Access-Controlled High-Speed Corridor Project, 129 Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin, 19–20 Agwani, M. S., 64 Ahl-I-Hadith Movement

Home , Barelvi, Mujibism

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08026-3 - Limits of Islamism: Jamaat-e-Islami in Contemporary India and Bangladesh Maidul Islam Index More information

Index 335 Index

Access-Controlled High-Speed Corridor ‘available’/‘availability,’ concept of, 10 Project, 129 Awami League, 175–179, 184, 187–188, Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin, 19–20 195, 199, 204, 212, 219, 226, 230–232 Agwani, M. S., 64 Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam, 105 Ahl-i-Hadith movement, 180 Azam, Ghulam, 176, 194, 208, 218, 221 , Ahmed, Akbar, 49 232, 247-248 Ahmed, Justice Shahabuddin, 218 Ahmed, Raisuddin, 146 Alhle-e-Hadees, 113 Baathist regime of Iraq, 18 Ali, Maulana Karamat, 181 Babri Masjid Action Committee, 108 Ali, Maulana Wilayet, 180 Babri mosque demolition, 106 Ali, Mawlana Inayat, 180 Bandung Conference, 31 Ali, Syed Ameer, 181 Bangladesh Ali, T. Arif, 135, 137, 144 altered status quo, politics of, 189 All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimin anti-Ershad movement, 176–177 (AIMIM), 108 anti-Indian sentiments in, 233–234 All India United Democratic Front Constitution of, 176 (AIUDF), 108 disinvestment of profit-making Al-Qaeda, 6–7, 51 ‘state-owned enterprises,’ 201 al-Rāwandī, Ibn, 17 failure of Left movement in, 178–179 al-Rāzī (Rhazes), Abu Bakr, 17 inclusion and exclusion, politics of, Al-Sadr, Moqtada, 30 188 American imperialism, 31, 120 Islam as a political symbol in, protests against, 106–107, 124–125 175–178 vs Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH), 111 Islamic symbols in Bangladeshi Amin, Samir, 11–13, 29, 46, 55, 187–188 politics, 179 Ansari, M. A., 105 Islamist parties in, 204 Anti-Cola Agitation Committee, 129 Islamist populism in, 230–234 anti-inflationary fiscal responsibility, 22 Jamaat’s intervention, 190–199 anti-Orientalist view of Islam, 48–50 Kemalist project of Mujibism, 184– anti-Shah movement, 31 187 Arab-Islamic specificity, 11–12 Mujibism, 15, 18, 170–175 Aristotle, 86 Muslim peasantry, 181–182 articulation, 10–11 political culture of secularism, Asad, Abul, 204 194–196 Asad, Talal, 20, 42, 72 political economy factors and rise of Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 15, 29 Islamism, 179–180

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336 Index

politico-ideological discourses in, response to Sheikh Mujib’s economic 187–190 policies, 202 prominence of Islamism in, 180–184 social welfare network of, 209 prominence of Jamaati Islamism in, student wing, 202 172 Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami Rakhi Bahini, 173 League (BAKSHAL), 173 secular fabric of, 176 Bangladesh Liberation Movement, 1971, social transformation, politics of, 189 19, 198 Bangladeshi nationalism, 186 Bangladesh Muslim League, 213 Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, 199. see also Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), 171, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH); Jamaat- 179, 187–188, 198–199, 204, 211, e-Islami in India and Bangladesh 218, 220–226, 230, 302 antagonism of, 196 Bangladesh parliamentary elections anti-‘Western’ cultural globalization, 1979 election, 214–215 210–212 1986 election, 215–216 Bangladesh parliamentary elections, 1991 election, 217–218 performance of, 213–215, 217–221, 1996 election, 219–220 226–227 2001 election, 221–222 ban on Taslima’s writings, 210–212 2008 election, 222, 231, 301–302 capital friendly trade-unionism of, 2014 election, 222–226 208 1973 elections, 213 constructing antagonistic frontiers 1978 presidential election, 215 and politics of ‘Islamic alternative,’ voter turnout, 218–219, 223, 225 190–198 Bangladesh Sramik Kalyan Federation election manifesto of, 207 (BSKF), 207 Ershad’s New Industrial Policy and, Barelvi movement, 36 203 Barkat, Abul, 206 foreign policy, 209 Bengali language movement after funding, 205–206 partition, 171 issues of ‘free sex,’ ‘nudity,’ ‘obscenity’ Bengali nationalism, 186 and ‘sexual permissiveness,’ 210 Bhabha, Homi, 18, 26 labour law reforms, 207–208 Bhashani, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan, leadership, 83 181 leadership and intellectuals, 205 Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, 30, 194 in mainstream politics, 228 Bilgrami, Akeel, 107 neoliberalist approach, 200–210 Blair, Tony, 23 notion of secularism, 82 blasphemy and ‘insult to Prophet,’ political agenda of, 203–205 Islamism against, 150, 253–259 politico-ideological articulations of, Buck-Morss, Susan, 50 212–229 bureaucratic socialism, 53

