PLUS: An Interview with Deputy Secretary of State Clifton Wharton

JUNE 1993 JOURNAL

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The Cultural 1 mb0'** Dimensions \ ,/ •»

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Getting Serious About Training Governing Board President. WILLIAM A. KIRBY State Vice President: JOSEPH H. MELROSE JR. AID Vice President: CAREY COULTER USIA Vice President: RAZV'iGOR BAZALA It’s June and the annual migration is starting. Hundreds of us are on the move Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ from one assignment to another and some of us are even going to-training. Secretary: CATHERINE BARRY Treasurer: ANNE WOODS PATTERSON We wonder how many are starting a training program with great reluctance, State Representatives: PAULA BOYD because the job they really wanted didn’t come through. We also wonder how JONATHAN FARRAR ROBERT PERKY many weren’t able to get training at all, even though the department says they SUE SAARNIO need it for promotion. In short, we’re wondering about the state of training in AID Representatives: WILLIAM D. MCKINNEY JAMES DEMPSEY the Foreign Service. USIA Representative: LAI REN HALE Retired Representatives: PATRICIA M. BYRNE This seems a particularly appropriate time to wonder. The U.S. agenda in DANIEL NEWBERRY the post- era, with its new focus on global issues and its renewed DONALD R. NORLAND stress on global competitiveness, requires a Foreign Service equipped with new DAVID SCHNEIDER Staff skills and fortified with new knowledge. That need is only reinforced by con¬ Executive Director. SUSAN REARDON tinuing advances in technology that affect the way we communicate, manage Business Department Controller. CATHY FREGELETTE our facilities, and relate to one another in our workplaces. Office Manager: JUDY SHINN The timing is right also because in just a few months the quaint old Foreign Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BEANE Administrative Assistant: DIANNA 1)1 NBRACK Service Institute will transform itself into the National Foreign Affairs Training Executive Assistant: LIZ ALLAN Center. FSI Director Larry Taylor is telling anyone who will listen (or who reads Legal Services tl us month’s State magazine) that this will be more than just a physical relocation Legal Counsel: SHARON PAPP Staff Attorney. COLLEEN FALLON to i 35-acre, state-of-the-art facility. Indeed, there are already exciting changes Lent Clerks. EDWIN GANIA under way at FSI in both curricula and management, with the promise of more. PATRICIA A. MALONE Member Services Ft reign Service training is on the way to becoming a treat instead of a treatment. Duvctoi: JAMES YORKE How can we exploit this opportunity? First, it is crucial in this era of scarce Representatives. DEBORAH M. LEAHY JULIE SMITHLINE resources that top-level management at the foreign affairs agencies maintain a DEREK TERRELL sustained focus on the issue. Even straight-lining training resources while in¬ Membership Director: JANET L. HEDRICK creasing training demands will lead to a loss of quality that we can no longer Representative: NORAJANE Mel NITRE afford. The Foreign Service is people, and those people must be as well pre¬ Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON pared as possible for the challenges they face. Retiree Liaison: WARD THOMPSON Second, there should be even closer coordination among FSI management Congressional Liaison - RICK WEISS and the offices responsible for assignments, career development and allocation Scholarship Coordinator. MICHAEL DAI LEY of resources. An employee cannot be told that training is a prerequisite for ca¬ Speakers Bun’au and International Associates: GIL KULICK reer advancement, only to discover that it is unavailable. In fact, for training Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER to be viewed throughout the service as a welcome part of a career rather than The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 192 i. as an unavoidable interruption, the linkage between time spent in training and is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official representative of all Foreign Service employees in the a successful career should be clearly understood from the beginning. Department of State, and the United States Information Agency and the Agency for International Development under The real challenge is to change the status of training in our Foreign Service the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired culture by moving toward career tracks for both generalists and specialists in employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close w hich training is rewarded as well as rewarding. With a new policy agenda to association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Members—$85-188; Retired Members—$-15-62; Associate challenge us and a new facility to energize us, now is the time to start. Members—$45. All AFSA members are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and -William A. Kirby necessary business expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations are deductible as charitable contributions.

AMERICAN FOREION SERVICE ASSOCIATION. 2101 E Street NW. Washington. D.C. 20037. Executive offices, membership, professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance pro¬ grams, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. Governing Board, standing committees, general counsel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 6i7-8l60 • FAX: (202) 647-0265 • Ft>reign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE

JANET BOGUE C. STUART CALLISON PHYLLIS D1CHTER-FORBES JOE B. JOHNSON ROBERT MAUSHAMMER DONALD R. NORLAND PHYLLIS OAKLEY ERIC RUBIN ROBERT TOTH Cuba Lobby 24 Torn Curtain 40 HANS N. TUCH FEATURES “The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” Passports and Politics: In Search of the Alpha File 12 Editor BY ROBERT C. TOTH ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Associate Editor NANCY A. JOHNSON A Post-Cold War CIA 18 Advertising Manager Making reform stick TINA M. DREYFUS Communications Assistant BY MELVIN A. GOODMAN JONATHAN ULLMAN Marketing Intern KIM SCHAFFER The Power of the Cuba Lobby 24 Design BY GEORGE GEDDA MARKETING ik MEDIA SOLUTIONS

FOREIGN SERVICE. JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Interview: Clifton R. Wharton Jr 31 Street, N.W.. Washington. D.C. 20037-2990, is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Focus: THE CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent DIPLOMACY the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL Writer queries are invited. JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9.50 Elusive Horizons 34 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail Culture and Modernization in Nepal not available. BY STEPHEN C. FORMAN Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E The Cold War’s Deadliest Weapon: Information 40 Street. N.W.. Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. BY WALTER R. ROBERTS AND HAROLD E. ENGLE Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements herein Diplomats in History 45 does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- John Stevens and Hawaii, 1893 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. BY RH0DA HACKLER

© American Foreign Service Association 1993 Books 50 Printed in the U.S.A. Thomas J. Corcoran on and Mongolia

DEPARTMENTS THE COVER: AFSA Views.. 2 50 Years Ago/Quiz .. 60 Letters 4 Real Estate 52 Photograph of Clippings 5 Marketplace 55 Buddha Bahadur Gayak Despatch 9 Schools 57 by Stephen Forman AFSA News . Pull-out section Classifieds ...Pull-out Section

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 POT ATI) PHILANTHRI )PY CORRECTION To THE EDITOR: Gil Kulick’s piece on "The Great sists of rice and beans. On this par¬ Due to an editing error, an Mogadishu Potato Caper” (February ticular evening we received a cable excerpt from a Washington Post Journal) reminded me of a potato- from Embassy Panama offering pota¬ article by John M. Goshko in the filled evening in Santo Domingo dur¬ toes. Would we like a planeload flown May Clippings column errone¬ ing the early days of the U.S. interven¬ in? After discussing the pros and cons ously attributed a quote. Goshko tion in the Dominican Republic in of the United States officially promot¬ quoted a senior State Department May 1965. ing a change in the Dominican diet, official, not a member of the At Lyndon Johnson’s direct behest, we decided against Panama’s pota¬ Senate Foreign Relations Commit¬ the department scoured the Western toes. I wrote our response with care. tee staff, as saying that the Hemisphere in search of other-gov¬ The product was a brief paragraph Clinton administration gave ernment support for U.S. policy. Bra¬ under the heading: “Post Praises but priority to winning confirmation of zil. as well as Honduras, Nicaragua, Politely Prefers Pass Promised those State Department officials and Paraguay, sent troops. Costa Rica Planeload Panama Potatoes.” We never sent policemen, other countries sent heard about them again. who are charged with making clothing, medicine, and food. Alfonso Arenales policy rather than executing it. The staple Dominican meal con¬ Bethesda, Maryland

