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Uncertainties in the North Korean Nuclear Threat
THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that POPULATION AND AGING helps improve policy and decisionmaking through PUBLIC SAFETY research and analysis. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation documented briefing series. RAND documented briefings are based on research briefed to a client, sponsor, or targeted au- dience and provide additional information on a specific topic. Although documented briefings have been peer reviewed, they are not expected to be comprehensive and may present preliminary findings. Uncertainties in the North Korean Nuclear Threat Bruce W. -
SECRET SECRET 2 APPENDIX: SUMMARY of FINDINGS (U) (Deleted Version)
SECRET DOE/SO-70-0012 (Deleted Version) Twelfth Report on Inadvertent Releases of Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data under Executive Order 12958 (U) Report to: The Committee on Armed Services of the Senate The Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Deleted Version U.S. Department of Energy Office of Classified and Controlled Information Review Office of Security Germantown, Maryland 20874 August 2003 Classified By: John D. Lazor Director Office of Classified and Controlled Information Review Office of Security Derived From: CG-SS-4, 9/12/00 Declassify on: x4 SECRET UNCLASSIFIED 1 The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (Public Law (P.L.) 105-261) requires that the Secretary of Energy notify the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs of inadvertent releases of Restricted Data (RD) and Formerly Restricted Data (FRD) associated with records declassified under section 3.4 of Executive Order 12958. As a result of the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) examination of approximately 1.28 million additional pages of publicly available records accessioned by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Department discovered an additional 489 documents containing 574 pages of RD and FRD which were inadvertently released: Additional Pages Number of Documents Number of Pages Number of Number of Pages Examined Since with RD/FRD in the Documents Pages RD FRD Last Report 1,281,000 489 4886 96 478 The identified documents are in collections belonging to the Department of State and the Department of Defense (Army, Navy, Air Force and Office of the Secretary of Defense). -
Nuclear Weapons 19671A
_NA_ru_R_Ev_o_L._319_9_JA_Nu_A_RY_1_9s6____ CQRRESPQNDENCE----------- 93 within the accuracy of the Babylonian observations. Sakharov's scientific legacy C. Leroy Ellenberger, no longer a con S1R-Erast B. Gliner is right to say that When asked about Sakharov's fate, vinced Velikovskian, has pointed out to Sakharov's contribution to science' should some Soviet officials (including Anatoly me that I might nevertheless have even be emphasized in the campaign to end his Alexandrov, president of the Academy of better cited the uniformity of Greenland exile and to save his life. However, Glin Sciences of the USSR) normally answer ice core Dye 3 as a way in which science er's statement that Sakharov "is not consi that Sakharov is restricted to Gorky be could actually demonstrate that Velikovs dered as a head of some scientific school cause he is in the possession of important ky's scenario did not happen. This 2,000- inside of the Soviet Union or abroad" is military secrets and that this exile is made metre sample is continuous and datable not entirely correct. Sakharov's pioneer in strict observance of Soviet laws. Neith for the past 10,000 years and shows no ing work on the problem of a controlled er reason is correct. Sakharov was exiled dust or acid layers that would signal the thermonuclear reaction, which began the to Gorky on the basis of an "individual" sort of universal catastrophe predicted by well known tokamak project, was the decree signed by the late President Leonid Velikovsky. main reason for his election as a full mem Brezhnev in 1980 as a reprisal for Sakhar OwEN GINGERICH ber of the Academy of Sciences of the ov's protest over the Soviet invasion of Harvard-Smithsonian Center for USSR in 1953, together with his co-author Afghanistan. -
Nuclear Targeting in a Non-Nuclear Army
