On the Waterfront

n e w s l e t t e r n o . 2 2 of the friends of the iish 2 0 1 1 on the waterfront 22 · 2011

Intro­duction

C o v e r : Among the many activities organized by the Institute to celebrate its 75th anniversary was the s l e e v e o f exhibition Wereldverbeteraars or Rebels with a Cause, which was featured at the Special Collec- g r a m o p h o n e tions building of the University of Amsterdam from the end of October 2010 through January r e c o r d o f 2011. It was viewed by over 65 visitors a day on average – a satisfactory result. The book accom- t h e d u t c h panying the exhibition was sent to all Friends as a New Year’s gift. Written by the editors of On c h o i r s t e m the Waterfront (and with an English version rendered by the magazine’s long-time translator), d e s v o l k s , sections must have seemed familiar to our readers: at recent Friends meetings we have from time 1975 (iish b g to time commented on some lesser-known episodes from the Institute’s history, and we intend to p g 1 / 8 6 ) continue this practice in the near future. At the same time, we would like to use the meetings as opportunities to highlight special areas of the iish collection. At the latest meeting, it was music, as illustrated in the issue before you; at the next it will be Yiddish and Jewish materials. Women’s history is on the agenda.

Members of the Friends of the iish pay annual dues of one or five hundred euros or join with a lifetime donation of one thousand five hundred euros or more. In return, members are invited to semi- annual sessions featuring presentations of iish acquisitions and by guest speakers. These guest speakers deliver lectures on their field of research, which does not necessarily concern theiish collection. The presentation and lecture are followed by a reception. In addition to these semi-annual gatherings, all iish

Friends receive a forty-percent discount on publications. Friends paying dues of five hundred euros Internat or more are also entitled to choose Institute publications from a broad selection offered at no charge. i The board consults the Friends about allocation of the revenues from the dues and delivers an annual nternat i onaal onaal financial report in conjunction with theiish administration. Theiish was founded by master collector i onal onal

Nicolaas Posthumus (1880-1960) in the 1930s. For the past two decades, two of the institutes established i nst

neha i

by this ‘history entrepreneur’ have operated from the same premises: the (Netherlands Economic i nst tuut voor soc voor tuut

History Archive) since 1914 and the International Institute of Social History (iish), which is now 75 i tute of soc of tute years old. Both institutes continue to collect, although the ‘subsidiary’ iish has grown far larger than the ‘parent’ neha. Detailed information about the iish appears in: Jaap Kloosterman, Jan Lucassen, i ale gesch ale Rebels with a Cause. Five centuries of social history collected by the iish (Amsterdam 2010). i al h al For all information concerning the Friends, see http://www.iisg.nl/friends/. i story i eden i s

c o l o p h o n

international institute of social history P . O .Box 2169 • 1000 cd A m s t e r d a m • tel. +31206685866 • fax +31206654181 • www.iisg.nl • [email protected] • a b namro: 0555958892 • i b a n : n l 6 9 a b na0555958892 • b i c : a b n a n l 2 a • editors: jan lucassen and jaap kloosterman • translations: L e e M i t z m a n • photography: hans luhrs • I m a g e R eferencing: M argo Buurman and D i t t y M u l d e r • production coordination: aad b lok • design and layout: ruparo (ivo sikkema) • printed, with generous support, b y: a-d druk b . v. z e i s t • w e b site: monique van der pal • we wish to thank aad b l o k , b o u w e h i j m a , a u k j e lettinga, piet lourens, hans luhrs, claire posthumus, kees roden b u r g , g u y s a b a t i e r , h u u b sanders, lies b eth voskuilen-diaz, els wagenaar • financial administration: guusje varkevisser and tjerck zittema • administrative support: yvonne b ax • composition of the b o a r d : c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e b oard: jan lucassen (chair/treasurer), jaap kloosterman (co-chair), b a r t hageraats (secretary), wim B erkelaar, mieke ijzermans, auke pieter jaco b s , b a u k e marinus, jan van olden, jacco pekelder • issn 1574-2156

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From All Nooks and Crannies

Readers may remember that establishment – to write their in 2007 On the Waterfront (15, autobiography, for which they pp 5-7) featured an item about would receive up to 300 guil- an unpublished autobiographi- ders (estimated as equivalent to cal manuscript by Paul Frölich € 2,600 today). The Menshevik (1884-1953), which had been re- Petr Garvi (1881-1944) was long discovered shortly before. In 1919 assumed to have been the only Frölich, a socialist from the days person who actually wrote some- of his youth in Leipzig, became thing, a memoir first published by a founding member of the Ger- Boris Nikolaevsky and others as man Communist Party, from Vospominaniia sotsialdemokrata in which he would be expelled in New York in 1946. Yet, in 2007 a 1928. He was involved in the copy of Frölich’s paper surfaced at Munich Räterepublik of 1919 and the iish. It had apparently been the communist März Aktion in too long for publication, com- 1921. He remained politically ac- prising 312 pages, rather than the tive among the radical left, first prescribed maximum of 96. in Germany, then in exile. The Our item drew the attention of many books and articles he wrote the Milan-based Edizioni Panta- include the first biography of rei, which had already published s i Rosa Luxemburg (1939), whose several of Frölich’s works (as well eden i papers he kept, and whose works as a short version of Maria Hu­ story i he edited. nink’s history of the Institute, Le al h i ale gesch Frölich was among a select carte della rivoluzione). As a result, i group of prominent militants to a nicely produced and indexed receive requests from the Institute Italian translation of his autobi- tute of soc

i in 1935 – even before its formal ography is now available for € 20. tuut voor soc nst i i nst i t h e i t a l i a n onal i e d i t i o n onaal i o f p a u l nternat i f r ö l i c h ’s

Internat m e m o i r s , Twenty-second Friends’ Day, 2 0 1 0 20 January 2011 PRESENTATION o f r e c e n t ACQUISITIONS

2 Salt in Zealand masters and for their journeymen. rules of the guild of Saint John The history of social security in This innovation spread from the at Zierikzee, Zealand – roughly the Low Countries originated south to the north (the present halfway between Flanders and with the system of provisions Netherlands), with the earliest Dordrecht. The document (now introduced by craft guilds in the known example found in Dor- filed as neha Bijzondere Collec- late Middle Ages. At first, aid was drecht, the country’s foremost ties, no 773) is undated, but the largely informal and often issued port, in 1387. text clearly predates the Reforma- in kind, as in the distribution Nowadays, the very scarce tion, which came to Zierikzee in of bread and peat, medical care, documentation still in existence 1572-1575, while the paper is from watching over the seriously ill, fu- on these early practices is almost the third quarter of the sixteenth neral and pall-bearer services, and without exception kept in munic- century. All in all, the contents the like. In the fourteenth and fif- ipal and state archives – almost: at likely originated sometime be- teenth centuries several guilds in an auction held in Brussels in Au- tween 1500 and 1550. Flanders and especially Brabant tumn 2010, the Netherlands Eco- The ‘Sint Jansgilde’, known as (mostly in what is now Belgium) nomic History Archive bought a ‘pannemansgilde’, included por- started poor relief boxes, both for the sixteenth-century manuscript ters working in the salt industry

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‘ d a r i n k d e l - v e n ’ n e a r z i e r i k z e e a s p r a c t i c e d u n t i l t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y ; e t c h i n g b y g . c . p h i l i p s b a s e d o n a d r a w i n g b y c . p r o n k , 1 7 4 5 , a f t e r a 2 0 0 - y e a r o l d p a i n t i n g ( n e h a b c 5 6 9 )