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SILENT SECRETARY the American people. ... It is the unpleasant task of the sphinx at the THE WASHINGTON POST, APRIL 30, 1993 State Department to make certain the BY ROWLAND EVANS AND ROBERT NOVAK president gets his facts without folly. As bipartisan congressional lead¬ Whether you are assigned ers conferred with President Clinton THE INTERNATIONAL overseas or returning on the Bosnian crisis, an unsmiling CROWD home, Allied Realty Corp. Secretary of State can manage your property uttered hardly a word—a silence that THE WASHINGTON POST, APRIL 23, 1993 or find you a rental home. cloaked his rising influence in the The men and women of President We're the Washington Oval Office. Clinton’s foreign policy operation may area's largest, oldest and But behind the appearance of de¬ be diverse in some ways, but they are most trusted property man¬ tachment, the phlegmatic secretary a group that’s been heavily filtered agers, with more than 50 was performing an invaluable ser¬ through some of the most elite finish¬ years of experience renting vice: stockpiling anti-interventionist ing schools for the international crowd. and managing a 500-prop- erty portfolio. Here's why: evidence from Congress and Europe It turns out that about one-third of for close perusal by his boss to pre¬ the 40 or so top officials at the State • Highest rental value for vent a possible mistake of incalcu¬ Department and the National Security your home • Large selection of rental lable dimensions. Council have degrees from such insti¬ properties . . . Christopher is not devising tutions as the Fletcher School of Law • Professionally trained broad strategies. He wants to build a and Diplomacy at Tufts University, leasing staff stable base to prevent his “domestic” Columbia University’s School of Inter¬ • 24-hour maintenance president from being pressured on national and Public Affairs, service - Multi-lingual staff foreign policy by specialists with far Georgetown’s School of Foreign Ser¬ more experience. vice, and others that belong to the A Christopher aide told us it is Association of Professional Schools of “absolutely false” the secretary is in¬ International Affairs. Several more herently opposed to the use of force have taught at the 14 schools in the in the Balkans. . . . But he is painted association. by adversaries inside the administra¬ tion as a weak-kneed San Francisco EGG RACE SINCE 1940 lawyer unwilling to exert American Professional Properly Managers power. THE WASHINGTON TIMES, Call Aaron Dodek, CPM, The embarrassingly critical note APRIL 26, 1993 Senior Vice President sent to Christopher by a dozen State The has rejected as (301) 656-7000 Department desk officers who be¬ unsatisfactory a large number of State -Ov (301) 656-8600 lieve that only U.S. military force can Department candidates for ambassa¬ k=J fax (301) 907-4766 LH stop the Serbian killings was leaked dorial posts, challenging Secretary of not by them but by other interven¬ State Warren Christopher’s pledge that LOCAL tionists. Allies mustered by Christo¬ career officials will be first in line for pher include not only Gen. Colin the jobs, sources said. PRESENCE Powell and other senior officers but ... [A] senior White House aide

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 5 CLIP P I N G S complained that a State Department acknowledged that the Foreign Ser¬ blocking 20 of them from presenting list, made up entirely of Foreign Ser¬ vice “does have diversity problems.” credentials to President Clinton. vice officials, did not contain enough Steps are being taken to correct them, Mr. Clinton, 2 '/> months into his minorities and women. Much of the he said. “The most important thing is term, has not formally received the list was returned to Foggy Bottom and that the person be highly qualified,” credentials of any newly appointed is being personally reviewed by Mr. he said. ambassador. "They want to be ac¬ Christopher, [sources] said. The president has formally nomi¬ credited so they can start work. Per¬ The filling of top posts around the nated only nine ambassadors. . . . haps he doesn't have enough experi¬ government has been delayed by Sources said the White House has ence in this,” the diplomat said. White Flouse insistence that appoin¬ approved a second list of 13 nomi¬ Nations whose ambassadors are tees show diversity in ethnicity, gen¬ nees, which will go to the Senate waiting to make the ritual journey to der, and geography. These are jok¬ shortly. Mr. Christopher originally sent the White House include , Jor¬ ingly known as the “EGG” criteria. about 30 candidates to the White dan, Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the Another source said the department House, but a large number were re¬ Philippines. The White House and has been told not to submit any more turned, with orders to justify in each State Department attributed the delay names for now. case the appointment of a Foreign to the need to decide on a format for ... At another point Mr. Christo¬ Service officer. the meetings and the fact that Mr. pher complained that the Foreign Clinton has been too busy for proto¬ Service seemed to have made little AMBASSADORS-IN-WAITING col formalities. progress in lifting women and minori¬ An official of one embassy was ties to upper ranks since he was the THE WASHINGTON TIMES, APRIL 7, 1993 uncharacteristically snide, saying: “Ap¬

Carter administration’s deputy secre¬ BY FRANK J. MURRAY parently someone at the White House tary of state. Annoyed diplomats here are mutter¬ doesn’t know what it means to present [The] vice president of the Ameri¬ ing among themselves—diplomatically, credentials. They must not see too can Foreign Service Association . . . of course—that White House gridlock is many ambassadors in Arkansas.” ■

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analysis and investigative reporting to Participatory Journalism reminiscence and humor. They appre¬ ciated articles that focus on their profes¬ sional lives—the practice of diplomacy, n the widely scattered but closely calls, and regular self-criticism meetings the futures of their agencies, the person¬ I connected community of the For¬ for the staff and editorial board. alities of senior officials—but not ar¬ eign Service, the Foreign Service Recently we asked a small group of ticles strictly on foreign policy, the arts, Journal tries to serve as a world¬ readers to spend a couple of hours with or even foreign affairs with a forced wide agora, in which readers can us and tell us what they liked and Foreign Service spin. Equally, they did meet and share their views, ambitions, disliked about the magazine. We se¬ not want die magazine proper (as op¬ war stories, advice, and dissent. The lected eight readers deemed typical by posed to AFSA News) to run very nar¬ magazine should, like a language, the range of their professional concen¬ rowly focused articles on promotion change and grow with the needs of trations and interests, plied them with precepts, EERs, and pocketbook issues. those who use it. We who produce the lunch, and asked for their unadulterated The group did not shy away from magazine from our aerie over Foreign views of the magazine we produce for criticism of their own ranks in the Service Park need continually to reaf¬ you. magazine, but they also wanted to see firm our link with the readers and ask for The news was generally good. The their best sides reflected in our cover¬ your criticism and advice. Over the last reviewers found the magazine stimulat¬ age. They wanted to see the magazine couple of years we have done this with ing and useful, and they enjoyed the full promote professionalism, not with arti¬ a readers’ survey, appeals for letters and range of articles we publish, from policy ficially bubbly pieces but with fair- I $ FyrnisI)ed Suites in TJxJeart of Georgetown 5

