Acids and Bases

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ACIDS AND BASES Chemistry Review: Section 1.6 pg. 34-36 Review of Acids • Empirically, acids are (aq) molecular compounds of hydrogen that form electrically conducve soluons and turn blue litmus paper red. Remember: R BLUE E A ACID S E • By convenon, the formula for an empirically idenﬁed acid is wrien as: H___ (aq) or ____COOH(aq) Example: HCl(aq) and H2SO4(aq) are acids CH4(g) and NH3(g) are not acids, so hydrogen is wrien last *In some cases, hydrogen is wrien last if part of a –COOH group ex. CH3COOH(aq) – these are organic acids Review of Bases • Empirically, bases are (aq) ionic hydroxides that form electrically conducve soluons and turn red litmus paper blue. • By convenon, you are looking for a ionic (metal) hydroxides (OH‐) NaOH(aq) Ba(OH)2(aq) , KOH(aq) •There is no special nomenclature system for bases. ‐They are names as ionic hydroxides Ex. KOH(aq) = potassium hydroxide NH4OH(aq) = ammonium hydroxide Acids vs. Bases Properes of an Acid Properes of a Base • Tastes sour, always in • Taste bier and have a soluon (aq) slippery feel • Turns litmus paper red • Turns litmus paper blue • Has a pH of less than 7 • Has a pH greater than 7 • Good conductor, • Good conductor, corrodes metals doesn’t react with • Lemon juice and metals vinegar are good • Most hand soaps and examples. drain cleaners are bases Naming Acids Systemac IUPAC Tradional 1) aqueous hydrogen chloride 1) hydrogen ______ide = hydro______ic acid HCl (aq) ex. hydrogen chloride = hydrochloric acid 1) aqueous hydrogen chlorate 1) hydrogen ______ate = __________ic acid HClO3(aq) ex. hydrogen chlorate = chloric acid 1) aqueous hydrogen chlorite 1) hydrogen ______ite = __________ous acid HClO2(aq) ex. hydrogen chlorite = chlorous acid Remember: acid contains sulfur = you add a ur H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid acid contains phosphorus = add an or H3PO4(aq) phorphoric acid Practice – Naming Acids IUPAC Traditional aqueous hydrogen perchlorate perchloric acid HClO4(aq) hypochlorous acid HClO(aq) aqueous hydrogen hypochlorite HNO2(aq) aqueous hydrogen nitrite nitrous acid HNO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen nitrate nitric acid H2SO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen sulfate sulfuric acid H2SO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen sulfite sulfurous acid H3PO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen phosphate phosphoric acid .

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Group 17 (Halogens)
Sodium, Na Gallium, Ga CHEMISTRY 1000 Topic #2: The Chemical Alphabet Fall 2020 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 11.1 to 11.4 Forms of Carbon The Halogens (Group 17) What is a halogen? Any element in Group 17 (the only group containing Cl2 solids, liquids and gases at room temperature) Exists as diatomic molecules ( , , , ) Melting Boiling 2State2 2 2Density Point Point (at 20 °C) (at 20 °C) Fluorine -220 °C -188 °C Gas 0.0017 g/cm3 Chlorine -101 °C -34 °C Gas 0.0032 g/cm3 Br2 Bromine -7.25 °C 58.8 °C Liquid 3.123 g/cm3 Iodine 114 °C 185 °C Solid 4.93 g/cm3 A nonmetal I2 Volatile (evaporates easily) with corrosive fumes Does not occur in nature as a pure element. Electronegative; , and are strong acids; is one of the stronger weak acids 2 The Halogens (Group 17) What is a halogen? Only forms one monoatomic anion (-1) and no free cations Has seven valence electrons (valence electron configuration . ) and a large electron affinity 2 5 A good oxidizing agent (good at gaining electrons so that other elements can be oxidized) First Ionization Electron Affinity Standard Reduction Energy (kJ/mol) Potential (kJ/mol) (V = J/C) Fluorine 1681 328.0 +2.866 Chlorine 1251 349.0 +1.358 Bromine 1140 324.6 +1.065 Iodine 1008 295.2 +0.535 3 The Halogens (Group 17) Fluorine, chlorine and bromine are strong enough oxidizing agents that they can oxidize the oxygen in water! When fluorine is bubbled through water, hydrogen fluoride and oxygen gas are produced.
