DOCSLIB.ORG

Breeding Bird Community Composition in Relation to Riparian Vegetation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Breeding Bird Community Composition in Relation to Riparian Vegetation AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Todd Alan Sanders for the degree of Master of Science in Wildlife Science presented on May 12, 1995. Title: Breeding Bird Community Composition in Relation to Riparian Vegetation Structure in Grazed Habitats Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Riparian zones provide habitat for breeding birds in the semiarid western United States; however, there are few data available that address the effects of livestock grazing strategies on riparian habitats and avian communities. Documenting avian community composition in different riparian vegetation communities and relating vegetation communities to livestock grazing strategies may identify management alternatives that are sustainable from a wildlife habitat perspective, and may permit constructive coalitions between agricultural industry and environmental groups. I compared diurnal breeding bird abundance, individual species abundance, and species richness, and vegetation composition and structure among 12 streamside riparian areas of Bear and Silvies valleys in eastern Oregon during 1993 and 1994. Bird and vegetation data were collected along four replicate transects within each of three riparian vegetation communities characterized by vegetation structure: herbaceous, discontinuous willow (Salix spp.), and continuous willow. These riparian vegetation communities were grazed under summer season-long, summer short-duration, and fall short-duration livestock grazing strategies, respectively, >5 years before the study. Differences in riparian vegetation among communities were primarily related to shrub structure by experimental design. The continuous willow community had more shrub cover overall (P < 0.001) and within each 1-m height interval from 0-4 m (P < 0.013) than the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. The herbaceous community had no shrub cover >1 m in height. Willows extended farther (P = 0.031) from the steam edge in the continuous willow community than in the discontinuous willow community. No willows were detected in the herbaceous community. I detected 4,016 birds representing 56 species along the transects. Total bird abundance was greater (P < 0.001) in the continuous willow community than in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities. Species richness was inconsistent (P = 0.034) between years within communities; it was greatest (P < 0.037) in the continuous and discontinuous willow communities in 1993, and greatest (P < 0.003) in the continuous willow community in 1994. Total bird abundance and species richness in 1994 increased with willow volume (r2 > 0.707, P < 0.001). Of 23 bird species with >20 individual detections over both years, 13 species were most abundant in one or two vegetation communities (P < 0.088). Seven species (yellow warbler [Dendroica petechia], song sparrow [Melospiza melodia], willow flycatcher [Empidonax traillii], American robin [Turdus migratorius], common snipe [Gallinago gallinago], bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus], and Vaux's swift [Chaetura vauxi]) were most abundant in the continuous willow community. Three species (savannah sparrow [Passerculus sandwichensis], black tern [Chlidonias niger], and American wigeon [Anas americana]) were most abundant in the herbaceous community. Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were most abundant in the herbaceous and discontinuous willow communities whereas cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera) were most abundant in the herbaceous and continuous willow communities. Red-winged blackbirds (Ageliaus phoeniceus) were inconsistent (P = 0.032) between years within communities: they were most abundant in the continuous willow community in 1993, and most abundant in the continuous willow and herbaceous communities in 1994. Hydrophytic woody vegetation within semiarid rangeland environments increases structural complexity and is associated with avian abundance and diversity. Yellow warblers, willow flycatchers, and song sparrows, which depend on hydrophytic shrubs for nesting almost exclusively in the semiarid West, are especially threatened by the elimination or simplification of woody riparian vegetation. I suggest that riparian vegetation structure and composition, which is associated with avian abundance, species richness, riparian associate bird species, and landscape-level biological diversity, be maintained where possible. Seasonal light (<30% use) fall short-duration grazing seemed to be compatible with the maintenance of woody riparian vegetation whereas summer season-long and summer short-duration grazing is likely incompatible. Copyright by Todd Alan Sanders May 12, 1995 All Rights Reserved BREEDING BIRD COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN RELATION TO RIPARIAN VEGETATION STRUCTURE IN GRAZED HABITATS by Todd Alan Sanders A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Completed