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JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 DESR4TCH

minded examinations of what we do themes, it may be in the form of publish¬ cumulative effect to promote profes¬ right and wrong and some space for ing many short responses to an article, sionalism? Do ethics standards instead successful but little-known programs. or we may invite readers in for a stifle initiative? Have highly controver¬ Most of all, the reviewers wanted roundtable discussion, whose outcome sial policies, like support for the Contras more debate in the magazine, airing and engagement with , different sides of an issue. They wanted politicized the Foreign Service? Has the plenty of opportunities for readers to Our magazine can serve as establishment of an inspector general voice their reactions to issues of interest, been healthy in fighting waste and whether in the form of focus groups an open forum only if fraud? Has it detracted from the Foreign meeting to discuss an issue, postcard members of the community Service’s ability to do its job? We want responses to articles, or full-blown edi¬ contribute. We want your your reflections on these issues. torial replies. articles, letters, telephone On other themes, the group sug¬ The Journal received a complex and gested that the Journal add reviews of intriguing mandate from the focus group, calls, and faxes, on any television and video of relevance to the and it will take some time to sift through theme, at any time. Foreign Service and that we devote more recommendations. Our first response, attention to Foreign Service families. however, will be to give readers more Our magazine can serve as an open opportunity to contribute their views on forum only if members of the commu¬ themes of vital importance to the For¬ will be published in the magazine. nity contribute. We want your articles, eign Service. Instead of choosing one As our first theme of enduring con¬ letters, telephone calls, and faxes, on focus for each issue then dropping it for cern, the editorial board plans to focus any theme, at any time. Each submis¬ a year, we will, like any good composer, on the complex of issues around ethical sion gets a measured review by a board set a few durable themes then revisit standards and accountability. Each eth¬ of peers, the editorial board, and we try them several times throughout the course ics policy was put in place to respond to to make room for everything. Let us of the year. When we pick up the a need or correct an abuse, but is the hear from you. ■

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FAX OR MAIL TO: EVELYN COTTERMAN, LONG & FOSTER, 3918 PROSPERITY AVENUE, FAIRFAX, VA 22031 served from 1955 to 1977 and who was said to have amassed the compromis¬ ing data with the connivance of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. Both were conservative and strongly anti-Com- munist. She was reputedly one of what Senator Joseph R. McCarthy termed his “loyal American underground.” Some news reports even resurrected Knight’s predecessor, Ruth B. “Ma” Shipley, who was reportedly tyrannical and arbitrary in denying passports during McCarthy’s time. Asked about the sinister-sounding “alpha file" at a press conference in November, Eagleburger tried to end speculation about it by pronouncing its death sentence. “If there is anything left of the 'alpha file,' it won t be that way very much longer," he declared. So far as can be determined, however, no “alpha file"—at least by that name— ever existed, except in the vocabulary of Washington Post source(s) in the he search of State Department pass¬ trick.” smoke intended forever to re¬ State Department. Other pertinent files T port files for politically damaging main smoke, but the trick backfired did exist, and those were searched for information on Democratic candi¬ when overeager and unknowing Bush Clinton’s letter. But those files remain date Bill Clinton set off a political appointees at State took it seriously. intact. Without changes in the law and firestonn last November. All of the Within the department, criticism fell regulations, officials said, it is not ap¬ fallout has not yet occurred, but the first directly on the Bureau of Consular propriate to destroy them, although casualty was the reputation of the Con¬ Affairs, which happened to be celebrat¬ some of the records may be declassi¬ sular Affairs Bureau. As Acting Secretary ing its bicentennial. Passport Services fied or decontrolled. of State Lawrence S. Eagleburger ac¬ looked especially bad following stories The “alpha file” was most fully, and knowledged, its integrity, and, by ex¬ contending that it maintained an “alpha almost exclusively, described in a No¬ tension. that of the State Department, file” of material on individuals, includ¬ vember 14, 1992 Washington Post ar¬ was undennined by suggestions that ing raw intelligence reports and photo¬ ticle, which cited “sources” and “a records and personnel could be used graphs, that could be politically and knowledgeable source” for its infor¬ for partisan purposes. personally compromising. mation. The essence of its content was The goal of the file search was a The publicity may have been the as follows: In search of the rumored letter from Clinton, written worst in the history of Passport Services. The Passport Office “had once re¬ while a student at Oxford, in which he It clearly showed the office in the worst tained tens of thousands of pages of allegedly renounced his citizenship or light since the Red Scare denials of “classified’ passport files on individu¬ asked about procedures to do so. The passports—legal, but morally dubious— als, including reports, photographs stakes were high. If such a document to “subversives” a generation ago. and other material about U.S. citizens had been found, the election result and submitted by the FBI, the CIA, and thus the course of history might have The disappearing list other U.S. intelligence agencies.” The changed. The source of the rumor ap¬ The “alpha file,” according to press records were compiled largely under pears to have been Republican cam¬ reports, was begun in the days of Frances the direction of Knight, “a staunch paign officials. One ironic possibility is G. Knight, the passport office’s legend¬ anti-Communist,” who worked closely that the “letter” was merely a “dirty ary and controversial director, who with Hoover.

12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 “The ostensible purpose of the file, attribution that, “In the 1950s and 1960s, office during and since Knight’s time also known as the ‘alpha file,’ was to the State Department’s passport office said they never saw or heard of any¬ determine if a passport applicant had kept a computerized file on more than thing by that name. They would not be engaged in activities that would make 243,000Americans who were suspected surprised to learn that she had kept a the person ineligible to receive one. of being ‘subversives’ or who might fail secret file, including scurrilous mate¬ “During the late 1960s, sources said, to ‘reflect credit’ on the nation abroad. rial as well as classified and unclassi¬ the Passpoit Office routinely received The existence of the file was not dis¬ fied information, starting from well copies of voluminous FBI reports on closed until 1971. . . .” before the Kennedy assassination in prominent dissidents, antiwar protest¬ 1963- They also said, however, that ers, and students—the product of Educated guesses Knight could merely have promoted Hoover’s extensive surreptitious moni¬ Asked about the “alpha file,” Funk the idea that she kept such a file to toring of the antiwar movement.” Infor¬ said “nobody in the passport service has engender fear and enhance her au¬ mation on persons demonstrating be¬ ever used that term.” But he added a bit thority. They insist as well that no hard fore the embassy in London, as Clinton more to its description. “Apparently,” he evidence of any such files, by what¬ had done, would have been “forwarded said, “. . . it is a hanger-on from the old ever name, was ever found after she to the alpha file.” days of Frances Knight, and then the left. Other officials, including some “Many of the classified alpha files Warren Commission, ” which said records with intelligence responsibilities at the were destroyed” by Passport Services in should be kept “somewhere in the time, flatly deny that Knight kept any the late 1980s out of concern that the passport bureau of people ... who had such file for any reason. Privacy Act might be violated. “But renounced their citizenship, and that Knight, in a 1987 interview with sources said that for a variety of reasons, got expanded into other categories.” Charles Stuart Kennedy for the Foreign some ‘highly sensitive’ material, includ¬ He interpreted the Times’ story to Affairs Oral History Program at ing files of politically prominent indi¬ suggest that over 200,000 names were in Georgetown University, was asked sev¬ viduals, was left intact among State what he called “the famous alpha file.” eral times about the “Lookout List,” a Department documents in the ware¬ In fact, he said, “the actual number is compilation of names against house facility where the officials searched 1,555 and they are all military deserters. ” which officials could check Clinton’s files," the Post said. Career officials embarked on a search any individual apply¬ A few days after the Post account, for the “alpha file” immediately after the ing for a pass- stated without Post story appeared and have con¬ port. cluded that no file by that name exists now; so far as they know, it never did. Those who worked in the passport

