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Social Roles and Status of Women in a Norfolk Small Market Town Heacham 1276-1324 Ca

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Social Roles and Status of Women in a Norfolk Small Market Town Heacham 1276-1324 Ca 1 Jacques Beauroy CNRS-PARIS Social Roles and Status of Women in a Norfolk small market Town Heacham 1276-1324 ca. In contrast with other medieval serial sources concerned mostly with men English manorial court rolls recorded a high proportion of women appearing in court as plaintiffs or defendants in various misdemeanours and trespasses, in cases of conflicts with neighbours or the lord’s bailiffs. The court sessions showed women litigating about credit and debt, selling and buying land, paying merchet and heriot fines, etc. The publication, in 1996, of Medieval Society and the Manor Court emphazized the unique wealth of manorial court rolls for the study of legal and demographic history and other facets of the social structure of medieval rural society 1. Studies on the roles of women in medieval society have relied especially on the use of manorial court rolls2 . The 43 Heacham annual Leet court sessions, on which this paper is based, between 1276 and 1324, listed the women selling ale and bread on the market, paying the licensing taxes due to the Prior of Lewes, lord of the «soke» of Heacham, for the assize of bread and ale. They also listed chief pledges and elected manorial officials, tenants of the manor, who upheld the manor court proceedings and the 1Zvi Razi and Richard Smith (eds.), Medieval Society and the Manor Court, Oxford Un. Press, Oxford, 1996 . 2 Judith M. Bennett, Women in the Medieval English Countryside, Gender & Household in Brigstock before the Plague, Oxford, O.U.P., 1987 ; Marjorie K. McIntosh, Autonomy & Community The Royal Manor of Havering 1200-1500, vol.1, Cambridge Un. Press, Cambridge, 1986 ; Eadem, A Community Transformed The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500-1620, vol.2, Cambridge, 1991 ; Eadem, Working Women in English Society 1300-1620 , Cambridge Un. Press, Cambridge, 2005 ; Zvi Razi, Life, Marriage and death in a Medieval Parish, Economy, Society and Demography in Halesowen 1270-1400, Cambridge Un. Press, Cambridge, 1980. 2 agrarian and commercial economy of Heacham3 . Associated rentals and terriers provided names of tenants, appearing also in the curie baronis as litigants, pledges or manorial officials, and, combined with the curie lete, these allow an examination of the roles and status of the women of Heacham at the end of the thirteeenth and in the early fourteenth centuries 4 . The objective of this paper is to measure the involvement of women in the Heacham local food and drink market and to assess the social differentiation among these working women mentioned in the 43 leet courts (1276-1324 ca.) taken as significant sample of the Heacham female population. It attempts to appraise their « status » in relating these women to the manorial ‘official elite’, and to its tenant population at the end of the medieval economic and demographic expansion 5. I The fortunes of Heacham as a port and a market borough, long established on the eastern shore of the Wash rose markedly during the thirteenth century6. In 1272, 3 NRO, le Strange Coll., Heacham Court Rolls, DA1-DA8 (1275-1327). 4 Jacques Beauroy, Offices Manoriaux et Stratification Sociale à Heacham (Norfolk) 1285-1324 in Les Communautés Villageoises en Europe Occidentale du Moyen Age aux Temps Modernes (Flaran 1982), Auch, 1984, p. 237-244 ; Idem, ‘Analyse quantitative d’une seigneurie anglaise : offices manoriaux, activités marchandes et structure sociale dans le Norfolk occidental à la fin du XIIIè siècle’, Histoire & Mesure , 1988, III-4, 515-525. 5 Richard Smith, ‘Demographic developments in rural England 1300-48 : a survey’ in Bruce Campbell (ed.), Before the Black Death Studies in the ‘Crisis’ of the early Fourteenth Century, Manchester Un. Press, Manchester, 1991, p. 25-77 ; Bruce Campbell, ‘Population Pressure, inheritance and the land market in a fourteenth- century peasant community’ In Richard Smith(ed.), Land, Kinship and Life-cycle, C.U.P., Cambridge, 1984, p. 87-134 ; Christopher Dyer, An Age of Transition ? Economy and Society in England in the Later Middle Ages, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2005. 6 Richard Britnell, ‘The Proliferation of Markets in England 1200-1349’, Economic History Review, XXXIV, no. 2, May 1981, 209-221 ; Idem, The Commercialisation of English Society 1000-1500, Cambridge Un. Press., Cambridge1993 ; Rodney Hilton, ‘Lords, Burgesses and Hucksters’, Past & Present, no. 97, Nov. 1982, 3-15 ; Idem, ‘Medieval Market Towns’, Past & Present, no. 109, Nov. 1985, 3-23 ; Richard Britnell and Bruce Campbell (eds.), A Commercialising Economy : England 1086 to c. 1300, Manchester , 1995. 