Research Article ISSN 2336-9744 (online) | ISSN 2337-0173 (print) The journal is available on line at www.biotaxa.org/em

Taxonomic notes on the genus Rhynchium Spinola (: : Eumeninae) from Vietnam, with a first checklist of the species worldwide

PHONG HUY PHAM1, P. GIRISH KUMAR2

1 Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi-100000, Vietnam; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode-673006, Kerala, India; E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: Phong Huy Pham

Received 6 September 2016 │ Accepted 12 November 2016 │ Published online 5 December 2016.

Abstract The genus Rhynchium Spinola, 1806, is studied in Vietnam. Two species are recorded, namely, R. brunneum brunneum (Fabricius, 1793) and R. haemorrhoidale haemorrhoidale (Fabricius, 1775). A key to Vietnamese species of the genus is presented along with new distributional records. Twenty-one species and 36 subspecies are listed in a first checklist of species of the genus. New synonymy proposed in the present study is R. brunneum ceylonicum Giordani Soika, 1994, under the nominotypical subspecies R. b. brunneum (Fabricius, 1793).

Key words: distribution, new record, Oriental region, synonymy, Vietnamese species.

Introduction

The genus Rhynchium belonging to subfamily Eumeninae, named by Spinola (1806) with the type species Rygchium europaeum Spinola, 1806, is an Old World genus, comprising relatively large-size species mainly distributed in the Oriental Region. The main characters to distinguish wasps of this genus from wasps of other genera are the scutellum and posterior part of mesoscutum smooth and at most finely and sparsely punctuate. After referring to data from a website (http://www.eol/pages/31233), Kumar & Sharma (2013) reckoned there were 47 species with several subspecies in the genus Rhynchium. Siddiqui et al. (2015) stated that “the genus Rhynchium includes slightly more than 20 species and many subspecies, distributed throughout the Old World”. Hence, the number of the Rhynchium species has not yet been obvious to date. There have been two species in the genus Rhynchium recorded from Vietnam so far. The first Rhynchium species recorded was R. brunneum (Fabricius, 1793) by Giordani Soika (1986). After eight years (1994), he mentioned this as a nominotypical subspecies R. brunneum brunneum. The second species recorded for Vietnam was R. haemorrhoidale haemorrhoidale (Fabricius, 1775) by Nguyen et al. (2015). In present paper, taxonomic notes on the genus are mentioned along with a first checklist of species of the genus.

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Materials and Methods

The materials examined in the present paper are housed in the collections of the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) and of Zoological Survey of India, India (NZC). The morphological and colour characters were observed and described on pinned and dried specimens under a stereoscopic microscope. Photographic images were taken by using a Leica Stereomicroscope with LAS software version 3.6.0. Provinces and cities are alphabetically listed in the text as distribution of species in the genus.

Results and Discussion

Genus Rhynchium Spinola Rygchium Spinola, 1806. Ins. Ligur., 1: 84, genus (incorrect original spelling of Rhynchium Spinola). Rhynchium Spinola, 1806, Ins. Ligus., 1:84, genus, emendation of Rygchium validated by Opinion 747 (ICZN, 1965). Type species: Rygchium europeaum Spinola, 1806 [= Vespa oculata Fabricius, 1781], by monotypy. Rhynchium Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins.: 109. Emendation of Rychium (!) Spinola. Rhynchium Sturm, 1829, Verz. Ins. Nurnberg: 12. Emendation. Rhygchium de Saussure, 1853, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: xxxi, 276. Emendation. Rhynchuium (!) de Saussure, 1863, Mém. Soc. Phy. Hist. Nat. Genéve 17: 242. Eurrhynchium Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Ins. 19: 33. New name. Rygohium (!) Willink, 1982, Bol. Ac. Nac. Sci. 55: 195.

Diagnosis: Palpal formula 6:4; scutellum and posterior part of mesoscutum smooth, at most finely and sparsely punctuate; metanotum depressed medially and bluntly projecting laterally, as seen from above and in front distinctly concave; propodeum with valvula small and never rectangular, submarginal carina not projecting; tegula not evenly rounded posteriorly, emarginate adjoining parategula; tegula shorter than parategula posteriorly; midtibia with one spur; mid femora of male emarginated at base; forewing with second cubital cell not petiolate; third cubital cell further away from the apex of the radial cell; parastigma of fore wing more than half as long as the stigma; metasomal segment I sessile, with tergite without transversal ridge or carina, segment I with width more than half that of II, much less than twice as long as wide.