File

BY ROBERT C. TOTH

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 13 The list was particularly suspect among with espionage activities. have been removed from the A file 15 civil liberty groups, especially during Category A, which is most likely the years ago. Only deserters are currently the McCarthy period, as a de facto vaunted “alpha file,” was created “at the included in the A category, Funk said, “black list” run by Shipley and later by initiative of the department as a result of indicating that any individuals whc> pose Knight. It was automated about 1959- the Warren Commission recommenda¬ a threat to U.S. officials are presumably 60, after which it became known for a tions” following the assassination of contained in another Lookout category, time as the Automated Visa Lookout President John F. Kennedy in 1963, perhaps the one with potential terror¬ System; since then it has been comput¬ department officials said. It was initially ists. Several officials suggested that de¬ erized. But Knight, 81 years old when designed to include individuals such as serters, while their names should be the interview was conducted, was un¬ Lee Harvey Oswald, who had renounced retained in the Lookout List, should be able to discuss the list in any detail. She their citizenship and were threats to U.S. more properly included in a different was not specifically asked about any officials on the basis of their actions or category. “alpha file,” because the phrase had not letters they had written. For reasons not surfaced at that time. precisely known, it was expanded to Cleaning out clutter The FBI public affairs office, in re¬ encompass two other types of individu¬ Passport officials flatly deny the Post sponse to an inquiry, reported that no als: deserters and draft dodgers. story’s claim that “many of the classified file carrying that name existed in its The Warren Commission harshly criti¬ ‘alpha files’ were destroyed” in the late records. A search for anything approxi¬ cized the FBI and Secret Service in the 1980s for fear they violated the Privacy mating the Post’s description produced wake of the assassination, but it urged Act. The act, passed in 1974, required a vague recollection that in 1987 or more coordination and information-shar- that information possessed by the gov¬ 1988, some “public-source material— ing among all pertinent U.S. agencies in ernment on an individual be disclosed newspaper clippings, about issues and the future. “Protection of the president to that individual on his or her request, individuals”—were found in FBI records is in a real sense a government-wide and that the privacy of such files be and sent to the Library of Congress, responsibility which must necessarily more closely guarded than previously. according to a bureau official. A library be assumed by the Department of State, Stricter enforcement of classification official, however, said no records of FBI, CLA, military intelligence and the guidelines were instituted, officials ad¬ such material could be found. Secret Service,” it said. “The Secret Ser¬ mitted, but passport files as a whole, not Another possibility was that if an vice and the FBI, as well as the State just the putative “alpha file,” were cleaned alpha file existed in the mid-1970s, the Department and the CIA when the out in the late 1980s for other reasons. extensive probes by Congress into U.S. president travels abroad, could improve More than 70 cabinets full of records, investigative and intelligence agencies their existing capabilities and proce¬ dating back to 1963, were reduced to might have turned up a reference to it. dures so as to lessen the chances of about 20 cabinets in a space-saving However, nothing was found in the assassination.” effort, officials said, and classifications 1975 Church committee reports; and The commission endorsed a post¬ were reviewed with the aim of eliminat¬ neither former Vice President Walter assassination reform in which the FBI ing gross over-classification. Privacy Act Mondale, who sat on the committee, nor shared with the Secret Service all infor¬ considerations were not a factor in the the committee’s chief counsel, F.A.O. mation on “subversives, ultrarightists, classification review, officials insisted. Schwartz, recalls any mention of the name. racists and fascists” who had threatened Some of the files were stamped confi¬ U.S. officials, and/or expressed violent dential for as little reason as the inclu¬ Look out anti-U.S. sentiments. The names of some sion of a newspaper clipping that had In the end, it appears that the file that 9,000 Communists, as well as others, been sent over by the FBI, one official has been termed the “alpha file” is were immediately sent by the FBI to the said. Only about 5 percent of holdings simply a part of the venerable Lookout Secret Service. Potential defectors were were actually destroyed, officials said, List, which dates back well before World also included, presumably to encom¬ with the rest declassified or “decon¬ War II. pass Oswald based on his renunciation trolled” (ie., downgraded to a lower The list today contains almost 300,000 of citizenship. It is possible that this FBI classification) to pennit storage in less names of individuals that are arranged material was also shared with the stringently secure facilities. into about 21 groups, or categories, department’s Passport Office to become Today, approximately 300,000 names each designated by a letter of the alpha¬ the Lookout A category. are contained in the Name Clearance bet. In category C are persons con¬ Officials provided no explanation for Database, which contains no classified nected with child custody cases. Those why deserters and draft dodgers were material. In addition, about 4,000 name- in D are indebted to the government included in this A file, except to specu¬ related files contain classified material, for such things as trying to get a late that deserters were not far removed officials said. passport with a bad check. Persons in from defectors during Overall, Funk concluded, his investi¬ F are wanted for fraud. Those in L have days and draft dodgers were not far gation had uncovered “a series of blun¬ lost their citizenship, those in Q have removed from deserters. Draft-dodgers ders in some cases, a series of incredibly questionable citizenship. Category R got a blanket amnesty from President poor lapses in judgment in other cases, are individuals sought in connection , so their names would some politically motivated, some not.

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All guarantees are subject to terms and conditions. Call today for details. EBIT Til kM The rationale for the file search, conducted after a detailed Washington eign Relations Committee. September 30 and October 1,1992, was Post story was published and Another was Tamposi’s three media requests under the Freedom of became the primary basis of special assistant, Steven Information Act for material on the rumored public discussion and con¬ Moheban, a native of her Clinton letter. Inspector General Sherman M. cern. home town, who quit “to Funk found after an extensive investigation In releasing the I.G. re¬ pursue business opportu¬ that the response to the requests was “in ac¬ port, Eagleburger admitted to nities in the private sec¬ cordance with normal FOIA procedures,” with yet another error in handling tor.” Third was her public two exceptions, one minor and one major. the controversy. The department had been affairs officer, J. Michael Brennan. The other The minor fault was that the requests were “wrong,” he said, when it stated early in Oc¬ two, both career civil servants, were erroneously ordered expedited by a clerk, and tober, in response to initial news reports Tamposi’s acting deputy at the time, Carmen when the error was recognized, it was not about the file search, that only low-level offi¬ A. DiPlacido, and Passport Services’ director corrected. “Botched work," said Funk. cials were responsible for whatever went on. of program support, Richard P. McClevey. More significant, he reported, was that “We acted precipitously and without full The inspector general's report concluded Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs Eliza¬ knowledge of what we were saying," that McClevey’s actions were “not inappropri¬ beth M. Tamposi “promoted a search for Eagleburger said. ate to his position. He carried out the im¬ documents in Clinton’s files of unprecedented But at the same time, again seeking to proper orders that he was given but on sev¬ scope, urgency, thoroughness, and seniority put the issue to bed as early as possible, he eral occasions questioned the unusual ac¬ of participants.” Consular officers in London declared that the I.G. investigation “has not tions that were taking place, warned others and as well as in Washington were or¬ found evidence of criminal wrongdoing” in about the need to comply with proper proce¬ dered to examine their files. The search was the case. Funk described his own inquiry as dures, and refused to sign off on incorrect spurred not only by the FOIA requests, but “much ado about very little.” A month later, statements. We do not believe disciplinary also by congressional pressures and, “at however, several “potentially criminal mat¬ action against Mr. McClevey is necessary or least in some part, by partisan hopes to derail ters” were referred to the Justice Depart¬ appropriate—” As for the other career offi¬ the Clinton campaign,” Funk said in his 38- ment. An independent counsel, or special cer, however, the Funk report said DiPlacido page report. “There was indeed an attempt to prosecutor, was appointed to look into “crossed the line from appropriate conduct of use the Department of State, the records and whether crimes were in fact committed. The duties.” He “demonstrated poor judgment” the people of the Department of State, to in¬ General Accounting Office was asked by the by failing to challenge Tamposi’s directions fluence the outcome of a presidential elec¬ House subcommittee on international opera¬ or to confirm that the search was legal and tion,” he told a press conference. tions to investigate the entire matter, particu¬ within normal bounds. “Were he still holding The only apparent result of the search was larly with an eye to r\ew legislation if needed; that post (of acting deputy), we would rec¬ that Tamposi and her team became con¬ its report was expected only after the special ommend that he be removed from the posi¬ cerned that “something” had been torn from prosecutor has decided if any criminal tion. We conclude that disciplinary action is Clinton’s 1976 passport application. She im¬ charges should be brought. warranted against Mr. DiPlacido.” What ac¬ mediately took the matter to Funk, on October tion has been taken, if any, by the director gen¬ 1, and Funk took it to Eagleburger. The FBI Stepping down eral of the Foreign Service is not disclosed by was called in, and its agents concluded within Funk’s findings and recommendations, any department on privacy grounds. “about nine days ... that there was no tam¬ meanwhile, led to the immediate dismissal The special prosecutor is reportedly fo¬ pering," Funk said. Apparently no bells warn¬ by President Bush of Tamposi and the depar¬ cused on three other Bush appointees who ing that the search itself was suspect ture of some of her team. Five other officials moved from State to the White House to help sounded with Funk or Eagleburger at the were cited by Funk as taking part in the in his reelection campaign. They are Janet G. time. But two weeks later, about mid-Octo¬ search, three of whom were political appoin¬ Mullins, who had been head of Congressional ber, Eagleburger asked the Inspector tees. One was Acting Assistant Secretary for Affairs; Margaret DeB. Tutwiler, who was as¬ General’s Office to examine “how the search Congressional Affairs Steven K. Berry, who sistant secretary for public affairs; and James had been handled.” The I.G.’s report was re¬ was demoted and promptly quit to go to A. Baker III. former secretary of state. leased November 18. But that was four days work for the minority staff of the Senate For¬ —Robert C. Toth

