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Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
World Bank Document
CONFORMED COPY Public Disclosure Authorized LOAN NUMBER 7616-CN Loan Agreement Public Disclosure Authorized (Wenchuan Earthquake Recovery Project) between PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Public Disclosure Authorized and INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Dated March 20, 2009 Public Disclosure Authorized LOAN AGREEMENT AGREEMENT dated March 20, 2009, between PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (“Borrower”) and INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (“Bank”). The Borrower and the Bank hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE I – GENERAL CONDITIONS; DEFINITIONS 1.01. The General Conditions (as defined in the Appendix to this Agreement) constitute an integral part of this Agreement. 1.02. Unless the context requires otherwise, the capitalized terms used in the Loan Agreement have the meanings ascribed to them in the General Conditions or in the Appendix to this Agreement. ARTICLE II – LOAN 2.01. The Bank agrees to lend to the Borrower, on the terms and conditions set forth or referred to in this Agreement, an amount equal to seven hundred ten million Dollars ($710,000,000), as such amount may be converted from time to time through a Currency Conversion in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.07 of this Agreement (“Loan”), to assist in financing the project described in Schedule 1 to this Agreement (“Project”). 2.02. The Borrower may withdraw the proceeds of the Loan in accordance with Section IV of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 2.03. The Front-end Fee payable by the Borrower shall be equal to one quarter of one percent (0.25%) of the Loan amount. The Borrower shall pay the Front-end Fee not later than sixty (60) days after the Effective Date. -
Lessons Learnt from Analysing the Causes of Casualties in the Sichuan
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-64 Preprint. Discussion started: 19 March 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Lessons learnt from analysing the causes of casualties in the Sichuan Changning Ms 6.0 earthquake Wei Wang1,2, Hong Chen1, Xiaolin Jiang3, Lisiwen Ma1, Minhao Qu4 1Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100085, China 5 2Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China 3Sichuan Earthquake Administration, Chengdu 610041, China 4National Earthquake Response Support Service, Beijing 100049, China Correspondence to: Hong Chen ([email protected]) Abstract. This paper summarizes the Ms 6.0 earthquake disaster that occurred in Changning, Sichuan Province, China, on 17 10 June 2019. Additionally, a description of the disaster emergency response is provided. As determined by on-site investigation and analysis, the direct causes of earthquake casualties are summarized. Among them, 66% of the casualties can be attributed to substandard seismic protection, 25% to improper earthquake risk avoidance, 6% to earthquake-induced geological disasters, and 3% to pre-existing diseases exacerbated by the earthquake. Responding to the causes of these four casualty types, we summarize 4 lessons, which are to build in accordance with seismic protection requirements; strengthen publicity and 15 education awareness of earthquake emergency evacuation and training for the population; investigate and evaluate potential geological disaster sources in the stricken area, along with conducting prevention and control; establish cooperation with health organizations, focusing on people who are older or have serious illnesses and conducting earthquake evacuation training and psychological counselling. 1 Disaster characteristics and disaster situation 20 An Ms 6.0 (Mw 5.8) earthquake struck Changning County, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, China, at 22:55:43 on 17 June 2019 (14:55:43 UTC on 17 June 2019). -
THE SECURITISATION of TIBETAN BUDDHISM in COMMUNIST CHINA Abstract
ПОЛИТИКОЛОГИЈА РЕЛИГИЈЕ бр. 2/2012 год VI • POLITICS AND RELIGION • POLITOLOGIE DES RELIGIONS • Nº 2/2012 Vol. VI ___________________________________________________________________________ Tsering Topgyal 1 Прегледни рад Royal Holloway University of London UDK: 243.4:323(510)”1949/...” United Kingdom THE SECURITISATION OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM IN COMMUNIST CHINA Abstract This article examines the troubled relationship between Tibetan Buddhism and the Chinese state since 1949. In the history of this relationship, a cyclical pattern of Chinese attempts, both violently assimilative and subtly corrosive, to control Tibetan Buddhism and a multifaceted Tibetan resistance to defend their religious heritage, will be revealed. This article will develop a security-based logic for that cyclical dynamic. For these purposes, a two-level analytical framework will be applied. First, the framework of the insecurity dilemma will be used to draw the broad outlines of the historical cycles of repression and resistance. However, the insecurity dilemma does not look inside the concept of security and it is not helpful to establish how Tibetan Buddhism became a security issue in the first place and continues to retain that status. The theory of securitisation is best suited to perform this analytical task. As such, the cycles of Chinese repression and Tibetan resistance fundamentally originate from the incessant securitisation of Tibetan Buddhism by the Chinese state and its apparatchiks. The paper also considers the why, how, and who of this securitisation, setting the stage for a future research project taking up the analytical effort to study the why, how and who of a potential desecuritisation of all things Tibetan, including Tibetan Buddhism, and its benefits for resolving the protracted Sino- Tibetan conflict. -
