Aminopyralid Ecological Risk Assessment Final
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
Pollutants and Hedgehogs to Increased Numbers of Rabbits, I.E
herbivores do not have this problem as they can European rabbits have been intensively studied, move to areas where more food is available. especially with relation to social interactions and The central-place foragers’ dilemma can be re- disease ecology little was known about their for- solved when free-ranging large herbivores lower aging behaviour. This is even more the case for the vegetation height, resulting in a higher intake almost all other species of central-place forag- by rabbits, creating a facilitative effect (Chapter ing herbivores. This thesis therefore represents 5). Dekker models this relationship in space, i.e. an important contribution in understanding the he predicts that facilitation only occurs in areas ecology of this group of mammals. which sustain a high plant production. When pro- duction is too low central-place foragers do not Liesbeth Bakker benefit from the presence of free-ranging large herbivores as they are competing for the same Department of Plant-Animal Interactions limited food source. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-CL) In the synthesis (Chapter 8), Dekker expands P.O. Box 1299 on this facilitation effect. Facilitation of small 3631 AC Maarssen herbivores by large ones has been shown to oc- The Netherlands cur in the field, but only in the sense of increased e-mail: [email protected] patch use by rabbits or other small herbivores. However, it would be very interesting to know whether this increased patch use eventually leads Pollutants and hedgehogs to increased numbers of rabbits, i.e. facilitation at the population level. Dekker’s model ad- dresses and predicts this issue, which is a highly Nondestructive exposure and risk assess relevant question for nature conservation. -
Herbicide Mode of Action Table High Resistance Risk
Herbicide Mode of Action Table High resistance risk Chemical family Active constituent (first registered trade name) GROUP 1 Inhibition of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACC’ase inhibitors) clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Agixa®*, Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold* Decision®*, Hoegrass®), Aryloxyphenoxy- fenoxaprop (Cheetah®, Gold*, Wildcat®), fluazifop propionates (FOPs) (Fusilade®), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) Cyclohexanediones (DIMs) butroxydim (Factor®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) Phenylpyrazoles (DENs) pinoxaden (Axial®) GROUP 2 Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS inhibitors), acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) Imidazolinones (IMIs) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, Lightning®*, Midas®* OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) Pyrimidinyl–thio- bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) benzoates Sulfonylureas (SUs) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*, Trimac Plus®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron (Logran®, Logran® B-Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), -
INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401 -
2017 Weed Control-Pasture and Range-SDSU
iGrow.org 2017 Weed Control Pasture and Range Paul O. Johnson | SDSU Extension Weed Science Coordinator David Vos | SDSU Ag Research Manager Jill Alms | SDSU Ag Research Manager Leon J. Wrage | SDSU Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences | agronomy Table of Contents Accurate (metsulfuron) . 13 Latigo (dicamba+2,4-D) . 5 Amber (triasulfuron) . 14 Milestone (aminopyralid) . 8 Banvel (dicamba) . 4 Opensight (aminopyralid+metsulfuron) . 9 Brash (dicamba+2,4-D) . 5 Overdrive (dicamba+diflufenzopyr) . 6 Brush-Rhap (dicamba+2,4-D) . 5 Paraquat (paraquat) . 17 Capstone (aminopyralid+triclopyr) . 10 Para-Shot (paraquat) . 17 Chaparral (aminopyralid+metsulfuron) . 9 Parazone (paraquat) . 17 Chisum (metsulfuron+chlorsulfuron) . 13 PastureGard HL (triclopyr+fluroxypyr) . 11 Cimarron Max (metsulfuron+dicamba + 2,4-D) . 13 Plateau (imazapic) . 12, 16 Cimarron Plus (metsulfuron+chlorsulfuron) . 13 QuinStar (quinclorac) . 15 Cimarron Xtra (metsulfuron+chlorsulfuron) . 14 RangeStar (dicamba+2,4-D) . 5 Clarity (dicamba) . 4 Rave (triasulfuron+dicamba) . .15 Clash (dicamba) . 4 Remedy Ultra (triclopyr) . .11 Clean Slate (clopyralid) . 10 Rifle (dicamba) . 4 Comet (fluroxypyr) . 11 Rifle-D(dicamba+2,4-D) . 5 Commando (clopyralid+2,4-D) . 10 Scorch (dicamba+2,4-D+fluroxypyr) . 6 Crossbow, Crossbow L (triclopyr+2,4-D) . 11 Spike (tebuthiuron) . 15 Crossroad (triclopyr+2,4-D) . 11 Spur (clopyralid) . 10 Curtail (clopyralid+2,4-D) . 10 Sterling Blue (dicamba) . 4 Cutback (clopyralid+2,4-D) . 10. Surmount (picloram+fluroxypyr) . 8 Cyclone (paraquat) . 17 Stinger (clopyralid) . 10 Detail (saflufenacil) . 12 Telar (chlorsulfuron) . 14 Detonate (dicamba) . 4 Tie Down (triasulfuron+dicamba) . 15 Devour (paraquat) . 17 Tordon (picloram) . 6 Diablo (dicamba) . -
Shrubland Ecotones Proceedings RMRS-P-11 September1999 Abstract