NON-STRATEGIC NUCLEAR TARGETING IN A NON-NUCLEAR ARMY A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE MICHAEL E. DONOVAN, MAJ, USA B.S., United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, 1981 M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1994 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. MASTER OF MILITARY ARTS AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: MAJ Michael E. Donovan Thesis Title: Non-Strategic Nuclear Targeting in a Non-Nuclear Army Approved by: , Thesis Committee Chairman r A . -LA , Member David E. Turek, B.A. P/?JL.I ,&Lw , Member, Consulting Faculty err.MIWarner, P~.D. Accepted this 3rd day of June 1994 by: , Director, Graduate Degree philip J[ Brookes, Ph.D. Programs The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) ABSTRACT NON-STRATEGIC NUCLEAR TARGETING IN A NON-NUCLEAR ARMY by MAJ Michael E. Donovan, USA, 127 pages. This study investigates the ability of a U.S. Army corps staff to nominate appropriate non-strategic nuclear targets. The staff is investigated as to its manning, training, and equipment to nominate targets for Air Force and Navy delivered nuclear weapons that the corps could exploit to accomplish operational objectives. All levels of joint and service specific doctrine are examined along with limited non-governmental resources to determine corps staff requirements and desirable corps staff qualities. -
Print Coverpgscan.Tif
UNCLASSIFIED 1 The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (Public Law (P.L.) 105-261) requires that the Secretary of Energy notify the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs of inadvertent releases of Restricted Data (RD) and Formerly Restricted Data (FRD) associated with records declassified under section 3.4 of Executive Order 12958. As a result of the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) examination of approximately two million additional pages of publicly available records accessioned by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Department discovered an additional 47 documents containing 94 pages of RD and FRD which were inadvertently released: Additional Pages Number of Documents Number of Pages Number of Number of Examined Since with RD/FRD in the Documents Pages RD Pages FRD Last Report 2 million 47 1016 6 88 The identified documents are in collections belonging to the Department of State and the Department of Defense (Army, Navy, Air Force, Joint Staff, and Office of the Secretary of Defense). The documents were inadvertently declassified and made available to the public during the years from 1996 to 2000 by the Department of State, the Department of Defense, and NARA. No classified documents of the DOE or its predecessor organizations were found. The documents contained RD and FRD information, including: RD FRD - efficiency of nuclear materials or yield-to- - stockpile -
Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty: Will Deletion of a Verification Regime Provide a Way out of the Wilderness?
THE NEW U.S. APPROACH TO THE FISSILE MATERIAL CUTOFF TREATY: WILL DELETION OF A VERIFICATION REGIME PROVIDE A WAY OUT OF THE WILDERNESS? David S. Jonas* I. INTRODUCTION ..................................599 II. ROADMAP ......................................601 III. A NEW APPROACH TO A FMCT .....................602 IV. FMCT BACKGROUND AND HISTORY .................605 V. THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT AND THE FMCT: A HARD ROAD ....................................614 VI. HOW TO ADDRESS NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION? .........617 VII. NATIONAL SECURITY, NONPROLIFERATION, AND COUNTER-PROLIFERATION .........................619 VIII. FMCT AND THE NONPROLIFERATION REGIME ..........624 IX. WHY PURSUE A FMCT?...........................627 X. THE TIME FOR A FMCT IS NOW .....................638 XI. CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW ..................639 * B.A. Denison University; J.D. Wake Forest University School of Law; LL.M. The Judge Advocate General’s School, U.S. Army; LL.M. Georgetown University Law Center. The author is the General Counsel of the National Nuclear Security Administration at the U.S. Department of Energy. He previously served as a U.S. Marine Corps officer on the Joint Chiefs of Staff as nuclear nonproliferation planner. He is also an adjunct professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center and The George Washington University Law School where he teaches nuclear nonproliferation law. The views expressed herein are his own and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the National Nuclear Security Administration, the U.S. Department of Energy or the U.S. Government. The author wishes to thank Professor David A. Koplow of Georgetown University Law Center for his comments on this Article. The author also wishes to recognize Alice Kottmyer, Terrill Ray, Adam Scheinman, Irwin Binder, Sean Oehlbert, Ted Bowyer, Mark Goodman, and James Windle for their views on this Article. -
Plutonium an Overview
