Tibet Insight, 1-15 July 2019
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Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
Monitoring and Evaluation of Grassland Desertification in Litang County Using Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images
Proceedings of 14th Youth Conference on Communication Monitoring and Evaluation of Grassland Desertification in Litang County Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Images DAN Shang-ming1, 2,XU Hui-xi3,DAN Bo4,HE Fei5,SHI Cheng-cang6, REN Guo-ye6 1.Key Laboratory of Atmosphere Sounding, China Meteorological Administration,Chengdu 610225, P.R.China; 2.Sichuan Province Agrimeteorological Center, Chengdu 610072, P.R.China; 3. Institute of Engineering Surveying, Sichuan College of Architectural Technology, Deyang 618000, P.R.China; 4.Sichuan Provincial Meteorological Observatory, Chengdu 610072, P.R.China; 5.Chengdu University of Information Technology,Chengdu 610225, P.R.China. 6.Institute of Remote Sensing Application,Sichuan Academy Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066,P.R.China; [email protected] , [email protected] Using four Landsat TM & ETM+ images which obtained in 1989, 1994, 2000 and 2005, the nor- Abstract: malized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated on the basis of the geometry correction, radio- metric calibration and atmosphere correction, and the assimilation of the NDVI images was made by estab- lishing the least squares equation of linear regression, and extracted the vegetation coverage from the NDVI and converted it into the desertification index (DI) based on the binary model, the classifiable research was made on the desertification of grassland about 103 km2 near the Litang county. The result demonstrates that: st (1) Desertification in Litang County has been deteriorating in the past 16 years (1989-2005). The 1 stage nd (1989-1994) saw decreased desertification area, the 2 stage (1994-2000) observed radical deterioration, and rd the 3 stage (2000-2005) witnessed slack in this regard. -
Red Panda Market Research Findings in China
TRAFFIC RED PANDA MARKET RESEARCH BRIEFING FINDINGS IN CHINA MAY 2018 Ling Xu and Jing Guan KEY points: • Physical market surveys and interviews with local residents in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces found little evidence of any trade in Red Pandas. • A one-off online survey of Chinese websites found only two Red Panda products offered for sale. ©TRAFFIC SAMMI LI • Analysis of CITES trade data found discrepancies in the importer and exporter data ABSTRACT reported by Chinese, US and German CITES Management The Red Panda is a national second-class protected species in China—with both hunting Authorities. and trade prohibited—and is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International • Based on seizure information, Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It was upgraded to Sichuan province is the main Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2015. During April to centre for illegal trade in Red May 2017, TRAFFIC conducted physical market surveys in areas close to Red Panda Pandas habitats (in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces) and an online market survey of Chinese websites. The results showed that only two dealers (one in the physical market and one in the online market) offered Red Panda products, which were allegedly obtained about 30 years ago (before the implementation of China’s Wild Animal Protection Law). Most surveyed shopkeepers (60/65) had never heard of or had little knowledge of the species. Interviews with local residents, including members of minority ethnic groups who traditionally use Red Panda products, found that almost all were no longer interested in Red Panda products. -
The Mineral Industry of China in 2016
2016 Minerals Yearbook CHINA [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior December 2018 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of China By Sean Xun In China, unprecedented economic growth since the late of the country’s total nonagricultural employment. In 2016, 20th century had resulted in large increases in the country’s the total investment in fixed assets (excluding that by rural production of and demand for mineral commodities. These households; see reference at the end of the paragraph for a changes were dominating factors in the development of the detailed definition) was $8.78 trillion, of which $2.72 trillion global mineral industry during the past two