(‘zoutziederij’). The porters were reproduced here, we notice that policy, it is hardly surprising that Internat responsible for carrying the raw the digging was done by men, the rules require that accounts i sea salt brought by ship from the while the women were occupied be kept, and that written annual nternat i Nantes area to the local salterns, with the drying and burning. As financial reports be generated. onaal i onal onal

where it was refined and subse- Myriam Everard already discov- Unfortunately, neither accounts i nst i

quently carried by the porters ered (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en nor financial reports remain; yet i nst tuut voor soc voor tuut

back to the port, from where ships Economische Geschiedenis, 2005, 3, our document may be the earliest i tute of soc of tute transported it on to the towns of pp 81-102), women also worked in known example of social investing Holland. the salterns. Confirming this ob- in the Netherlands. i ale gesch ale The Zierikzee salt industry and servation, Article 18 of our rules Anyhow, that the neha col- i al h al its related transport sector were stipulates that the guild’s dean lection of guild records has been i as old as the medieval activity of had the right, together with the enriched by a unique specimen is story i ‘darinkdelven’ – the digging of porters, to “up de denne met die clear from searching the large da- eden i ‘darink’ or peat containing high keetwyfs in broode en in biere tabases on guilds and boxes built s concentrations of sea salt, which verteren”: they were allowed to by the Institute over the years was found near the city. To sim- consume bread and beer on the (cf. On the Waterfront, 3, 2001, plify a complicated process, after wooden floor of the saltern to- pp 3-4, and 17, 2009, pp 3-4). drying and burning the peat, salt gether with the female employees These are now partly available was extracted from its ash, then and at the merchants’ expense. online, thanks to the excellent processed to make it suitable Another interesting provision cooperation with our colleagues for consumption. When the salt in our document is the mutual at Utrecht University. See www. marshes were gradually exhausted insurance system for the porters. collective-action.info, and look in the fifteenth century, the Zea- According to the same Article 18, for datasets, journeymen’s boxes. landers started to import raw salt the merchants now had to con- from France, Portugal, and, from tribute to the box used to help 2 Kill the Walloon! around 1600, the Caribbean. The the needy members of the trade At the same Brussels auction, the industry thus continued to op- (“die dienaers vander neeringhe neha benefited from another ex- erate for another two hundred dier noot hebben”). The money cellent opportunity as well. On years, but its halcyon days may was to be kept in a double-locked offer was a complete manuscript have been around the time our chest. Remarkably, the rules re- of 30 densely-written pages of document was produced. In 1526, quire that the accumulated capi- interest to both the history of there were 77 salterns operating tal bear interest. In other words, economic thought and the migra- simultaneously, with perhaps the money was not supposed to tion history of the Netherlands. double that number of salt pans. lie idle in the box until needed by Now filed as neha bc 774, this One attractive aspect of the a member, but was to be invested, was a final copy intended to be salt industry was that it em- presumably in mortgages; the in- printed by Karel de Vrije at Mid- ployed both men and women. terest thus received could then be delburg in 1669. No printed copy On the picture of ‘darinkdelven’ distributed as aid. In view of this exists in any library, however. In

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fact, since only one other title is – at least 100,000 individuals fled known to have been produced by from south to north around 1600 this publisher (also in 1669), we – and together with her started a have good reason to suspect his flourishing textile company. The name was fictitious. couple could even afford to send The anonymous pamphlet that their sons Johan and Pieter to the was actually printed (Apologie, te- new local university. So far, they gens de algemeene, en onbepaelde were a typical migrant success Vryheyd, voor de oude Hollandsche story – and all the more so if we Regeeringe) contained a strong de- consider that Pieter Jr married a fence of the position of the House native Dutch belle and left the of Orange in the Dutch Repub- Eglise Wallonne of his parents lic. Our manuscript’s contents for the official Calvinist Church, are similarly inspired. What dis- where only Dutch was spoken. tinguishes it from the pamphlet In spite of this, political oppo- is that it is presented as a work nents had no difficulty instigating by Pieter de la Court (1618-1674). xenophobic sentiment against this Not only does the author hide successful refugee family. In 1648 behind the initials J.V.H. (De – i.e., 35 years after he came to la Court used V.H. as a pseudo- Leyden – Pieter Sr was still de- nym), but he writes as if he is nounced in a pamphlet as a garlic openly repenting the staunchly re- eater (“knuf-look vreeter”), who publican opinions for which De la had arrived with more Walloon Court was known. Under the title lice than dollars or ducats (“meer Afswering van sijn onlangs verbo­ Walsche luysen als daelders of s i den Boeck van Hollandts heijlsame ducaat”). Nor was his wife spared. eden i politique gronden en maximen, he Yet this was harmless compared story i attributes to De la Court sincere to the fate that befell Pieter Jr in

al h t i t l e p a g e i 2 Russian Marx ale gesch regret, in hindsight, regarding the 1668. As a partisan of Johan de i political and economic ideas the Witt, the republican leader, he Although a Russian translation of o f a n u n p u b - latter had propagated in several was so deeply hated that a pam- the Communist Manifesto – long l i s h e d p a m -

tute of soc p h l e t ( 1 6 6 9 ) i books and pamphlets. phlet was issued demanding that implausibly attributed to Mikhail tuut voor soc nst i i n w h i c h i Who was Pieter de la Court? he be hung. Weavers in Haarlem Bakunin – was published in 1869, nst i First, together with his brother Jo- almost lynched an Amsterdam most writings by Karl Marx and p i e t e r d e l a onal i han (1622-1660), he is sometimes smith whom they mistook for Friedrich Engels became available c o u r t w a s onaal i considered a precursor of Adam De la Court. They pursued him in Russian only from the 1880s. p r e s e n t e d a s nternat i Smith and one of the founders crying out: “Kill the Walloon! Like the Manifesto, printed by r e s c i n d i n g

Internat of the economic, social, and po- Kill him, let the Devil take him!” Ludwik Czerniecki in Geneva, h i s e a r l i e r litical sciences. In the somewhat (“Sla doodt de Wael; Sla doodt, many of the titles were produced w r i t i n g s elaborate language of the intellec- dat hem de duyvel haal”). abroad, such as the new transla- ( n e h a b c tuals of the Dutch Golden Age, A year later – more than half a tion of the Manifesto by Georgy 7 7 4 ) he expounded on the causes of century after De la Court’s father Plekhanov, which was also printed prosperity. That is why the neha immigrated – our newly-acquired at Geneva in 1882. The first legal has acquired most of his writings, manuscript once again expressed publication in Russia of a book as well as several manuscripts that ethnic prejudice, having the al- by Marx was the translation of circulated before being printed. leged author describe himself as the first volume of Capital by His interest to migration histo- a meddling and cantankerous German Lopatin and Nikolai rians derives from his public de- foreigner from Walloon Flanders, Daniel’son, which appeared at fence of free immigration, which with the habitually restless and Nikolai Poliakov’s publishing he considered to be a condition hot-tempered character of his na- house in St Petersburg in 1872 – a for economic growth. In this re- tion (“een moeijallige en wrevelige feat that did not avert its demise spect, he depicted the province vremdelingh uijt Wals Vlanderen, one year later. This translation of Holland and his native city of volgens de gewoone onrustige en had at first been undertaken by Leyden as an example to the rest driftige aerdt van mijne natie”, p Bakunin, whose failure to deliver of the Republic and Europe in 4). In seventeenth-century eyes, was one of many factors compli- general. then, the descendants of immi- cating discussions at the congress This argument reflected a dis- grants remained essentially differ- of the First International in The tinctly personal note. His father, ent for a very long time. Clearly, Hague in 1872. also named Pieter, had fled the today’s integration pessimists have As the custodian of two-thirds Spanish Netherlands in 1613 at a long ancestry. of the papers of Marx and En- the age of twenty. He moved to gels, the iish basically collects all Leyden, married another refugee editions and translations of their

