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Les Delias De L'arfak (Papua (Irian Les Delias de l’Arfak (Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonésie) (Lepidoptera : Pieridae) par Jean-Marc GAYMAN 40bis, quai de Jemmapes, 75010 Paris E-mail : [email protected] Résumé GISHITA (cités par M. F. BRABY et N. PIERCE, 2006) évaluent l’ampleur du genre à 260 espèces ous présentons quelques observations (avec nombre de ssp.) dont au moins 110 pour la N sur le comportement des Delias effec- Papua (sans compter les îles satellites : Biak, Ya- tuées en Arfak (Papua, Indonésie), en août 2007. pen, Numfoor, Aru, Kai). Le genre Delias com- Ces lépidoptères manifestent un caractère mon- prend 20 % de toutes les Pieridae et près de 10 % tagnard affirmé. de toutes les espèces de Rhopalocères de la région australienne. Abstract Le débat reste ouvert quant à l’origine des Delias (PARSONS, 1999, 297) entre la thèse e present some observations about « nordiste » (Asie) et la « sudiste » (Australie). W Delias behaviour resulting from a TALBOT les considérait comme des animaux an- journey in Arfak (Papua, Indonesia) during Au- ciens, parents des Cepora et des Aporia, originai- gust 2007. The mountaneous character of these res de la partie orientale de la zone indienne, mi- butterflies is obvious. grant vers l’est le long du système himalayen. Selon lui, Delias aglaia (Bornéo) et D. belladon- Mots clés – Keywords na (Chine occidentale) seraient les espèces les plus primitives de tous les Delias. KLOTS (1933) Altitude - Arfak – Delias – Endémisme - soulignait la proximité des genitalia mâles des Indonésie – Nouvelle-Guinée - Papua - Pieridae – Delias, des Aporia et des Cepora et signalait leur Région orientale – Région australienne parenté de structure avec les Pereute (néotropicaux). CORBET et PENDLEBURY (1978) insistaient sur l’éloignement des Delias par rap- Introduction port aux autres Pierinae orientales et leur proxi- élèbre pour la multiplicité de ses espè- mité avec les Mylothris africains et les Pereute. J. C ces, le genre Delias aurait mérité plus HOLLOWAY (1986) désignait l’alimentation sem- d'une douzaine de jours de prospection en Arfak, blable des chenilles de Mylothris et de Delias et ce massif montagneux situé à l’ouest de la partie en concluait que les Mylothris étaient plus pro- indonésienne (Papua) de la Nouvelle-Guinée. Il ches des Delias ancestraux que les Aporia. Par aurait fallu séjourner plus longtemps et, pour s’en ailleurs, EHRLICH et RAVEN (1964) suggéraient tenir au Nord de la chaîne de l’Arfak, monter plus que le genre néotropical Catasticta relève du haut, au-dessus de Mokwam vers Miyambow groupe Delias, occupant les mêmes niches monta- (village « réputé » parce qu’y vole Ornithoptera gnardes dans les Andes que les Delias dans la rothschildi) et camper près des lacs Anggi, à 2000 chaîne himalayenne (où leur altitude de vol est m d’altitude. C’est sur la base d’une expérience quand même inférieure à 1500 m) et les monta- limitée et d’un échantillonnage restreint que nous gnes de Nouvelle-Guinée et se nourrissant des nous autorisons à livrer quelques observations. mêmes plantes-hôtes (Loranthaceae). Plus récem- ment, R. I. VANE-WRIGHT et R. DE JONG (2003, 15) défendent l’origine asiatique du genre. ÜBNER Le genre Delias (H , 1819) BRABY et PIERCE (2006) plaident pour une On sait que les Delias constituent pour origine australienne du genre en se fondant sur la nombre de collectionneurs un genre « culte » phylogénie : « An historical biogeographical pour leur beauté et leur extrême variété. G. TAL- analysis of the Delias group revealed that the BOT (1928-1937) avait recensé 155 espèces et A. most parsimonious reconstruction is an origin in YAGISHITA en énumérait 216 (1993, I, v à ix). the Australian Region, with at least seven disper- PARSONS (1999) soulignait que les deux tiers de sal events across Wallacea to the Oriental region. ces espèces – qu’il estimait à 165 - sont endémi- The eight major clades of Delias appear to have ques de la Nouvelle-Guinée avec 63 espèces pour diverged rapidly following complete separation of la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (PNG) et au moins the Australian plate from Gondwana and its colli- 53 pour la Papua. Aujourd’hui, F. GERRITS et YA- sion with the Asian plate in the late Oligocene. 