There were some procedures in the Eagleburger indicated, however, better pick your people carefully.” ■ Department of State that needed tight¬ that such changes would not go far ening and, in some cases, substantial enough, since they would not pre¬ Robert C. Toth is former national se- revision Maybe even one of the laws clude another file search in the future cu rity co rrespondent of the Los Ange¬ involved, the Freedom of Information led by political appointees. “If I had les Times. He is also a member of the Act, and possibly the Privacy Act, re¬ any advice for the incoming adminis¬ Foreign Service Journal editorial quired some tightening.” tration,” he said, “it would be you had board

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The end of the Cold War provides the military capabilities wait in 1990. United States with an opportunity to end should be transferred The major prob¬ intelligence abuses, restructure the CIA to the Defense Depart¬ lem is that CIA agents (saving money in the process), and use ment. have little access to our extensive intelligence capabilities in More than $40 mil¬ foreign leaders. In support of the new crises and challenges lion was appropriated most regions of the of the post-Cold War environment. We last year to foment a world, little can be can no longer afford a bloated intelli¬ coup against Saddam learned from clandes¬ gence community that defines too much Hussein. The coven tine sources, but a information as intelligence and spends program finances op¬ great deal can be de- nearly $30 billion a year. Several funda¬ position groups inside fi termined from “end- mental steps are in order. and outside , clan¬ of-year assessments” The clandestine activities of the CIA— destine radio stations, by U.S. ambassadors both covert action and, to a lesser extent, and disinfonnation campaigns. Tire re is and memoranda of U.S. negotiators. clandestine collection—grew out of an little likelihood of success for such an Former Ambassador Robert H. Miller’s exaggerated no¬ operation and even less promise that a Inside an Embassy: I he Political Role of tion of the threat “successful” operation would have a Diplomats Abroad, which was pub¬ to our security. favorable impact on politics in Iraq or lished last year, provides ample evi¬ These activities the balance of power in the Persian dence of die value of political reporting should be se¬ Gulf. and analysis produced by U.S. embassies. verely reduced. The Senate Select Committee on In¬ I believe that telligence is planning to fund positions POLITICS HEIDIEITELLIGEI1CE covert opera¬ for more secret agents at a time in U.S. To improve further the quality of tions rarely have history when we should be reopening information, intelligence must be di¬ been beneficial the debate on whether we need any at vorced from operations so that no di¬ and often have all. The product of clandestine collec¬ rector will be tempted to slant analysis proved counter¬ tion of intelligence has, in my opinion, to bolster covert action. Doctored analy¬ productive; they been marginal. We must abandon the sis often has been used to justify unnec¬ have under¬ myth that, while open collection can essary, and even odious, covert opera¬ mined our val¬ track capabilities of foreign nations, tions that cost innocent lives. In the ues and de¬ only secret collection can determine 1980s, William Casey and , tracted from our intentionsof foreign leaders. This theory then director of central intelligence and message that the has proven flawed a number of times in deputy director for intelligence respec¬ United States the past: CIA sources failed to decipher tively, used flawed notions of Soviet functions more Leonid Brezhnev’s intentions toward support for international terrorism to openly than other nations. CIA propa¬ Czechoslovakia in 1968, for example, or justify support for the Contras in Nica¬ ganda and attempts to influence foreign Anwar Sadat’s toward Israel in 1973, ragua. An estimate in 1985, advancing elections should end. Covert military Menachem Begins toward in notions of Soviet influence and Iranian intervention should stop, and CIA’s para¬ 1982, or Saddam Hussein’s toward Ku¬ moderation, provided a rationale for

18 • FORHtGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 BY MELVIN A. GOODMAN

the sale of arms to Teheran, which most analytical ann; it pro¬ tion, and a fundamen¬ now agree was reprehensible policy. duces most of the n tal misunderstanding Intelligence information on Salvadoran analysis that policy¬ of the proper interac¬ death squads was repressed to protect makers see as intelli¬ tion between intelli¬ operational support of U.S. clients in El gence. The DI, how¬ gence and policy¬ Salvador. ever, is deeply making. The Gates An example of poor management troubled—as evidenc¬ hearings provided and slanted intelligence was the CIA’s ed by pervasive alle¬ ample evidence that release in April 1985 of an assessment gations of politici¬ politicization is real that blamed Moscow for the assassina¬ zation that emerged and serious. In many tion attempt against the pope. Less than during the confirma¬ cases, analysts have a month after the report’s release, an tion hearings for Rob¬ been right, notably on Soviet and Third internal CIA investigation strongly criti¬ ert Gates in 1991— Robert M. Gates cized the assessment, particularly the and its analytical per¬ World issues, but have conjectural nature of the analysis and formance has been un¬ been overruled up the the reliance on information from sec¬ even over the last decade or so. Some of line. Unfortunately, the pressures that ond- and third-hand sources four years its more spectacular intelligence failures lead to politicization are felt precisely after the attempted assassination. have included failing to predict the fall when the policy stakes are highest. The Whether intended or not, the efforts of of the shah, the explosion at Tiananmen, CIA concluded last year, in Gates’s own Casey and Gates in April 1985 served to the collapse of the Soviet economy and words, that “over half of the respon¬ undermine State De¬ the Soviet empire, dents to [a] task force survey said that partment and NSC of¬ Moscow’s strategic re¬ forcing a product to conform to a view ficials who favored treat, Iraq’s nuclear ca¬ thought to be held up the chain of negotiations with the pability, and Iraq’s in¬ command occurs often enough to be of new leader of the So¬ vasion of Kuwait. The concern.” viet Union, Mikhail analysts themselves The CIA and particularly the director¬ Gorbachev, who had are highly capable, ate of intelligence are showing signs of acceded to power in but they have been bureaucratic middle age: too large, too March. demoralized by the layered, too top-heavy, too inflexible. In reassessing the undermining of their Multiple layers of review have yielded CIA’s operations, the professional and ethi¬ cautious reports that mix conventional new director, R. James cal standards. wisdom with artful obscurantism—a Woolsey, must place a brew that Heniy Kissinger dismissed as spotlight on a major IMDDLE-I1GE SPBMD “rationales for inaction. ” General Norman but little understood What is wrong? Schwartzkopf found CIA assessments component of the in¬ Three major prob¬ riddled with ambiguities and referred to lems are immediately them during Desert Storm as “mush.” telligence community, iiMMM the directorate of intel¬ in evidence: politici¬ The CIA’s cumbersome bureaucracy William J. Casey ligence. The DI is CIA's zation, bureaucratiza- contributed to the problems of strategic

