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Revision of Oriental Monolepta and Related Groups of Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)

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Revision of Oriental Monolepta and Related Groups of Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) Revision of Oriental Monolepta and related groups of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften des Fachbereich 3: Mathematik/Naturwissenschaften der Universität Koblenz-Landau vorgelegt am. 09. März 2012 von Izfa Riza Binti Hazmi geb. am 27. Mai 1983 in Malaysia Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Wagner Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Misof I Table of contents Table of contents II Foreword and Acknowledgements III Introduction 1 Curriculum vitae 15 Declaration 17 Appendices Appendix 1 Revalidation and revision of Ochralea Clark, 1865 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from the Oriental Region Appendix 2 Revision of Arcastes Baly, 1865 from the Oriental region (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) Appendix 3 Rubrarcastes gen. nov., a new group of Oriental galerucine leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) Appendix 4 Revision of Neolepta Jacoby, 1884 and related galerucines from the Oriental region, including description of two new genera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) Appendix 5 Revision of Monolepta Chevrolat, 1837 from the Sundaland area (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) II Foreword and Acknowledgements Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.. I have never thought of staying abroad for quite some years. It was all started when I got a position to be a tutor of Insect Systematic in the Centre of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, the National University of Malaysia. Being that time, I was not sure what am I going to do for the next few years, but one thing that I knew is that I have to further my doctorate study. Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Said a former Professor and taxonomist who were actively worked on Chrysomelidae of Malaysia and Indonesia have met me one day. It was since some years that he was retired from his service in the University. He was talked to me, and from this conversation on, he has influenced me to study chrysomelid beetle. The mass materials of chrysomelids beetle that were place in our Centre for Insect Systematic (CIS) laboratory need somebody to take over. Taking consideration that one of my colleague is in Holland furthering her PhD in systematic of Ichneumonoidea, I have decided to study the systematics of chrysomelid beetles, and left back the Ichneumonidae that has been the subject of my master thesis. Being known Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Said, he has linked me to Thomas Wagner, whom he himself never meets. I have contacted Thomas Wagner and he was willingly to accept me as his doctorate student. It was the starter, and Thomas Wagner has organized a lot of stuff for me, and on March 2008 I came over to Germany. It was along four years, and we have co-operated in this study and the first result was published in three journal articles. Those three published article, one article that has been submitted and one article in state of manuscript was compiled and here is the dissertation of my doctorate study. III Grabbing this opportunity, I would like to extend my warm thanks to: The Almighty God for giving me all the strength, patience, health and endurance to accomplish my study successfully. Alhamdulillah.. Prof. Dr. Thomas Wagner for accepting me as a PhD student and with patient and without fail has guided me all the way through this path being a doctorate student. Personally for me, this is not an easy way and a lifetime experience. Thanks also for being such a helpful and very nice supervisor ever. I adore you a lot! Not being forgotten, thanks also to Prof. Dr. Bernhard Misof who kindly agreed to be my second referee. Prof. Mohammad Salleh Mohammed Said for the advice that you have gave me, and interest that you have shared with me. All the staffs from the Institute of Natural Science Biology, Universität Koblenz: Dr. Adanne Girma, Mrs. Brigitte Nilow-Lange, Mrs. Carolin Thiel, Mrs. Dagmar Savelsberg, Dr. Dorothee Killman, Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer, Dr. Inger Theisen, Dr. Jutta Meiyer, Dr. Katja Rembold, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Sinsch and others whom I didn’t write here. Thank you for the encouragement and helps through everything, and all the nice memories that I will always bear in my mind. This is a wonderful working place for me.. My family is the most valuable gift that I ever have. A million thanks I would say for always pray and supporting me all the way during my study. I miss all of you so much, and being home again is the moment that I have wait so long since sometimes. There were nothing that I could give in return for the unconditionally love, and I dedicate this thesis to all of you, my parent, Mr. Hazmi Jahan and Mdm. Reslah Ngadan, and all my siblings, Izul, Izza, Izri, Izfairuz, Izwan, Izatul and Iqmal. Living