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Hypochlorous Acid Handling
Hypochlorous Acid Handling 1 Identification of Petitioned Substance 2 Chemical Names: Hypochlorous acid, CAS Numbers: 7790-92-3 3 hypochloric(I) acid, chloranol, 4 hydroxidochlorine 10 Other Codes: European Community 11 Number-22757, IUPAC-Hypochlorous acid 5 Other Name: Hydrogen hypochlorite, 6 Chlorine hydroxide List other codes: PubChem CID 24341 7 Trade Names: Bleach, Sodium hypochlorite, InChI Key: QWPPOHNGKGFGJK- 8 Calcium hypochlorite, Sterilox, hypochlorite, UHFFFAOYSA-N 9 NVC-10 UNII: 712K4CDC10 12 Summary of Petitioned Use 13 A petition has been received from a stakeholder requesting that hypochlorous acid (also referred 14 to as electrolyzed water (EW)) be added to the list of synthetic substances allowed for use in 15 organic production and handling (7 CFR §§ 205.600-606). Specifically, the petition concerns the 16 formation of hypochlorous acid at the anode of an electrolysis apparatus designed for its 17 production from a brine solution. This active ingredient is aqueous hypochlorous acid which acts 18 as an oxidizing agent. The petitioner plans use hypochlorous acid as a sanitizer and antimicrobial 19 agent for the production and handling of organic products. The petition also requests to resolve a 20 difference in interpretation of allowed substances for chlorine materials on the National List of 21 Allowed and Prohibited Substances that contain the active ingredient hypochlorous acid (NOP- 22 PM 14-3 Electrolyzed water). 23 The NOP has issued NOP 5026 “Guidance, the use of Chlorine Materials in Organic Production 24 and Handling.” This guidance document clarifies the use of chlorine materials in organic 25 production and handling to align the National List with the November, 1995 NOSB 26 recommendation on chlorine materials which read: 27 “Allowed for disinfecting and sanitizing food contact surfaces.
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United States Patent Office
2,752,270 United States Patent Office Patented June 26, 1956 2 These impurities impair the crystallization of the solu 2,752,270 tions for the recovery of glucose; on the one hand, they PROCESS OF HYDROLYZNG wooD N PRE. increase the solubility of the glucose in the solvent, and PARNG CRYSTALLINE GLUCOSE on the other hand they retard the growth of the glucose Hugo Specht, Mannheim-Rheinau, Germany, assignor 5 crystals which remain so snail as to be very difficult to to Deutsche Bergin-Aktiengesellschaft, Mannheim separate from the syrup. I have found that crystalline Rheinau, Germany glucose can be obtained in good yields only when the No Drawing. Application January 5, 1954, Wood sugar Solution subjected to crystallization is so Serial No. 402,401 prepared as to consist essentially of glucose and to be free Claims priority, application Germany January 31, 1949 0 as far as possible from the recited impurities, including mannose. According to the invention, cellulosic ma 4 Claims. (C. 127-37) terial, for instance wood, is essentially freed from hemi The invention relates to improvements in the prepara celluloses; the residue should contain not more than tion of crystalline glucose by the hydrolysis of wood and about 5-6 per cent of sugars other than glucose, cal is a continuation-in-part of my copending application, 5 culated on the total content of carbohydrates, and is Serial No. 242,172, filed August 16, 1951, now aban then hydrolyzed with superconcentrated (39–42%) hy doned. drochloric acid. The thus obtained strongly acidic sugar Several processes have already been proposed for the solution is freed from hydrochloric acid by evaporation recovery of crystalline glucose from wood sugar solu So as to leave only a small residue of the acid; the mass tions, but they could not be economically operated on a 20 is then diluted to form a liquor containing about 10 to large scale.