decades. In more was invested in the manufacturing sector and $149 billion was recent years, owing to the country’s economic slowdown invested in the mining sector (National Bureau of Statistics of and to stricter environmental regulations in place by the China, 2017b, sec. 3–1, 3–3, 3–6, 4–5, 10–6). Government since late 2012, the mineral industry in China had In 2016, the foreign direct investment (FDI) actually used faced some challenges, such as underutilization of production in China was $126 billion, which was the same as in 2015. capacity, slow demand growth, and low profitability. To In 2016, about 0.08% of the FDI was directed to the mining address these challenges, the Government had implemented sector compared with 0.2% in 2015, and 27% was directed to policies of capacity control (to restrict the addition of new the manufacturing sector compared with 31% in 2015. -
THE SECURITISATION of TIBETAN BUDDHISM in COMMUNIST CHINA Abstract
ПОЛИТИКОЛОГИЈА РЕЛИГИЈЕ бр. 2/2012 год VI • POLITICS AND RELIGION • POLITOLOGIE DES RELIGIONS • Nº 2/2012 Vol. VI ___________________________________________________________________________ Tsering Topgyal 1 Прегледни рад Royal Holloway University of London UDK: 243.4:323(510)”1949/...” United Kingdom THE SECURITISATION OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM IN COMMUNIST CHINA Abstract This article examines the troubled relationship between Tibetan Buddhism and the Chinese state since 1949. In the history of this relationship, a cyclical pattern of Chinese attempts, both violently assimilative and subtly corrosive, to control Tibetan Buddhism and a multifaceted Tibetan resistance to defend their religious heritage, will be revealed. This article will develop a security-based logic for that cyclical dynamic. For these purposes, a two-level analytical framework will be applied. First, the framework of the insecurity dilemma will be used to draw the broad outlines of the historical cycles of repression and resistance. However, the insecurity dilemma does not look inside the concept of security and it is not helpful to establish how Tibetan Buddhism became a security issue in the first place and continues to retain that status. The theory of securitisation is best suited to perform this analytical task. As such, the cycles of Chinese repression and Tibetan resistance fundamentally originate from the incessant securitisation of Tibetan Buddhism by the Chinese state and its apparatchiks. The paper also considers the why, how, and who of this securitisation, setting the stage for a future research project taking up the analytical effort to study the why, how and who of a potential desecuritisation of all things Tibetan, including Tibetan Buddhism, and its benefits for resolving the protracted Sino- Tibetan conflict. -
Trials of a Tibetan Monk: the Case of Tenzin Delek
Human Rights Watch February 2004, Vol. 16, No. 1 (C) Trials of a Tibetan Monk: The Case of Tenzin Delek Map 1: Provinces and Autonomous Regions of the People’s Republic of China..............................1 Map2: Sichuan Province and Surrounding Areas....................................................................................2 Map 3: Southeastern Section of Kardze/Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture............................3 I. Summary ....................................................................................................................................................5 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................7 A Note on Methodology.........................................................................................................................8 II. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................10 Tenzin Delek ..........................................................................................................................................12 Lobsang Dondrup..................................................................................................................................14 Bombs......................................................................................................................................................15 III. Arrests...................................................................................................................................................17 -
Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus: Harvest and Use in Tibet
