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Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Study on Trends Following the 2015 Earthquake Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal

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Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Study on Trends Following the 2015 Earthquake Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Study on Trends following the 2015 Earthquake Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Study on Trends following the 2015 Earthquake PRAGYA 83, Sector-44 Institutional Area Gurgaon-122003 Haryana, India. Tel . +91 124 4947000 Email. [email protected] www.pragya.org 2 Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal THE EVERYDAY ABUSE AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS AND THE STEADY OCCURRENCE OF CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IS FREQUENTLY SPIKED BY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISES AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL OR 01 EVEN POLITICAL STRIFE OR NATURAL DISASTERS. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE — AND PARTICULARLY TRAFFICKING HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE AFTERMATH OF Introduction THE 2015 GORKHA EARTHQUAKE Gender-based Violence against women most of whom, end-up in Indian brothels and girls continues to be one of the most while some go as far as South Korea and obdurate problems in Nepal, implicitly South Africa, with China, Malaysia, Hong supported by a deeply patriarchal society Kong and Middle East being the other and a passive submission to it by women destinations. Of 13,600 reported attempt due to their economic dependence and to trafficking victims, 98% are females; of social conditioning. Some of the common 6,200 trafficked persons, upwards of 60% gender based violence faced by girls are female, and as many as 50% are below and women of Nepal include witchcraft the age of 18; of 3,900 untraced persons accusations, domestic violence, child suspected to have been trafficked, over marriage, marital rape, polygamy, dowry 70% are girls. This is an indication towards related harassment, female infanticide the gendered nature of the problem and trafficking of women and girls for in which women and children are the sexual abuse, among others. Apart from prominent victims (NHRC Nepal, 2017). these, implicit and explicit forms of violence against women include teenage The everyday abuse and violence pregnancy and early motherhood, gender against women and girls and the steady disparity in school enrolment as well as occurrence of crimes against women overall educational attainment, and the is frequently spiked by economic and poor condition of women’s nutritional social crises at the household level or status, to name a few. even political strife or natural disasters. Gender-based violence and particularly Probably the worst among the forms of trafficking has been reported to have atrocities against women and girls is that increased significantly in the aftermath of of human trafficking. The scale of this the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. problem in Nepal was first realized on 5 February 1996, after 484 young girls were Based on the above, Pragya carried out rescued from Mumbai’s red light districts. an in-depth thematic study on the issue What shook both Indian and Nepali of trafficking to better understand its governments back then was that 238 different aspects, examine the prevalence girls out of 484 were identified as Nepal and factors, and highlight gaps where nationals. More recent data, especially intensive research or interventions might those of the UN and local NGO’s, show be undertaken, particularly to combat it that around 12,000 to 15,000 girls are in the aftermath of the 2015 earthquake trafficked from Nepal every year, and in Nepal 3 Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal 02 — Aim and Methodology The aim of this study is to understand trafficking of women and adolescent girls in Nepal with a particular focus on the incidence and causatives since the 2015 earthquake, and drawing out implications for designing targeted interventions. The study comprises 3 types of analysis: 1. Review of secondary literature and existing data on trafficking in Nepal, 2. Review of primary data collected from specific locations to understand trends since the 2015 earthquake as well as ongoing initiatives and programs to address the issue, and 3. Stakeholder consultations carried out to understand what initiatives need to be taken to better tackle the issue. The paper divides into broad sections, where each section seeks to answer a specific research question. The research questions conceptualized for the study are as follows: 1. What is the pattern of violence against women and girls in Nepal? 2. What is the process of trafficking of trafficking in Nepal and what are its various causes? What are the problems faced by trafficking victims at various stages of the trafficking experience? 3. Are there any patterns to trafficking in Nepal? For instance, which are the regions or districts with higher incidence of trafficking? What are the routes, transit points and destinations? Has there been any change in this trend since the recent earthquake? 4. What are the regional and national level agencies working to address trafficking? What are the ongoing initiatives in Nepal that focus on combating trafficking? 