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 intelligence support during both Deseit problem of politicization; analysis ei¬ analysts who have traveled abroad and Shield and Deseit Storm. Too much ther suffocates in the embrace of policy established contacts in foreign academic attention was given in Washington to or withers from neglect. and research communities. tactical intelligence, which could be The function of intelligence is to The typical analyst was recruited provided by airborne reconnaissance in provide the policy-maker with the most directly out of graduate school and has the Persian Gulf, rather than to strategic complete and objective analysis pos¬ little or no experience in any other analysis of Iraq’s overall ability to fight. sible to ensure that policy decisions are professional environment. Analysts with CIA analysts in the future will need to at least well informed. It is important little experience overseas, who cannot provide greater analytic and operational that analysts have access to the policy¬ speak or read the language of the support to the military, while avoiding maker in order to understand policy countries of their specialization, are the problems of politicization that were considerations, ensure that support is preparing intelligence for consumers created when the directorate of intelli¬ timely and relevant, and gain an appre¬ who are on a first-name basis with their gence provided support to covert action ciation of the type of information that is foreign counterparts. A recent study programs in Central America and South¬ useful. The difficulty is to accomplish determined that only 20 percent of CIA west Asia. this without being coopted by policy¬ officers in Mexico spoke Spanish; the The Central Intelligence Agency will makers who naturally prefer that intel¬ situation is worse in the rest of Latin have to become more central to both ligence support their favored policies. America. military and political decision-making The gap between analyst and policy¬ When Iraq threatened Kuwait, the in Washington. The linkage between maker is reinforced by the fact that CIA directorate of intelligence looked in analyst and policy-maker is extraordi¬ analysts often lack the depth of exper¬ vain for an experienced analyst with narily weak and, on a day-to-day basis, tise and experience to be credible to long-term, in-depth experience on Iraq. most analysts are given scant sense that their audience. The CIA screening pro¬ But the system does not nurture such their work is relevant to policy. They get cess, which CIA psychologists refer to as people and, as a result, senior policy¬ little or no feedback from policy-makers “Hell Week,” is better suited to the makers often attach relatively little weight and seldom have contact with policy hiring of clandestine agents than intelli¬ to CIA products. A recent study of officials. In fact, such contact is often gence analysts. It is a system that attracts intelligence consumers conducted by discouraged by upper and middle man¬ very young, inexperienced candidates the Senate Select Committee on Intelli¬ agement, which prefers to control the from the bottom up and tends to dis¬ gence revealed widespread disdain for the dialogue. This is the flip side of the courage lateral entries and experienced intelligence community’s analytic work.

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20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 SCHOLHRLY TRHDITIOnS to Lead, which deals with non-tradi- minishing grasslands, forests, and food Jim Woolsey has taken a major step tional sources of political power, could resources. Vice President A1 Gore, when in moving toward intelligence that is serve as an intellectual magnet for the he was chairman of the Senate Sci¬ more timely and relevant in naming CIA. We need to scrutinize current work ence, Technology, and Space Sub¬ Joseph Nye, the director of the Center on political, economic, and military committee, was active in pushing for for International Affairs at Harvard’s issues and make room for analysis and release of this data to the scientific Kennedy School of Government, as the production on such non-traditional prob¬ community, but the CIA has not al¬ new chairman of the National Intelli¬ lems as ethnic politics and violence, ways been cooperative. gence Council (NIC). He needs to ap¬ social migration, and the environment. U.S. national security interests must point to the council, however, more Paul Kennedy’s recent work, Preparing be redefined in the wake of the Soviet experienced members who have ties to for the 21st Century, has outlined the collapse in order to take into account academic and policy communities major challenges ahead in the areas of the impact of environmental issues on around the world. demographics, technology, and ecol¬ U.S. policy choices in the 21st century. Nye seems to realize that intelligence ogy. The CIA has expertise in these The scarcity of water in the Middle belongs to a national community of areas but has not been successful in East, the social migration caused by scholars—not to a secret society—and producing finished intelligence useful coastal flooding in South Asia, and the that intelligence must be objective if it is to policy-makers. contamination caused by nuclear and to serve the national interest. He is The CIA possesses the world’s most chemical weapons stored and tested in positioned to return the agency to the important collection of infonnation on the former Soviet Union will make U.S. tradition of William Langer and Shennan oil reserves, demographics, and water policy far more complicated than it Kent, who headed the CIA’a Office of supply and could be particularly helpful was during the period of the Cold War. National Estimates for more than 20 in providing infonnation on a variety of The combination of CIA collection years and understood that policy-mak¬ environmental issues, particularly using capabilities and outside environmen¬ ers will usually demand simple answers baseline data from satellite photogra¬ tal expertise, for example, could ad¬ to complex questions from intelligence phy on global wanning, ozone deple¬ dress serious national security prob¬ agencies. Distinguished historians in tion, and environmental contamina¬ lems. their own right, Langer and Kent set the tion. Spy satellites already provide key Unfortunately, at his confirmation general tone for research and analysis in environmental data on the earth’s di¬ hearings, Woolsey indicated that he the 1950s and 1960s, never permitting political interference with the produc¬ tion of intelligence estimates. When There Is Only One Place To Stay John McCone—the director of central intelligence in the early 1960s—tried to In Washington— block a controversial estimate on Cuba in 1962, Kent insisted that the document be released to the White House. CORPORATE QUARTERS In addition to restoring integrity to the estimating process, Nye needs to “A Hotel Alternative for the Prudent Spender” expand the mission of the NIC to in¬ clude a professional staff capable of Short or Long Term Luxury drafting intelligence estimates and to Apartments, Townhouses, introduce outside scholars and research¬ Penthouses ers to that staff. The CIA must find a way All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully to take advantage of the expertise of the Equipped Kitchens • Telephone • Cable Carnegie Endowment’s Paul Goble on Television • Security Intercom System • Complete Health Spa • Concierge • Russian nationality issues, Georgetown Parking Laundry and Valet • Maid Svc University’s Murray Feshbach on demo¬ (optional) • Convenience Store graphic issues, and the University of SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING Missouri's Robin Remington on the cri¬ CORPORATIONS • PENTAGON • THE sis in the former Yugoslavia. Such ex¬ STATE DEPARTMENT • INSURANCE For more information, write or fax INDUSTRY • EXTENDED TRAVEL • pertise would be more available to the CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS CIA if the intmsive security measures used CORPORATE QUARTERS ■ Visa and Master Card Honored to screen secret agents were not also 215 8th Street, SE applied to academics and researchers. Washington, DC 20003 [Ph. 202-543-1943 Nye, a leading scholar of interna¬ REAL ESTATE • SALES • RENTALS Fax 202-544-2374 MANAGEMENT tional politics and the author of Bound