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Index 337 capitalistic developmental project, 134 Ershad, General Hussain Muhammad, Central Educational Institutions 171, 174–178, 187, 200, 203, 215- (Reservation in Admission) Act, 218, 226, 228 2006, 98 Esposito, John L., 41, 43, 47 Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), 137 Euro-American neoliberalism, 26–27 Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 90, 166 Euro-American world, 13 Chatterjee, Partha, 99 Eurocentric Orientalism, 56 Choueiri, Youssef M., 36–37, 72 Eurocentrism, 11–12, 187 Chowdhury, Abu Syeed, 213 European Renaissance, 16 Clinton, Bill, 23 European superiority, 11 Coastal Management Zone Act (CMZ extremist Islamists, 6–7 Act), 129–130 Coastal Regulation Zone Act (CRZ Act), 130 faith in Islamic religion, 6 Coca Cola plant of Plachimada, issues Faraizi movement, 36, 180 with, 127–129, 286–287 Farooq, Mujtaba, 66, 135–136, 157 colonial and post-colonial regimes, Islamist Faruq, Omar, 303–304 response, 35–46 folk Islam, 34 Communist Party of India (Marxist), 105, Fordist–Keynesian accumulation regime, 21 129, 135 Foucault, Michel, 50 comparative fundamentalisms, 43, 45 free markets, 20–21 Comte, Auguste, 90 free trade, 20 cultural erosion, Islamic, 34–35 Freeden, Michael, 7–8, 21, 25, 243 cultural identities, Islamic, 35–36 Freud, Sigmund, 90 cultural relativists, 43 Friedman, Milton, 21, 24 fundamentalism, 54 as an analytical category, 4 Dahl, Robert, 86 comparative, 43, 45 Danish cartoon controversy, 253–255, 257 features of, 4 democracy, Islamic, 44 modernity and, 4 Devji, Faisal, 112–113, 254–256 in a Muslim context, coinage and discourse of an order, 10 usage of, 2–5 Durkheim, Émile, 90

Galloway, George, 133 Endosulfan rehabilitation programme, German ordo-liberalism, 25 131–132 Girl’s Islamic Organisation (GIO), 153 Enlightenment, 16 Gorkha agitation, 146 equality, 7, 57, 111, 115, 273 Great Depression of 1930s, 21 rhetoric of, 110 Gupta, J. B. Das, 64

