The Poetry of He Zhu (1052-1125) SINL-74-sargent_CS2.indd i 18-12-2006 16:24:11 Sinica Leidensia Edited by Barend J. ter Haar In co-operation with P.K. Bol, W.L. Idema, D.R. Knechtges, E.S.Rawski, E. Zürcher, H.T. Zurndorfer VOLUME LXXIV SINL-74-sargent_CS2.indd ii 18-12-2006 16:24:11 The Poetry of He Zhu (1052-1125) Genres, Contexts, and Creativity By Stuart H. Sargent LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 SINL-74-sargent_CS2.indd iii 18-12-2006 16:24:11 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Detailed Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication data Detailed Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data are available on the Internet at http://catalog.loc.gov ISSN: 0169-9563 ISBN: 978 90 04 15711 8 Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints BRILL, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands SINL-74-sargent_CS2.indd iv 18-12-2006 16:24:12 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix List of Tables xi Abbreviations xii Brief Chronology of the Life of He Zhu xiii INTRODUCTION 1 The Approach: Genre, Contexts, and Individual Voice 2 Conventions and Texts Used in this Study 6 The Name of the Poet 7 Other Transcriptions 7 Meter 8 Poem Numbers and Texts 10 Chapter One THE ANCIENT-STYLE VERSE OF HE ZHU, 1078–98 12 1078–80: Fuyang 13 1078: The Contingency of Historical Judgment 13 1079: Reportage 15 1080: Time 21 1080: Animals and the Question of Allegory 27 1080: Variations on the Poetic Heritage 33 1081: A Transitional Year 36 1082–85: Xuzhou 38 1082: Tang Echoes, Su Shi 38 1083: More Celebration of Su Shi 45 1084: ~Zai, Tang Predecessors 47 1085: The Ironic Traveler 50 1086: In the Capital 54 Word Games 54 Imitations 56 1088: Fanghui’s Version of the Zhang Liang Saga 64 1088-89: The South 74 Gardens and Temples 74 Ten Historical Sites in Liyang 84 1091–93: Jinshan and the Capital 86 Teasing Mi Fu at Jinshan 86 1091: Wit in the Su Shi Mode 89 1093: The Past Recovered 90 1094: No-Mind in Hailing 96 1096: Hanyang 100 The Inscription For Zhou Dunyi’s Thatched Hall 100 The Reinterpretation of Tao Yuanming 105 Obfuscation 110 1096–98: Jiangxia 115 vi CONTENTS 1096: The Connoisseur 115 1096 and 1097: History 117 1098: Watchful Eyes 120 Further Thoughts on Imitation, Inscriptions, and Rhyme 121 Chapter Two THE SONGS OF HE ZHU, 1080–98 125 1080–85: Handan and Xuzhou 126 1080: An Ancient Site in Handan 126 1084–85: Sites and Poetry Sessions in Xuzhou 130 1088–92: Sending Songs from Liyang and Jinling 141 1088: A Suite Experiment 141 Liyang Experiments in 1089 and 1090 146 1090–92: Innovative Songs from Jinling 153 A Gift Enhanced by Rhyme (I) 157 1094: Hailing 160 Laments 160 First Farewell Songs 164 1096–98: Jiangxia 168 Tao Yuanming Outdone 168 Leftover Elder of Mirror Lake 171 Tao Yuanming Out of Reach 173 History 178 A Gift Enhanced by Rhyme (II) 179 East Slope 182 Innovations in Songs: A Brief Review 186 Chapter Three THE PENTAMETRICAL REGULATED VERSE OF HE ZHU, 1076–98 188 Poems Written before Xuzhou 188 Xuzhou 194 1084: Imitation of an Extended Regulated Verse 194 1084: Twin Views from the Delightful! Pavilion 202 Rhymed Opening Couplets 207 1087: In the Capital 223 1088–90: The Liyang and Jinling Area 225 The Capital 238 1091: Civil Classification 239 1092: Stretching Form 243 1093–94: Leaving the Capital 248 Mi Fu 251 1096–98: On to Jiangxia 256 Going Upriver: Diction from the Past 256 Hanyang: Responses to Assaults on History 258 1096–97: This is not Li Shangyin 262 1098: Farewell to a Buddhist Magistrate 265 Pleasures and Precedents in Regulated Verse 267 Chapter Four THE HEPTAMETRICAL REGULATED VERSE OF HE ZHU, 1075–98 269 Issues of Form 269 Situations in Which the Heptametrical Regulated Verse was Used 272 Heptametrical Regulated Verse in the North, before Xuzhou 273 CONTENTS vii 1075: First-line Rhyme 273 1077, 1079: Order in Landscape, Order in Couplets 276 1082–86: Xuzhou 280 Celebration of Place and Complexity 280 Precedents to be Overturned or Celebrated 285 Anomalous Form 289 1086: Yongcheng 296 Playing with the Rhythm of the Line 296 The Capital 300 Zhao Lingzhi, Zhao Lingshuai 300 1088–91: Through Jinling to Liyang and Back 304 Wang Anshi 304 “First Poems” 306 ABAB Sequences 311 1090–91: Absence in Jinling 319 1091: Two Clever Social Poems in the Capital 327 1093–94: Hailing Ambiguities 331 1095–96: From the Capital to Jiangxia 341 Another Exile 341 1096: Up the Yangzi 344 1096–98: Hanyang and Jiangxia 351 An Extended Regulated Verse 352 Equanimity in