Study on the Ecotourism Development in Dazhou
Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2018, 6, 24-34 http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss ISSN Online: 2327-5960 ISSN Print: 2327-5952 Study on the Ecotourism Development in Dazhou Xiaomei Pu1, Lin Tian2, Zibiao Cheng3 1Research Center of Sichuan Old Revolutionary Areas Development, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, China 2School of Foreign Languages, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, China 3School of Finance and Economics Management, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, China How to cite this paper: Pu, X.M., Tian, L. Abstract and Cheng, Z.B. (2018) Study on the Eco- tourism Development in Dazhou. Open After comprehensive discussion of the origin of ecotourism, the concept of Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 24-34. ecotourism and the theoretical basis for ecotourism development, the paper https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2018.65002 carried out the SWOT analysis on ecotourism development in Dazhou City, Received: April 8, 2018 and then proposed development strategies. The strategies were to: enhance Accepted: May 13, 2018 the ecological awareness of the entire people and create a good atmosphere for Published: May 16, 2018 ecotourism development; break the talent bottleneck of ecotourism develop- ment by adopting the policy of “combination boxing”; make scientific and Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. feasible master plan for Dazhou’s ecotourism development; develop quality This work is licensed under the Creative ecotourism products; innovate marketing strategies for ecotourism in Dazhou. Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). Keywords http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Dazhou, Ecotourism, Development 1. -
Since the Reform and Opening Up1 1
Int. Statistical Inst.: Proc. 58th World Statistical Congress, 2011, Dublin (Session CPS020) p.6378 Research of Acceleration Urbanization Impacts on Resources and Environment in Sichuan Province Caimo,Teng National Bureau of Statistics of China, Survey Organizations of Sichuan No.31, the East Route, Qingjiang Road Chengdu, China, 610072 E-mail: [email protected] Since the reform and opening up, the rapid development of economic society and the rise ceaselessly of urbanization in Sichuan play an important role for material civilization and spiritual civilization, but also bring influence for resources and environment, this paper give an in-depth analysis about this. Ⅰ. The Main Characteristics of the Urbanization Development in Sichuan The reflection of urbanization in essence is from the industry cluster to population cluster., we tend to divided the process of urbanization into four stages, 1949-1978 is the first stage, 1978 – 1990 is the second stage, 1990 -2000 is the third stage, After the year of 2000 is the fourth stage. In view the particularities of the first phase, this paper researches mainly after three stages. 1. The level of the urbanization enhances unceasingly. With the reform and opening-up and the rapid development of social economy, the urbanization in Sichuan has significant achievements. The average annual growth of the level of urbanization is 0.8 percent in the twelve years of the second stage. The average annual growth in the third stage and the four stages is individually 0.5 and 1.3 percentage. The average annual growth of urbanization in the fourth stage is faster respectively 0.5 and 0.8 percent than the previous two stages which reflects obviously the rapid rise of the urbanization after the fourth stage in Sichuan. -
The Lichen Genus Hypogymnia in Southwest China Article