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Halliday, Fred, 46, 56 idealization of, 9 Hamas, 6, 30-31, 55, 126 interpretation of, 10 Haq, A. K. Fazlul, 181 Islamist definition, 6 Haq, Maulana Muzammilull, 113 as a way of life, 6 Haque, A. T. M. Fazlul, 197–198, 205, worldview, 9 301, 303 Islamic Democratic League (IDL), 213 Harman, Chris, 46 Islamic essentialism, 41 Harrisons Malayalam Limited, issue of Islamic exceptionalism, 43–44 land acquisition, 137–138 Islamic faith, 44 Hasan, Choudhury Mahmood, 198, 301, 303 Islamic feminism, 75–81 Hashim, Abul, 181 Islamic fundamentalism, 2–3, 5, 11, 29, Hasina, Sheikh, 220 43–45, 52-55, 77 Hayek, Friedrich August von, 21, 24 essentialist vs anti-essentialist hegemony, 14 representation of, 4 in contemporary India and Islami Chattro Shibir (ICS), 202 Bangladesh, 14–15 Islamic identity, 5–7, 192, 257 in Gramscian sense, 14 Islamic metaphoric language, 5 structure of hegemonic power, 14 Islamic movements, 2, 20 Hezbollah, 6–7, 30, 55, 114, 142 categories, 40–46 Hindutva, 54, 82, 92–93, 108, 141–142, class analysis, 45–46 146–147, 152, 160, 165, 235–237, 265 comparative fundamentalisms, 45 homogenous Islamism, 43 conservatives and moderates, 42 Huntington, Samuel, 44 contradictory class interests and, 33 Hussain, T. K., 137 sociological and political economy approaches, 41 in South Asia, 304 Ibnae Qadeem Deoband, 113 Islamic organizations, 6 ‘ideologization’ of Islamic religion, 8–9 in terms of operational strategies, 6–7 Ikamat-e-Deen, 144 Islamic radicalism, 46 Illiyas, S. Q. R., 124, 135, 144–145, Islamic reformism, 36–37, 181 147–150, 152, 156, 291, 296 Islamic revivalism, 3, 36–37, 180 imperialism, 31–32, 54–58, 139 Islamic revolt of Iran in 1979, 179 capitalistic mode of, 134 ‘Islamic State of Iraq and Syria’ (ISIS), 30 imperialist globalization, 55 Islamic subjectivity, 5 Indian Union Muslim League (IUML), 108 Islamic symbolism, 37 Indo-US nuclear deal, criticism of, 125– Islamic threat, mythical notion of, 47 126, 133–134 Islamic welfare state, 230 Islam Islamism culturalist interpretations of, 42 academic debates on, 56–58 as a ‘discursive tradition,’ 42 academic works on, 5

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Index 339 acts of decontestation, 7–8 Islamist opposition to globalization, 55–56, anti-modernism of, 36 113 class bases of, 46 ban on Nasrin and Rushdie’s books, commonalities between 67, 150–151, 252, 255, 257–258, 292 postmodernism and, 52–53 against ‘blasphemy’ and ‘insult to contestation between neoliberalism Prophet,’ 150, 253–254, 257 and, 11 against ‘consumerism’ and contradiction between Islamic ‘materialist culture,’ 148–153 universalism/Islamist populism, 1 criticism to contemporary capitalism, crisis of, 272–275 123 as a ‘defensive’ cultural reaction, 35 against gay cultureand live-in in India and Bangladesh, 61 relationships, 148–153 Islamist response to colonial and in India and Bangladesh, 252–272 post-colonial modernity, 35–46 against political cartoons caricaturing Islamist response to cultural erosion, Muslims and Islamic religion, 253 34–35 Islamist populism, 1, 28–30, 158–169 Laclau’s theoretical insights, 1 in Bangladesh, 230–234 migration and petro-dollar financing, emancipatory politics of counter- 34 hegemony, 163 nation-state and, 19–20 emphasis on Islamic Ummah, 164– neoliberalism and, 20–27, 93, 200–210 166, 260 of new exploiters, 46 Laclauian perspective, 158–163, of new middle class, 46 168–169 notions of justice, equality or ideal politics of particularist demands society, 8 for and around affirmative action, of old exploiters, 46 161–162 people and populism, 28–30 and project of ‘Islamic alternative,’ as a political discourse, 57 167–168 political goals, 9 Islamophobia, 47, 58, 114, 146 as a political ideology, 1, 7–10 national and international context of, of poor, 46 147 poststructuralist reading of, 50 Ismail, Salwa, 40–42 ‘protest ideology’ view of, 91 relationship between imperialism and, 31–32, 54–58 jahiliya, concept of, 72, 85, 113, 138–139, in relation to ‘Western’ modernity 142, 289–290 and postmodernity, 47–54 Jamaat-e-Islami, 6, 10, 19, 30, 62, 132, rise of, 28–30, 38–40, 54–55 135, 148, 175, 177, 187, 189, 217, 235. Islamism/Muslim particularism, 108–109, see also Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami; 161–163 Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH)