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 was more interested in protecting the sources and methods of CIA collec¬ tion than in disseminating intelligence to outside experts. Woolsey was par¬ ticularly lukewarm to the idea of shar¬ ing intelligence with international agencies, although he wrote last year in Partners for Peace: Strengthening Collective Security for the 21st Cen¬ tury that the “U.S. intelligence com¬ munity, now facing a reduced mis¬ sion, should support the UN” in moni¬ ENJOY AN EXTENDED STAY AT toring sanctions against Iraq. It is unlikely that the International Atomic THE EXECUTIVE CLUB SUITES Energy Agency (IAEA) can success¬ fully monitor strategic-weapons pro¬ duction in North Korea or that the UN can monitor the programs of Saddam Hussein without support from the CIA. With the proliferation of interna¬ tional peacekeeping missions around the world, the intelligence commu¬ nity is a natural resource for providing political and military intelligence to peacekeepers in Bosnia, Cambodia, and Somalia. Any war crimes tribunal for Bosnia will require funds and expertise for collecting data on nu¬ merous political and military officials in the former Yugoslavia; this would be a less difficult task if the political and biographic assets of the intelli¬ The Executive Club Suite is your With Convenient locations in the gence community could be used. convenient home away from home heart of Rosslyn, Arlington and The changed nature of interna¬ without that familiar stuffy hotel feel- Alexandria, Virginia, we are within tional conflict will alter the intelli¬ in'!. The Executive Club Suites pro¬ minutes of the most important gov¬ vide personalized service in spacious ernment and business centers in the gence needs for future confrontations. apartment style suites Washington metropoli¬ As Michael Nacht, dean of the Univer¬ with more amenities tan area. There is easy sity of Maryland’s School of Public than most hotels. Each access to Georgetown, Policy, has noted, the CIA has too suite has a fully equip¬ Foggy Bottom, State many people who “know the dimen¬ ped modern kitchen, Department, Capitol dining area, spacious Hill, National Airport, sions of an SS-18 silo,” and too few living room and mas¬ the Pentagon. Crystal “who speak Farsi and understand ter bedroom with a City, the Beltway and weapons proliferation.” We are al¬ queen size bed. The all superhighways. ready witnessing terrible violence and suites are 600-700 Whether you are square feet of personal living space. an executive on short-term business, low-intensity conflict in the Balkans Other amenities include liealth- or a diplomat on temporary transfer, and the Caucasus that is impervious club, sauna, FREE parking ami com¬ or finding a relocation headquarters, to great-power influence and increas¬ plimentary shuttle to FSI, Pentagon The Executive Club Suites provides ingly opaque to intelligence analysts. and Metro. the very comforts of home. The acquisition of strategic weapons by such third-rate powers as Iran, THE EXECUTIVE CLUB SUITES Libya, North Korea, and will THE REAL SUITE HOTEL complicate both policy and intelli¬ IN ALEXANDRIA IN ROSSLYN IN ARLINGTON gence problems in the 1990s. The 610 Bashford Lane 1730 Aldington Boulevard 108 South Courthouse Road (off George Washington Parkway) (Off Route 50) (Off Washington Boulevard) willingness of Israel and South Africa Old Town Alexandria. Virginia 22201 Rosslvn, Virginia 22209 Arlington,Virginia 22204 to share their weapons technology (703)739-2582 (703)525-2582 (703)522-2582 will make it easier for pariah states RESERVATIONS: 800-535-2582 such as Iran and North Korea to FAX (703) 548-0266 acquire weapons.

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 I 1 AUTHORIZED EXPORTER Woolsey made international head¬ Baird and Vernon , as well as lines at his confirmation hearings by former Senators Thomas Eagleton and GENERAL 0%£ ELECTRIC describing the sharing of economic Warren Rudman. Rudman, a member intelligence as the “hottest current of the SSCI in the early 1990s, used the topic in intelligence policy” but ac¬ confirmation hearings for Gates in knowledged more recently that the 1991 to block any discussion of idea was “loaded with foreign policy politicization. and legal difficulties.” His predeces¬ GENERAL ELECTRONICS sors, including Bob Gates, were against INC. industrial espionage, particularly the If President Clinton is looking for sharing of intelligence information additional sources for spending cuts, □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS with U.S. corporations. The CIA, more¬ the $29 billion intelligence budget is a □ RANGES□ MICROWAVE OVENS over, has made major errors in esti¬ likely place to begin. Woolsey be¬ □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS mating the strengths and weaknesses lieves that budget cuts would be “crip¬ □ WASHERSO SMALL APPLIANCES □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT C1TELEVISION of foreign economies, incorrectly de¬ pling,” but the CIA had more than □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM scribing the Soviet energy situation in enough money to spend in the 1980s ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG the 1970s and overestimating the So¬ and still missed the strategic retreat of (Please check box) viet and East European economies in the Soviet Union, the political and Available for All Electric the 1980s. U.S. corporate executives economic collapse of the Soviet bloc, Currents/Cycles themselves are remarkably and the strategic weapons program of unenthusiastic about developing in¬ Iraq. President Clinton pledged dur¬ Immediate Shipping/Mailing telligence ties to the CIA, which would ing the campaign that $7.5 billion From our Local Warehouse compromise their status abroad. could be cut from the intelligence budget over the next five years but We Can Also Furnish now favors an increase in spending Replacement Parts for Even with reforms, the CIA will on intelligence. The Congressional Most Manufactures need to be given greater scrutiny than Budget Office suggested savings of it has received from the Senate Select $18 billion over the same period, with SHOWROOM General Electronics, Inc. Committee on Intelligence (SSCI). The cuts in satellite reconnaissance, tacti¬ 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. SSCI must be more rigorous in moni¬ cal intelligence, and clandestine op¬ Washington, D C 20016 toring the CIA, particularly its direc¬ erations. Even the Bush administra¬ Tel. (202) 362 8300 torate of intelligence. The world of tion had mulled a 20 percent cut. FAX (202) 363 6538 analysis is not as provocative as the The final step is that CIA must TWX 710-822-9450 clandestine world of spies and covert return to the major purpose of intelli¬ GENELECINC WSH operations, nor does it have the ap¬ gence—telling the truth. The CIA has peal of spy satellites and other cut- been used too often not to inform and ting-edge collection technologies. Its enlighten policy-makers, but to bol¬ misuse can do considerable damage ster preferred policies. to U.S. national interests, however, The new director of central intelli¬ and it should be carefully monitored. gence must not involve the agency in President Clinton’s appointment of policy matters where it does not be¬ William J. Crowe Jr., former chairman long and must restore competence in of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as the legitimate areas of expertise. He must director of the President’s Foreign provide a new sense of direction in Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) the post-Cold War age and, in doing is a good one. The PFIAB has been so, cannot permit political interfer¬ moribund over the past decade and ence with the production of intelli¬ has not provided oversight and direc¬ gence. If he does so, critics will stop tion to the intelligence directorate. A mocking the Biblical inscription in the vigorous PFIAB and a more energetic entryway to the CIA headquarters in PFIAB staff would encourage better Langley, “And ye shall know the truth intelligence at the CIA; at the same and the truth shall make you free.” ■ time, it would force the SSCI to be more rigorous in examining the intel¬ Melvin A. Goodman, who teaches at ligence product. the National War College, analyzed Crowe’s board, however, is not the Soviet Union for the CIA. He is impressive. He recently named a group working on a political biography of that includes such novices as Zoe .