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here) and Karl Marks pered sudom as Socialism: utopian and scientific prisiazhnikh’ v Kel’ne (Karl Marx (Naemen trud i kapital and Raz- at the Jury Trial in Cologne), were vitie na nauchniia sotsializm, re- part of the inexpensive series pub- spectively). Both were translated lished by Znanie (Knowledge) in by the Bulgarian social-democrat St Petersburg. This was a sort of Georgi Bakalov (1873-1939). writers’ co-operative founded by Konstantin Piatnitsky in 1898 2 Practical Socialism and effectively headed by Mak- Even before Engels wrote his So- sim Gorky from the turn of the cialisme utopique et socialisme scien- century until his departure abroad tifique in 1880, socialist theory in in 1906. Apart from Gorky’s own Europe had become averse to so- works, Znanie published books cial reform experiments that risked by Leonid Andreev, Ivan Bunin, absorbing workers to the point and Anton Chekhov, among where they might refrain from others, before it folded in 1913. the class struggle, thus weakening The third title, Marx’s O svobode their revolutionary consciousness. pechati (On the Freedom of the Many reform movements were Press), contains, like the others, labelled ‘bourgeois’, a reputation the first Russian translation of they have had difficulty shak- the work concerned. Finally, we ing. Vegetarians, naturists, neo- bought a small pamphlet volume Malthusians, feminists, Theoso- with Bulgarian versions of Marx’s phists, pacifists, and the members Lohnarbeit und Kapital and the of all sorts of cooperatives were c o v e r o f t h e

works and owns some 4,600 titles. text by Engels known in English told at the very least that they were Internat f i r s t r u s s i a n With great interest, therefore, we i e d i t i o n o f noted in ‘Economic Thinkers 15,’ nternat i k a r l m a r x , published in November 2010 by onaal i ‘on the jew - onal

Bernard Quaritch, the antiquar- i nst

i s h q u e s - i

ian bookseller in London, no i nst tuut voor soc voor tuut t i o n ’ , g e n e v a fewer than four titles – includ- i tute of soc of tute 1 9 0 6 ( i i s h ing three in Russian – that we l i b r a r y b r o did not hold. Contrary to what i ale gesch ale 5 8 7 7 / 5 ) was thought or hoped by some i al h al after the fall of the Soviet Union, i books by Marx have not become story i affordable: a first edition of Zur eden i Kritik der politischen Oekonomie s currently fetches a cool £ 9,750, and the 1900 edition of Ple- khanov’s translation of the Mani- festo (again printed at Geneva) sells for £ 2,250. The prices of the items on our wish-list, though relatively modest individually, added up to £ 1,880 – a sum we cannot normally afford to spend on antiquarian books. Thanks to a gift from the sns Reaal Fonds, a foundation created by the suc- cessor to the Centrale workers’ in- surance company (the Institute’s r e s p o n s e original funding institution), we t o a s u r v e y were able to purchase these items b y g e m e e n - after all. s c h a p p e l i j k All the books appeared in the g r o n d b e z i t years 1905-1906, when censor- f r o m e k e r e n , ship was less rigid, due to the b e l g i u m , 2 0 revolutionary situation in Russia. j u l y 1 9 0 3 Two of them, K evreiskomu vo- ( i i s h , a r - prosu (On the Jewish Question, c h i e f g g b ) of which the cover is reproduced

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misguided. At the other side of the thesis of Anneke ­Welcker (1920- of time working in the Soviet debate, their supporters were of- 2009), who from 1964 to 1985 Union and would have loved the ten attracted to such movements headed the Dutch department of photo album inscribed Exportles: precisely because they considered the iish. Leningrad Port 1931, donated to them practical, in contrast to Recently the Institute received the Institute by Mr A. Greven. It much socialist theory that drove another substantial accrual. In contains 60 photographs affixed the improvement of society and addition to the minutes of the by hand and with handwritten its ways into an uncertain future. board meetings from 1916 to 1931 captions in English, though a few One school of this both ‘utopian’ and some handwritten annual minor errors suggest this may not and ‘practical’ approach in the reports from those years, there is have been the writer’s native lan- late nineteenth century looked to much older material, including a guage. land reform for solutions. Popu- bunch of postcards addressed to Exportles (or Eksportles) was lar works like Progress and Poverty Van Eeden in 1903-1906. The ac- the Soviet central foreign trade by Henry George (1879), Looking crual also includes all or part of company for timber founded Backward by Edward Bellamy the results of two small surveys in 1926; in 1931 it opened a new (1888), and Freiland by Theodor held in 1903 (on cooperatives) and quay in the port of Leningrad. Hertzka (1890) served as inspira- 1919 (on interest in working for Of course, this outfit was not es- tion to many. the ggb), respectively. In the first tablished merely to accommodate In this context, the Dutch psy- case, we even find a response from organic growth in the market for chiatrist and writer Frederik van Belgium. The form reproduced wood, paper, and cellulose. The Eeden (1860-1932) in 1898 found- here, sent from Ekeren, mentions first five-year plan, introduced in ed the colony Walden, named a consumer cooperative in Ant- 1928, in addition to calling for the after another famous book, Wal- werp at Falconrui 45. This build- industrialization of the Soviet Un- den, or Life in the Woods by Henri ing – now Falconrui 47 – was ion, aimed at a fantastic increase David Thoreau (1854). Located in known as ‘de Kapel’. Constructed in timber exports. Leningrad’s s i Bussum, about 25 km southeast of as an actual chapel with a ‘hofje’ new quay was built to serve that eden i Amsterdam, it was meant to sup- in the mid-seventeenth century, purpose. As such, it was only one story i port itself through horticulture it lost its religious function after part of a larger ensemble: nearby, al h i ale gesch and to offer a place of rest to the the French Revolution and was in Avtovo, which was growing i mentally ill. In 1901 Van Eeden purchased by François Franck into a southern suburb of Lenin- sought to extend his enterprise (1872-1932) at the beginning of grad, a settlement was constructed tute of soc

i and founded Gemeenschappel- the twentieth century. Franck for the workers who would serv- tuut voor soc nst i i ijk Grondbezit (ggb, Common transformed it into an artistic and ice the outgoing ships. Apart from nst i Land Ownership). This organi- social centre. Van Eeden lectured the port, the album shows the onal i zation was intended to bring there on several occasions. The new housing development, with onaal i together existing colonies and site remains well-known among its kitchens, dining halls, cinema, nternat i create new ones but soon evolved social historians. and other facilities.