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Rate Constants for Reactions Between Iodine- and Chlorine-Containing Species: a Detailed Mechanism of the Chlorine Dioxide/Chlorite-Iodide Reaction†
3708 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3708-3719 Rate Constants for Reactions between Iodine- and Chlorine-Containing Species: A Detailed Mechanism of the Chlorine Dioxide/Chlorite-Iodide Reaction† Istva´n Lengyel,‡ Jing Li, Kenneth Kustin,* and Irving R. Epstein Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis UniVersity, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254-9110 ReceiVed NoVember 27, 1995X Abstract: The chlorite-iodide reaction is unusual because it is substrate-inhibited and autocatalytic. Because - analytically pure ClO2 ion is not easily prepared, it was generated in situ from the rapid reaction between ClO2 and I-. The resulting overall reaction is multiphasic, consisting of four separable parts. Sequentially, beginning with mixing, these parts are the (a) chlorine dioxide-iodide, (b) chlorine(III)-iodide, (c) chlorine(III)-iodine, and (d) hypoiodous and iodous acid disproportionation reactions. The overall reaction has been studied experimentally and by computer simulation by breaking it down into a set of kinetically active subsystems and three rapidly established - equilibria: protonations of chlorite and HOI and formation of I3 . The subsystems whose kinetics and stoichiometries were experimentally measured, remeasured, or which were previously experimentally measured include oxidation of - iodine(-1,0,+1,+3) by chlorine(0,+1,+3), oxidation of I by HIO2, and disproportionation of HOI and HIO2. The final mechanism and rate constants of the overall reaction and of its subsystems were determined by sensitivity analysis and parameter fitting of differential equation systems. Rate constants determined for simpler reactions were fixed in the more complex systems. A 13-step model with the three above-mentioned rapid equilibria fits the - -3 - -3 - - overall reaction and all of its subsystems over the range [I ]0 < 10 M, [ClO2 ]0 < 10 M, [I ]0/[ClO2 ]0 ) 3-5, pH ) 1-3.5, and 25 °C.
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Guidance for Identification and Naming of Substance Under REACH
Guidance for identification and naming of substances under 3 REACH and CLP Version 2.1 - May 2017 GUIDANCE Guidance for identification and naming of substances under REACH and CLP May 2017 Version 2.1 2 Guidance for identification and naming of substances under REACH and CLP Version 2.1 - May 2017 LEGAL NOTICE This document aims to assist users in complying with their obligations under the REACH and CLP regulations. However, users are reminded that the text of the REACH and CLP Regulations is the only authentic legal reference and that the information in this document does not constitute legal advice. Usage of the information remains under the sole responsibility of the user. The European Chemicals Agency does not accept any liability with regard to the use that may be made of the information contained in this document. Guidance for identification and naming of substances under REACH and CLP Reference: ECHA-16-B-37.1-EN Cat. Number: ED-07-18-147-EN-N ISBN: 978-92-9495-711-5 DOI: 10.2823/538683 Publ.date: May 2017 Language: EN © European Chemicals Agency, 2017 If you have any comments in relation to this document please send them (indicating the document reference, issue date, chapter and/or page of the document to which your comment refers) using the Guidance feedback form. The feedback form can be accessed via the EVHA Guidance website or directly via the following link: https://comments.echa.europa.eu/comments_cms/FeedbackGuidance.aspx European Chemicals Agency Mailing address: P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland Visiting address: Annankatu 18, Helsinki, Finland Guidance for identification and naming of substances under 3 REACH and CLP Version 2.1 - May 2017 PREFACE This document describes how to name and identify a substance under REACH and CLP.
