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Erosion and Deposition Produced by the Flood of December 1964 on Coffee Creek Trinity County, California

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Erosion and Deposition Produced by the Flood of December 1964 on Coffee Creek Trinity County, California Erosion and Deposition Produced by the Flood Of December 1964 On Coffee Creek Trinity County, California GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 422-K Erosion and Deposition Produced by the Flood Of December 1964 On Coffee Creek Trinity County, California By JOHN H. STEWART and VALMORE C. LaMARCHE, JR. PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF RIVERS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 422-K UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1967 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.________________________________ Kl Erosion and deposition produced by the flood Con. Introduction. ____________________________ 1 Erosion caused by the flood-__________________ K7 The basin._______________________________ 2 Deposition caused by the flood-_______________ 11 The stream and valley.___________________ 3 Flood channels___-_________-__-______-___--. 16 Bedrock geology._________________________ 3 Shifts in stream channels,_____________________ 17 Surficial deposits.________________________ 3 Flood frequency._______________________________ 18 The flood________________________________ 4 Summary and conclusions._______________________ 20 Erosion and deposition produced by the flood. 6 References cited.-___--__-_-__-_-_-__-___--_--__. 22 Methods of study_____________________ 6 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Map showing erosion and deposition produced by flood. 2. Cross sections of valley. FIGURE 1. Index map of Coffee Creek basin_______________-____-___--__-____-_-----------_------------------ K2 2. Flood hydrograph________________________________________________-..--_---_---------------------- 5 3. Photograph of Mad Meadows during flood.____________________________-____-__----_----------------- 6 4. Photograph taken near Coffee Creek Campground (site) during flood.____-_____-________--_-_----------- 6 5-8. Preflood and postflood photographs at: 5. The Cedars looking north-northeast._______________________________--__--_---_--------------- 8 6. The Cedars looking north-northwest.______________________________-_-__--__-_--__----'-------- 8 7. Mad Meadows._________________________________________-____--_---__---_------------------ 9 8. Coffee Creek Ranch______-___-_______________________________-__---_--__--_--_------------- 9 9. Photograph showing flood gravels, preflood surface, and cutbank_____________________________---_-_--_-- 11 10. Preflood and postflood photographs taken near mile 5.3_____________________-____-____-__-_-_-----_-- 11 11. Comparative cross-channel profiles at cableway________-______-____-_---_-_---_----------_------------ 12 12. Cumulative curves of grain-size distributions_____________________-_________--_-__-___----_----------- 13 13. Photograph of flat-topped bar._____________________________________-_____--_-_--_-_---------------- 14 14. Generalized map and section of natural levees.________________-_______-____--__---_-_---__----------- 15 15. Photograph of natural levee at The Cedars___________________________-___--_----_-----_---_-------- 16 16. Photograph of natural levee near mile 3.1__________-_---__---_--------------------------------------- 16 17. Photograph of sandy gravel in natural levee_____________________--____-____-__---_-_-__--_----------- 16 18. Map showing channel changes between Coffee Creek Campground (site) and Seymour's Ranch.____________ 17 19. Graph showing concurrent peak discharge per square mile of drainage area.____________________________ 19 20. Graph showing flood-frequency for Coffee Creek__ ______________________________________.----_------- 20 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Summary of flood erosion and deposition.__________________________ KIO 2. Summary of physiographic characteristics of valley and effects of flood. 10 3. Size analysis of flood deposits,____________________________________ 14 4. Some maximum sizes of transported material._______________________ 14 in PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF RIVERS EROSION AND DEPOSITION PRODUCED BY THE FLOOD OF DECEMBER 1964 ON COFFEE CREEK, TRINITY COUNTY, CALIFORNIA BY JOHN H. STEWART AND VALMORE C. LAMARCHE, JR. ABSTRACT of the main flood channels. These levees are composed of coarse bouldery gravel, are generally 30-50 feet wide, and slope gently On December 22 and 23, 1964, a flood having an estimated away from the flood channel. They are topographically the recurrence interval of 100 years occurred on Coffee Creek, a highest depositional features within the flooded area and in small high-gradient mountain stream in Trinity County in places came within a few feet of the high-water surface of the northern California. Discharge during the flood (estimated at flood. 