Some pages in this file were created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. United States Department of Agriculture Proceedings: Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Shrubland Ecotones Proceedings RMRS-P-11 September1999 Abstract McArthur, E. Durant; Ostler, W. Kent; Wambolt, Carl L., comps. 1999. Proceedings: shrubland ecotones; 1998 August 12–14; Ephraim, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 299 p. The 51 papers in this proceedings include an introductory keynote paper on ecotones and hybrid zones and a final paper describing the mid-symposium field trip as well as collections of papers on ecotones and hybrid zones (15), population biology (6), community ecology (19), and community rehabilitation and restoration (9). All of the papers focus on wildland shrub ecosystems; 14 of the papers deal with one aspect or another of sagebrush (subgenus Tridentatae of Artemisia) ecosystems. The field trip consisted of descriptions of biology, ecology, and geology of a big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) hybrid zone between two subspecies (A. tridentata ssp. tridentata and A. t. ssp. vaseyana) in Salt Creek Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Uinta National Forest, Utah, and the ecotonal or clinal vegetation gradient of the Great Basin Experimental Range, Manti-La Sal National Forest, Utah, together with its historical significance. The papers were presented at the 10th Wildland Shrub Symposium: Shrubland Ecotones, at Snow College, Ephraim, UT, August 12–14, 1998. Keywords: wildland shrubs, ecotone, hybrid zone, population biology, community ecology, restoration, rehabilitation. Acknowledgments The symposium, field trip, and subsequent publication of these proceedings were facilitated by many people and organizations. -
Draft Addendum Damage Assessment Plan for Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District: Madison County Mines Site
DRAFT ADDENDUM DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PLAN FOR SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LEAD MINING DISTRICT: MADISON COUNTY MINES SITE May 2015 Prepared for: State of Missouri Missouri Department of Natural Resources U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Prepared by: Kathy Rangen Missouri Department of Natural Resources Jefferson City, MO 65101 David E. Mosby U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Columbia, MO 65203 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Madison County Mines Site Description 5 1.1.1 Response Activities at the MCM Superfund Site 7 1.2 Natural Resource Damage Assessment Activities at MCM Site 10 CHAPTER 2 AFFECTED NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE MADISON 11 COUNTY MINES SITE 2.1 Surface Water Resources: Rivers and Streams 11 2.1.1 St. Francois River and Tributaries Surface Water 12 2.2 Geologic Resources 13 2.3 Ground Water 14 2.4 Biotic Resources 15 2.4.1 Threatened and Endangered Species 15 2.4.2 Vegetation 17 2.4.3 Aquatic and Amphibious Species 18 2.4.4 Birds 19 2.4.5 Mammals 20 2.5 Contaminants of Concern 20 2.5.1 Cadmium 21 2.5.2 Lead 21 2.5.3 Zinc 22 2.5.4 Copper 22 2.5.5 Nickel 23 2.6 Confirmation of Exposure 23 2.6.1 Surface Water 23 2.6.2 Geologic Resources 23 2.6.3 Ground Water 25 2.6.4 Biotic Resources 26 2.7 Preliminary Determination of Recovery Period 24 2.8 Quality Assurance Management 25 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF CURRENTLY PROPOSED AND/OR 25 CONTEMPLATED STUDIES REFERENCES 30 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit ES-1 Currently Anticipated Madison County Mines Site NRDAR 4 Studies -
Aminopyralid Toxicity and Fate for Application to Sensitive Areas of Rights-Of-Way
Summary of Aminopyralid Toxicity and Fate for Application to Sensitive Areas of Rights-of-Way The following summary addresses use of the herbicide aminopyralid in Sensitive Areas of Rights-of-Way in Massachusetts. The review was jointly conducted by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Office of Research and Standards (ORS) and the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources (DAR) in accordance with the cooperative agreement issued between the two agencies in 1987 and updated in 2011 pursuant to the provisions of Section 4(1)(E) of 333 CMR 11.00 Rights-of-Way Management Regulations. The conclusions summarized in this memo are based upon several sources of information, including a comprehensive review of this herbicide by the USDA Forest Service (Durkin 2007), scientific documents contained in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) docket of information for aminopyralid to support pesticide registration decisions and the results of literature searches for recent pertinent studies on this chemical. As aminopyralid is a relatively new product, very little primary information was found in the literature that was pertinent to the scope of this review and therefore the review was primarily based on information provided by the secondary summary documents described above. The purpose of this review is to ascertain the suitability of this product for use within sensitive areas of rights-of-way, based upon consideration of available information on the potential toxicity of the active ingredient aminopyralid as well as its fate and transport in the environment. Aminopyralid (2-pyridine carboxylic acid, 4-amino-3,6-dichloro-2-pyridine carboxylic acid) is a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide manufactured by Dow AgroSciences LLC (DAS) for use in controlling annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. -
Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) Depository) 11-2005 Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report Bureau of Land Management Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Bureau of Land Management, "Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report" (2005). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 107. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs/107 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bureau of Land Management Reno, Nevada Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment Final Report November 2005 Bureau of Land Management Contract No. NAD010156 ENSR Document Number 09090-020-650 Executive Summary The United States Department of the Interior (USDI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is proposing a program to treat vegetation on up to six million acres of public lands annually in 17 western states in the continental United States (US) and Alaska. As part of this program, the BLM is proposing the use of ten herbicide active ingredients (a.i.) to control invasive plants and noxious weeds on approximately one million of the 6 million acres proposed for treatment. The BLM and its contractor, ENSR, are preparing a Vegetation Treatments Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to evaluate this and other proposed vegetation treatment methods and alternatives on lands managed by the BLM in the western continental US and Alaska. -
List of Herbicide Groups
List of herbicides Group Scientific name Trade name clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*, Hoegrass®), fenoxaprop (Cheetah® Gold* , Wildcat®), A Aryloxyphenoxypropionates fluazifop (Fusilade®, Fusion®*), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) butroxydim (Falcon®, Fusion®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim A Cyclohexanediones (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) A Phenylpyrazoles pinoxaden (Axial®) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, B Sulfonylureas Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron, (Logran®, Logran® B Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke®, Krismat®*) florasulam (Paradigm®*, Vortex®*, X-Pand®*), flumetsulam B Triazolopyrimidines (Broadstrike®), metosulam (Eclipse®), pyroxsulam (Crusader®Rexade®*) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®,), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, B Imidazolinones Lightning®*, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) B Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) C Amides: propanil (Stam®) C Benzothiadiazinones: bentazone (Basagran®, -
Pesticide Reference Values Comparison Study
Is Protecting Aquatic Life from Pesticides Sufficient to Ensure Human Health Protection in Sources of Drinking Water? Kelly D. Moran, Ph.D., TDC Environmental, LLC Bonny Starr, P.E., Starr Consulting October 1, 2018 Abstract California water and pesticides regulators have long operated under the informal assumption that programs to protect aquatic life from currently used pesticides will also ensure the safety of surface water drinKing water sources. This paper examines the scientific validity of this assumption for the agricultural pesticides in California’s Central Valley by comparing water quality regulatory values and benchmarks (“reference values”) for human health with those for aquatic life. Because numeric water quality criteria and other numeric regulatory values established for water quality protection exist for only a handful of currently used pesticides, the comparison relies heavily on US EPA pesticides human health and aquatic life benchmarks. For acute endpoints, both human health and aquatic life reference values typically use a one-day exposure time frame, but chronic endpoint exposure periods differ, with aquatic life exposure periods (4 to 60 days) usually shorter than human health exposure periods (annual). The evaluation looKed in detail at 301 agricultural pesticides with human health reference values. Of these 301 pesticides, only 46% had aquatic life reference values that were equal to or lower than the human health reference value. For 54% of these pesticides, either no aquatic life reference value existed or the aquatic life reference value was higher than the human health reference value. In these cases, aquatic life protection actions would not suffice to protect human health. -
Chemical Weed Control
2014 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual The 2014 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual is published by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, N.C. State University, Raleigh, N.C. These recommendations apply only to North Carolina. They may not be appropriate for conditions in other states and may not comply with laws and regulations outside North Carolina. These recommendations are current as of November 2013. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county Cooperative Extension agent. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this document does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. VII — CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL 2014 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual VII — CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL Chemical Weed Control in Field Corn ...................................................................................................... 224 Weed Response to Preemergence Herbicides — Corn ........................................................................... 231 Weed Response to Postemergence Herbicides — Corn ........................................................................