May 12, 1995 Commencement June 1995 Master of Science thesis of Todd A. Sanders presented on May 12, 1995 Approved: Redacted for Privacy Major Professor, representing Fisheri and Wildlife Redacted for Privacy Head of Department of Fisheries a d Wildlife Redacted for Privacy Dean of Grad I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy Todd A. Sanders, Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of a Mastertof Science degree in Wildlife Science was one of my goals and long-time dreams. It is appropriate for me to begin by acknowledging those individuals who were instrumental in developing my ambition and desire to achieve this accomplishment. Instructor David Du Bose was a catalyst promoting the self-realization of my potential, aspiration, and quality of life. Thanks Dave for your friendship, the many sojourns, and chats about life. Additionally, U.S. Forest Service Fishery Biologist, Richard Irizzary gave me the opportunity to work as a Biological Technician in the early stages of my college education, enabling me to gain field experience in biology and to develop my interest in wildlife management. I am especially grateful to my major professor, W. Daniel Edge, for giving me the opportunity to work under his leadership and to further my education as a candidate for the degree of Master of Science. Dan was always available when I needed him whether at the office or at home. I am thankful for the time, interest, and support Dan provided. I am also thankful to graduate committee members professors J. Boone Kauffman and William C. McComb for their guidance, suggestions, and editorial comments throughout my program. Additional thanks to professor John P. Bolte for his willingness to serve as my Graduate Council Representative. I owe many thanks to Professor Fred L. Ramsey for his statistical guidance and suggestions as well as to Professor John C. Buckhouse for going out of his way to help me when he could. Sincere appreciation is extended to the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program for providing the financial funding that made this research i project possible. I am additionally appreciative of the SARE Project Manager, Project Coordinator, Major Participants, County Extension Agents (especially Dr. Pete Test), and Graduate Research Assistants (see Preface) who provided support and feedback throughout the project. I will never forget the private ranch cooperators who volunteered their rangelands as the medium on which our research was conducted. Their willingness to cooperate, friendliness, and open communication provided the needed exposure to livestock ranching that was an invaluable opportunity in my education and research project. A special thanks to the Lemcke family for their hospitality and for providing a comfortable cabin to stay in during the field season. I will always be grateful to them for taking me in and teaching me about livestock ranching even when I may have seemed like a "city slicker." This research project also was made possible by dedicated Research Assistants Susan C. Danver, Rita-Lyn Sanders, and Dorothy G. Wilson. I am thankful for their optimism, hard work, and endurance even when weather conditions seemed less cooperative. I am forever thankful for my family and my wife's family, who provide the foundation of encouragement and support in all that I do. Again, I sincerely thank my wife, Rita-Lyn Sanders, for all that she has done in addition to her understanding, prayers, love, and continued support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY AREA 4 METHODS 9 Sampling Design 9 Vegetation Sampling 12 Bird Sampling 14 Data Analysis 15 RESULTS 21 Vegetation 21 Shrubs and Physical Habitat 21 Herbaceous and Other Ground Cover 25 Birds 28 DISCUSSION 41 Birds and Vegetation 41 Bird Abundance and Species Richness 41 Individual Species 42 Riparian Associate Bird Species 47 A Landscape-level Perspective 49 Vegetation and Livestock Grazing 50 Scope and Limitations 55 Biological Diversity and Sustainability 59 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68 APPENDICES 79 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page, 1. Location of privately owned Bear and Silvies valleys bordered by the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon. 5 2. Mean monthly and cumulative precipitation recorded in Seneca, Oregon, averaged from 1961 to 1990 compared with the two years (1993, 1994) when data were collected for this study. 6 3. Mean monthly maximum and minimum ambient temperatures recorded in Seneca, Oregon, averaged from 1961 to 1990 compared
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pollutants and Hedgehogs to Increased Numbers of Rabbits, I.E