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APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
harxxxxx_App-G.qxd 3/8/10 1:34 PM Page AP11 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants §␮ ϭ 0.1 M 0 ؍ (Ionic strength (␮ † ‡ † Name Structure* pKa Ka pKa ϫ Ϫ5 Acetic acid CH3CO2H 4.756 1.75 10 4.56 (ethanoic acid) N ϩ H3 ϫ Ϫ3 Alanine CHCH3 2.344 (CO2H) 4.53 10 2.33 ϫ Ϫ10 9.868 (NH3) 1.36 10 9.71 CO2H ϩ Ϫ5 Aminobenzene NH3 4.601 2.51 ϫ 10 4.64 (aniline) ϪO SNϩ Ϫ4 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3 H3 3.232 5.86 ϫ 10 3.01 (sulfanilic acid) ϩ NH3 ϫ Ϫ3 2-Aminobenzoic acid 2.08 (CO2H) 8.3 10 2.01 ϫ Ϫ5 (anthranilic acid) 4.96 (NH3) 1.10 10 4.78 CO2H ϩ 2-Aminoethanethiol HSCH2CH2NH3 —— 8.21 (SH) (2-mercaptoethylamine) —— 10.73 (NH3) ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 2-Aminoethanol HOCH2CH2NH3 9.498 3.18 10 9.52 (ethanolamine) O H ϫ Ϫ5 4.70 (NH3) (20°) 2.0 10 4.74 2-Aminophenol Ϫ 9.97 (OH) (20°) 1.05 ϫ 10 10 9.87 ϩ NH3 ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 Ammonia NH4 9.245 5.69 10 9.26 N ϩ H3 N ϩ H2 ϫ Ϫ2 1.823 (CO2H) 1.50 10 2.03 CHCH CH CH NHC ϫ Ϫ9 Arginine 2 2 2 8.991 (NH3) 1.02 10 9.00 NH —— (NH2) —— (12.1) CO2H 2 O Ϫ 2.24 5.8 ϫ 10 3 2.15 Ϫ Arsenic acid HO As OH 6.96 1.10 ϫ 10 7 6.65 Ϫ (hydrogen arsenate) (11.50) 3.2 ϫ 10 12 (11.18) OH ϫ Ϫ10 Arsenious acid As(OH)3 9.29 5.1 10 9.14 (hydrogen arsenite) N ϩ O H3 Asparagine CHCH2CNH2 —— —— 2.16 (CO2H) —— —— 8.73 (NH3) CO2H *Each acid is written in its protonated form.
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Dissociation Constants and Ph-Titration Curves at Constant Ionic Strength from Electrometric Titrations in Cells Without Liquid
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP1537 Part of Journal of Research of the N.ational Bureau of Standards, Volume 30, May 1943 DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS AND pH-TITRATION CURVES AT CONSTANT IONIC STRENGTH FROM ELECTRO METRIC TITRATIONS IN CELLS WITHOUT LIQUID JUNCTION : TITRATIONS OF FORMIC ACID AND ACETIC ACID By Roger G. Bates, Gerda L. Siegel, and S. F. Acree ABSTRACT An improved method for obtaining the titration curves of monobasic acids is outlined. The sample, 0.005 mole of the sodium salt of the weak acid, is dissolver! in 100 ml of a 0.05-m solution of sodium chloride and titrated electrometrically with an acid-salt mixture in a hydrogen-silver-chloride cell without liquid junction. The acid-salt mixture has the composition: nitric acid, 0.1 m; pot assium nitrate, 0.05 m; sodium chloride, 0.05 m. The titration therefore is performed in a. medium of constant chloride concentration and of practically unchanging ionic strength (1'=0.1) . The calculations of pH values and of dissociation constants from the emf values are outlined. The tit ration curves and dissociation constants of formic acid and of acetic acid at 25 0 C were obtained by this method. The pK values (negative logarithms of the dissociation constants) were found to be 3.742 and 4. 754, respectively. CONTENTS Page I . Tntroduction __ _____ ~ __ _______ . ______ __ ______ ____ ________________ 347 II. Discussion of the titrat ion metbod __ __ ___ ______ _______ ______ ______ _ 348 1. Ti t;at~on. clU,:es at constant ionic strength from cells without ltqUld JunctlOlL - - - _ - __ _ - __ __ ____ ____ _____ __ _____ ____ __ _ 349 2.