Mycosphere 5 (1): 27–76 (2014) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2014 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China McCune B1 and Wang LS2 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 U.S.A. 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650204, China McCune B, Wang LS 2014 – The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China. Mycosphere 5(1), 27–76, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 Abstract A total of 36 species of Hypogymnia are known from southwestern China. This region is a center of biodiversity for the genus. Hypogymnia capitata, H. nitida, H. saxicola, H. pendula, and H. tenuispora are newly described species from Yunnan and Sichuan. Olivetoric acid is new as a major lichen substance in Hypogymnia, occurring only in H. capitata. A key and illustrations are given for the species known from this region, along with five species from adjoining regions that might be confused or have historically been misidentified in this region. Key words – Lecanorales – lichenized ascomycetes – Parmeliaceae – Shaanxi – Sichuan – Tibet – Yunnan – Xizang. Introduction The first major collections of Hypogymnia from southwestern China were by Handel- Mazzetti, from which Zahlbruckner (1930) reported six species now placed in Hypogymnia, and Harry Smith (1921-1934, published piecewise by other authors; Herner 1988). Since the last checklist of lichens in China (Wei 1991), which reported 16 species of Hypogymnia from the southwestern provinces, numerous species of Hypogymnia from southwestern China have been described or revised (Chen 1994, Wei & Bi 1998, McCune & Obermayer 2001, McCune et al. -
Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham
Victorianizing Guangxu: Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham Scott Relyea, Appalachian State University Abstract In the late Qing and early Republican eras, eastern Tibet (Kham) was a borderland on the cusp of political and economic change. Straddling Sichuan Province and central Tibet, it was coveted by both Chengdu and Lhasa. Informed by an absolutist conception of territorial sovereignty, Sichuan officials sought to exert exclusive authority in Kham by severing its inhabitants from regional and local influence. The resulting efforts to arrest the flow of rupees from British India and the flow of cultural identity entwined with Buddhism from Lhasa were grounded in two misperceptions: that Khampa opposition to Chinese rule was external, fostered solely by local monasteries as conduits of Lhasa’s spiritual authority, and that Sichuan could arrest such influence, the absence of which would legitimize both exclusive authority in Kham and regional assertions of sovereignty. The intersection of these misperceptions with the significance of Buddhism in Khampa identity determined the success of Sichuan’s policies and the focus of this article, the minting and circulation of the first and only Qing coin emblazoned with an image of the emperor. It was a flawed axiom of state and nation builders throughout the world that severing local cultural or spiritual influence was possible—or even necessary—to effect a borderland’s incorporation. Keywords: Sichuan, southwest China, Tibet, currency, Indian rupee, territorial sovereignty, Qing borderlands On December 24, 1904, after an arduous fourteen-week journey along the southern road linking Chengdu with Lhasa, recently appointed assistant amban (Imperial Resident) to Tibet Fengquan reached Batang, a lush green valley at the western edge of Sichuan on the province’s border with central Tibet. -
Alpine Paradise-West Sichuan Highlands 2010
● JAPANESE ALPINE NEWS 2011 TAMOTSUTATSUO (TIM) NAKAMURA INOUE AlpineThe First Paradise Ascent – of West Lopchin Sichuan Feng Highlands (KG-2) 6,805m 2010 Autumn P2009eak IExpeditiondentificati toon theof S Kangrihaluli SGarpohan, LEastitan gMountains, Plateau Tibet After Nakamura visited Christian churches in the upper Salween (Nujian) basin in northwest Yunnan, a pair of old explorers, Nakamura (75) and Nagai (77) headed to the Litang Plateau having left Chengdu on July 27 for exploring veiled mountains massif of Xiangqiuqieke northeast of Batang and Yangmolong massif. Our first objective was to unveil the Xiangqiuqieke massif 5,700 – 5,800 meters from the southern side, and then to travel through the heart of the Litang Plateau from west to east by 10 days horse caravan crossing two high passes 4,800 – 5,100 meters. We had soon to get to know, however, our prospect went wrong. We could not enter a valley to the southern side of the mountains massif because of unfriendly and hostile Tibetan inhabitants in the valley. The caravan through the Litang Plateau could also not organized because a nomads chief refused to provide us with horses and muleteers as no villagers wanted to go to a distant place from their home tents even if they were paid enough money. Paradox of Development – frontiers becoming inaccessible Twenty years have already lapsed since I had started my Odyssey of discovery to the borderlands of West China in 1990. Rapid and drastic changes have taken place during the two decades. When I think of those days 20 years ago, I feel as if I were living in a different world. -
The Transmission of Dazhou Folk Songs from Folk Philosophy in Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, China