Internat into a league of ‘productive as- Unsurprisingly, the course of sociations’ in the spirit of Robert 2 Dangerous Wood events was not exactly as planned. Owen. Walden went bankrupt Charles B. Timmer (1907-1991), In The Great Urals, for example, in 1907. The ggb’s existence was the deputy director at the iish James R. Harris reminds readers also precarious, but it continued from 1966 to 1982, started his that in this region, which was to function until 1958, spawning career in his father’s trade as a supposed to make a huge leap a foundation, the Methöfersticht- timber merchant. He spent a lot forward in metallurgy and min- ing, and a few companies such as De Ploeg, a celebrated textile firm ‘ w o r k m e n [ ’s ] until 2007. h o u s e s w i t h Part of the records of the ggb e n t r a n c e arrived at the Institute in its early a n d t r a m w a y years and were later supplemented line,’ photo - from various sources. The most g r a p h t a k e n complete section of the archive i n a v t o v o o n covers the years 1921-1933, when 4 j a n u a r y Johan Methöfer (1863-1933) acted 1932 (iish) as a paid administrator. Methöfer joined the board in 1907 as one of the oldest anarchists in the Neth- erlands, although he soon turned social-democrat. Walden, Meth- öfer, and the ggb figure extensive- ly in Heren en arbeiders (Gentle- men and Workers), the 1978 phd

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ing, wood was still used as fuel, participation in elections, and the edition of Karl Marx’s Oeuvres. and there was simply not enough struggle for national independ- Because of his friendship with for local needs, let alone for ex- ence. After Lenin’s death, they Chirik, Malaquais remained in ports. Efforts to expand forestry would naturally oppose Stalin. contact with the Gauche Com- were hampered by a lack of peas- In 1935 Malaquais met André muniste in France in the post-war ant labour – a problem solved Gide, who encouraged him to years, but he became more conseil- by recruiting forced labour. In write. His first novel, Les Java- liste as a result of his relationship the West, though, some started nais (1939), was about his fellow with Rubel. The minutes of the to worry about the effects of the miners; he was awarded the Prix meetings that Rubel organized Soviet endeavour on the Europe- Renaudot for this work. Drafted from the end of the 1950s are an an economy. In 1931, Hubert R. into the French army, Malaquais important part of Malaquais’s Knickerbocker (1898-1949), the escaped to Marseille after the de- papers. Another interesting sec- chief Berlin correspondent for the feat. He waited for an American tion is his correspondence with New York Evening Post, even won a visa together with other European Chirik, Rubel, Serge Bricianer, Pulitzer Prize for reporting on The intellectuals and leftists – a period Raya Dunayevskaya, Julián Red Trade Menace (also a widely he describes in Planète sans visa Gorkín, and others. There are translated book). In the sequel (1947), whose main character is also various typewritten political Fighting the Red Trade Menace, modelled on Chirik. He travelled texts by Malaquais and his good published that same year, Knick- via Mexico to New York, return- friend Paul Mattick. The literary erbocker noted the problems the ing briefly to Paris in 1947. Here parts of his papers are now at the Soviet five-year plan was causing he published Le nommé Louis Harry Ransom Center of the Uni- for the Swedish and Finnish tim- Aragon, ou le patriote profession- versity of Texas at Austin, where ber trade. At the same time, at nel, a pamphlet against the com- Malaquais taught French litera- one point in his research he was munist writer’s attack on Gide in ture.

told “how expensive the Soviet’s 1940. He settled in the United Internat loading difficulties are in Lenin- States and became an American 2 Anarchist Landscapes i grad, where one ship is said to citizen, making friends with Nor- The substantial archive of the Brit- nternat i have waited so long for her cargo man Mailer, whose work The Na- ish anarchist and publicist Colin onaal i onal onal

that after it had been loaded the ked and the Dead (1948) he trans- Ward (1924-2010) was donated to i nst i

demurrage charges when added to lated, and who dedicated Barbary the iish by his widow Harriet in i nst tuut voor soc voor tuut

the freight exceeded the value of Shore (1951) to Malaquais. In the 2010. Ward became acquainted i tute of soc of tute the cargo, and this loss was not 1950s he learned Danish to study with anarchism during his mili- in paper roubles, but in precious the work of Søren Kierkegaard, tary service in Glasgow. After the i ale gesch ale foreign currency.” Yet, he added, the subject of his dissertation, Second World War he joined the i al h al as a sobering note, this “cannot be part of which was published in editorial board of the anarchist i typical.” 1971 (Søren Kierkegaard: foi et weekly Freedom, founded by Petr story i paradoxe). Kropotkin and others in 1886. eden i 2 Between Marx and Mailer While in Mexico he clashed Ward contributed to the journal s In November 2010, Elisabeth with Victor Serge. He deposited from 1947 until 1960. He subse- Malaquais, the widow of Jean his file on this conflict at theiish quently headed the monthly An- Malaquais (1908-1998), donated in 1996. He knew the Institute archy until it ceased publication his political papers to the Insti- because of his collaboration, as in 1970 and then started to write tute. Born in Warsaw as Wladimir a translator, with Maximilien books. He focused on themes like Malacki, after finishing high Rubel, the editor of the Pléiade housing, architecture (he worked school Malaquais set out on a as an architect from 1952 to 1961), m a l a q u a i s ’s journey through the Middle urban planning, children, and ed- p a m p h l e t East and North Africa, subse- ucation. Among his most influen- a g a i n s t quently settling in France. Here tial titles are The Child in the City a r a g o n , p u b - he earned a living as a miner in (1978), Arcadia for All: the legacy l i s h e d b y the Provence and a porter at les of a makeshift landscape (1984, r e n é l e f e u - Halles in Paris, in addition to with Dennis Hardy), and The Al- v r e i n 1 9 4 7 other jobs. He met Marc Chirik lotment: its landscape and culture ( i i s h l i b r a r y (1907-1990) and joined the in- (1988, with David Crouch). The b ro 3411/16) ternational communist left, iish has a virtually complete col- a group formed by the critics lection of his publications, total- Lenin took on in his Left-Wing ling 73 titles. Communism: An Infantile Dis- In his books, Ward explored order (1920) and at the third the relationships between people congress of the Communist In- and urban settings from an anar- ternational in 1921. The left was chist viewpoint. He concentrated critical of the Bolshevik tactics on the multiple forms of auto- of ‘entrism’ in the trade unions, organization in society which, as

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tling in Australia in the late 1970s. c o l i n w a r d In the meantime, he had gradu- i n h i s h o u s e ated as a geophysicist and become i n k e r s e y a seasoned activist. upland, suf - In France and Germany Watts f o l k , 2 0 j u l y had been involved with rita, or 1993 (iish b g Resistance Inside the Army, a term b 3 2 / 6 3 9 ) devised in 1967 by Dick Perrin, who later wrote G.I. Resister: the Story of How One American Soldier and His Family Fought the War in Vietnam (2001, with Tim McCa- rthy). ritas and fritas (‘friends of resisters inside the army,’ the most prominent ones being Jane Fonda and Jean-Paul Sartre) abound in the Archiv Soldatenrechte and he said, germinate like seeds un- tive of the rulers, and only rarely not just in relation to Vietnam. der the snow of capitalism, bu- from that of those involved. The The collection contains lots of reaucracy, and nationalism. His archive is now under construc- soldiers’ magazines from many books were translated into several tion.” As our photograph shows, countries and all kinds of studies languages and widely distributed it remained in that state in Sep- on the armed forces. Some of the outside the uk. In addition to tember 2010. literature provides legal advice or his extensive correspondence Since then, the 200 linear is intended to be helpful in some and the texts of articles, lectures, metres of what was alternately other way; yet some is clearly il- v i e w o f t h e s i books, and reviews, the archive known as ‘the soldiers’ archive,’ legal and subversive. The archive a r c h i v s o l - eden i (7.85 m) comprises eleven scrap- ‘the soldiers’ rights archive,’ or ‘the is not yet accessible, as arranging d a t e n r e c h t e story i books about architecture and his soldiers’ resistance archive’ have it will require a lot of work, and i n b e r l i n i n

al h s e p t e m b e r i ale gesch work, kept from 1943 until 1999. been at the iish, where they will important additions are still ex- i The Friends of theiish were kind constitute the core of the Brünn- pected. 2 0 1 0 enough to pay for transportation Harris-Watts archive, named after tute of soc

i of the papers and related expenses. those who created it. Wolf Dieter tuut voor soc nst i i The archive beautifully com- Brünn (1951-2010) was the man nst i plements the already voluminous who lived since 1981 on Görlitzer onal i collection on British anarchism, Street and ran the Harald Kater onaal i which includes the records of publishing house, named after nternat i Freedom Press and the papers of the local tomcat. He was a politi-

