4.3 Water Has a Major Role in Shaping the Earth's Surface. Enduring

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4.3 Water has a major role in shaping the Earth’s surface. Enduring Understanding(s) Essential Questions (A) Water has a major role in shaping • How does water affect the Earth’s the Earth’s surface. surface? (B) Water moves in a predictable cycle. • Where does water come from? Where does it go? GRADE-LEVEL EXPECTATIONS: 1. Water is continuously moving between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere in a process called the water cycle. Water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the air and cools, condenses, collects in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. The energy that causes the water cycle comes from the sun. 2. Most precipitation that falls to Earth goes directly into oceans. Some precipitation falls on land and accumulates in lakes and ponds or moves across the land. Rain or snowmelt in high elevations flows downhill in many streams which collect in lower elevations to form a river that flows downhill to an ocean. 3. Water moving across the earth in streams and rivers pushes along soil and breaks down pieces of rock in a process called erosion. The moving water carries away rock and soil from some areas and deposits them in other areas, creating new landforms or changing the course of a stream or river. 4. The amount of erosion in an area, and the type of earth material that is moved, are affected by the amount of moving water, the speed of the moving water, and by how much vegetation covers the area. 5. Rivers carve out valleys as they move between mountains or hills. The speed of the river’s flow depends on the slope of the land. The speed of the river’s flow affects the shape of the river’s course (straight or meandering), the shape of the valleys it carves (u-shaped or v-shaped) and the amount of earth material that is pushed along or left behind in floodplains and deltas. 6. Water moving in ocean waves carries sand, shells and debris away from some coastal areas and deposits them in new areas, changing the shape of the coastline. 7. Erosion is constantly reshaping the earth’s land surface. Sometimes the effects of erosion are immediate (for example, a flash flood or a hurricane) and sometimes the effects of erosion take a long time (for example, the changing course of a river or the carving of the Grand Canyon). .

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Lesson 4: Sediment Deposition and River Structures
LESSON 4: SEDIMENT DEPOSITION AND RIVER STRUCTURES ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What combination of factors both natural and manmade is necessary for healthy river restoration and how does this enhance the sustainability of natural and human communities? GUIDING QUESTION: As rivers age and slow they deposit sediment and form sediment structures, how are sediments and sediment structures important to the river ecosystem? OVERVIEW: The focus of this lesson is the deposition and erosional effects of slow-moving water in low gradient areas. These “mature rivers” with decreasing gradient result in the settling and deposition of sediments and the formation sediment structures. The river’s fast-flowing zone, the thalweg, causes erosion of the river banks forming cliffs called cut-banks. On slower inside turns, sediment is deposited as point-bars. Where the gradient is particularly level, the river will branch into many separate channels that weave in and out, leaving gravel bar islands. Where two meanders meet, the river will straighten, leaving oxbow lakes in the former meander bends. TIME: One class period MATERIALS: . Lesson 4- Sediment Deposition and River Structures.pptx . Lesson 4a- Sediment Deposition and River Structures.pdf . StreamTable.pptx . StreamTable.pdf . Mass Wasting and Flash Floods.pptx . Mass Wasting and Flash Floods.pdf . Stream Table . Sand . Reflection Journal Pages (printable handout) . Vocabulary Notes (printable handout) PROCEDURE: 1. Review Essential Question and introduce Guiding Question. 2. Hand out first Reflection Journal page and have students take a minute to consider and respond to the questions then discuss responses and questions generated. 3. Handout and go over the Vocabulary Notes. Students will define the vocabulary words as they watch the PowerPoint Lesson.
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Dynamics of Nonmigrating Mid-Channel Bar and Superimposed Dunes in a Sandy-Gravelly River (Loire River, France)
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Section 319 NONPOINT SOURCE PROGRAM SUCCESS STORY Tennessee New Grazing Practices Minimize Impacts on Little Shoal Creek Waterbody Improved The Little Shoal Creek in south-central Tennessee was clogged with silt from pasture grazing and other agricul- tural activities. Pasture management practices were successfully implemented to reduce erosion and pollution transport to the creek, allowing the creek to be removed from Tennessee’s 303(d) list. Problem Results Overgrazing and poor pasture management The increased ground cover and installation caused heavy erosion in Little Shoal Creek of grassed waterways have resulted in less in Lawrence County, Tennessee. A macro- soil erosion and siltation in the stream, reduc- invertebrate sample collected in 1999 ing the amount of pollutants entering the demonstrated values below expectations streams and improving water quality. Another for biological communities in the Western macroinvertebrate sample collected in 2003 Highland Rim ecoregion. Based on these demonstrated that taxa richness had more results, Little Shoal Creek was added to the than doubled to 28, as compared to only 12 in state’s 303(d) list in 2002 as impaired due to 1999—an indicator of good water quality as siltation from pasture grazing. measured by the higher diversity and types of organisms living in the stream. These metric values are within the guidelines for the eco- Project Highlights region and would score 13 on the genus-level To combat erosion, BMPs were implemented on the land surrounding Little Shoal Creek and its two tributaries, Crossﬁeld Branch and 30 Fourmile Hollow. To control and minimize the impacts of agriculture, farm conservation prac- 25 tices, including conservation tillage, cropland conversion, pasture renovation, and hay plant- 20 ing, were implemented.
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