The Transmission of Dazhou Folk Songs from Folk Philosophy in Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, China Chen Honglei A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for degree of Master of Music in Music February 2021 Copyright of Mahasarakham University การสืบทอดเพลงพ้ืนบา้ นตา้ โจว ตามวิถีปราชญ์ชาวบ้านในเมืองต้าโจว, เสฉวน, ประเทศจีน วิทยานิพนธ์ ของ Chen Honglei เสนอต่อมหาวทิ ยาลยั มหาสารคาม เพื่อเป็นส่วนหน่ึงของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตร ปริญญาดุริยางคศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาดุริยางคศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต กุมภาพันธ์ 2564 ลิขสิทธ์ิเป็นของมหาวทิ ยาลยั มหาสารคาม The Transmission of Dazhou Folk Songs from Folk Philosophy in Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, China Chen Honglei A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for Master of Music (Music) February 2021 Copyright of Mahasarakham University The examining committee has unanimously approved this Thesis, submitted by Mr. Chen Honglei , as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music Music at Mahasarakham University Examining Committee Chairman (Asst. Prof. Khomkrit Karin , Ph.D.) Advisor (Asst. Prof. Peerapong Sensai , Ph.D.) Committee (Assoc. Prof. Phiphat Sornyai , Ph.D.) Committee (Assoc. Prof. Jatuporn Seemong , Ph.D.) Mahasarakham University has granted approval to accept this Thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music Music (Asst. Prof. Khomkrit Karin , Ph.D.) (Assoc. Prof. Krit Chaimoon , Ph.D.) Dean of College of Music Dean of Graduate School D ABSTRACT TITLE The Transmission of Dazhou Folk Songs from Folk Philosophy in Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, China AUTHOR Chen Honglei ADVISORS Assistant Professor Peerapong Sensai , Ph.D. DEGREE Master of Music MAJOR Music UNIVERSITY Mahasarakham University YEAR 2021 ABSTRACT This research is "Folk Song Teaching in Parts of Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, China". The purpose of this article is to: 1 To study the transmission and collect information about Dazhou folk song from artists and procession of teaching Dazhou folk songs. -
Mianyang Environmental Improvement Project
E1245 v 1 Sichuan Urban Development Project (SUDP) Financed by The World Bank Loan Public Disclosure Authorized Mianyang Environmental Improvement Project (Infrastructure and Access Improvement in Pioneer Park and Economic Development Zone) Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Impact Assessment Report Public Disclosure Authorized (Draft for Review) Public Disclosure Authorized Sichuan Research Institute of Environmental Protection (SRIEP) September 2005 CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 1.1 Source and Necessity of the Proposed Project 1.2 Objectives, Principles and Methodology of the EIA 1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 1.4 Standards for the EIA 1.5 Category of the EIA 1.6 Scope of the EIA 1.7 Factors of the EIA 1.8 Major Environmental Impacts and Protected Objects 1.9 Key Points of the EIA 1.10 Process and Procedure of the EIA 1.11 SRIEP and Staff of the EIA Core Team 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSeS …………………………………………………………….. 2.1 Project Description 2.2 Project Construction 2.3 Project Analysis 2.4 Conformity Analysis of Project and Local Development Plan 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ………………………….. (56) 3.1 Physical Environment 3.2 Socioeconomic Environment 3.3 Ecological Environment 3.4 Local Living Quality 3.5 Local Conditions of the Project Area 4.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT ……………………………………………………………... (60) 4.1 Monitoring and Assessment of Existing Water Environment 4.2 Monitoring and Assessment of Existing Air Environment 4.3 Monitoring and Assessment of Existing Acoustic Environment 4.4 -
The Formation of Modern Sichuan Opera Sound Tunes Music Sheng
2020 5th International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2020) ISBN: 978-1-60595-676-3 The Formation of Modern Sichuan Opera Sound Tunes Music Sheng-Dong YUE* and Kun-Jie MA School of Music of Chengdu Normal University, Sichuan, China *[email protected] Keywords: Modern Sichuan opera; Sichuan opera music; "Five tunes integration." Abstract. The Sichuan opera music which we see now is a synthesis of local opera art formed at the beginning of the 20th century, belonging to "modern Sichuan opera music," which is essentially different from the "Sichuan tune" and "Sichuan opera" before the 20th century. In fact, at the end of the 1930s, there was no proper term for "Sichuan opera," only "Sichuan tune," "Sichuan clapper" and other appellations of single tune, which did not have the significance of drama. Modern Sichuan opera music has come into being under the influence of "Drama Improvement" movement in the early 20th century directly because of the establishment of "Sanqing Club." The Basis of Modern Sichuan Opera Sound Tunes Music Form In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the class contradictions and ethnic contradictions in Sichuan were intricate and fierce, in which the long-term melee between the Ming army, the Qing army, the peasant insurgents and the landlords led to the collapse of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, and floods, droughts, plagues and famines occurred in successive years. According to The History of Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty which is compiled by Wang gang, the population of Sichuan province in the 18th year of Qing dynasty when Emperor Shun Zhi ruled over the country was only 300,000 to 500,000, equivalent to 2.6% of the 6th year in Wanli period of Ming dynasty.