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Making Disaster Zones Into “Scenic Sites,” Homelands Into “Gardens,” Peasants Into “Grateful Survivors”

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Making Disaster Zones Into “Scenic Sites,” Homelands Into “Gardens,” Peasants Into “Grateful Survivors” ABSTRACT This dissertation employs long-term ethnographic fieldwork (conducted 2011- 2015) to study the State-led, “culturally sensitive” reconstruction and development of Chinese ethnic Qiang communities after the devastating Wenchuan Earthquake claimed about ten percent of the total Qiang population in 2008. The Qiang are one of the 55 officially-recognized ethnic minorities. Many Qiang villages in southwestern Sichuan province not only swiftly recovered materially, but were made into heritage tourist destinations with State planning to “restore and develop” their culture. The dissertation examines both the State’s conception of the Qiang through its policies and projects, and the range of Qiang villagers’ response to the reconstruction and negotiation of their lives and relationships—revealing complexities and problems of this “culturally sensitive” recovery project. It argues that the mishandling of the Qiang culture as well as the top- down, short-term, and politicized aid employed by the government have impeded the improvement of the well-being in these communities, which are instead rendered as showcases of state power and nationalist construction. ©Copyright by Qiaoyun Zhang, 2016 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An anthropology dissertation is a challenging yet rewarding work. First of all, I sincerely thank Nicholas Spitzer for his thoughtful and inspiring advice as well as patient and generous support from day one. Nick passionately advised my initial project on New Orleans’ post-Katrina recovery, and offered me even more support and encouragement after I moved my research site to China. I am greatly indebted to his keen observations that helped sharpen and broaden my arguments, strong support that assisted me in securing funds for research, as well as graceful recommendations that allowed me to collaborate with colleagues from the Smithsonian Institution, the School of Advanced Research, and other places. A Chinese saying has it that one’s teacher for one day becomes their father of a lifetime (yiri weishi zhongshen weifu 一日为师, 终身为父). To me, Nick is not only a respectful adviser, but also a life-long mentor and brother-like friend. I am also extremely grateful to Shanshan Du who taught me to think critically and independently, write carefully and comprehensively, and live strongly and positively. Shanshan provided indispensable and invaluable advice on my research in China. The great amount of advice and years of generous encouragement from her have been a constant inspiration and valuable treasure for my research and life as a whole. I also thank Allison Truitt for her insightful comments on the dissertation and warm support throughout my writing and defense. Roberto Barrios of Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, whose help and friendship are highly appreciated and cherished, has been advising my research and collaborating with me since 2008. I also thank other professors and friends at Tulane for their help. ii The dissertation would not be possible without the extremely kind and generous help from villagers of Longxi and my other informants throughout China. I thank Aunt Tang, Jiafu, Meilin, Donglin, shibi Beimen Yu (all pseudonyms), among many other villagers, who comfortably hosted me, taught me about Qiang culture and their homelands, shared their stories with me, and accepted me as a member of their family. I thank leaders and staff of Longxi Township Government who allowed me to work with them and gave me important data on Longxi’s recovery. I am grateful to all the officials, scholars, volunteers, and residents in Wenchuan, Chengdu, Beijing, and the United States who openly shared their experiences of and perspectives on the Wenchuan Earthquake and the reconstruction processes. Colleagues in China, including Bingzhong Gao, Yun Tang, and Yuan Zhang, offered constructive comments on this research, for which I am very thankful. The dissertation research and writing were funded by the National Science Foundation, Association for Asian Studies, Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, and Tulane University at various stages. I sincerely appreciate the support without which the work would not be possible. My family has always been my strongest and most faithful supporter. The dissertation represents six years’ work, including 15 months in China, two years of writing, while getting married and having a baby. I am greatly grateful to Zifu Zhu, my beloved husband and best friend, who has always been there for me. Yanjin Zhu, my daughter, gives me the brightest smile and sunshine. I thank my parents-in-law for their help and understanding, and will forever remember my deceased mother-in-law’s loving care. Above all, my parents, Huiyun Zhang and Huiming Huang, have offered me iii enormous love, trust, wisdom, and encouragement that have made me who I am. I dedicate this dissertation to them. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 th May 12 , 2008: Sending Celebration Rice Day ............................................................. 1 Wenchuan Earthquake and the Heavily-hit Qiang .......................................................... 5 Making Disaster Zones into “Scenic Sites,” Homelands into “Gardens,” Peasants into “Grateful Survivors” ....................................................................................................... 8 Vulnerability, Resilience, and Culture in Post-Disaster Reconstruction ...................... 15 State, Ethnic Minorities, and Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection in China .......... 27 Ethnography in and outside of Longxi.......................................................................... 35 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................. 41 Chapter 2 Historical Vulnerability and Marginalization of the Qiang ............................. 45 A Trip to Longxi ........................................................................................................... 45 Longxi’s Ecological Risks ............................................................................................ 49 Pre-Earthquake Socio-political Vulnerability ............................................................... 56 Political Marginalization of the Longxi Qiang ............................................................. 62 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 3 Wenchuan Earthquake Relief ........................................................................... 74 Massive and Effective State-led Post-Earthquake Relief ............................................. 77 The Overwhelming and Nurturing State ................................................................... 79 Spectacular Relief as Political Neutralizer ............................................................... 87 Disaster as Conjuncture of State Power and Society Compassion ........................... 89 Earthquake Relief in Longxi ......................................................................................... 95 Destroyed Home, Determined People....................................................................... 95 Disturbed Time and Place Making ........................................................................... 99 Conclusion: The Same Space, A Different Place ....................................................... 105 Chapter 4 Making Disaster Zones into “Scenic Sites,” Homelands into “Gardens” ...... 108 Swift Planning and Massive Funding for the Reconstruction .................................... 112 Instantaneous Modernization in Longxi ..................................................................... 116 v The “Culturally Sensitive” Reconstruction of Qiang Villages ................................... 118 A Different Pace of Resilience and Reconstruction ................................................... 125 “Miraculous Reconstruction” as Ecological and Cultural Damaging Mechanism ..... 132 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 137 Chapter 5 “Excavation,” “Upgrade,” and “Development” of the Qiang Culture ........... 139 Cultural “Excavation”: Representing the “Ancient” and “Mysterious” Qiang .......... 142 Cultural Upgrade: “Culture of Yu the Great” and “Red Culture” .............................. 152 Cultural Development: Heritage Culture for Tourism Display .................................. 161 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 169 Chapter 6 Grateful Qiangjiale ........................................................................................ 173 Disaster, Heritage, and “Grateful Culture” Tourism .................................................. 174 “Wait?” “Depend?” and “Beg?” ................................................................................. 190 Challenges of Doing Tourism at Home .................................................................. 190 “Face Projects” versus Sustainable Development .................................................
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