Plutonium An overview PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 09 Jun 2011 13:52:20 UTC Contents Articles Overview 1 Plutonium 1 Allotropes 23 Allotropes of plutonium 23 Isotopes 25 Isotopes of plutonium 25 Compounds and mixtures 34 Plutonium borides 34 Plutonium carbide 35 Plutonium hexafluoride 36 Plutonium hydride 38 Plutonium(III) chloride 39 Plutonium(III) fluoride 40 Plutonium(IV) fluoride 42 Plutonium(IV) oxide 43 Plutonium-gallium alloy 45 MOX fuel 48 Environment 52 Plutonium in the environment 52 References Article Sources and Contributors 61 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 62 Article Licenses License 63 1 Overview Plutonium Plutonium Appearance silvery white General properties Name, symbol, number plutonium, Pu, 94 Pronunciation /pluːˈtoʊniəm/ ploo-toe-nee-əm Element category actinide Group, period, block n/a, 7, f −1 Standard atomic weight (244) g·mol Electron configuration [Rn] 5f6 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 (Image) Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r.t.) 19.816 g·cm−3 Liquid density at m.p. 16.63 g·cm−3 Melting point 912.5 K,639.4 °C,1182.9 °F Boiling point 3505 K,3228 °C,5842 °F Heat of fusion 2.82 kJ·mol−1 Heat of vaporization 333.5 kJ·mol−1 Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 35.5 J·mol−1·K−1 Vapor pressure Plutonium 2 P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1756 1953 2198 2511 2926 3499 Atomic properties Oxidation states 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 (amphoteric oxide) Electronegativity 1.28 (Pauling scale) Ionization -
The Role of Nuclear Weapons in Counterproliferation
what wrongs our armsmay do The Role of Nuclear Weapons in Counterproliferation AUGUST 2003 Martin Butcher, Director of Security Programs PHYSICIANS FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY what wrongs our armsmay do The Role of Nuclear Weapons in Counterproliferation © Physicians for Social Responsibility and Martin Butcher AUGUST 2003 Martin Butcher, Director of Security Programs PHYSICIANS FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Glossary......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter One: NBC Weapons Threats to the United States and its Allies ............................................ 23 The Ballistic Missile Threat .......................................................................................................... 25 NBC Weapons and Bunkers ........................................................................................................ 27 21st Century Proliferation: State Actors .................................................................................... -
Middle School Science Worksheet Stewards of the Land Answer Key
Why did people see the blast before they heard/felt it? Light travels faster than sound Underground Testing What force caused the craters found at the site to form? Gravity Middle School Science Worksheet Stewards of the Land Answer Key Radioactive particles are smaller than our eyes can see. Thank you for visiting the National Atomic Testing What tool is used to find and measure radiation? Museum! During your journey through our exhibits, Geiger counter be sure to answer the following questions. What shields us best from each type of radiation? When you complete this worksheet, please give it to your teacher, parent, or guardian. Alpha Skin and paper Don’t forget to have fun! Beta Aluminum Introduction to the Test Site Gamma/X-Ray Lead Since being established in 1951, the Nevada Test Neutron Concrete Site (now the Nevada National Security Site) grew from 680 to 1,375 square miles. Which option below is closest to the site’s actual percentage growth over time? A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% NV Science Standards: 5-PS1-1; MS-PS1-1; MS-PS1-4; MS-PS3-5 D. 25% Atmospheric Testing Illustrate what happens during a nuclear fission chain (Watch the “Age of the Atom” film) reaction. EXAMPLE As explained in the film, there are three parts that make up Atom an atom. In the box below, draw an atom and label the proton, neutron, and electron. Atom Splits EXAMPLE Electron 2 Neutrons Released Splits Atom Proton Neutron Neutron Uranium Atom Splits A nuclear weapon’s yield is how we measure the amount of explosive energy it can produce. -
2 Los Alamos National Laboratory Some of the Photographs Used in This Issue Are the Newly Digitized Ones from the Film Scanning and Reanalysis Project (Page 10)