Internat Stuart Christie, Vernon Richards, cal scientist who admired Erich Nicolas Walter, and others. Mühsam, and he maintained the archive. Most of the documents 2 Soldiers’ Archive were collected by David Harris The 1990 Reader der ‘anderen’ Ar- (1938-2006), himself a former gi, chive published by the id-Archiv who founded the gi Counselling im iisg called it the ‘Archiv Sol- Center in Berlin in 1974 to assist datenrechte’ and listed its location Americans with serious reserva- as ‘Harald Kater Verlag, Görlitzer tions about their army’s presence Strasse 39’, a squatters’ address in in Vietnam, and by Max Watts 2 Amazing Solidarity Berlin’s Kreuzberg. It also quoted (1928-2010), who helped him. At the end of the 1960s Northern the archive’s Selbstdarstellung: Watts was born in Vienna as Ireland saw the outbreak of what “The Archiv Soldatenrechte aims Thomas (Tomi) Schwaetzer; he became known as ‘the Troubles,’ to establish a politically independ- changed his name after the 1965 a bloody conflict between Protes- ent documentation and archive of riots in Los Angeles: Watts for tant and Catholic nationalists that materials on the situation of male the black district, Max for ‘maxi- lasted until the end of the century and female soldiers [SoldatInnen] mum wattage.’ At age 10 he found and beyond. In 1975 Dutch activ- in active service and their efforts himself alone in London, where ists were sufficiently interested to to exercise their civil rights and to he was assisted by the communist found the Ierland Komitee Ne­ organize themselves in the mili- party until he was reunited with derland, or Campaign on Ireland, tary of past, present and future. his mother in the United States which started to publish the Ier- The archive should close up a gap, in 1944. He left again to avoid land Bulletin. The committee has since writers and historians have fighting in Korea and lived in Is- now deposited its considerable so far treated this topic almost rael, France, Algeria, Cuba, again archive, including many posters exclusively from the perspec- France, and Germany, before set- from various countries, at the iish.

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c a m p a i g n building, which served the In- o n i r e l a n d stitute until 1969. In May-July m e e t i n g a t 1967, however, a whole series was n i j m e g e n i n taken, probably by Wim Veen, the n o v e m b e r financial administrator, who was 1 9 8 0 ( i i s h , an amateur photographer. He archief ier - photographed all staff members land comité) at work, as well as the senior staff meeting, the storerooms, and the view of the Westertoren from the top floor. His album was ‘rediscov- ered’ in the year of the Institute’s 75th anniversary. The photograph reproduced here shows Annie Diaz-van der Goot (21 May 1901-31 January 1976), who was special in many respects. She was the younger sis- Originating from the radical the Campaign was the arrest and ter of Willemijn Hendrika van der milieu of the Rode Hulp (Red subsequent extradition of two ira Goot (1897-1989), the second wife Aid) and the Rode Jeugd (Red members, Brendan McFarlane of Nicolaas Posthumus, the iish’s Youth), the campaign initially and Gerry Kelly, in Amsterdam in founder, and herself a co-founder sympathized openly with the 1986. From 1987 on, the commit- of the International Archive of Provisional – as opposed to the tee shed its ‘activist’ leanings and the Women’s Movement in 1935.

Official – Irish Republican Army concentrated on publishing the The two girls were daughters of Internat (ira). Indeed, interest in ‘urban Bulletin, continuing until 2002. Fiepko van der Goot (1869-1940) i guerrilla’ and the ‘anti-imperialist The final issue told its history. and Elisabeth Marijna Castens. nternat i struggle’ in general became so The photograph reproduced Fiepko was an engineer who in onaal i onal onal

strong that some members joined here, taken from an album, shows late 1896 started working for the i nst i

a Palestinian training camp in Nugent (third from right behind Nederlandsch-Zuid-Afrikaansche i nst tuut voor soc voor tuut

South Yemen in 1976, where they the table) at a meeting organized Spoorweg-Maatschappij (nzasm) i tute of soc of tute encountered second-generation by the committee at O’42 in Nij­ in the Transvaal, until the Brit- militants of the Rote Armee Frak- megen in November 1980. Next ish threw him out in 1900, dur- i ale gesch ale tion, who were not impressed. to him are Dave Farrell, a trade- ing the second Anglo-Boer war. i al h al Its brief flirtation with terrorism union representative in the Irish Thus, while Willemijn had been i over, the committee disbanded, H-block committee, and Mau- born in Pretoria, Annie started her story i only to be resurrected in 1977, reen Gibson, a former prisoner at life in Nijmegen. In 1902 Fiepko eden i first in Amsterdam, then in Nij­ Armagh. O’42 – named after its was employed by the Ministry of s megen. address at Oranjesingel 42 – was a Colonies. He took his family to The committee now began to ‘politiek-kultureel centrum.’ the Dutch East Indies, where he focus on the situation of ira pris- became responsible for the devel- oners, most notably in the Long 2 Inside Story opment of the telegraph system in Kesh Detention Centre, around 15 The Institute’s first address was a large part of the archipelago. The km southwest of Dublin, and in Keizersgracht 264. The building, neha Bijzondere Collecties (no Armagh Prison for women, some owned by the city of Amsterdam, 241) include several photo albums 40 km farther on. In Long Kesh, had been constructed in 1876 as related to these works, donated by also known as ‘the Maze,’ pris- an ‘hbs voor meisjes,’ a new type Fiepko’s second wife, B.M. Har- oners convicted of terrorist acts of secondary school for girls. In tog, who hailed from Ambon. The were housed in so-called H-blocks 1936 it stood vacant, and the city neha also happened to obtain, from 1976 on. Some ira mem- agreed to let the new iish use it probably in 1940, an interesting bers, starting with Kieran Nugent free of charge for a period of ten documentation collection on the (1958-2000), refused to wear pris- years. The stacks could at first nzasm (bc 493). on uniforms in an attempt to ob- hold about five linear kilometres After the couple divorced, tain the status of political prison- of books (about three miles), but Fiepko’s first wife moved to Swit- ers; not allowed their own clothes, within two years this space proved zerland, where her daughters they wrapped themselves in blan- entirely inadequate. Most corri- attended a boarding school in kets and became known as the dors had been filled with book- Lausanne; later she settled in San ‘blanket men.’ In 1980 and again cases, the building was overflow- Remo, where she lived until her in 1981 some prisoners staged ing, and additional space had to death in 1929. In 1919, the girls hunger strikes; Bobby Sands and be rented across the canal. returned to Holland, living in nine other hunger strikers died. There are not many pho- Scheveningen. Willemijn attend- Another defining moment for tographs of the interior of the ed the Handelshogeschool, the