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Safety Data Sheet
SAFETY DATA SHEET Preparation Date: 9/23/2013 Revision date 10/11/2019 Revision Number: G3 1. IDENTIFICATION Product identifier Product code: S1243 Product Name: SODIUM CHLORITE, ANHYDROUS, FLAKES Other means of identification Synonyms: Chlorous acid, sodium salt CAS #: 7758-19-2 RTECS # VZ4800000 CI#: Not available Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended use: Bleaching agent. Water purification. Uses advised against No information available Supplier: Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp 14422 South San Pedro St. Gardena, CA 90248 (310) 516-8000 Order Online At: https://www.spectrumchemical.com Emergency telephone number Chemtrec 1-800-424-9300 Contact Person: Tom Tyner (USA - West Coast) Contact Person: Ibad Tirmiz (USA - East Coast) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification This chemical is considered hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Considered a dangerous substance or mixture according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Acute toxicity - Oral Category 3 Acute toxicity - Dermal Category 2 Acute toxicity - Inhalation (Dusts/Mists) Category 2 Skin corrosion/irritation Category 2 Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 1 Oxidizing solids Category 2 Label elements Danger Hazard statements Fatal in contact with skin or if inhaled Toxic if swallowed Causes skin irritation Product code: S1243 Product name: SODIUM CHLORITE, Page 1 / 15 ANHYDROUS, FLAKES Causes serious eye damage May intensify fire; oxidizer Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC) Not Applicable Other hazards Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects Precautionary Statements - Prevention Wash face, hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing Do not breathe dust Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area Wear respiratory protection Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces.
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Safe Handling and Disposal of Chemicals Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Drugs
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Guidelines for the Safe handling and disposal of chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of drugs United Nations publication USD 26 Printed in Austria ISBN 978-92-1-148266-9 Sales No. E.11.XI.14 ST/NAR/36/Rev.1 V.11-83777—September*1183777* 2011—300 Guidelines for the Safe handling and disposal of chemicals used in the illlicit manufacture of drugs UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such symbols indicates a reference to a United Nations document. ST/NAR/36/Rev.1 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.11.XI.14 ISBN 978-92-1-148266-9 eISBN 978-92-1-055160-1 © United Nations, September 2011. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Requests for permission to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. or also see the website of the Board: https://unp.un.org/Rights.aspx. Governments and their institutions may reproduce this work without prior authoriza- tion but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction.
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Risk Assessment Report Sodium Chlorite（The 3 Edition） (Food
This is a provisional English translation of an excerpt from the original full report. Risk Assessment Report Sodium Chlorite（The 3rd edition） (Food Additive) Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) July 2009 Executive summary The Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) [CAS No. 7758-19-2], a food additive that is used as a bleaching agent and bacteriocide, using various test results. The test results used in the assessment are related to the repetitive dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, etc. of sodium chlorite and other substances. When administered orally, sodium chlorite is assumed to convert to chlorous acid (HClO2) in gastric fluid. In － addition to chlorous acid (HClO2), substances such as chloride ion (Cl ), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and chlorite － ion (ClO2 ) can also be produced by metabolism in the human body. Therefore, the toxicity of sodium chlorite was assessed mainly on the basis of safety data obtained for sodium chlorite, chlorite ion, and chlorine dioxide from various animal and human studies, with reference to findings related to hypochlorous acid solution and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) as appropriate. According to the results of the safety studies for sodium chlorite and the like, the most commonly observed major effect of sodium chlorite intake was thought to be the damage to the red blood cells by oxidative stress. No carcinogenicity was observed. With regard to genotoxicity, a weak positive result was observed in a reverse mutation test using bacteria. Although a positive result was obtained in a chromosomal abnormality test using mammalian cell cultures, the result was negative as to a micronucleus test performed using a high dose.