away from home, friends are very important in adding colours to my life. Not forgotten, I would like to say thanks to Arifah and her family, Jenifer, Jolanta, Layla and her family, Marlia, Rahyla, Samina and her family, all my Sutera Kapas usrahmate and all Malaysian IV friends in Germany (you know who you are). Thanks for always dropping by in Koblenz, and for all the care, laughter, love and joy that we have shared. I wish all the best to all of you, and of course, we will keep this friendship and hope to see each other again back in Malaysia later. Thanks also to all the staff in Centre for Insect Systematic (CIS) laboratory in Malaysia for accompanying me in material collection back in a year before I came here, Mr. Ruslan and Mr. Fauzi who came with me to the field. Not forgotten, Prof. Dr. Idris Abd Ghani for his support, Dr. Salmah who always care, and all the labmates in CIS laboratory. Last but not least, thanks to the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education and the National University of Malaysia for providing a scholarship and study leaves for me. It was since several years, and I’ll pay back my service in return. I am nor better far from perfect, thus I like to ask forgiveness towards my all wrongdoing to everyone. What goes around comes around, and I am not the best person neither i’m capable to pay back all the kindness that everyone has hospitalized me. May the best and good things shower everyone all the way.. Terima Kasih and Danke Schön! Izfa Riza Binti Hazmi 09 March 2012, Uni-Koblenz. V Revision of Oriental Monolepta and related groups of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) Introduction The Chrysomelidae are one of the most diverse insect groups, particular in tropical forests. There are at least 35,000 species recorded in this beetle family according to more conservative estimation or more than 60,000 according to more progressive ones (Reid 1995a). Since a long time, this beetle group has drawn a lot of attention in research especially in taxonomy, systematics, ecology and biogeography, as well as molecular studies in present days (Sota & Hayashi 2004, Nokkala & Nokkala 2004, Cox 1996, Gómez- Zurita et al. 2007, Stapel et al. 2008, Gross & Schmidtberg 2009, Mohamedsaid 2009, 2011). Being phytophagous, chrysomelids include many established and potential agricultural pests. The most well known is the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824), a major pest of potatoes worldwide (Bishop & Grafius 1996). Besides their agricultural significance, the biodiversity of leaf beetles is also a direct indicator of diversity in ambient flora (Kalaichelvan 2000). Taxonomic and systematic studies of Chrysomelidae have been initiated by Fabricius (1781) when he described some hundreds of insects in his “Species Insectorum”. At that time, most of larger Chrysomelidae were assigned to only two genera: Chrysomela for broad-bodied and Crioceris for slender-bodies species (Wagner 2007). It was along the time that studies on this particular family has intensified, and numbers of described chrysomelids increased, up to 22,978 species in the “Coleopterum Catalogous” by Weise (1910–1940) (Schmitt 1996). Galerucinae is the second largest subgroup of chrysomelid beetle that can be identified by their specific characters (White 1983). There are about 520 genera described, and the estimation of species varied among authors, but in the range of 5,000 species to 6,300 species (Gillespie et al. 2008, Stapel et al. 2008, Scherz & Wagner 2007). In the earlier years, Wilcox (1973) has listed 5,802 species of Galerucinae distributed over the whole 1 world that time, an increase of 57 % compared to the number of described species by Weise 1924. Since Wilcox's compilation, the Zoological Record has listed 512 more species descriptions in Galerucinae, resulting in an increase of 71 % against 1924 (Schmitt 1996). Until the most recent catalogue, at least over 13,000 species of Galerucinae are recorded all over the world (Riley et al. 2002). A subgroup of the Galerucinae with elongated basi-metatarsus and without significant depression on the pronotum has been classified to a group called “Monoleptites” (Wilcox 1973). It was firstly assigned by Chapuis (1875) but during that time, only a small number of taxa were included. Until the catalogue compiled by Wilcox (1973), there were a total of 34 genera listed in this group. Only 13 genera are recorded to be occur in the Oriental Region, and six are endemic to it (Table 1). When assigning the taxa in “Monoleptites”, Wilcox has commented that the classifications of genera in this group are unsatisfactory and uncertain, and thus he proposes to revise this group in future. “Delimitation of genera in this group and assignment of the species into genera need revision. The present classification of Monolepta, Luperodes, Candezea and many other genera in this group is most unsatisfactory. Genera have not been adequately delimited; type species of many genera have not been considered have not been considered in placing new species even when a type had been designated, and no two entomologist have held the same concepts of the genera.
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