    herbivores do not have this problem as they can European rabbits have been intensively studied, move to areas where more food is available. especially with relation to social interactions and The central-place foragers’ dilemma can be re- disease ecology little was known about their for- solved when free-ranging large herbivores lower aging behaviour. This is even more the case for the vegetation height, resulting in a higher intake almost all other species of central-place forag- by rabbits, creating a facilitative effect (Chapter ing herbivores. This thesis therefore represents 5). Dekker models this relationship in space, i.e. an important contribution in understanding the he predicts that facilitation only occurs in areas ecology of this group of mammals. which sustain a high plant production. When pro- duction is too low central-place foragers do not Liesbeth Bakker benefit from the presence of free-ranging large herbivores as they are competing for the same Department of Plant-Animal Interactions limited food source. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-CL) In the synthesis (Chapter 8), Dekker expands P.O. Box 1299 on this facilitation effect. Facilitation of small 3631 AC Maarssen herbivores by large ones has been shown to oc- The Netherlands cur in the field, but only in the sense of increased e-mail: [email protected] patch use by rabbits or other small herbivores. However, it would be very interesting to know whether this increased patch use eventually leads Pollutants and hedgehogs to increased numbers of rabbits, i.e. facilitation at the population level. Dekker’s model ad- dresses and predicts this issue, which is a highly Non­destructive exposure and risk assess­ relevant question for nature conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Aminopyralid Ecological Risk Assessment Final
    Aminopyralid Ecological Risk Assessment Final U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Washington, D.C. December 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United States Department of the Interior (USDOI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administers about 247.9 million acres in 17 western states in the continental United States (U.S.) and Alaska. One of the BLM’s highest priorities is to promote ecosystem health, and one of the greatest obstacles to achieving this goal is the rapid expansion of invasive plants (including noxious weeds and other plants not native to an area) across public lands. These invasive plants can dominate and often cause permanent damage to natural plant communities. If not eradicated or controlled, invasive plants will jeopardize the health of public lands and the activities that occur on them. Herbicides are one method employed by the BLM to control these plants. In 2007, the BLM published the Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western States Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (17-States PEIS). The Record of Decision (ROD) for the 17-States PEIS allowed the BLM to use 18 herbicide active ingredients available for a full range of vegetation treatments in 17 western states. In the ROD, the BLM also identified a protocol for identifying, evaluating, and using new herbicide active ingredients. Under the protocol, the BLM would not be allowed to use a new herbicide active ingredient until the agency 1) assessed the hazards and risks from using the new herbicide active ingredient, and 2) prepared an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) under the National Environmental Policy Act to assess the impacts of using new herbicide active ingredient on the natural, cultural, and social environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrubland Ecotones Proceedings RMRS-P-11 September1999 Abstract
    Some pages in this file were created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. United States Department of Agriculture Proceedings: Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Shrubland Ecotones Proceedings RMRS-P-11 September1999 Abstract McArthur, E. Durant; Ostler, W. Kent; Wambolt, Carl L., comps. 1999. Proceedings: shrubland ecotones; 1998 August 12–14; Ephraim, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 299 p. The 51 papers in this proceedings include an introductory keynote paper on ecotones and hybrid zones and a final paper describing the mid-symposium field trip as well as collections of papers on ecotones and hybrid zones (15), population biology (6), community ecology (19), and community rehabilitation and restoration (9). All of the papers focus on wildland shrub ecosystems; 14 of the papers deal with one aspect or another of sagebrush (subgenus Tridentatae of Artemisia) ecosystems. The field trip consisted of descriptions of biology, ecology, and geology of a big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) hybrid zone between two subspecies (A. tridentata ssp. tridentata and A. t. ssp. vaseyana) in Salt Creek Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Uinta National Forest, Utah, and the ecotonal or clinal vegetation gradient of the Great Basin Experimental Range, Manti-La Sal National Forest, Utah, together with its historical significance. The papers were presented at the 10th Wildland Shrub Symposium: Shrubland Ecotones, at Snow College, Ephraim, UT, August 12–14, 1998. Keywords: wildland shrubs, ecotone, hybrid zone, population biology, community ecology, restoration, rehabilitation. Acknowledgments The symposium, field trip, and subsequent publication of these proceedings were facilitated by many people and organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Addendum Damage Assessment Plan for Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District: Madison County Mines Site
