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Context As a Service Context as a Service Dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) for submission to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Kassel, Germany Kassel 2012 Dipl.-Inf. Michael Wagner Advisors: Prof. Dr. Kurt Geihs, Universität Kassel Prof. Dr. Christian Becker, Universität Mannheim Additional Doctoral Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Klaus David, Universität Kassel Prof. Dr. Arno Wacker, Universität Kassel Date of Defense: 4 March 2013 To Anke and Jakob Contents List of Figures v List of Tables vii List of Listings ix List of Algorithms xi List of Abbreviations xiii Abstract xv Zusammenfassung xvii Acknowledgements xix I Foundations 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Motivation . 3 1.2 Problem Statement . 6 1.3 Solution Approach . 8 1.4 Contribution . 10 1.5 Structure of the Thesis . 10 2 Ubiquitous Computing Systems 13 2.1 Ubiquitous Computing . 13 2.2 Context . 16 2.2.1 Context Awareness . 16 2.2.2 Characteristics of Context Data . 17 2.2.3 Quality of Context . 18 2.2.4 Cost of Context . 23 2.3 Self-Adaptation . 24 2.3.1 Adaptation Mechanisms . 24 2.3.2 Adaptation Policies . 25 3 Logic and Ontologies 27 3.1 Proof Methods for Propositional Logic . 28 3.1.1 Analytic Tableaux for Propositional Logic . 28 3.1.2 Resolution for Propositional Logic . 32 i 3.2 Proof Methods for First-Order Logic . 33 3.2.1 Resolution for First-Order Logic . 33 3.2.2 Analytic Tableaux for First-Order Logic . 36 3.3 Ontologies . 37 3.3.1 General Discussions on Ontologies . 38 3.3.2 OWL . 40 4 Related Work 43 4.1 Existing Context-Aware Systems . 44 4.1.1 Adaptive middleware for context-aware applications in smart-homes 45 4.1.2 ASC-CoOL & CoCo . 45 4.1.3 AWARENESS . 46 4.1.4 CARE . 47 4.1.5 CoBrA . 48 4.1.6 CONTEXT . 48 4.1.7 Context Toolkit . 49 4.1.8 COSMOS . 50 4.1.9 EEMSS . 51 4.1.10 Gaia . 52 4.1.11 Hydrogen . 52 4.1.12 Information exchange and fusion in dynamic and heterogeneous distributed environments . 53 4.1.13 Managing Context Information in Mobile Devices . 54 4.1.14 MobiLife . 55 4.1.15 MUSIC & Paspallis . 55 4.1.16 Nexus . 56 4.1.17 Quality-Aware Context Management Middleware (QCMM) . 56 4.1.18 Sentient Object Model . 57 4.1.19 SOCAM . 58 4.1.20 Supporting pervasive computing applications with active context fusion and semantic context delivery . 58 4.2 Summary . 59 II Solution Approach 63 5 Overview 65 6 Context Model 69 6.1 Layers of the Context Model . 69 6.2 Context Information . 71 6.3 Metadata . 74 6.4 Operations . 76 6.4.1 Inter-Representation Operations . 77 6.4.2 Metadata Operations . 79 6.5 Hierarchical Composition of the Ontology . 79 6.6 Discussion . 80 ii Contents 7 Context Offer and Query Language 83 7.1 Context Offer and Request . 84 7.2 Constraints . 85 7.3 Selection Function . 86 7.4 Example . 88 7.5 Discussion . 90 8 Context Offer and Query Matching 91 8.1 Initial Matching . 92 8.2 Mediation Check . 93 8.3 Metadata Constraint Matching . 101 8.4 Example . 106 8.5 Discussion . 109 9 Context Service Selection 113 9.1 Motivating Example . 114 9.2 The Selection Approach . 116 9.2.1 Syntactic Elements . 116 9.2.2 Semantics . 118 9.3 Calculation of the Domain of a Quality or Cost Dimension . 122 9.3.1 Example . 125 9.4 Selection Algorithm . 126 9.5 Example . 130 9.6 Discussion . 135 10 Architecture 139 III Evaluation 145 11 Demonstrators 147 11.1 Study of Context Information, QoC, and CoC in Related Work . 148 11.2 General Description of the Demonstrators . 152 11.3 Demonstrator A: Heterogeneity . 158 11.4 Demonstrator B: Simple Selection . 163 11.5 Demonstrator C: Multiple Selection . 170 11.6 Demonstrator D: Discovery of Remote Offers . 172 11.7 Demonstrator E: Cost Minimization . 173 12 Performance and Scalability 175 12.1 Mediation Service . 175 12.2 Constraint Matching . 182 12.3 Selection Service . 185 13 Conclusions 189 13.1 Summary of Contributions . 189 13.2 Outlook and Future Work . 192 Contents iii IV Appendices 195 A Logging Output for Demonstrator B 197 B Erklärung 199 C Bibliographies 201 C.1 Bibliography . 201 C.2 Publications as (Co-)Author . 215 iv Contents List of Figures 1.1 Overview of the Solution Approach. 9 2.1 Taxonomy of Computer Systems Research Problems in Pervasive Computing 14 2.2 Interdependence between QoS, QoS and QoD . 19 2.3 QoC Processing Model . 21 2.4 States and Actions . 25 3.1 Analytic Tableaux for Different Construction Rules. 29 3.2 Analytic Tableau for ¬(p ∧ q) → (¬p ∨ ¬q) . 31 3.3 Analytic Tableau for (∀x)(P x → Qx) → ((∀x)P x → (∀x)Qx) . 37 3.4 Semantic Web Layer Cake . 40 3.5 RDF Statement and Example . 41 5.1 Detailed Overview of the Solution Approach including Stakeholders. 66 6.1 Layers of the Context Model . 70 6.2 General Concepts: Entity, Scope and Representation . 71 6.3 Several Examples for Multiple Representations . 72 6.4 Detailed Example for a Composite Representation . 73 6.5 Context Metadata . 75 6.6 Context Operations . 77 6.7 Hierarchical Composition of the Ontology . 80 7.1 Overview of the Context Offer and Query Language (COQL) . 84 7.2 COQL: Subscription Modes . 85 7.3 COQL: Operators . 86 7.4 COQL: Entity Constraints . 86 7.5 COQL: Scope Constraints . 87 7.6 COQL: Metadata Constraints . 87 7.7 COQL: Selection Function . 88 8.1 Overview on the Context Offer and Query Matching . ..
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