Dark Matter-2.Pdf

ВИДАВНИЧИЙ АКАДЕМ ДІМ ПЕРІОДИКА NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE INSTITUTE of RADIO ASTRONOMY MAIN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV V.N. KARAZIN KHARKIV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ РАДIОАСТРОНОМIЧНИЙ IНСТИТУТ ГОЛОВНА АСТРОНОМIЧНА ОБСЕРВАТОРIЯ КИЇВСЬКИЙ НАЦIОНАЛЬНИЙ УНIВЕРСИТЕТ iменi ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА ХАРКIВСЬКИЙ НАЦIОНАЛЬНИЙ УНIВЕРСИТЕТ iменi В.Н. КАРАЗIНА UDK 524.8, 539 BBK 22.6, 22.3 D20 Reviewers: I.L. ANDRONOV, Dr. Sci., Prof., Head of Department of the Odesa National Maritime University O.L. PETRUK, Dr. Sci., Leading researcher of the Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics of NASU Approved for publication by: Scientific Council of the Institute of Radio Astronomy of NASU (June, 2013) Scientific Council of the Main Astronomical Observatory of NASU (June, 2013) Publication was made possible by a State contract promoting the production of scientific printed material Dark energy and dark matter in the Universe: in D20 three volumes / Editor V. Shulga. — Vol. 2. Dark matter: Astrophysical aspects of the problem / Shulga V.M., Zhdanov V.I., Alexandrov A.N., Berczik P.P., Pavlenko E.P., Pavlenko Ya.V., Pilyugin L.S., Tsvetkova V.S. — K. : Akademperiodyka, 2014. — 356 p. ISBN 978-966-360-239-4 ISBN 978-966-360-253-0 (vol. 2) This monograph is the second issue of a three volume edition under the general title “Dark Energy and Dark Matter in the Universe”. It concentrates mainly on astrophysical aspects of the dark matter and invisible mass problem including those of gravitational lensing, mass distribution, and chemical abundance in the Universe, physics of compact stars and models of the galactic evolution. The monograph is intended for science professionals, educators and graduate students, specializing in extragalactic astronomy, cosmology and general relativity. UDC 524.8, 539 BBK 22.6, 22.3 ⃝c Shulga V.M., Zhdanov V.I., Alexandrov A.N., Berczik P.P., Pavlenko E.P., Pavlenko Ya.V., ISBN 978-966-360-239-4 Pilyugin L.S., Tsvetkova V.S., 2014 ISBN 978-966-360-253-0 (vol. 2) ⃝c Akademperiodyka, design, 2014 CONTENTS FOREWORD OF THE EDITOR . 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 9 Gravitational lensing as a key 1 to solving the dark matter problem C HAPTER Shulga V.M., Minakov A.A., Vakulik V.G., Smirnov G.V., Tsvetkova V.S. 1.1. Gravitational lensing: general conception. 11 1.2. Spatial structure of quasars from microlensing studies 22 1.3. Dark matter content from probability density distributi- ons of microlensing amplifications . 51 1.4. Flux ratio anomalies as a key to detect dark matter substructures . 59 1.5. Time delay lenses: impact on the Hubble constant and/or the dark matter problem. 67 Qualitative problems in gravitational microlensing 2 Zhdanov V.I., Alexandrov A.N., Fedorova E.V., Sliusar V.M. CHAPTER 2.1. Gravitational lensing: a short overview . 85 2.2. Approximate solutions of the lens equation in the vicinity of the high amplification events . 89 2.3. Amplification of extended sources near the fold . 99 2.4. Astrometric gravitational microlensing. 111 Chemical evolution of late 3 type galaxies of different masses CHAPTER Pilyugin L.S. 3.1. Introduction. 135 3.2. The chemical abundances in nearby galaxies . 137 3.3. The maximum attainable value of the oxygen abundance in spiral galaxies. 148 5 Contents 3.4. The redshift evolution of oxygen and nitrogen abundances in late type galaxies. Galaxy downsizing . 159 3.5. Galaxy downsizing and the origin of the scatter in the N/H—O/H diagram . 173 3.6. Summary. 180 Dissipative N-body & gasodynamical 4 model of the triaxial protogalaxy collapse CHAPTER Berczik P.P., Kravchuk S.G., Spurzem R., Hensler G. 4.1. Introduction. 191 4.2. Dissipative N-body code for galaxy evolution . 193 4.3. Galaxy as dynamical system with accreting cold gas halo 200 4.4. Gasodynamical model of the triaxial protogalaxies collapse. Isothermal and adiabatic solutions . 209 4.5. Chemo-dynamical SPH code for evolution of star forming disk galaxies . 229 4.6. Chemo-photometric evolution of star forming disk galaxy....................................................... 247 4.7. Multi-phase chemo-dynamical hardware accelerated SPH code for galaxy evolution . 254 4.8. Conclusion . 282 Cataclysmic variables — the faint interacting 5 close binary stars at the late stage of evolution CHAPTER Pavlenko E.P. 5.1. Introduction. 294 5.2. Observations and results. 297 Ultracool dwarfs in our Galaxy 6 Pavlenko Ya.V. CHAPTER 6.1. Introduction. 318 6.2. M-dwarfs of later spectral classes . 320 6.3. Brown dwarfs . 327 6.4. Low mass objects of spectral classes L-T-Y . 335 6.5. Exoplanets . 341 6.6. Conclusions . 346 ABOUT THE AUTHORS . 