    DRAFT ADDENDUM DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PLAN FOR SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LEAD MINING DISTRICT: MADISON COUNTY MINES SITE May 2015 Prepared for: State of Missouri Missouri Department of Natural Resources U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Prepared by: Kathy Rangen Missouri Department of Natural Resources Jefferson City, MO 65101 David E. Mosby U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Columbia, MO 65203 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Madison County Mines Site Description 5 1.1.1 Response Activities at the MCM Superfund Site 7 1.2 Natural Resource Damage Assessment Activities at MCM Site 10 CHAPTER 2 AFFECTED NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE MADISON 11 COUNTY MINES SITE 2.1 Surface Water Resources: Rivers and Streams 11 2.1.1 St. Francois River and Tributaries Surface Water 12 2.2 Geologic Resources 13 2.3 Ground Water 14 2.4 Biotic Resources 15 2.4.1 Threatened and Endangered Species 15 2.4.2 Vegetation 17 2.4.3 Aquatic and Amphibious Species 18 2.4.4 Birds 19 2.4.5 Mammals 20 2.5 Contaminants of Concern 20 2.5.1 Cadmium 21 2.5.2 Lead 21 2.5.3 Zinc 22 2.5.4 Copper 22 2.5.5 Nickel 23 2.6 Confirmation of Exposure 23 2.6.1 Surface Water 23 2.6.2 Geologic Resources 23 2.6.3 Ground Water 25 2.6.4 Biotic Resources 26 2.7 Preliminary Determination of Recovery Period 24 2.8 Quality Assurance Management 25 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF CURRENTLY PROPOSED AND/OR 25 CONTEMPLATED STUDIES REFERENCES 30 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit ES-1 Currently Anticipated Madison County Mines Site NRDAR 4 Studies
    [Show full text]
  • Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) Depository) 11-2005 Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report Bureau of Land Management Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Bureau of Land Management, "Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report" (2005). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 107. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs/107 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bureau of Land Management Reno, Nevada Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment Final Report November 2005 Bureau of Land Management Contract No. NAD010156 ENSR Document Number 09090-020-650 Executive Summary The United States Department of the Interior (USDI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is proposing a program to treat vegetation on up to six million acres of public lands annually in 17 western states in the continental United States (US) and Alaska. As part of this program, the BLM is proposing the use of ten herbicide active ingredients (a.i.) to control invasive plants and noxious weeds on approximately one million of the 6 million acres proposed for treatment. The BLM and its contractor, ENSR, are preparing a Vegetation Treatments Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to evaluate this and other proposed vegetation treatment methods and alternatives on lands managed by the BLM in the western continental US and Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences
    BLM U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Land Speed Record Challenger North American Eagle, Inc. Diamond Valley, Eureka County, Nevada Final Environmental Assessment DOI-BLM-NV-B010-2016-0018-EA Preparing Office Battle Mountain District Office 50 Bastian Road Battle Mountain, NV 89820 December 2017 This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS i Table of Contents Chapter One: Purpose and Need for Action ............................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 Purpose and Need for Action .............................................................................. 3 1.2 Decision to be Made ........................................................................................... 6 1.3 Public Scoping Issues Identified .......................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Relevant Issues....................................................................................................... 6 1.4 BLM Responsibilities and Relationship to Planning ............................................. 7 1.4.1 Conformance to Plans, Statutes, and Regulations ................................................. 7 Chapter Two: Management Alternatives ................................................................... 11 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................13 2.1 Proposed Action: Land
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns in Bird Community Structure Related to Restoration of Minnesota Dry Oak Savannas and Across a Prairie to Oak Woodland E
    RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT: There is limited understanding of the influence of fire and vegetation structure on bird communities in dry oak (Quercus spp.) savannas of the Upper Midwest and whether bird communities in restored savanna habitats are similar to those in remnant savannas. During the 2001 and 2002 breeding seasons, we examined the relationship between bird communities and environmental variables, includ­ • ing vegetation characteristics and site prescribed-burn frequencies, across a habitat gradient in dry oak savannas in central Minnesota. The habitat gradient we studied went from: (1) prairie to (2) remnant Patterns in bird oak savanna to (3) oak woodland undergoing savanna restoration via fire or mechanical removal of woody vegetation to (4) oak woodland. We conducted fixed-radius point counts (n = 120) within habitats community structure with either prairie groundcover or predominately oak canopy. We described canopy and groundcover characteristics at a sub-sample (n = 28) of non-prairie points, and collected canopy and woody species related to restoration richness data and prescribed-bum frequencies over the past 20 years for all points. Observed bird com­ munities were most strongly correlated with canopy cover and bum frequency and, to a lesser extent, of Minnesota dry oak attributes of the shrub component. Most savanna points had bird communities that were distinct from those found at oak woodland or oak woodland points undergoing restoration via burning. Savanna points savannas and across similar to oak woodland points were in areas managed by periodic cutting rather than burning. Remnant savanna bird communities were more strongly associated with prescribed burning than those in other a prairie to oak habitat types, but it appeared that most oak woodlands that had undergone ~ 20 years of prescribed burning remained ecologically distinct from remnant savannas.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Guilds of North American Birds
    RESEARCH Foraging Guilds of North American Birds RICHARD M. DE GRAAF ABSTRACT / We propose a foraging guild classification for USDA Forest Service North American inland, coastal, and pelagic birds. This classi- Northeastern Forest Experiment Station fication uses a three-part identification for each guild--major University of Massachusetts food, feeding substrate, and foraging technique--to classify Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA 672 species of birds in both the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. We have attempted to group species that use similar resources in similar ways. Researchers have identified forag- NANCY G. TILGHMAN ing guilds generally by examining species distributions along USDA Forest Service one or more defined environmental axes. Such studies fre- Northeastern Forest Experiment Station quently result in species with several guild designations. While Warren, Pennsylvania 16365, USA the continuance of these studies is important, to accurately describe species' functional roles, managers need methods to STANLEY H. ANDERSON consider many species simultaneously when trying to deter- USDI Fish and Wildlife Service mine the impacts of habitat alteration. Thus, we present an Wyoming Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit avian foraging classification as a starting point for further dis- University of Wyoming cussion to aid those faced with the task of describing commu- Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA nity effects of habitat change. Many approaches have been taken to describe bird Severinghaus's guilds were not all ba~cd on habitat feeding behavior. Comparisons between different studies, requirements, to question whether the indicator concept however, have been difficult because of differences in would be effective. terminology. We propose to establish a classification Thomas and others (1979) developed lists of species scheme for North American birds by using common by life form for each habitat and successional stage in the terminology based on major food type, substrate, and Blue Mountains of Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Eocene London Clay Formation Mollusc Fauna of the Former Bursledon Brickworks, Lower Swanwick, Hampshire
    Tertiary Research 17 (3+4) 75-137 15 Plates, 1 Text fig. 1 Table Leiden January 1997 The Early Eocene London Clay Formation mollusc fauna of the former Bursledon Brickworks, Lower Swanwick, Hampshire PAUL JEFFERY AND STEVE TRACEY Abstract:.Construction of the Civil Aviation Authority's new en-route centre on the site of the former Bursledon Brickworks at Lower Swanwick, during 1991-1992, re-exposed sections in the London Clay unavailable since this site fell into disuse in 1974. New material collected from the recent excavations has prompted a reappraisal of the mollusc fauna of this site. This is reviewed along with material collected during the working life of the brickworks and now held in the Natural History Museum, London. The mollusc fauna consists of 146 species and is listed in systematic order, with an indication of local stratigraphic range and palaeoecological interpretation. The taphonomy of the mollusc fauna is discussed, and a number of notes given detailing taxonomic revisions. Three new species of bivalve are described: Semeloidea curryi, Siliqua kingi and Abra (Syndosmya) cygnea and three gastropods: Entomope semipunctata, Solariorbis lawsoni and Epalxis kempi. Lectotypes are designated for Eopleurotoma simillima crassilinea and Microdrillia tricincta. The majority of the fauna is illustrated photographically, in most cases for the first time. P. JEFFERY, Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD. S. TRACEY, School of Earth Sciences, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB. th Accepted: 8 January 1996 In 1991 work started on the construction of a new en-route INTRODUCTION centre for the Civil Aviation Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report Sudbury Area Risk