HerbalGram 83 • August – October 2009 83 • August HerbalGram Kew’s 250th Anniversary • Reviving Graeco-Arabic Medicine • St. John’s Wort and Birth Control The Journal of the American Botanical Council Number 83 | August – October 2009 Kew’s 250th Anniversary • Reviving Graeco-Arabic Medicine • Lemongrass for Oral Thrush • Hibiscus for Blood Pressure • St. John’s Wort and BirthWort Control • St. John’s Blood Pressure • HibiscusThrush for Oral for 250th Anniversary Medicine • Reviving Graeco-Arabic • Lemongrass Kew’s US/CAN $6.95 Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus: www.herbalgram.org Harvest and Use in Tibet www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org 2009 HerbalGram 83 | 1 STILL HERBAL AFTER ALL THESE YEARS Celebrating 30 Years of Supporting America’s Health The year 2009 marks Herb Pharm’s 30th anniversary as a leading producer and distributor of therapeutic herbal extracts. During this time we have continually emphasized the importance of using the best quality certified organically cultivated and sustainably-wildcrafted herbs to produce our herbal healthcare products. This is why we created the “Pharm Farm” – our certified organic herb farm, and the “Plant Plant” – our modern, FDA-audited production facility. It is here that we integrate the centuries-old, time-proven knowledge and wisdom of traditional herbal medicine with the herbal sciences and technology of the 21st Century. Equally important, Herb Pharm has taken a leadership role in social and environmental responsibility through projects like our use of the Blue Sky renewable energy program, our farm’s streams and Supporting America’s Health creeks conservation program, and the Botanical Sanctuary program Since 1979 whereby we research and develop practical methods for the conser- vation and organic cultivation of endangered wild medicinal herbs. -
The Lichen Genus Hypogymnia in Southwest China Article
Mycosphere 5 (1): 27–76 (2014) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2014 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China McCune B1 and Wang LS2 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 U.S.A. 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650204, China McCune B, Wang LS 2014 – The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China. Mycosphere 5(1), 27–76, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 Abstract A total of 36 species of Hypogymnia are known from southwestern China. This region is a center of biodiversity for the genus. Hypogymnia capitata, H. nitida, H. saxicola, H. pendula, and H. tenuispora are newly described species from Yunnan and Sichuan. Olivetoric acid is new as a major lichen substance in Hypogymnia, occurring only in H. capitata. A key and illustrations are given for the species known from this region, along with five species from adjoining regions that might be confused or have historically been misidentified in this region. Key words – Lecanorales – lichenized ascomycetes – Parmeliaceae – Shaanxi – Sichuan – Tibet – Yunnan – Xizang. Introduction The first major collections of Hypogymnia from southwestern China were by Handel- Mazzetti, from which Zahlbruckner (1930) reported six species now placed in Hypogymnia, and Harry Smith (1921-1934, published piecewise by other authors; Herner 1988). Since the last checklist of lichens in China (Wei 1991), which reported 16 species of Hypogymnia from the southwestern provinces, numerous species of Hypogymnia from southwestern China have been described or revised (Chen 1994, Wei & Bi 1998, McCune & Obermayer 2001, McCune et al. -
Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham
Victorianizing Guangxu: Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham Scott Relyea, Appalachian State University Abstract In the late Qing and early Republican eras, eastern Tibet (Kham) was a borderland on the cusp of political and economic change. Straddling Sichuan Province and central Tibet, it was coveted by both Chengdu and Lhasa. Informed by an absolutist conception of territorial sovereignty, Sichuan officials sought to exert exclusive authority in Kham by severing its inhabitants from regional and local influence. The resulting efforts to arrest the flow of rupees from British India and the flow of cultural identity entwined with Buddhism from Lhasa were grounded in two misperceptions: that Khampa opposition to Chinese rule was external, fostered solely by local monasteries as conduits of Lhasa’s spiritual authority, and that Sichuan could arrest such influence, the absence of which would legitimize both