2 Los Alamos National Laboratory Some of the photographs used in this issue are the newly digitized ones from the Film Scanning and Reanalysis Project (page 10). Others were generously donated by Pete Kuran, one of the project’s consultants. COLD WAR FILMS YIELD NEW EFFECTS-DATA FOR U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS Films of the U.S. atmospheric nuclear tests provide breathtaking reminders of the power of nuclear weapons. Now a new project is salvaging and mining these deteriorating films for fresh—and crucial— scientific data about the weapons’ yields. To understand why Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory nuclear weapons physicist Greg Spriggs is spearheading, in partnership with Los Alamos, an urgent search-and-rescue mission to salvage several thousand films documenting U.S. atmospheric testing before they crumble into celluloid dust, you have to appreciate the importance of the information they contain. These deteriorating, often hard-to-find filmstrips and still-photo negatives provide the hard data on key nuclear blast effects that scientists use to determine a weapon’s yield. Knowing the yield helps weapons scientists and Department of Defense (DoD) strategists predict whether a given weapon will successfully destroy a specific target. Yield estimates also help forecast the extent of damage an adversary’s missile or a terrorist’s improvised weapon might cause in the United States or an allied country—knowledge vital to effective planning for mitigation and recovery. Yield, in other words, is the name of the game in both nuclear weapons science and national security. (See “Bigger’s Not Always Better,” page 9.) The trouble is, outside of those old films, yield data are very hard to come by. -
Twenty-Fourth Report to Congress on Inadvertent Releases of Restricted Data
DOEJHS-90-0024 (Deleted Version) Twenty-Fourth Report on Inadvertent Releases of Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data under Executive Order 12958 (U) Report to: The Committee on Armed Services of the Senate The Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Deleted Version U.S. Department of Energy Office of Classification Office of Health, Safety and Security Germantown, Maryland 20874 February 2007 UNCLASSIFIED The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (Public Law (P.L.) 105-261) requires that the Secretary of Energy notify the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs of inadvertent releases of Restricted Data (RD) and Formerly Restricted Data (FRD) associated with records declassified under section 3.4 of Executive Order 12958. As a result of the Department of Energy (DOE) examination of 690,780 additional pages of publicly available records accessioned by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Department discovered an additional 175 documents containing 590 pages of RD and FRD which were inadvertently released: Additional Pages Number of Documents Number of Pages Number of Number of Pages Examined Since with RDJFRD in the Documents Pages RD FRD Last Report 690,780 175 15,251 137 453 The identified documents are in collections belonging to the Department of the Navy and the Department of the Army. The 175 documents were inadvertently declassified and made available to the public in DELETED by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Army and NARA. -
Overviewoverview
Working Together: R & D Partnerships in Homeland Security | April 2005 | Boston, Massachusetts OverviewOverview Importance of Economic Consequence Evaluation Evaluation Taxonomy Cleanup Standards Economic Consequences Conclusion 2 1 Working Together: R & D Partnerships in Homeland Security | April 2005 | Boston, Massachusetts WhyWhy EvaluateEvaluate EconomicEconomic Consequences?Consequences? Loss of life, property destruction, and loss of economic activity have significant consequences Loss of use of productive assets can extend for long periods and generate considerable economic loss Economic impacts need to be addressed in sequential order: Detonation, Atmospheric dispersion and deposition, Fallout from the weapon. Weapon characteristics provide the boundary conditions for the response: How large is the affected area? What actions need to be taken to protect the population? 3 EconomicEconomic EvaluationEvaluation TaxonomyTaxonomy The decision to invest in countermeasures can be viewed as a tradeoff between investment cost and the economic consequences of an event. High Value Target Expanded Consequence Evaluation Consequences Evaluation How many distinctive target types • 7 locations (including bridges, tunnels, should be considered? downtown) • Are there “classes” of targets? • 3 Nuc Yields • Really Big Cities • 1 RDD Yields • Medium Size Cities • D&D cleanup • Small Cities •D&D to 2 cleanup levels: • Border Cities •15 mrem/yr • What weapon yields for each class of target? • 2 rem/yr • How many cleanup levels should be