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The Chemistry of Extrasolar Planetary Systems

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The Chemistry of Extrasolar Planetary Systems The Chemistry of Extrasolar Planetary Systems Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Bond, Jade Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 05:25:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194946 THE CHEMISTRY OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS by Jade Chantelle Bond A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF PLANETARY SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 0 0 8 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dis- sertation prepared by Jade Chantelle Bond entitled The Chemistry of Extrasolar Planetary Systems and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: 31 October 2008 Dante S. Lauretta Date: 31 October 2008 Michael J. Drake Date: 31 October 2008 David P. O’Brien Date: 31 October 2008 Michael R. Meyer Date: 31 October 2008 Adam P. Showman Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: 31 October 2008 Dissertation Director: Dante S. Lauretta 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, pro- vided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for ex- tended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Jade Chantelle Bond 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Science, like most other activities in life, is a collaborative effort and as such there are many people who deserve thanks for their assistance with producing my dissertation. First and foremost, I’d like to thank my Ph.D. advisor, Dr. Dante Lauretta, for his invaluable support and guidance throughout my time with him. There is simply no way that this work could have been completed without his assistance, both professionally and personally, along with the support of his wife, Kate. For that, I am beyond grateful. David O’Brien deserves a massive thank you for the incredible support and assis- tance he has provided through out my entire PhD. From first helping me to move in to Hawthorne House to now providing me with countless simulations, his support has been amazing and I am so incredibly grateful for it. Chris Tinney has truly been an outstanding collaborator, supporter and friend through- out the development of my scientific career. His assistance and guidance have been amaz- ing and I am so grateful he took a chance on me. Similarly, Jay Melosh has always been willing to listen and help in any problems I may have had throughout my entire PhD study. His advice and assistance are greatly appreciated. I am very pleased to be able to call both of them friends. I’d also like to thank my entire PhD Committee for their support, ideas, feedback, assistance and tolerating a defence on Halloween! I found their guidance and ideas to be useful in developing this work. A thank you also goes to the entire Nine Circles research group (especially Glinda!) for all of their ideas and assistance and the Anglo-Australian Planet Search (AAPS) group for being so generous with their data. Thank you to Michael Meyer, Cathi Duncan and the LAPLACE group for their finan- cial support, including sending me to conferences in all the cool places! On a special note, I must thank Kathryn Gardner-Vandy, Kelly Kolb, Sarah Horst and Kristin Block for putting up with me, girls nights out, giving me a break and generally being wonderful friends, Eve Berger for going above and beyond, Mike and Jenny Bland and Matt Pasek for simply understanding and helping me to stay sane, David Choi and Colin Dundas for eating Tim Tams and gossiping, the Chamberlain Clan for their Aussie fixes, Bob Marcialis for reading numerous drafts while sending me both sane and insane and Pete Lanagan for being . well, Pete. Thank you also to the artists of the comics featured through out this dissertation and their syndications for allowing me to reprint them in this work. Thank you, Hagen, for being so supportive and not grumbling too much at all of the early morning phone calls. Last, but certainly not least, a huge thank you goes to my Mum who always got it, even when no-one else around me did. 5 DEDICATION For Lillian and Frank Bond. “Now, Voyager, sail thou forth, to seek and find.” -Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass 1900 Figure 1: CALVIN AND HOBBES (C) 1986 Watterson. Dist. By UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved. Originally published 3/17/1986. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . 9 LIST OF TABLES . 14 ABSTRACT . 16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND . 18 1.1 History of Extrasolar Planets . 18 1.2 Planetary System Chemical Properties . 19 1.3 Terrestrial Planets . 21 1.4 Summary of Work . 22 CHAPTER 2 R- AND S-PROCESS ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES IN STARS WITH PLANETS . 25 2.1 Introduction . 25 2.2 Data . 27 2.2.1 Target Stars . 27 2.2.2 Spectroscopic Analysis . 28 2.3 Results . 31 2.4 Host Star Enrichment . 32 2.4.1 Enrichment over Solar . 32 2.4.2 Enrichment over Non-Host Stars . 33 2.5 Elemental Trends . 35 2.5.1 Lighter Element Trends . 38 2.5.2 Heavy Element Trends . 40 2.5.3 Correlation with Planetary Parameters . 42 2.5.4 Correlation with Stellar Parameters . 42 2.6 Discussion . 42 2.7 Summary . 45 CHAPTER 3 SOLAR SYSTEM SIMULATIONS . 47 3.1 Introduction . 47 3.2 Simulations . 50 3.2.1 Dynamical . 50 3.2.2 Chemical . 53 3.2.3 Combining Dynamics and Chemistry . 59 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued 3.2.4 Stellar Pollution . 59 3.3 Results . 62 3.3.1 Abundance Trends . 62 3.3.2 Variations with Time . 76 3.3.3 Late Veneer . 79 3.3.4 Hydrous Species . 80 3.3.5 Volatile Loss . 82 3.3.6 Solar Pollution . 87 3.4 Discussion . 89 3.5 Summary . 91 CHAPTER 4 EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEM SIMULATIONS . 94 4.1 Introduction . 94 4.2 System Composition . 96 4.3 Simulations . 106 4.3.1 Extrasolar Planetary Systems . 106 4.3.2 Dynamical Simulations . 110 4.3.3 Chemical Simulations . 115 4.3.4 Combining Dynamics and Chemistry . 119 4.3.5 Stellar Pollution . 119 4.4 Results . 122 4.4.1 Dynamical . 122 4.4.2 Chemical . 132 4.4.3 Stellar Pollution . 155 4.5 Implications and Discussion . 163 4.5.1 Frequency of Terrestrial Planets . 163 4.5.2 Planetary Types . 163 4.5.3 Timing of Formation . 164 4.5.4 Detection of Terrestrial Planets . 165 4.5.5 Hydrous Species . 167 4.5.6 Planetary Interiors and Processes . 171 4.5.7 Planet Habitability . 175 4.5.8 Biologically Important Elements . 177 4.5.9 Mass Distribution . 178 4.5.10 Stellar Pollution . 181 4.6 Summary . 181 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS . 184 APPENDIX A STELLAR PHOTOSPHERIC ABUNDANCES . 186 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued APPENDIX B SOLAR SYSTEM TERRESTRIAL PLANET ABUNDANCES . 198 APPENDIX C MIDPLANE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE PROFILES . 246 APPENDIX D HSC CHEMISTRY GAS ABUNDANCES . 256 APPENDIX E EXTRASOLAR TERRESTRIAL PLANET ABUDNANCES . 266 REFERENCES . 353 9 LIST OF FIGURES 1 Calvin and Hobbes, 3/17/1986 . 5 1.1 Piled Higher and Deeper, 2/26/2006 . 24 2.1 (X/H) vs. (Fe/H) for all elements studied. 36 2.2 (X/Fe) vs. (Fe/H) for all elements studied. 37 2.3 (heavy/light) vs. (Fe/H) . 41 2.4 Orbital properties of extrasolar planetary systems vs. abundance of the heavy elements. 43 2.5 Ginger Meggs, 2/13/2008 . 46 3.1 Schematic of the results of the simulations of O’Brien et al. (2006). 51 3.2 Radial pressure and temperature profiles for the nominal Soalr nebula . 60 3.3 Normalized abundances for the CJS1 and EJS1 simulations. 66 3.4 Al/Si v. Mg/Si for all Solar System simulated planets. 70 3.5 Ca/Si v. Mg/Si for all Solar System simulated planets. 71 3.6 Oxidation state plot for CJS1 and EJS1 simulated planetary abundances. 74 3.7 Distribution of mass and its composition. 77 3.8 Variation in composition with time for the final planets produced by the CJS1 and EJS1 simulations. 78 3.9 Normalized abundances for the CJS1 and EJS1 simulations after material loss in impact events has been incorporated . 86 3.10 Pearls Before Swine, 4/2/2007 . 93 4.1 Mg/Si vs. C/O for known planetary host stars. 98 4.2 Mg/Si vs.
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