Jiangxia 355 Qin Guan, Lü Dafang, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian 358 A Summary 366 Chapter Five THE PENTAMETRICAL QUATRAINS OF HE ZHU, 1085–98 368 1085: Xuzhou 371 The Capital 375 1086: Relationships with Past Poetry 375 1087: Ten Songs on Autumn Days 380 1088–90: Liyang and Quatrains for Monks 386 1091–92: Outspoken in the Capital 391 1095: Quirky in the Capital 395 1097–98: Mining the Past in Jiangxia 397 Addendum: Hexametrical Quatrains in the Capital, 1086 and 1092 400 New Life for the Pentametrical Quatrain 404 Chapter Six THE HEPTAMETRICAL QUATRAINS OF HE ZHU, 1077–95 406 Early Start in the North 409 1077: Quiet Scenes in Zhaozhou 409 1080: Restraint in Fuyang 413 1081: Making It Fresh 418 1081: Disingenuous Quatrains in the Daming Area 420 1081 and 1082: In and Out of the Capital 423 1083 and 1085: Xuzhou 425 1086–87 The Capital 428 Liyang 435 1088–89: Southern Scenes 435 viii CONTENTS 1089–91: The Society of Others 437 The Capital and Hailing 441 1091 and 1092: Spring Wind in the Capital 441 1094: Farewells in Hailing 444 1096: Up the River to Jiangxia 446 1096–98: Hanyang and Jiangxia 448 Closing thoughts on This Genre and the Lyric 452 CONCLUSION 453 Chronology of Poems Translated or Mentioned 457 Bibliography 465 Four-Corner Index of Poems Translated 479 Index of Poems by Poem Number 483 Index 487 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It was at one of our regular Friday afternoon departmental wine parties at Stan- ford University approximately thirty years ago that James J.Y. Liu suggested the lyrics of He Zhu as a possible dissertation topic. I am grateful for the suggestion and for his guidance through the ensuing work which, though very different in character from the present book, formed the starting point for my exploration of a fascinating poet. Since then, numerous individuals and institutions have sustained me and supported not only my research on He Zhu but also other projects whose results are reflected in the present book. The contributions of a few individuals are acknowledged at appropriate places in the body of the text; I should also note that some of the most valuable publications cited would not have been available or known to me had not their authors generously given me a copy. McKeldin Library at the University of Maryland, the Library of Congress, and the Diet Library in Tokyo were significant resources for my post-dissertation research on He Zhu. In recent years, Norlin Library at the University of Colo- rado and the libraries at Stanford University were critically important. Special mention must be made of Colorado State University and its Morgan Library, not only for the recognized excellence of the library’s interlibrary loan services, but also for the ways in which they kept this project from being derailed completely when storm runoff destroyed my office, my computer, and most of my personal library in 1997. The University provided funds to replace my ruined books and services to photocopy those papers that could be recovered from waterlogged file cabinets; the Library freeze-dried and restored important books in my col- lection that could not be replaced and appropriated funds to start its own Chi- nese-language collection. The time to use libraries for something besides class preparation is generally bought with grants. My chronological reading of He Zhu and three of his con- temporaries was supported in 1982–83 by a Mellon Fellowship for Chinese Studies awarded through the American Council of Learned Societies. What you see before you now contains bits and pieces of the lengthy manuscript that re- sulted from that project but the present book is more directly the product of a sabbatical leave granted by Colorado State University in 2003-2004. For two quarters during that academic year, I had the privilege of teaching in the De- partment of Asian Languages back at Stanford, where I was provided with space x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS to work, computer support, and of course access to a fine library. This was a fulfilling period, indeed, and I am grateful to all parties. There are more personal debts to be acknowledged. My interest in China was sparked by a woman named Elsie Anderson: youngest of my mother’s aunts, she embarked for China in 1918 to work for girls’ education; some years after her death it was her copy of Lin Yutang’s Wisdom of China and India that set me, as a young teenager, on the trajectory that would eventually lead to this book.