10 Lépidoptères - Revue des Lépidoptéristes de France Vol. 18 – N° 42 Mai 2009 LES DELIAS DE L’ARFAK Further diversification and dispersal of Delias in 135) la carte de sites reconnus pour la lépidofaune the Miocene-Pliocene are associated with major de l’Arfak. Cet auteur démontre que ces monta- geological and climatic changes that occured in gnes assurent la même fonction pour le genus Australia-New Guinea during the late Tertiary. Ornithoptera (BOISDUVAL, 1832) : 8 espèces et The « out-of-Australia » hypothesis for the Delias ssp. (MATSUKA, 199 à 208). HIROSHI INOUE, rele- group supports an origin of the Aporiina in vant que la moitié des espèces du genre Milionia southern Gondwana (southern vicarance hy- (Geometridae, Ennominae) est endémique de la pothesis), which proposes that the ancestor of Nouvelle-Guinée (PNG et Papua), assure que la Delias + Leuciacria differentiated vicariantly on spéciation et la structure de distribution de ces the Australian plate » (2006, 2). Hétérocères sont très semblables à celles de De- Le genre a été fréquemment révisé : WAL- lias (INOUE, 2005, 2). LACE (1867), MITIS (1893), BUTLER (1897), TAL- L. DAY, sur sa liste des Delias de l’Arfak, BOT (1928-1937), FORD (1942) et ROEPKE ne mentionne pas D. ornytion (groupe XIII Ni- (1955). Aujourd’hui, on adopte, non sans polémi- grina) ; par contre, YAGISHITA donne la ssp. D. o. ques, la classification proposée par YAGISHITA persephone (STAUDINGER, 1894) pour l’Arfak et (1993), ajoutant deux groupes aux vingt de TAL- Waigeo (1993 ; I, 189 ; II, 195) ; de son côté, BOT, complétée par les travaux de HENK VAN PARSONS (1999, 319) la signale comme rare en MASTRIGT (2000, 2006, 2008) et C. J. MÜLLER Papua sans préciser les localisations. (2001). De façon classique, les espèces d’un mê- En général, les Delias manifestent un faible me groupe sont rapprochées par leurs genitalia et dimorphisme sexuel (sauf exceptions comme D. leurs androconies. L’analyse phylogénétique candida, D. sacha, D. lemoulti, etc.). Les chenil- conduit BRABY et PIERCE (2006) à proposer quel- les, du moins celles qui sont connues, marron ques changements (qui n’affectent pas les espèces avec de longs poils blancs, sont grégaires et for- de l’Arfak) dans la répartition des taxa au sein ment des groupes de parfois 60 individus, proté- des groupes et, surtout, à répartir les groupes se- gés par un voile de soie. Dérangées, elles se lais- lon huit grands lignages originels. On compte sent tomber au bout d’un fil de soie. Les Loran- donc 23 groupes (YAGISHITA), voire 24 avec le thaceae contiennent des substances toxiques : ce Groupe Brandti (MÜLLER), dont certains n’ont qui expliquerait la couleur aposématique des ima- pas de représentants en Arfak. gos (comme des chrysalides) et le comportement Sauf exceptions, comme Delias gabia ma- grégaire des chenilles (PARSONS, 299). rinda HULSTAERT, 1924 (Merauke, SE Papua), D. En une douzaine de jours (du 15 au 30 août enniana majoripuncta JOICEY & TALBOT, 1922 2007), avec seulement cinq localités visitées, (Numfoor), D. ornytion GODMAN & SALVIN, nous avons rencontré 14 espèces et ssp., soit la 1880 (PNG, Papua, Waigeo), D. aruna BOISDU- moitié des taxa de la région (14/28). Ajoutons VAL, 1832 (PNG et Papua), D. argenthona FABRI- qu’à Siobri nous avons relevé la présence de Leu- CIUS, 1793 (Australie et PNG), les Delias de Nou- ciacria acuta (ROTHSCHILD & JORDAN, 1905) : velle-Guinée sont des espèces montagnardes. Ce BRABY et PIERCE (2006, 20), après avoir exposé caractère rend compte de leur grande diversité la proximité du genre Leuciacria avec le genre engendrée par le compartimentage entre chaînes Delias, en explicitent l’évolution complètement de montagnes et le cloisonnement entre les val- différente. Dans ce village, selon les accords lées. Certains taxa sont confinés à quelques val- conclus avec les responsables locaux, le nombre lées ou quelques chaînons. des captures se limitait à deux ou trois exemplai- La Nouvelle-Guinée s’avère bien un centre res par taxon et par collecteur. Ainsi, la densité majeur pour la spéciation et l’adaptation aux hau- des espèces de ce village (Delias angiensis, D. tes altitudes : pour la partie indonésienne (Papua heroni, D. caroli caroli, D. kenricki, D. microsti- à l’ouest et Papua Barat à l’est), la Papua Insects cha flavopicta) est-elle sous-estimée. Les données Foundation (mise à jour du 7 juillet 2007) énu- chiffrées qui suivent synthétisent celles de sept mère 152 espèces (sans compter les sous-espèces) lépidoptéristes de l’ALF ayant communiqué la dont 69 sp. et ssp. endémiques. L’Arfak, avec au liste détaillée de leurs rencontres. moins 27 espèces (LESLIE DAY), dont 14 espèces et 7 ssp. endémiques, s’individualise comme cen- tre « régional » (PARSONS, 1999, 30-33) de spé- Quelques observations ciation voire de diffusion des espèces. Le lecteur Aussi brève soit-elle, la recherche des De- trouvera dans HIROTAKA MATSUKA (2001, lias en Arfak révèle la grande diversité de situa- Vol. 18 – N° 42 Mai 2009 Lépidoptères - Revue des Lépidoptéristes de France 11 LES DELIAS DE L’ARFAK tions selon les stations visitées. La répartition des Localisation espèces et l’abondance des individus diffèrent selon le biotope et, plus encore, selon l’altitude. Nous ne trouvons que huit taxa (Delias D’autre part, selon TOXOPEUS (cité par PARSONS, albertisi albertisi, D. angiensis, D. caroli caroli, 298), indépendamment de la saison, les Delias D. ladas levis, D. ligata dealbata, D. geraldina apparaissent en grand nombre à certains mo- vogelcopensis, D. microsticha flavopicta et D. ments, après des périodes de disparition de plu- lara lara) présents sur au moins deux localisa- sieurs semaines.
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