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Acidified Sodium Chlorite
Acidified Sodium Chlorite Livestock 1 2 Identification of Petitioned Substance 3 4 Chemical Name: 11 CAS Numbers: 5 Acidified Sodium Chlorite (ASC) 13898-47-0 (Chlorous Acid) 6 7758-19-2 (Sodium Chlorite) 7 Other Names: 8 Sodium Chlorite, Acidified Other Codes: 9 Chlorous Acid 231-836-6 (EINECS) 10 12 Trade Names: 13 SANOVA®, 4XLA®, Aztec Gold® 14 15 Summary of Petitioned Use 16 The National Organic Program (NOP) final rule currently allows the use of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) 17 solutions for antimicrobial food treatment when acidified with citric acid under 7 CFR § 205.605. The 18 petition before the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) is to add ASC solution as an allowed 19 synthetic in organic livestock production (§ 205.603) for use as a disinfectant/sanitizer and topical 20 treatment (i.e., teat dip). 21 ASC solutions used as disinfectants and teat dip treatments in livestock production are analogous to those 22 used for secondary direct food processing and handling. However, the potential impacts to the 23 environment and human health resulting from ASC treatments of livestock necessitate consideration of the 24 aqueous chemistry of the parent substance and its breakdown products, and potential for toxic effects to 25 terrestrial organisms and humans potentially exposed to these substances. 26 Characterization of Petitioned Substance 27 28 Composition of the Substance: 29 The petitioned substance, acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) solution, is generated through the reaction of 30 any acid categorized as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the FDA with an aqueous solution of 31 technical grade (~80% purity) sodium chlorite (NaClO2).
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Chemistry 1000 Lecture 21: the Halogens
Chemistry 1000 Lecture 21: The halogens Marc R. Roussel November 22, 2018 Marc R. Roussel Chemistry 1000 Lecture 21: The halogens November 22, 2018 1 / 20 The halogens The halogens Group 17 Pure elements consist of X2 molecules All form −1 anions States and colors at room temperature: F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 gas gas liquid solid yellow yellow-green dark red dark violet Volatility: tendency of a substance to vaporize Why are the compounds at the top of the group more volatile? Marc R. Roussel Chemistry 1000 Lecture 21: The halogens November 22, 2018 2 / 20 The halogens Reduction potentials range from extremely to moderately positive, i.e. these are good to excellent oxidizing agents: − − X2 + 2e ! 2X(aq) Element F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 E◦=V 2.866 1.358 1.065 0.535 In nature, always found as the anion, except iodine which is also found in some oxoanions Fluorine in particular can often oxidize elements with very high electronegativities (e.g. chlorine, oxygen). Marc R. Roussel Chemistry 1000 Lecture 21: The halogens November 22, 2018 3 / 20 The halogens Enthalpy of electronic attraction 350 340 330 -1 mol 320 /kJ EA E 310 300 290 F Cl Br I Why does F go against the trend? Marc R. Roussel Chemistry 1000 Lecture 21: The halogens November 22, 2018 4 / 20 The halogens Typical reactions of halogens React with metals to form metal halides React with nonmetals, often forming more than one binary compound with elements in period 3 or beyond Reaction of a halogen with P4 can give either PX3 or PX5 Reaction with S8 can give SX2,S2X2, SX4,S2X10, SX6 Industrial production of Cl2: by electrolysis of NaCl(aq) Industrial production of Br2 and I2: by oxidation of the anion with chlorine gas, e.g.
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