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couple met. After 1935 they helped annie diaz- the iish and its Paris branch office v a n d e r g o o t on several occasions. a t t h e i i s h The war separated them. An- i n s p r i n g nie and her daughter Liesbeth, 1967 (iish b g born in 1931, lived together with t 2 / 1 8 9 ) the Posthumus family in Leiden, where they helped a Jewish girl survive. For this, Annie together with her sister and the latter’s husband posthumously received Israel’s Yad Vashem medal in 2008. From August 1947 to May 1971 Ms Diaz worked at the iish in Amsterdam. Until 1960 she was in charge of the Institute’s finan- cial administration, but her main Graduate School of Commerce at on the internet, including one task was to make sense of the Rotterdam, while Annie attended of a model in a swimsuit by the enormous serial collection, which t o m b s t o n e the more practical clerical courses famous designer Sonia Delaunay. after the war was in complete dis- a t p è r e -­ at the brand-new Schoevers insti- (His excellent portrait of Posthu- array. She lived on the coast in l a c h a i s e tute in The Hague. Around 1925, mus is in the Institute’s collec- Noordwijk, 25 km to the south- c e m e t r y while visiting her mother, she tion.) Annie and Luigi married in west of Amsterdam, and every day i n p a r i s o f met Luigi Diaz, an antique dealer 1927 and lived in Paris at the Rue travelled by bus to Haarlem, then e u g è n e p o t - about ten years her senior. They Lepic, behind the Moulin Rouge. on to Amsterdam by train. In the t i e r , a u t h o r s i fell in love, but her father disap- Their patrons included the fashion picture she sits amidst ‘her’ seri- o f t h e l y r i c s eden i proved of Luigi – until he became designer Jean Patou, whose celeb- als, aged 66, wearing her eternal o f l ’ i n t e r ­ story i a fashion photographer. Some of rity clients – Mary Pickford, Do- dustcoat and as always inseparable n a t i o n a l e

al h (iish collec - i ale gesch Luigi’s prints can now be found lores del Rio, Sonja Henie – the from her cigarettes. i t i o n , l u c i e n d e s c a v e s

tute of soc ­p a p e r s , i n v. i tuut voor soc nst i n o 2 7 0 ) i nst i onal i onaal i nternat i History of Labour in Internat Popular Music: Music Collections of the iish

n addition to a vast collec- presentations highlighting aspects Ition of images and audiovisual of the relation between the labour sources, the iish manages a sub- and working-class movement and stantial music collection, com- popular music. prising both sound carriers and sheet music and lyrics. The 22nd Friends’ Meeting was a welcome P reliminary E x p l o - opportunity to pay tribute to r a t i o n o f t h e music and the labour movement. P r i n t e d M a t e r i a l , Mieke IJzermans presented a se- ‘ D o r s m a n ’s b o o k l e t , ’ lection of well-known specimens a n d E i s l e r ( B a u k e from the iish music collection, M a r i n u s ) such as the original manuscript of the text of l’Internationale. Board Preliminary exploration of labour member Bauke Marinus and iish movement music items at the In- staff members Aad Blok and Lex stitute reveals that such material Heerma van Voss delivered brief is abundant, has not undergone a

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s l e e v e o f a first in Germany, but also after g r a m o p h o n e he fled to the United States, to- r e c o r d o f gether with Bertolt Brecht. They b e r t h o l d dedicated themselves to the strug- b r e c h t ’s gle of the working class against h e a r i n g b e - National Socialism and fascism. f o r e t h e One of their achievements was h o u s e o f the famous Soli­daritätslied. I once r e p r e s e n t a - heard the song performed at a na- t i v e s c o m - tional assembly of the cpn (Dutch m i t t e e o n Communist Party) in East Gro- u n - a m e r i c a n ningen during a protest demon- a c t i v i t i e s stration against closing the straw- ( i i s h b g board outfit. Everybody present p g 1 / 1 2 7 ) (including myself) was already deeply impressed by the passion- ate speech that Fré Meis delivered at the occasion, but the sound of the Solidaritätslied was emotion- ally overwhelming, exemplifying how singing moves groups of ac- tivists. When Eisler recorded his own soundtrack to Ford’s movie in

Hollywood, the sound was differ- Internat systematic inventory, and, as far as in Leiden, members of the L.J. ent, identifying him as a student i the sound carriers are concerned, Coster typographers’ association. of Schönberg. In some respects, nternat i is often poorly accessible. This presentation seemed like a composing battle and action onaal i onal onal

Printed materials (both texts nice opportunity to add Dorsman songs was detrimental to Eisler. It i nst i

and sheet music) comprise the to the Institute’s collections. withheld him from what Schön- i nst tuut voor soc voor tuut

following general categories: In the course of my prelimi- berg described as ‘writing notes’. i tute of soc of tute • battle and militant songs, main- nary exploration, I also discov- “That is where his talent lies, he ly about solidarity in action and ered Hanns Eisler (1898-1962). I should let others do the rest,” he i ale gesch ale spirit; once teamed up with the com- added ironically. i al h al • songs elevating the working poser Paul Prenen to produce Eisler must have realized this, i class, performed in concert a programme about Eisler. I too, based on his statements be- story i halls, often by professional knew that during his years in the fore the House Committee on eden i choirs; United States Eisler had worked Un-American Activities, where he s • general, non-socialist booklets on movie scores; this time I no- was summoned to testify after the of lyrics, often from folk songs. ticed that he once performed an Second World War. The chairman Most of these materials are experiment with the movie The of the committee, convicted soon from the period of the modern Grapes of Wrath (directed by John afterwards for illegal land specula- labour movement since the late Ford and based on the book by tion, hardly let Eisler speak. Eisler nineteenth century; a far smaller John Steinbeck), for which Alfred just barely managed to say, “I am share is from earlier periods. Newman had written the original a composer, not a songwriter. If The Institute holds a great music. Eisler composed his own that displeases you, try playing many books of minutes from Ger- music score for this movie as well. Open the Door, Richard” (a popu- man choral societies and reading The dvd accompanying the new lar jingle at the time). Schönberg clubs in Paris from the second half 2006 edition of the book Kompo- spoke up on behalf of his student, of the nineteenth century, starting sition für den Film, which Eisler but his efforts were futile. Eisler with the Commune. In the period originally published together with left the United States. between the Commune and the Theodor W. Adorno in 1947, fea- American protest songs con- outbreak of the First World War, tures two versions of the same clip tinued to reflect the traditions of German migrant workers sang ea- from the movie, one playing the American workers’ songs after the gerly and often stridently. In my music by Newman, the second the war. In the gdr Eisler reverted to own library I have a booklet that music by Eisler. Newman’s music the European traditions estab- once belonged to my grandfather, ties in well with subjects that will lished during the struggle against ‘Dorsman’s booklet’. Dorsman be elaborated in the following fascism in the 1920s. The East placed the lyrics of popular songs two accounts: the traditional folk German comrades prohibited the in this booklet in 1904, when he music played by workers in the Faust Opera he composed. Eisler apparently worked in Paris. He United States. Eisler related to was too much of a composer. sent it to his former co-workers workers through music as well, In Western Europe, when ties