354 FOREWORD OF THE EDITOR At present it is no surprise that the major part of matter in the Universe is either invisible or dark. More surprising is the fact that first evidence for the existence of dark matter and dark energy (and the overall matter-energy content in the Universe) have been established by the methods of astronomy, i.e. by observing emissions from baryonic objects which are bright objects. Since the discovery of the dark Uni- verse dominated by dark matter and dark energy, astronomical observations continue to be the main tool for studying the composition and distribution of dark matter, and the effect of dark energy on the evolution of the Universe. The present book is the second in a three volume monograph under the general title “Dark Energy and Dark Matter of the Universe”. It concentrates mainly on astrophysical aspects of the dark matter problem. The aim of this book is to provide a self-contained description of the data which underlie our present understanding of the physical processes in the baryonic Universe containing dark matter. The book is divided into several parts according to the content of the material. Chapters 1 and 2 summarize a sig- nificant fraction of the theoretical and observational results obtained by two research teams from Kharkov and Kyiv in Ukraine. They are dedicated to problems of gravitational lensing effects that provide a direct proof of the existence of dark matter. Chapter 3 presents material on the composition of galactic objects, focusing on the formation and evolution of galaxies. Chapter 4 contains special to- pics relating to the evolution of galactic and multi-galactic systems, using the techniques of hydrodynamic simulation and N-body numerical modeling, with account of certain 7 Foreword of the Editor cosmological assumptions. Chapters 5 and 6 concern compact galactic objects that form a most numerous population of small sized stars and are an important part of the poorly observable baryonic matter. In Chapter 5 close binary stars are discussed with emphasis on the late stage of their evolution, including such compact objects as dwarf stars and neutron stars, or black holes. Studies of physical conditions and evolution processes in low-mass stars of another kind are presented in Chapter 6, also discussing the formation of spectra of ultra cold and brown dwarfs. The list of contributors to Chapter 1 includes the names of Prof. Anatoly Minakov and Victor Vakulik, two researchers who were pioneers of strong gravitational lensing studies in Ukraine. Both of them left this world too early, passing away before this book has been completed. We will remember. V. SHULGA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the financial support of the Target Scienti- fic Research Programs “Structure and composition of the Universe, hidden mass and dark energy” (2007—2009), “Astrophysical and cosmological problems of hidden mass and dark energy of the Universe” (2010—2012) [“CosmoMi- croPhysics”], within which this monograph was originated. We are thankful to academician Valerij Shulga, the editor of this monograph, for the suggestion of its writing, partici- pation in the formation of its content, and organization of its publication. We also thank academician Yaroslav Yatskiv for his generous support of these Programs. We also appreci- ate helpful and highly professional assistance from the staff of the academic publisher “Akademperiodyka”. AUTHORS Kyiv, June, 2013 C HAPTER GRAVITATIONAL LENSING AS A KEY TO SOLVING THE DARK MATTER PROBLEM V.M. Shulga, A.A. Minakov, V.G. Vakulik, G.V. Smirnov, V.S. Tsvetkova 1.1. Gravitational lensing: general conception The second part of the XX century occurred to be very suc- cessful for astronomers, astrophysicists and cosmologists. In the first 60ths, the most remote sources of radiation, — the quasars — were discovered [85]. A few years later, pulsa- ting sources — the pulsars — were detected [38]. And fi- nally, a decade later existence of space mirages — gravitational lenses (GL) — was confirmed [124]. Discovery of the first GL has stimulated dedicated searches for other lenses. To do this, most powerful instruments of the opti- cal and radio wavelength ranges were being used, and even some new instruments dedicated to the search for mani- festations of the gravitational lensing phenomenon have been created 1. Several international programs dedicated to the GL problems have been approved, which remain to be operational so far. The interest to the space “mirages” is due, first of all, to a possibility of solving a set of topical astrophysical and cosmological problems inherent in this phenomenon. They are, for example, determination of the Hubble constant, as well as studies of the fine structure of the quasars’ emitting regions with the highest resolution that is as yet unachieva- ble for ground-based and even space-based observations. Last time, the GL phenomenon turned out to be very efficient in searching for the hidden mass in the Universe 1 Sometimes this phenomenon is also referred to as the “gravitational focusing”. 11 CHAPTER 1.

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