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as “anti-liberation” and “war criticism of Indo-US nuclear deal, criminals,” 198 125–126, 133 anti-liberation image of, 302 criticism to contemporary capitalism, Islamist politics of, 190–198 123 partition debates, 191–194 critique of globalization, 113 rise of, 171 differences between foreign/Western Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH), 19, 108. see ideologies, 136–137 also Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami on economic inflation in India, acceptance of Indian secularism, 82 284–285 agitations and protest against gay cultureand live-in demonstrations, 126–127 relationships, 148–153 alliance with the Left Democratic against government policy of Front (LDF), 135–137 privatization, 111 analysis of global financial crisis, on Gujarat genocide, 135–136 123 on Indian foreign policy, 114–115, 278 anti-Bush protests, 106–107, 124– on interest-free Islamic society, 125, 145 116–117 anti-capitalist imperialism campaign, Islamic universalism and Muslim 93, 124, 169, 245, 266–267, 279 particularism, 153–158 anti-imperialist political alliances of, issue of development, 127 288–289 issue of ‘displacement’ in anti-Pepsi-Cola agitation, 127–129 contemporary India, 280 anti-terrorist attitude, 144–148 issues of growing inequality in India, anti-Western politico-ideological 279–280 manifestation of, 113 manifesto of, 119–120, 126, 149, ban on Nasrin and Rushdie’s books, 282–285, 290, 297–298 67, 150–151, 292 national leadership, 83 against ‘blasphemy’ and ‘insult to opposition to atheism, 151 Prophet,’ 150 on policies of ‘economic community issues, 156 liberalization,’ 115–116 concerns about security of Muslims policy and programme, 110–112, as riot victims, 143 156–157, 298–299 construction of antagonistic frontiers political alliances of, 134–139, against ‘non-Islamic ideologies,’ 289–290 122–124 political discourse of Kerala, 127 against ‘consumerism’ and political programme of a ‘Caravan for ‘materialist culture,’ 148–153 Peace and Justice,’ 145–146 context of justice and peace, 156 politics of resistance, and, 124–134 crisis of public health and education position on homosexuality, 148–153, in India, 280, 283 292

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Index 341 preference for non-Congress and Kandiyoti, Deniz, 80 non-BJP secular alternative, 139–142 Kantian, idea of dogmatism, 258 resistance against (Hindu/ Kashem, Abul, 181 majoritarian) communalism and Kemalism, 15–19, 29 imperialism, 136 in context of Bangladesh, 18 rhetoric of, 122–124, 156, 165, 234, guiding principles of, 16 267, 277–278 Kemalist post-colonial regimes, 18 rhetoric of Islam as an alternative and Kemalist project of Mujibism, 184–187 universal ideology, 295 Turkish secularization under, 16 against ‘sex education,’ 149 Westphalian system of nation–states solidarity activities, 127–128, 133, and, 17 137 Kerala textbook controversy, 67, 151–152 Solidarity Youth Movement (SYM), Keynesian–Welfarist settlement, 22 117–118, 126–131, 149, 281 Khair-e-Ummah, 300 Student’s Islamic Organization Khalifa, 44 (SIO), 123 Khan, Rahmat Ali, 146 teachings of Islam, role in welfare Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 113 and well-being, 117 Khan, Yahya, 191 vs American imperialism, 111 Khilafat movement, 182 vs Hindu majoritarian communalism, Khomeini, Ayatollah, 46, 51, 72, 253, 139–143 255, 274 against ‘Western culture,’ 148–153 Jamaat-e-Islami in India and Bangladesh, literature review, 63–69, 82–86 Lacan, Jacques, 18, 260 cases of Islamist assertion, 67 Laclau, Ernesto, 1, 8, 10, 16, 24, 28, 70, Irfan Ahmad’s anthropological work, 85, 120–121, 158–163, 168, 182–183, 65–66 261, 272–273 textual and content analyses of Laden, Osama bin, 51, 253 primary sources, 84 Lapidus, Ira, 73 writings of Maududi, 64–65 Latif, Nawab Abdul, 181 Jamiat-I-Ulema-i-Hind, 113 Lawrence, Bruce, 49 Jamiat-Ulema-i-Hind, 6 Left movement in Bangladesh, 178–179 Jatiyo Party (JP), 177–179 liberal capitalism, 53 Jessop, Bob, 22 ‘liberal citizenship’ in a non-Muslim jouissance, 260 country, 82 justice, 7, 57, 111, 116, 136 Liberhan Commision Report, 106 rhetoric of, 110 liberty, 147, 257, 274, 293 absence of, 248 Lokāyata, 16 Kamruzzaman, Md, 231–232 Lyotard, Jean Francois, 53