exclusive authority in Kham and regional assertions of sovereignty. The intersection of these misperceptions with the significance of Buddhism in Khampa identity determined the success of Sichuan’s policies and the focus of this article, the minting and circulation of the first and only Qing coin emblazoned with an image of the emperor. It was a flawed axiom of state and nation builders throughout the world that severing local cultural or spiritual influence was possible—or even necessary—to effect a borderland’s incorporation. Keywords: Sichuan, southwest China, Tibet, currency, Indian rupee, territorial sovereignty, Qing borderlands On December 24, 1904, after an arduous fourteen-week journey along the southern road linking Chengdu with Lhasa, recently appointed assistant amban (Imperial Resident) to Tibet Fengquan reached Batang, a lush green valley at the western edge of Sichuan on the province’s border with central Tibet. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
DEBRIS FLOWS: Disasters, Risk, Forecast, Protection
DEBRIS FLOWS: Disasters, Risk, Forecast, Protection Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 1-5 October 2018 Editors S.S. Chernomorets, G.V. Gavardashvili Publishing House “Universal” Tbilisi 2018 СЕЛЕВЫЕ ПОТОКИ: катастрофы, риск, прогноз, защита Труды 5-й Международной конференции Тбилиси, Грузия, 1-5 октября 2018 г. Ответственные редакторы С.С. Черноморец, Г.В. Гавардашвили Издательство Универсал Тбилиси 2018 ღვარცოფები: კატასტროფები, რისკი, პროგნოზი, დაცვა მე–5 საერთაშორისო კონფერენციის მასალები თბილისი, საქართველო, 1–5 ოქტომბერი, 2018 რედაქტორები ს.ს. ჩერნომორეც, გ.ვ. გავარდაშვილი გამომცემლობა "უნივერსალი" თბილისი 2018 УДК 551.311.8 ББК 26.823 Селевые потоки: катастрофы, риск, прогноз, защита. Труды 5-й Международной конференции. Тбилиси, Грузия, 1-5 октября 2018 г. – Отв. ред. С.С. Черноморец, Г.В. Гавардашвили. – Тбилиси: Универсал, 2018, 671 с. Debris Flows: Disasters, Risk, Forecast, Protection. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference. Tbilisi, Georgia, 1-5 October 2018. – Ed. by S.S. Chernomorets, G.V. Gavardashvili. – Tbilisi: Publishing House “Universal”, 2018, 671 p. ღვარცოფები: კატასტროფები, რისკი, პროგნოზი, დაცვა. მე–5 საერთაშორისო კონფერენციის მასალები. თბილისი, საქართველო, 1–5 ოქტომბერი, 2018. გამომცემლობა "უნივერსალი", თბილისი 2018, 671 გვ. პასუხისმგებელი რედაქტორები ს.ს. ჩერნომორეც, გ.ვ. გავარდაშვილი. Ответственные редакторы С.С. Черноморец, Г.В. Гавардашвили Edited by S.S. Chernomorets, G.V. Gavardashvili Верстка: С.С. Черноморец, К.С. Висхаджиева, Е.А. Савернюк Page-proofs: S.S. Chernomorets, K.S. Viskhadzhieva, E.A. Savernyuk При создании логотипа конференции использован рисунок из книги С.М. Флейшмана «Селевые потоки» (Москва: Географгиз, 1951, с. 51). Conference logo is based on a figure from S.M. Fleishman’s book on Debris Flows (Moscow: Geografgiz, 1951, p. -
Alpine Paradise-West Sichuan Highlands 2010
● JAPANESE ALPINE NEWS 2011 TAMOTSUTATSUO (TIM) NAKAMURA INOUE AlpineThe First Paradise Ascent – of West Lopchin Sichuan Feng Highlands (KG-2) 6,805m 2010 Autumn P2009eak IExpeditiondentificati toon theof S Kangrihaluli SGarpohan, LEastitan gMountains, Plateau Tibet After Nakamura visited Christian churches in the upper Salween (Nujian) basin in northwest Yunnan, a pair of old explorers, Nakamura (75) and Nagai (77) headed to the Litang Plateau having left Chengdu on July 27 for exploring veiled mountains massif of Xiangqiuqieke northeast of Batang and Yangmolong massif. Our first objective was to unveil the Xiangqiuqieke massif 5,700 – 5,800 meters from the southern side, and then to travel through the heart of the Litang Plateau from west to east by 10 days horse caravan crossing two high passes 4,800 – 5,100 meters. We had soon to get to know, however, our prospect went wrong. We could not enter a valley to the southern side of the mountains massif because of unfriendly and hostile Tibetan inhabitants in the valley. The caravan through the Litang Plateau could also not organized because a nomads chief refused to provide us with horses and muleteers as no villagers wanted to go to a distant place from their home tents even if they were paid enough money. Paradox of Development – frontiers becoming inaccessible Twenty years have already lapsed since I had started my Odyssey of discovery to the borderlands of West China in 1990. Rapid and drastic changes have taken place during the two decades. When I think of those days 20 years ago, I feel as if I were living in a different world.