5. What are the recommendations to curb trafficking, address needs of vulnerable women and adolescent girls, and build capacities of various agencies for combating trafficking in the post-2015 earthquake scenario? 4 Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal 03 — Key Findings 3.1 Violence against women and girls in Nepal In spite of its legal framework and the victims), followed by 18-23 age group (597 ratification of several international victims) and 30-35 age group (494 victims); conventions, violence against women and 36-41 age group (227 victims), 42-47 age group girls is to an endemic degree in Nepal, (135 victims), 48-53 age group (66 victims), 54- with one in every five women experiencing 59 age group (28 victims), 60-65 age group (31 physical violence and one in 10 experience victims), were also found to be vulnerable; sexual violence (2011 Nepal Demographic and vulnerability reduced only at 66-71 age group Health Survey - NDHS). Violations include: (11 victims), and 72+ age-group (9 victims).1 domestic violence, polygamy, torture and battery in the name of practicing witchcraft, Patriarchy and associated discrimination: rape, sexual abuse, women trafficking, early Nepali society is characterized by a staunchly and/or forced marriage and childbearing, patriarchal system with deep-rooted dowry and associated violence. GBV is malpractices of male domination and significantly associated with long-term subjugation of women that maintain the social, physical, emotional, and psychological discrimination and control of women by men consequences, including mental health (Nepal is 110th of 144 countries on the Gender disorders, dysfunction and disability and is Gap Index), from which stem several forms also known to be a major reason for suicide to of violence against women and girls and be the leading cause of death among Nepali violence-supportive attitudes and customs. women of reproductive age. A comprehensive Women and girls live within the confines of documentation of violence against women rigid gender norms, dependent on the men in and girls in 2013 [by Informal Sector Service their families, and suffering disproportionate Centre (INSEC)] brought out 2,348 reported access to essential services of healthcare and victims of violence among women and 700 education, exclusion from decision-making, among girls. Majority of these cases were land-ownership and paid employment. of domestic violence (1,569), followed by Polygamy (283), rape (215), victims abused on charge of practicing witchcraft (69), sexual abuse (52), women trafficking or attempted trafficking (52). Age group wise breakdown of the victims of GBV found that women between 24 and 29 are most vulnerable (750 1 “Violence against Women and Girls: Assessing the Situation in Nepal in 2013,” Informal Sector Service Center, 2014, retrieved from: http://www. inseconline.org/pics/1394188608.pdf. 5 Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Low access The male/female mortality against 24% women (DHS, 2016). differential indicates that women Girls’ attendance in schools and their to education have lower levels of welfare, with educational attainment tends to inferior access to health care, act as a deterrent against teenage and health nutrition and education than men. pregnancy and early motherhood. Female life expectancy is 59.8 years; However, young girls in Nepal, 75% of pregnant women and 50% especially those from impoverished of women aged 15-59 are anaemic. families and rural areas tend to In contrast to 33% women, only start their childbearing early- data 10% men have never attended on teenage pregnancy shows that school and 37% men have finished 30.2% girls of 19 years of age have their School Leaving Certificate, as had a live birth. 6 Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal Lack of resources and opportunities: Although of Nepal, 2013); at the same time, 61% of women the Nepalese Constitution does not allow who had experienced violence never reported it/ discrimination based on sex, caste, and creed or them to anyone, and only 13% reported knowledge colour, there are more than 150 discriminatory of laws against violence against women (Nepal provisions against women in the forms of denial Demographic Health Survey, 2011). 77% of the access to and control over resources, restricted perpetrators of VAWG were the family members. mobility, and low representation in decision- Associated risk factors include, intimate partner’s making positions in civil services, politics, and use of alcohol and exercise of perceived sexual public sectors. This further restricts women’s entitlements, as well as women’s lack of autonomy, economic independence and renders them awareness, access to family and legal support vulnerable to GBV. Due in part to their lower systems, and the practice of early marriage. education levels women also earn between 25% to 60% less than men (World Bank 2005). Lack of Predatory violence in public spaces: Although opportunities for advancement and the attendant there has been little focus on VAWG in public problems result in longer working hours, illiteracy, spaces in Nepal, in comparison to domestic poor health, high maternal mortality rates, witch- violence, this phenomenon is on the rise.
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