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Madani, Maulana Hussain Ahmad, 105 Khomeinian strategy of complete Mahdist uprising, 36 disengagement with Western world, 40 Majlis-e-Mushawarat, 108 Naga rebellions, 146 Majlis-e-Shoora, 153, 205, 231 Nasrin and Rushdie’s books, ban on, 67, Mamdani, Mahmood, 32, 36, 48 150–151, 252, 255, 257–258, 292 Marx, Karl, 34, 71, 88–90, 120, 143, 169, Nasserism in Egypt, 13, 17–18, 29, 178 249–251 nationalism, 16, 18 Maududi, Sayyid Abul A'la, 19, 44, 62, 71– ‘national populism’ in Muslim world, 74, 112–113, 142–143, 154, 164–165, 29–30 191–196, 203, 239–242, 246–251 National Rural Employment Guarantee Mernissi, Fatima, 77 Act (NREGA, 2005), 98 militant Islam, 2 neo-Cold warriors, 43–44 militant Islamists, 6 neoliberal India, contemporary Mir, Shahid Titu, 180 aspects of identity, security and modernization, 15–17, 29, 49, 52, 58, 90, equity of the Muslims, 103 270–271 characteristics, 97 Moghissi, Haideh, 52, 78–79, 81 forms of social policy interventions, 98 Mojaheed, Ali Ahsan Mohammad, 232 Indian Muslim households, socio- Mollah, Abdul Quader, 232 economic situation of, 100–103 Moonis, Shafi, 145, 234, 304 Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH) position Mouffe, Chantal, 8, 10, 70, 121, 274 in, 110–121 Mujeeb, Mohammad, 105 management of marginalized groups, Mujibism in Bangladesh, 15, 18, 170–175, 99 183–187 Muslim situation in, 100–105 failure of, 172–175, 183 Nehruvian model of economic Mumbai riots of 1992–93, 106 development, 96 Muslim, definition of, 6 policy regime, 96 Muslim Brotherhood, 6, 30–31, 46, 148 politico-ideological discourses of Muslim identity, 5–7, 192, 257 Islamism, 105–110 Muslim League, 191–192 neoliberalism, 82, 93, 104–105, 139, 235 Muslim Personal Law Board, 108 Anglo-American model, 23 Muslim revivalist movements, 36 as an ideology, 21 Muslim subjectivity, 5 in Britain and France, 25 Muslim world, 195 contrasting Indo-Bangladesh failure of secular-nationalism in, 32 experiences, 236–252 Islamist response to authoritarianism critical and genealogical analysis of, in, 32–33 25 issues of Western dress and economic fundamentalism, 21–22 secularism in, 80 Euro-American, 26–27 Kemalism in, failure of, 39 Euro-American model of, 40

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Index 343 Foucault’s concept of neoliberal political economic practices, theory of, 20 governmentality, 25 political Islam, 3, 5, 43 in India and Bangladesh, 26, 200– politico-ideological discourses among 210 Indian Muslims, 105–110 and Islamism, relationship between, composite nationalism, 105 20–27, 93, 200–210 Leftwing Muslims, 105–106 outcome of, 21, 23 liberal-secular Muslims, 110 in practice, 23–24 Muslim moderates, 105 of Reagan and Thatcher in 1980s, 24 political leadership among Muslims, Nizam-e-Islami (rule of Islam), 44 107–108 Nizami, Motiur Rahman, 221, 232 politics of particularism, 108–109 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), 96 progressive political articulations, Nyāya Vaisheshika, 17 109–110 protests against American imperialism, 106–107 Occidentalism, 57–58, 275 theo-political articulation, 108 Ong, Aihwa, 25 politico-ideological discourses in ontological enquiries about Islam, 86–94, Bangladesh, 187–190 121 postmodern view of Islamism, 52–53 Islamism as a ‘protest ideology,’ prejudicial view of Muslims, 48 92–93 Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 146 ‘missionary aspect’ of preaching private property rights, 20 religion, 87 Private University Act (PRUA), 203 nature of repression of religion, 90 progressive Westernization, 11 political dimensions, 87 Pūrva Mīmāmsā, 16 religious fundamentalism, 88 religious ideologies and secularism, 91 Orientalist and neo-Orientalist radical Islam, 2, 49 constructions of Islam, 47–54, radical Islamism, 66 56–57 Rahim, Mawlana Abdur, 213 Ottoman Empire, 17 Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur/Mujib, Sheikh, 15, 170-173, 176, 181, 183, 194, 202, 212, 214, 268 Padri puritanical movement, 37 Ranganath Misra Commission Report, Pakistani nationhood, debates on, 191–194 104 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 30, 194 renewal nationalism, 186 Pan-Islam, 2 Right to Education Act (2009), 98 Parekh, Bikhu, 257 Right to Information Act (2005), 98 parliamentary Islamists, 6 Rome Treaty of the International Criminal Pipes, Daniel, 44 Court, 115

