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A Discourse Analysis of the Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings

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A Discourse Analysis of the Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings The Dogs of Hell? A discourse analysis of the Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings Katheryne Syversen Thesis adviser: Safet Bektovic Master’s Thesis in Religion and Society Faculty of Theology UNIVERSITETET I OSLO May 2018 II © Katheryne Syversen 2018 The Dogs of Hell? A discourse analysis of The Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings Katheryne Syversen http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo III IV Abstract This thesis takes a closer look at Dr. Muhammed Tahir-ul Qadri‟s Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombing. It attempts to answer questions about what message the fatwa presents, in what way this message is presented, and whether or not the message has had an effect on the social world. These questions are answered by analyzing the fatwa in light of Norman Fairclough‟s critical discourse analysis (CDA), which employs three distinctive analytical dimensions: text, discursive and social practice. Through the text analysis I assert that the fatwa supports its stance against terrorism through four main discourses: the normative basis of Islam, the sanctity of human life, rebellion is illegal, and terrorists are modern-day Kharijites. Through the discursive practice analysis I analyze if and in what way these discourses are employed by other, like mined, works by influential Muslim scholars. This analysis revealed that while Qadri‟s fatwa employs the same discourses as these other works, it does so in a more comprehensive fashion. The social practice analysis uses the theory of countering violent extremism (CVE) through which to analyze the fatwa. Viewing the fatwa as a counter-narrative, one of the many initiatives that CVE employs, I attempt to say something about the possibilities it has for effecting change on its social surroundings. While definitive proof of such change is outside the scope of this thesis, it does determine that on the basis of CVE and the fatwa‟s extensive availability and use in different platforms, it would not be unreasonable to assume it has had a social effect. V VI Acknowledgements The development and completion of this thesis is due to the support and guidance I have received from several people. First and foremost, my thesis advisor Safet Bektovic. Thank you, thank you, thank you. Your enthusiasm for this project from the very beginning has been a motivation and inspiration to me. I am so grateful for your scholarly advice; pointing me in the right direction and helping me find the tools I needed. I am also extremely appreciative of the understanding you‟ve shown during this whole process. I have also been blessed with a network of family and friends spanning from Stavern, Norway to Berrien Springs, Michigan. They have always supported and helped me in all of my endeavors, academic or otherwise, and I am always and forever grateful for their love and support. A special thank you to Iselin; for all the coffee breaks and hours of chitchat. You brightened days that were sometimes quite dark. Finally, Andreas and our two beautiful babies. Andreas, thank you for your constant curiosity. Your questions have inspired and taught me so much, and I am so excited for the next chapter. Evelyn Grace and Andreas Christian, thank you for always reminding me what is important. VII VIII Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. VII Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... IX 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Aim and Scope............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Questions...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Analytical Framework ................................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 Data ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Terminology ................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Structure....................................................................................................................... 5 2 Contextual Background ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Barelvi vs. Deobandi ................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Minhaj-ul-Qur‟an & Dr. Muhammad Tahir-ul Qadri .................................................. 7 2.3 The Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings ......................................................... 8 2.4 War of Fatwas? .......................................................................................................... 10 2.5 Previous Research...................................................................................................... 11 3 The Fatwa ......................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 What is a Fatwa? ........................................................................................................ 14 3.1.1 Fatwa‟s contribution to Islamic jurisprudence ................................................... 15 3.2 Contemporary Fatwa ................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Previous Research...................................................................................................... 17 3.4 This thesis‟ contribution ............................................................................................ 19 4 Theory and Method .......................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Definition of discourse .............................................................................................. 20 4.2 Theoretical underpinnings of CDA ........................................................................... 21 4.3 Fairclough‟s Framework............................................................................................ 23 4.3.1 Ideology .............................................................................................................. 25 4.3.2 Hegemony .......................................................................................................... 26 4.4 Methodology Applied ................................................................................................ 26 4.4.1 Text Analysis ...................................................................................................... 27 4.4.2 Discursive Practice ............................................................................................. 28 4.4.3 Social Practice .................................................................................................... 29 4.5 Countering Violent Extremism .................................................................................. 30 IX 4.6 Challenges of social constructionism and Fairclough‟s CDA ................................... 32 4.7 Why CDA .................................................................................................................. 33 5 Text analysis ..................................................................................................................... 34 5.1 Establishing the Main Arguments ............................................................................. 35 5.2 Normative Basis Discourse ....................................................................................... 39 5.3 Sanctity of a Human Life Discourse .......................................................................... 40 5.3.1 Suicide ................................................................................................................ 45 5.4 Illegality of Violent Rebellion ................................................................................... 45 5.5 Terrorists are Modern-Day Kharijites Discourse ...................................................... 49 5.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 54 6 Discursive Practice Analysis ............................................................................................ 57 6.1 Analysis of the Discursive Practice ........................................................................... 57 6.2 The Amman Message & Its Three Points .................................................................. 58 6.3 Open Letter to Baghdadi ............................................................................................ 59 6.4 Refuting Isis by Muhammad Al-Yaqoubi .................................................................. 60 6.5 Normative Basis Discourse ....................................................................................... 60 6.5.1 The Amman Message ......................................................................................... 61 6.5.2 Refuting ISIS ...................................................................................................... 63 6.5.3 Open Letter to Baghdadi ...................................................................................
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