3 Heacham was granted by royal charter a weekly market on Wednesdays and 3 days during the mid-August Fairs (14, 15, 16 August) which confirmed the growth of its market active since the eleventh century at least. The Little Domesday mentioned in its entry for Heacham a fishery, salt-pans and a mill, and a rare early twelth century custumal, using the pre-conquest anglo-saxon social nomenclature, prescribed a day’s work for the clearing of the river banks to enable the transport of goods to the port and the smooth functioning of the 3 water-mills 7. The indications of the Lay Subsidy of 1334 left no doubt as to the fact that Norfolk was, two decades before the Black Death, the wealthiest English County. Heacham was one of 35 localities of the fertile Fens of Western Norfolk and of Lincolnshire on the shores of the Wash taxed over £. 225 : this was the region of England where the concentration of wealth was most marked in the first half of fourteenth century 8 (cf. Map 1). Heacham was a prosperous fishing port : the Inquisitio Navium of 1337 mentioned 12 Heacham tenants who owned fishing ships : the richest, Simon Lambriht , had 7 ships gauging from 5 tons to 32 tons9 . Heacham Leet court sessions were regularly taxing a number of fishmongers as forstallatores communes. There was some long-distance trade, importing wood from Scandinavia as in Holkam, or woollen cloth from Flanders, stone from Normandy, but the bulk of the Heacham traffic was made with other Norfolk ports, and especially with Bishop’s Lynn where Heacham exported fish, salt, corn in bulk or flour sacks (as it had 3 water-mills and 1 wind-mill), and sacks of wool. Heacham was the maritime outlet for a number of land-locked manors in North West Norfolk and the Heacham demesne accounts mentioned that its horse-drawn carts transported often its harvest surplus as far as Fakenham to the East. The port of Heacham imported from Bishop’s 7 PRO C 53/61 M.3, Charter Rolls, 10 June 1272, Heacham , grant of a weekly Market and annual Fairs ; NRO, Le Strange Collection, Heacham DH5, Copia cujusdam Rentalis Antiqui de Redditibus Domini Prioris de Lewes pertinentis Manerio suo de Hecham, 14 fos., s.d., ca. 1150-1200. 8 R.E. Glasscock, The Lay Subsidy of 1334, R.E.S.H., n.s. II., British Academy, O.U.P. Oxford, 1975 ; Idem, ‘England circa 1334’, Chapter 4, in A New Historical Geography of England before 1600 (H.C. Darby ed.), CambridgeUn.Press., Cambridge, 1976, p. 139, 141, 180-4. 9 PRO, C 47/2/25 no. 19, 1337. 4 Lynn manufactured and consumer goods for everyday life, particularly for the building trades, and the maintenance of the farm buildings of the demesne of the Prior of Lewes. It imported mill-stones and iron manufactured goods, nails, horseshoes, iron parts for the ploughs and tools, the carts and the mills, leather and wool manufactured goods for clothing and the farming economy, etc. According to the survey of 1592 and the estate map and fieldbook of 1623, the fields of Heacham extended over 3, 230 acres ca. divided in 19, 333 strips spread over 181 named furlongs. The names and the location of the furlongs and their respective areas were those of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries10. (cf. Map 2 ) The large Lewes Priory demesne (350 acres) was situated north of the river and was prolonged by a very large Sheepcourse extending to the north-eastern limits of the parish boundary. The medieval rentals and terriers listed the tenants, their rents and tenures in each of the seven districts constituting the manorial territory : first north of the river, Thorpe or Thorpegate included the village centre and a number of furlongs extending up to the eastern boundary, from Churchcroft (29), the ‘situs manerii’ with its compact demesne grounds to the Sheepcourse . « Marketstead » was furlong no. 31 on the map, south of the Drove, close to the Church and the village centre, and must have been the site of the medieval Market close to the river and Heacham Haven ; to the south-west of the river the four districts of Northmoor, Northrowe , Southrowe, Southmoor represented the territory conquered on the coastal marshes by drainage early in the tenth century : Heacham had started north of the river, on the higher ground, and then settled the area to the south west. To the south- east, Eastgate and Etonegate surrounded the ‘East Moore’. There was only one other very small manor in the parish along the large main manor of the Prior of Lewes, called Caley and it’s lands were situated in Eastgate, south of Thorpe (f. no.67 Caleyard, site of the manor of Caley). The medieval fields of Heacham were divided into ‘tenementa’ and the tenants, « nativi » or « liberi » , were co-parceners who, as in Redgrave , «had a 10 NRO, Le Strange Coll., OB2 and OC2, Heacham Estate Maps, 1623 ; Ibid., DH4 Fieldbook of Heacham, 1623. Heacham, in 1966, extended over 3,754 acres with a population of 2, 248 inhabitants . 5 joint responsibility to see that all services were performed and rents paid »11.
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