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Sachar Report, 100–102, 104 Spencer, Herbert, 90 Said, Edward W., 48, 58 Sri Krishna Commission Report, 106 Sajid, M., 281, 286–290, 299 Student’s Islamic Movement of India Samaddar, Ranabir, 175 (SIMI), 66–67, 142, 147 Sāmkhya, 17 Student’s Islamic Organization (SIO), 123, Sanyal, Kalyan, 99 142, 146, 149, 152–153, 293 Sayedee, Delwar Hossain, 232 Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed, 181 secularism, 16–18 Swatantra Matsyathozhilali Federation, secular-nationalism, 30 128 secular-nationalism, model of, 15 Tablighi Jamaat, 6, 63 secular–nationalist regime of Sheikh Taliban, 6–7, 30–31, 179, 227 Mujib, 172–175 Tariqah-i-Muhammadiyah movement, 180 Sen, Amartya, 52 theoretical and methodological frameworks Shah, Reza, 17 of research on Islamism Shah Bano case, 67, 104, 150, 264 everyday Islamist activism, 72 Shaheb, Major M. Abdul Mannan, 205 ideological articulations of Jamaati Shangha, Chhatra, 191 Islamism, 74–75 Shariatullah, Haji, 180 Islamic state, concept of, 73–74 Sharqi, Bishruddin, 146 jahiliya, concept of, 72 Sheikh, Safiuddin, 231 macro and micro-ideological Shia organizations, 113 discourse, 71 Solidarity Youth Movement (SYM), Marxist and postmodern 117–118, 149, 281 theorizations, 69–70 ‘anti-communalism’ and opposition to Hindutva, 71–72 ‘antiimperialism’ stance of, 287–288 Orientalist discourses, 70 anti-imperialist assertion of, 286 purist worldview, 71 Coca Cola agitation by, 127–129 Western socio-economic models, 70 Endosulfan rehabilitation tolerance, concept of, 256 programme, 131–132 totalitarianism, 12, 241, 262 M. Sajid, interview with, 281, 286– Turkish–Islam synthesis, 185–186 290, 299 opposition to Kerala Express Highway project, 287 ULFA activities in Assam, 146 in organizing agitations and protest Umari, Syed Jalaluddin, 66, 134, 145 demonstrations, 126–129, 285–286 Umar Tal’s movement, 36–37 ‘pro-people’ rhetoric of, 296 Ummah, concept of, 19–20, 164–166, rhetoric of, 156 260, 300 unwarranted accusations of ‘anti- un-Islamic other, 260 developmentalism,’ 131 universalism of Jamaati Islamism, 153–158

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Index 345 Voll, John O., 41 adoption of veil, 79–80 education and employment of women, 76 Wafd Party, 31 family planning, role of women, 76 Wahabi movement, 36 patriarchal nature of Islam, 76 Washington Consensus, 23, 189, 210 Qur’anic precepts on the position of Weber, Max, 90 women, 76 Weiner, Myron, 44 vs consumerist model of feminity, 81 Welfare Party of India (WPI), 153, 157, vs Jamaat-e-Islami’s blanket adoption 165 of the Shari’ah, 77–78 Western characterizations of Islam, 47–48, women’s political and legal rights, 76 50, 52 women’s reservation bill, 154 Western cultural globalization, 1, 19, 82, women’s subordination in Muslim 148, 152-153, 162, 165, 252, 259, societies, 80 267, 269-271 World Trade Organization (WTO), 23, Western ideological and developmental 126, 278 paradigms, 13–14 Westernization, 16–17 Westernized secular-nationalism, 29 Zia, Begum Khaleda, 171, 178, 220, 222, Western politico-ideological epistemology, 234, 301, 303 19 Zia-ur-Rahman, General, 171, 176, 213, Westoxication (Gharbzadegi), 51 215 Westphalian system of nation–states, 17 Žižek, Slavoj, 2, 236, 259, 262–263 women’s question within Islamist Zuhaira, K. K., 153, 294 discourses

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