Key to species of the genus Rhynchium in Vietnam

1 Metasomal segment I and II usually entirely black, rarely with a thin reddish brown band apically of first or second or both segments (Fig. 6)...... R. haemorrhoidale haemorrhoidale (Fabricius, 1775)

- Metasomal segment I and II black at basal half (Figs. 1-2); Mandible long with apical tooth sharp, acute (Figs. 3-4); Central frons with pubescences dense (Fig. 5); Metasomal segment I and metasomal segment II with a broad yellowish brown band apically (Figs. 1-2)...... R. brunneum brunneum (Fabricius, 1793)

1. R. brunneum brunneum (Fabricius, 1793) (Figs. 1-5)

Vespa brunnea Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst., 2: 264, Syntype, sex not mentioned, “Tranquebariae, India (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)”. Odynerus brunneus Latreille, 1806, Gen. Crust. Ins., 1: pl. 14 fig. 3. Rhynchium brunneum Spinola, 1808, Ins. Ligur, 2: 189. Rhynchium haemorrhoidale var. brunneum de Saussure, 1862, Stettin. Ent. Ztg., 23: 190. Rhynchium quinquecinctum var. brunneum Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym., 9: 45 (cat.). Rhynchium brunneum brunneum: Gusenleitner, 2006, Linzer biol. Beitr., 38(1): 692 (Sikkim, Meghalaya, West Bengal).

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Material examined: VIETNAM: Bac Ninh: 1 ♂, Tu Son, v.2010, P.H. Pham. Hai Phong: 1 ♀, Vinh Bao, 25.vi.2013, P.H. Pham. Hoa Binh: 2 ♀ + 1 ♂, Mai Chau, Mai Chau, 3.vi.2012, P.H. Pham. Hung Yen: 1 ♀ + 1 ♂, Trieu Duong, Tien Lu, 25.vi.2013, P.H. Pham. Nam Dinh: 1 ♀ + 1 ♂, Xuan Thuy National Park, Xuan Thuy, 22.vi.2013, P.H. Pham. Quang Ninh: 1 ♀ + 3 ♂, Hong Thai Tay, Dong Trieu, 26.vi.2013, P.H. Pham. Thai Binh: 2 ♀ + 2 ♂, Hong Minh, Hung Ha, 23-24.vi.2013; 2 ♂, Hung Nhan, Hung Ha, 25.vi.2013, P.H. Pham; 1 ♀, Dong Minh, Tien Hai, 20°20’23’’N, 106°35’89’’E, alt. 0 m, 21.vi.2013, H.P. Pham. Thanh Hoa: 2 ♀, Sam Son Town, 20-21.vi.2016, P.H. Pham. SRI LANKA: Paradeniya: 5 ♀, 2.vi.1910, name of collector unknown, NZC Regd.Nos.13752/H3 to 13756/H3.

Distribution: Vietnam: Bac Giang, Bac Ninh (new record), Cao Bang, Dien Bien, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Ha Noi, Ha Tinh, Hai Duong, Hai Phong (new record), Hoa Binh, Hung Yen (new record), Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lao Cai, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien Hue, Vinh Phuc. Elsewhere: India, Seychelles, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guam, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Marianas, Myanmar, New Britain, Pakistan, Palau, China, Taiwan, Thailand.

Remarks: There are three subspecies recorded from the Oriental Region namely, R. brunneum brunneum (Fabricius, 1793), R. brunneum ceylonicum Giordani Soika, 1994 and R. brunneum maladivum Gusenleitner, 2003. Out of these three subspecies, the nominotypical subspecies namely R. b. brunneum is widely distributed in the Oriental Region. R. b. ceylonicum is recorded from Sri Lanka and R. b. maladivum recorded from the Maldives (Kumar & Sharma, 2013). We have examined specimens collected from Sri Lanka. These specimens are of the subspecies R. b. ceylonicum. This subspecies is distinguished from R. b. brunneum by colour pattern. In R. b. brunneum the body is marked with black and reddish brown colouration, whereas R. b. ceylonicum the body is marked with black and yellowish brown colouration. Among specimens collected in Vietnam, there are 5 specimens that they have a slight difference in colour from the other specimens [1 ♂, Mai Chau, Hoa Binh Province; 2 ♂, Hung Nhan, Hung Ha, Thai Binh Province; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂, Hong Thai Tay, Dong Trieu, Quang Ninh Province]. Their colour pattern is very close to that of the subspecies R. b. ceylonicum, and these specimens can represent the formally named color form R. b. ceylonicum. Thus we propose to synonymize R. b. ceylonicum under the nominotypical subspecies R. b. brunneum. The black marks on the body of R. b. brunneum are highly variable. On mesoscutum: A small triangular mark in front can be extended to become a large mark at the centre, and a narrow transverse line along the apex can be also extended to become a large line at the central part. Therefore two marks can join at the centre. On Metasoma: from basal third to basal two thirds of metasomal tergite I and II, metasomal sternite II from almost to entirely black, metasomal sternite III-VI in females and metasomal sternite III-VII in males from basal third to basal two thirds. Marks on metasoma are also from light to dark black colouration. A female collected at Dong Minh commune, Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province has the mandible different from that of all of the other specimens of R. brunneum and also of the other Rhynchium species (Figs. 3-4). This means that this specimen can be of a new species. But at present time only a specimen of the female is available it is arranged under the nominotypical species R. brunneum and the future studies should include it.