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with the original social democ- Dylan later tried to discard his States, but uses of folk music in racy weakened and were eventu- reputation as a protest singer, he the civil rights movement of the ally severed altogether, interest is remembered primarily for songs 1950s and 60s – a black social increased in American protest such as Blowin’ in the Wind and movement if there ever was one songs, which derived from a tra- The Times They Are a-Changing. – differ substantially from those dition that was entirely different Coming full circle, Bruce Spring- in the largely white radical-leftist from the West European socialist steen, who in his early years was movement in the 1920s and 30s. heritage of songs. labelled ‘the new Bob Dylan,’ In a recent study the American mentioned Guthrie as one of his sociologist William Roy shows most important role models. In how (mostly white) communists T h e ‘ W o r k i n g - C l a s s 2006, in his album We Shall Over- and other leftist radicals appropri- H e r o ’ i n A m e r i c a n come: The Seeger Sessions, Spring- ated folk music for propaganda P o p u l a r M u s i c steen paid tribute to the work of purposes, having the public lis- ( A a d B l o k ) Pete Seeger, who in the 1950s and ten passively to the leftist mes- 60s carried on Guthrie’s work and sage conveyed by folk music. In The American protest songs that was active in the American radical the civil rights movement, on dominated popular music all over leftist movement. the other hand, those participat- the world for a while from the This genealogy of the work- ing in marches sang well-known 1960s and have deeply influenced ing-class hero from Whitman songs from the same tradition of modern pop music, thanks to the to Springsteen seems to revolve American folk music to promote illustrious work of Bob Dylan mainly around the individual, solidarity against police violence. and – later on – Bruce Spring- white American working man. steen, hail from a tradition that Whitman’s romantic, patriotic derives largely from the renowned interest in workers reflects little P u r e F o l k M u s i c , American poet Walt Whitman. awareness of the specific forms of t h e A v a n t - G a r d e , s i At any rate, such is the view that disadvantage and discrimination a n d M u s i c C o l l e c - eden i Bryan Garman elaborates in his that black Americans faced. And t o r s ( L e x H e e r m a story i interesting study A Race of Sing- Guthrie is known primarily for v a n V o s s ) al h i ale gesch ers: Whitman’s Working-Class defending the poor white farmers i Hero from Guthrie to Springsteen and sharecroppers deprived by the In the second half of the 19th and (2000). The poem ‘I hear Amer- Dust Bowl of their basic subsist- 20th centuries relations between tute of soc

i ica singing’ from Leaves of Grass ence (the subject of Steinbeck’s the leftist movement and music tuut voor soc nst i i is Whitman’s most famous ode The Grapes of Wrath). Finally, were therefore not free of conflict. nst i to the working man, who in his in the 1980s, Reagan’s Republi- One of the main causes was the onal i view personified the true soul cans embraced Springsteen’s hit penchant among sections of the onaal i of the American nation. Whit- song Born in the usa, despite the Left for what was regarded as pure nternat i man’s love for the working class composer’s obvious leftist views – music and a possibly ‘leftist’ dis-

Internat became an important inspiration which in 2008 led him to support position toward innovation and for the vast collection of songs by Barack Obama’s campaign in his avant-garde art, also in music. America’s most renowned folk song Working on a Dream. For centuries, mainstream, singer, Woody Guthrie (1912- Black American culture, how- classical music experienced regu- 1967). Although today Guthrie ever, has its own, autonomous lar innovations, which did not is remembered mainly as the au- tradition of folk songs, manifest- instantly meet with automatic thor of the patriotic This Land is ing primarily in the blues. Blues public acceptance. In the 19th and Your Land, he dedicated most of music is known to derive from the 20th centuries this trend appears his career to the radical struggle work songs of black slaves, and to have intensified. Many resisted by the American proletariat and the blues is known to have been music by avant-garde composers against capitalism and fascism. pivotal in the rise of modern rock such as Schönberg (1874-1951) or The folk music that came about in music as well. But Black folk mu- Bartók (1881-1945). The prefer- the rural United States during the sic has its own working-class hero: ence for ‘pure’ culture, which in early twentieth century (in which John Henry, the mythical black music often denoted folk music, influences from older European railway worker who opposed the was not specific to the Left. In folk music resound, thanks to steam engine, paying for his vic- keeping with Herder (1744-1803), immigrants) served the radical tory with his life. His story is told many regarded the people, i.e. leftist movement as an easily ac- in many versions of the song, in- ordinary folk, as the conveyors cessible propaganda vehicle from terpreted and sung both by black of a national culture. This view the 1920s onward, with Guthrie singers like Mississippi John Hurt still imbues today’s definition of as one of the major proponents. (1892/3-1966) and by white ones, folk music as a genre: “All work- The genealogy described including Guthrie, Seeger, and ing men’s songs, children’s songs, by Garman then continued to Springsteen. and songs of myths and legends Guthrie’s substantial influence Not only did a specific black that have been passed on orally in Dylan’s early work. Although music culture exist in the United across generations for centuries

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and characterize a specific coun- was collected in this manner had Stem des Volks (1898-2002) try, region, or culture.” traditional political views. But was a Dutch choir that sang tra- Many important composers, not all. Leadbelly, mentioned ditional labour movement songs. such as Grieg and Bartók, de- above, and Woody Guthrie (an- Such choirs often progressed to a rived inspiration from these folk other source of the Lomaxes, non-socialist, classical repertoire, songs. They were collected by covered here in detail as well), because it was more complex well-known and less well-known were ardent leftists. Several trails and musically interesting. Social- composers. In the First World lead from these collectors to the democratic leaders such as Henri War a collector such as Cecil folk revival of the 1950s and 60s. Polak did not object and in fact Sharpe (1859-1924) gathered folk Charles Seeger’s son Pete was very advocated introducing workers music in the Appalachian Moun- active in this effort. His band The to classical culture for several tains in the United States. He Weavers recorded Leadbelly’s reasons. Folk songs drew interest believed that there, in isolation, Goodnight Irene, which topped within the socialist movement, the old music of Scottish and the charts for thirteen weeks in where Piet Tiggers (1891-1968), for English immigrants, had been 1950. As explained above, Woody example, propagated singing folk more purely preserved than in the Guthrie served as a role model songs in the ajc youth movement. home country. Another example for Bob Dylan in his early years, In the 1960s and ’70s battle was Percy Grainger (1882-1961), and Pete Seeger transformed the songs, including socialist ones, who collected folk music in Eng- spiritual We Shall Overcome into experienced a revival, inspired in land in the 1900s but was also the a leftist battle song. As a leftist part by the American folk move- first to cover jazz in musicology singer, Seeger was prosecuted by ment, vocalized by singers such as lectures at New York University in McCarthy. Boudewijn de Groot. The hit song the 1930s. Opinions varied as to The labour movement has Zeven dagen lang by Bots (1976) what was pure and folk art. This always produced songs, such as figures in the same tradition.

is an ongoing conflict surround- Pierre de Geyter’s L’Internationale. Jaap van der Merwe (1924-1989) Internat ing folk music. Music enjoyed Many battle songs were written figured prominently in preserv- i by ‘the people’, such as sung by and sung in the labour organiza- ing, passing on, and recycling nternat i Johnny Jordaan or Jan(tje) Smit tions, albeit in fairly traditional performances of classical social- onaal i onal onal

in the Netherlands, for example, musical vernacular. By the early ist and other protest songs. He i nst i is regarded as overly commercial 20th century some composers produced the vara radio show i nst tuut voor soc voor tuut

and ‘fabricated’ by folk music afi- started to use more modern mu- ’t Oproer kraait from 1968 to 1975 i tute of soc of tute cionados. sic, classical and popular alike, as and is the author of what remains In the 1930s Americans such Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) and to this day the most important i ale gesch ale as John Lomax (1867-1948) and Hanns Eisler (1898-1962) exem- book about Dutch protest songs: i al h al Charles Seeger (1886-1979) col- plify. Though dedicated to the Gij zijt kanalje! heeft men ons ver- i lected field recordings of folk labour movement, they were weten: het proletariërslied in Neder­ story i music. ‘Field’ sometimes denoted interested in contemporary and land en Vlaanderen (1974). eden i very unusual settings: Lomax and avant-garde music as well. s his son Alan (1915-2002) recorded the singer Leadbelly (1885-1949) at the State Penitentiary in Angola, Louisiana. The Works Progress Administration collected life sto- ries and songs by former slaves. These efforts helped preserve the grass-roots culture, which was overlooked by most official custo- dians of musical heritage. In this Report of the General respect, they were comparable to the collection and rescue opera- tions of the iish. In the Nether- Friends’ Meeting, lands song culture was collected as well (somewhat later than in Anglo-Saxon countries). One of 20 January 2011 the driving forces was Ate Doorn- bosch (1926-2010), who recorded folk music from 1957 to 1993, first for the vara programme Onder de t the time of the meeting, to the acquisition of the Colin Groene Linden and later on for a A the financial report for Ward papers. The Institute’s di- sister institute of the iish, the P.J. 2010 was not yet available; it is rectors will decide later on how Meertens Institute. now published below. Notice the to spend our gift of € 5000 for Many folk singers whose work Friends’ assistance with regard the year 2010.

