTS IN A GARDEN: JORDAN’S HOSPITALITY APPROACH .................................. 144 Hospitality as System of Obligation ....................................................................... 146 Operationalizing Hospitality ................................................................................... 148 Hospitality’s Offerings in Protracted Conflict Situations ...................................... 153 THE END(S) OF HOSPITALITY ........................................................................................... 157 “This Country Lives Off of Catastrophes” ................................................................ 161 “I Invite You to a Restaurant, but at Your Expense” .............................................. 164 GUESTS OF NO ONE ........................................................................................................ 170 5 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 174 3— BEING PRODUCTIVE ........................................................................
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