2. Rhynchium haemorrhoidale haemorrhoidale (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 6)

Vespa haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 366, Type ♂, “ad Cap. b. Spei” (British Museum of Natural History). Odynerus dimidiatus Guèrin, 1834, in Bèlanger, Voyage Indes-Orient. Zool.: 503, pl. 4 fig. 4, “Côte du Coromandel”. Rygchium haemorrhoidale de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp., 1: 109 (♂, ♀). Odynerus haemorrhoidalis Bequaert, 1918, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 39: 300 (occurrence in Cape Province very doubtful). Rhynchium haemorrhoidale Bingham, 1897, Fauna Brit. India, Hym., 1: 353 (key), 354, ♂, ♀ (India; Burma; Ceylon; Tenasserim; Java; Cape of Good Hope).

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Figures 1-6. 1-5 - Rhynchium brunneum brunneum (Fabricius, 1793): 1-2 - Female - Habitus; 3-4 - Mandible; 5 - Male - Head front view; 6 - Rhynchium haemorrhoidale haemorrhoidale (Fabricius, 1775): Female - Habitus.

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Distribution: Vietnam: Kien Giang. Elsewhere: Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, China, Thailand.

Remarks: Giordani Soika (1994) recorded this species occurring in Vietnam, but did not give its exact locality. This species is presently recorded from only one province in Vietnam (Kien Giang).

A checklist of species of the genus Rhynchium Spinola, 1806 1. R. acromum Giordani Soika, 1952 2. R. annuliferum (Boisduval, 1835) 3. R. atrissimum van der Vecht, 1968 4. R. atrum de Saussure, 1852 4.1. R. atrum atrum de Saussure, 1852 4.2. R. atrum jacobsoni Giordani Soika, 1994 4.3. R. atrum palawanense van der Vecht, 1968 5. R. bathyxanthum van der Vecht, 1963 6. R. brunneum (Fabricius, 1793) 6.1. R. brunneum brunneum (Fabricius, 1793) 6.2. R. brunneum maladivum Gusenleitner, 2003 7. R. carnaticum (Fabricius, 1798) 8. R. claripenne Giordani Soika, 1994 9. R. cyanopterum de Saussure, 1852 9.1. R. cyanopterum cyanopterum de Saussure, 1852 9.2. R. cyanopterum assabense Gioadani Soika, 1987 9.3. R. cyanopterum somaliense Giordani Soika, 1987 10. R. haemorrhoidale (Fabricius, 1775) 10.1. R. haemorrhoidale haemorrhoidale (Fabricius, 1775) 10.2. R. haemorrhoidale andamanicum Kumar & Sharma, 2013 10.3. R. haemorrhoidale dohertyi Schulz, 1905 10.4. R. haemorrhoidale sanguneum de Saussure, 1852 10.5. R. haemorrhoidale tahitense (de Saussure, 1867) 10.6. R. haemorrhoidale umeroatrum Gusenleitner, 1991 11. R. magnificum Smith, 1869 12. R. marginellum (Fabricius, 1793) 12.1. R. marginellum marginellum (Fabricius, 1793) 12.2. R. marginellum congicum (Bequaert, 1918) 12.3. R. marginellum sabulosum de Saussure, 1855 12.4. R. marginellum somalicum Magretti, 1899 13. R. medium (Maindron, 1882) 14. R. mirabile de Saussure, 1855 14.1. R. mirabile mirabile de Saussure, 1852 14.2. R. mirabile biakense van der Vecht, 1960 14.3. R. mirabile expolitum van der Vecht, 1960 15. R. nigrosericeum Giordani Soika, 1989 16. R. oculatum (Fabricius, 1781) 16.1. R. oculatum oculatum (Fabricius, 1781) 16.2. R. oculatum adenense Giordani Soika, 1952 16.3. R. oculatum distinguendum du Buysson, 1913 16.4. R. oculatum hebraeum Giordani Soika, 1952 16.5. R. oculatum leviscutis (Cameron, 1908) 16.6. R. oculatum lefebvrei Lepeletier, 1841 17. R. quinquecinctum (Fabricius, 1787) 17.1. R. quinquecinctum quinquecinctum (Fabricius, 1787) 17.2. R. quinquecinctum murotai Tano, 1983 17.3. R. quinquecinctum nambui Yamane, 1983 17.4. R. quinquecinctum fukaii Cameron, 1911

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17.5. R. quequincinctum samurayi Giordani Soika, 1973. 17.6. R. quinquecinctum tahitense de Saussure, 1867 18. R. rubropictum Smith, 1861 18.1. R. rubropictum rubropictum Smith, 1861 18.2. R. rubropictum nigriventre Giordani Soika, 1994 18.3. R. rubropictum tenimberense Giordani Soika, 1994 19. R. salomonis Meade-Waldo, 1910 20. R. superbum de Saussure, 1852 21. R. vittatum du Buysson, 1909

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Dr. K. Venkataraman, former Director, Dr. Kailash Chandra, Director, and Dr. Gaurav Sharma, former Officer-in-Charge, Hymenoptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, for providing facilities and encouragements. First author also thanks The Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries (NAM S&T Centre), Government of India, for granting the scholarship for the research training course at Zoological Survey of India. The authors also extend thanks to two reviewers, Dr. James M. Carpenter, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th street, New York, NY 10024, U.S.A. and Dr. Tingjing Li, Institute of Entomology & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China, for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript.

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