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financial results for 2010 and b udget for 2011

f i n a n c i a l r e s u l t s b u d g e t f i n a n c i a l r e s u l t s b u d g e t as of 31-12-2009 f o r 2 0 1 0 as of 31-12-2010 f o r 2 0 1 1 € € € € € €

opening balance 23.625,30 11.062,25 11.062,25 5.832,33

r e v e n u e s Dues 9.855,59 9.000,00 8.864,03 9.000,00 Write-off dues -4.275,00 Grant AD-Druk 4.000,00 4.000,00 4.000,00 4.000,00 Other donations 216,67 32.150,00 Adverting revenues 240,00 240,00 250,00 Interest 6,47 50,00 0,00 total revenues 10.043,73 9.290,00 41.014,03 9.250,00

expenditures Publishing costs Flyer 2010 2.500,00 2.748,60 On the Waterfront June 3.493,57 2.325,00 2.148,33 2.325,00 On the Waterfront December 3.493,56 2.325,00 2.148,33 2.325,00 6.987,13 7.150,00 7.045,26 4.650,00

Grant issued s i iish, Chinese Posters, MN 2.332,37 eden

i iish, Chinese Posters Kunsthal 1.300,00

story iish, collections 2009 10.000,00 i iish, collections 2010 5.000,00 5.000,00 al h i ale gesch i iish, collections 2011 5.000,00 Collection Colin Ward 2.000,00 Collection Pejic 10.000,00 tute of soc i Qajar Collection 20.000,00 tuut voor soc nst i i Acquisition Russian Marx editions 2.150,00 nst i onal

i 13.632,37 5.000,00 39.150,00 5.000,00 onaal i

nternat General administrative expenditures i Public relations 1.966,56 250,00 250,00 Internat Banking costs and exchange differences 20,72 50,00 48,69 50,00 663,92 300,00 95,50 300,00

total expenditures 22.606,78 12.450,00 46.243,95 9.950,00

closing balance 11.062,25 7.902,25 5.832,33 5.132,33

breakdown closing balance Bank balance 20.122,25 9.192,33 Still payable to iish 2010 0,00 -5.000,00 Outstanding publishing costs -1.500,00 -1.500,00 Still payable to iish 2009 -10.000,00 Contributions to be received from Friends 1.000,00 1.700,00 Advertising revenues to be received 1.440,00 1.440,00

11.062,25 5.832,33

{ 15 } Niek Scheps Weersta van het begin maar slechts met het geesteszwaard Het verzetswerk van J.H. Scheps 1940-1945 isbn 978 90 5260 369 8, 380 pp., € 35,00 Op het moment dat de Duitsers op 10 mei 1940 Nederland bin- nenvielen, wist christen en socialist J.H. Scheps precies wat hem te doen stond: de vijand weerstaan. Dat heeft Scheps ook op bijzondere wijze gedaan. Afkerig als hij was van het gebruik van geweld, geloofde hij slechts in de kracht van geestelijke weer- baarheid. Scheps liet zich daarbij leiden door het evangelie, het socialisme, de democratie en het positieve recht. In tal van spreekbeurten en brochures riep hij zijn landgenoten op tot dezelfde houding. Hij ging er tot het einde van de bezettingstijd mee door, ook in de periode 1944-1945, toen hij een jaar lang in Amsterdam en Amersfoort gevangen zat. Scheps’ brochures, vaak in een opmerkelijk hoge oplage verspreid, moeten door tienduizenden Nederlanders zijn gelezen en hij moet met zijn spreekbeurten meer dan twintigduizend toehoorders hebben bereikt. Niek Scheps, neef van J.H. Scheps, is de eerste die zijn tientallen brochures en maar liefst vijftien- honderd spreekbeurten heeft onderzocht en beoordeeld. Daarbij komen ook de ongemakkelijke, zo niet onmogelijke dilemma’s aan de orde waarvoor Scheps door zijn beginselvaste houding kwam te staan.

Aniek Smit ‘Mijn vader had een Afro!’ Letterkunde Hoe Marokkaanse migranten in Nederland zich Kunst kleden sinds de jaren zestig Geestes- isbn 978 90 5260 391 9, 216 pp., € 22,50 wetenschappen Aan de hand van foto’s, en interviews met leden van de verschil- lende generaties schetst dit boek een beeld van de ontwikkeling Sociale van het kleedgedrag van Marokkaanse migranten in Nederland in wetenschappen de periode 1965-2010. Daarbij legt Smit een verband met andere studies over de integratie van deze groep, de manier waarop zij zich identificeren en hun maatschappelijke positie. Verschillen hun Verkrijgbaar via kledingkeuzes wezenlijk van die van hun ouders? Aniek Smit laat zien dat er ten onrechte problemen worden gemaakt over het kleedgedrag van www.aup.nl en Marokkanen. In tegenstelling tot eerdere studies blijkt dat er weinig sprake is van een traditi- in de boekhandel onalisering of islamisering. Een direct verband leggen tussen kleedgedrag en integratie blijkt onmogelijk. Door de aandacht te vestigen op de context waarin men bepaalde kleding draagt, wordt duidelijk dat er sterke variaties bestaan in de manier van kleden. Factoren als gender, leef- tijd, herkomstgebied en het modeaanbod spelen daarbij een bepalende rol. De keuze voor een hoofddoek blijkt niet altijd een religieus statement te zijn.

Judith Frishman, David J. Wertheim, Ido de Haan en Joël Cahen (eds) Borders and boundaries in and around Dutch Jewish History isbn 978 90 5260 387 2, 208 pp., € 22,50 De artikelen in deze bundel belichten de veelzijdige betekenis van ‘grenzen’ voor de joodse geschiedenis binnen en rondom Nederland. De auteurs schetsen met hun bijdragen een beeld dat ingaat tegen de klassieke notie dat joodse gemeenschappen te definiëren zijn langs de grenzen van getto’s, natiestaten, religie, Herengracht 221 of vanuit een vaste etnische identiteit. In plaats daarvan tonen de 1016 BG Amsterdam zij vanuit een anti-essentialistisch perspectief hoezeer wisselende geografische, politieke, nationale en ideologische omstandigheden van invloed zijn op de con- Tel.: +31 (0)20 420 0050 structie en veranderlijkheid van collectieve joodse identiteit. Of het nu ging om de invloed van Fax: +31 (0)20 420 3214 Duitse joden op de vorming van een liberaal jodendom in Nederland, de Portugese identiteit van [email protected] de joden van Salonika of de Antwerpse diamantslijpers die naar Israel emigreerden, telkens blijkt www.aup.nl dat grenzen in de joodse geschiedenis zowel bepalend, als veranderlijk zijn.