17,800 cubic feet per second) was more than five times greater Along much of the valley the amount of material lost from than any previously recorded on the stream. The flood was an area where the postflood surface is below the preflood sur­ produced by intense rains associated with warm temperatures face (net scour) tends to be matched by a corresponding gain and a rise of the snowline of several thousand feet. Flooding of material in nearby areas where the postflood surface is above at this time occurred throughout most of northern California, the preflood surface (net fill). Such a balance of erosional Oregon, and southern Washington. and.depositional events, however, did not occur in narrow steep Coffee Creek drains an area of 119 square miles in the rugged reaches where the flood-water velocity was high. In these Trinity Alps, part of the Klamath Mountains. The drainage reaches, a large amount of material was lost. At the opposite basin ranges in altitude from 2,500 to 8,000 feet and is under­ extreme, however, in broad gently sloping reaches where the lain by resistant metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. Most flood-water velocity was low, a large amount of material was of the area is covered by a dense pine-flr forest. gained. The effects of the flood were studied by detailed mapping of The effect of the 1964 flood on Coffee Creek clearly indicates erosional and depositional features on postflood aerial photo­ that it is catastrophic events of this sort that largely determine graphs (scale approx. 1 in.=200 ft) of a 6-mile reach of the valley morphology, channel pattern and location, and the char­ stream starting half a mile above its mouth, and by the survey­ acter of alluvial deposits. Apparently only in such extreme ing of seven cross sections of the valley in this same reach. The events can the coarse gravel that underlies much of the valley extent of change in the location of channels and the amount of bottom be transported. destruction of land and forests were determined by comparison with preflood aerial photographs taken in 1960. INTRODUCTION The flood was unprecedented in the 110-year period since settlement of the area and had a catastrophic effect on the valley On December 22 and 23, 1964, a flood of major pro­ of Coffee Creek. Erosion destroyed large areas of meadowland portions occurred on Coffee Creek a small high-gradi­ and forests containing 200-year-old trees and many of the build­ ent mountain stream in Trinity County, Calif. The ings and structures on the valley bottom. Local widening of flood produced extensive erosion and deposition, and the valley bottom resulted when the flood waters, by downward and lateral erosion, scoured deeply into older stream deposits destroyed roads, bridges, homes, and forests. The flood­ and into colluvial and alluvial fan material along the margins ing on Coffee Creek, and on many northern California of the valley. Some of the alluvial fan deposits removed by the streams, was the result of intense rains in a 3-day pe­ flood were as much as 1,700 years old on the basis of radiocarbon riod beginning December 19. These rains fell on dating. Destruction of large areas of mature forest and old ground saturated by previous rainfall and were asso­ alluvial fans suggests that a comparably large flood may not have occurred for several or many hundred years, far longer ciated with high temperature and a rise of the snow than the estimated 100-year interval considered to be the aver­ level of several thousand feet. The meteorology of the age length of time between floods of this size on Coffee Creek. storm is summarized elsewhere (Posey, 1965). The Deposits of sand and poorly sorted gravel laid down during general character of the December 1964 floods in north­ the flood cover at least 70 percent of the flooded area. They lie ern California also has been described (Rantz and either directly on a preflood surface or on a flood-erosion sur­ face. The largest boulder transported was approximately 6 by Moore, 1965). Flooding at this time occurred through­ 4 by 3 feet. out most of northern California, Oregon, and southern Natural levees formed during the flood occur along the sides Washington. Kl K2 PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF RIVERS Coffee Creek basin was selected for study because it THE BASIN shows unusually great modification by the flood both Coffee Creek drains an area of 119 square miles in the erosion and deposition. Observations were made during Trinity Alps an especially high and rugged section a 3-week period in April and May 1965. Detailed study in the Klamath Mountains of northern California (fig. was limited to the area bordering a 6-mile reach of the 1). It is an eastward-draining headwater
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