    FINAL REPORT SUDBURY AREA RISK ASSESSMENT VOLUME III - CHAPTER 2.0 PROBLEM FORMULATION Table of Contents Page 2.0 PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR THE TERRESTRIAL ERA ...............................1 2.1 Compilation and Review of Ecological Information...................................................1 2.2 Definition of the Study Area for the Terrestrial ERA................................................5 2.3 Identification of Chemicals of Concern for the Terrestrial ERA............................11 2.4 Identification of Valued Ecosystem Components (VEC) .........................................16 2.4.1 VECs for Objective #1: Evaluate the Extent to which COC are Preventing the Recovery of Regionally Representative, Self-sustaining Terrestrial Plant Communities .................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 VECs for Objective #2: Evaluate Risks to Terrestrial Wildlife Populations and Communities due to COC and Objective #3: Evaluate Risks to Individuals of Threatened or Endangered Terrestrial Species Due to COC............................................ 21 2.4.3 Species Not Recommended as VECs ............................................................................... 30 2.4.4 Summary of Terrestrial VECs Recommended for the ERA ............................................. 33 2.5 Assessment Endpoints and Measures.........................................................................41 2.6 Conceptual Model ........................................................................................................43
    [Show full text]
  • Avian Mercury Exposure and Toxicological Risk Across Western North America: a Synthesis
    Avian mercury exposure and toxicological risk across western North America: A synthesis Joshua T. Ackerman,a,* Collin A. Eagles-Smith,b Mark P. Herzog,a C. Alex Hartman,a Sarah H. Peterson,a David C. Evers,c Allyson K. Jackson,d John E. Elliott,e Stacy S. Vander Pol,f and Colleen E. Bryanf aU.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, California 95620, United States bU.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States cBiodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, Maine, 04103, United States dOregon State University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States eEnvironment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia V4K 3N2, Canada fNational Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412, United States Word Count: 14,327; with 2 tables and 9 figures; and 73 pages of Supporting Material *Corresponding Author e-mail: [email protected] March 10, 2016 1 ABSTRACT Methylmercury contamination of the environment is an important issue globally and birds are useful bioindicators for mercury monitoring programs. The available data on mercury contamination of birds in western North America were synthesized. Original data from multiple databases were obtained and a literature review was conducted to obtain additional mercury concentrations. In total, 29219 original bird mercury concentrations from 225 species were compiled, and an additional 1712 mean mercury concentrations, representing 19998 individuals and 176 species, from 200 publications were obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Powered by TCPDF (
    Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) @@@@@@@@ß@ÝîÛ… @@@@@@@@@¿@¿@¿@¿ ññbbîaëaëñbî§aëñbî§aë@@@@òÈîjĐÛaòòÈÈîîjjĐĐÛÛaaòÈîjĐÛa@âìÜÇ@âì@âìÜÇÜÇ@âìÜÇ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ : − 1 : ¯¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , − ¯ , ,¯ , , : ,¯ ¯ : ¯ − , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ − 2 , − 3 , ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ − 4 ¯ ¯ − 5 : : − 2 : ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ − ,¯ , ¯ ¯ − , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ − , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ − ,¯ ¯ − ,¯ ¯ − , − ¯ ¯ ¯ − , ¯ ¯ , ï ¯ − : ¯ −3 : ¯ : ¯ , , ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ − , ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ,¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ : ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ : ¯ , , ¯ ¯ − ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ,¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯¯ − ¯ : : ¯ : −1 : −2 ¯ : −3 ¯ : −4 ¯ : −5 < < < < ÃÚ{r{<Ü ëˆéרc I< <êŠÞ†Ê <I< êe†Â 9 Pouce Thumb 10 Aorte ﺃ ¯ Aorta 1 Parent ¯ ¯ 11 Parent
    [Show full text]