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 Jorge Mas Canosa

From sub-cabinet appointments to government broadcasting, Jorge Mas Canosa is making his influence felt in Washington

BY GEORGE GEDDA

hortly before President quirement for removal from the list is a created a special station, Radio Marti, in S Clinton took office, the change in government leadership in the 1985 to beam programming to Cuban StateDepartment country in question. That, of course, has listeners. This was followed up in 1990 completed its annual not happened in Cuba, and officials cite with the initiation of 'IV Marti. Neither review of international that as the reason for keeping that status would have gotten off the ground with¬ tenorist activities. Countries that spon¬ quo. More importantly, they acknowl¬ out exile support. sor terrorism are ineligible for certain edge that purging Cuba from the list Another triumph orchestrated by trade and economic benefits, and the would be interpreted as signal of a exiles was the so-called Torricelli bill list of offending countries is updated softer policy toward Cuba—a signal that named for a New Jersey Democrat, each year as a guide to federal agencies both parties have wanted to avoid at all Robert Torricelli. Among other provi¬ with a need for such information. This costs. Why needlessly alienate the South sions, the legislation tightens U.S. eco¬ year’s list contained the same six coun¬ Florida exile groups? Maintaining Cuba nomic sanctions against Cuba by bar¬ tries as last: Iran, Iraq, Libya, North on the list was the path of least resis¬ ring foreign-based U.S. corporations from Korea, Syria, and Cuba. tance. and the State Department took it. selling to Cuba. This was a $500 million Of that group, the most interesting to $700 million business last year, de¬ selection was Cuba because of Presi¬ Squeaky wheel pending on whose figures tire cited. The dent Fidel Castro’s announced commit¬ That is but a small illustration of how legislation was signed last October in ment to abandoning international domestic political considerations have Miami by President Bush, amid consid¬ adventurism. In remarks made on Janu¬ come to dominate American policy to¬ erable pre-election hoopla. Flanking ary 11, 1992, Castro ruled out assisting ward Cuba. The South Florida exiles Bush during the festivities was the exile “revolutionary movements” as well as and like-minded groups elsewhere have community’s most powerful figure, Jorge providing “military aid outside our bor¬ demonstrated time and again that money, Mas Canosa, leader of the Cuban-Ameri- ders. That is a stage that we, too, organization, and tenacity can help de¬ can National Foundation and a man consider something of the past.” Cuba’s cide policies in Washington. whose clout is difficult to exaggerate. most important internationalist mission, No country in the world has been Says longtime Cuba watcher Carla Anne he said, is to see to it that “our revolution singled out by the State Department Robbins, “When Mas Canosa says jump, survives.” more than Cuba for human rights abuses. politicians lace up their sneakers.” There is no evidence that Castro has For the past several years, the U.S. Ernesto Betancourt, a former director of failed to live up to this historic reversal delegations to the annual meetings of Radio Marti who was dismissed after a of a policy of more than 30 years’ the UN Human Rights Commission have falling-out with Mas Canosa three years standing. But his announcement caused made Cuba their priority target even ago, says that without National Founda¬ nary a ripple in Washington; well over though one could easily argue that tion influence, Radio Marti, its video a year later, Cuba has remained on the Cuba is not among the worst rights counterpart TV Marti, and the Torricelli terrorism list. Officials say the decision violators. legislation never would have been ap¬ to leave Cuba’s pariah status unchanged The exile influence has been felt in proved. was not gratuitous, because one re- other ways. The Reagan Administration Mas Canosa, whose foundation has

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 LOBBY

Secretary of State Warren Christo¬ pher interviewed Baeza on January 12 and came away impressed. Peter Tamoff, the undersecretary-designate for politi¬ cal affairs, was equally enthusiastic. But when word of Baeza’s impending ap¬ pointment reached the Cuban commu¬ nity in Miami, the reaction was one of incredulity, and a telephone campaign to head off the nomination was launched. Baeza’s record on Cuba-re¬ lated issues was limited, and he had no known links to South Florida exiles. Most important, his ideological creden¬ tials seemed questionable. Baeza, it turns out, had made two trips to Cuba. The first was in 1987 as part of a joint trip of associations of black and Hispanic lawyers. But it was the second trip that gave the most Former President Bush signs legislation in Miami that tightened the embargo on Cuba. Left to ammunition to his opponents in Mi¬ right: Senator Connie Mack; congressional candidate Lincoln Diaz-Balart; Jorge Mas Canosa, Chairman of the Cuban American National Foundation; President Bush; and U.S. ami. He traveled there with 125 other Representative lleana Ros-Lehtinen. U.S. businessmen as part of a mission to study Cuba’s new policies toward been lavish in its contributions to Bye, bye Baeza foreign private investment. Such a Torricelli’s re-election campaigns, be¬ Just before inauguration day, alarm visit did not seem to square with the lieves the Castro regime must be iso¬ bells around Miami started ringing when spirit of the 32-year-old U.S. embargo lated to the maximum extent possible. it was disclosed that Clinton intended to on trade and financial dealings with He opposes anything that smacks of a nominate New York lawyer Mario Baeza Cuba. dialogue with Havana. He and his allies as his assistant secretaiy of state for Still, Christopher seemed convinced keep a close eye on personnel in Wash¬ inter-American affairs. that the job should go to Baeza. A ington whose duties are related to Cuba. To the Clinton camp, Baeza seemed review of the participants in the trip to Says Gillian Gunn, a Cuba scholar at like a godsend. An Ivy League whiz as Havana was undertaken, and all seemed Georgetown University, “The founda¬ a student, Baeza had made a name for to be loyal Americans. Two days before tion has acquired a reputation for being himself at the prestigious Debevoise the inauguration, a handwritten unoffi¬ able to cripple careers of those govern¬ and Plimpton law firm in New York. In cial list of 15 nominees for State Depart¬ ment bureaucrats that cross it. Whether recent years, he has specialized in Latin ment posts appeared in congressional this reputation is deserved or not, it American privatizations, and his bril¬ offices. Baeza’s name was on it but, exists. Therefore, the foundation has a liance was widely acclaimed. The in¬ curiously, it was crossed out, suggesting constant chilling effect on the discus¬ coming administration saw him as a a last-minute change of heart. When the sion of Cuba policy options within the gold-plated “two-fer”—a black Hispanic Clinton transition team announced its U.S. government, regardless of which who had spent much of his boyhood in choices for State Department posts the party is in power.” Cuba. day before the inauguration, the Latin

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE [OURNAL • 25 America slot was left vacant. The other tion rather than be pushed to the side the paintings later found their way into 14 candidates mentioned in the memo by people who really didn’t know him. a Miami museum run by Ramon were nominated. Offers of alternate positions within the Cernuda. Mas Canosa had not been alone in administration seemed to have little Mas Canosa charged that Cernuda opposing Baeza, whose prospective appeal to him. But in early March, the and Scott were engaged in a smug¬ nomination had stirred concern among White House announced it had settled gling operation in violation of the many exiles not aligned with the foun¬ on a career diplomat for the post: Cuba embargo. dation. Some Cuban-American Demo¬ Alexander Watson, a veteran Latin In what seemed to many to be a crats were critical of the trip he had Americanist. The choice seemed a pru¬ politically motivated gambit, prosecu¬ made to Cuba, noting that it was spon¬ dent one; it was hard to find anyone tors brought charges against the two. sored in part by the Cuban govern¬ with an unkind word for Watson. Happily for them, a federal judge threw ment. Beyond that, other critics noted out the charges, but not before Scott’s that Baeza had no known links to the Friends and allies tour of duty in Havana had been array of Latin Americanists in Wash¬ This was not the first time that the brought to an abrupt end. Wayne ington and elsewhere who have influ¬ exile community had made its influ¬ Smith, a former head of the LI.S. Inter¬ enced government policy for years. ence felt on a personnel matter. In¬ ests Section in Havana, called the whole As for his 1992 trip to Cuba, Baeza deed, Mas Canosa was instrumental in episode despicable, and he blasted the insisted he had a professional interest the appointment of Armando U.S. government for not defending in the subject of private investment Valladares, a former Cuban political Scott publicly at the time the charges and, besides, he wanted to deliver prisoner, as chief U.S. delegate to the were brought, noting that Scott had supplies—four suitcases worth—to U.N. Human Rights Commission in worked tirelessly to help political pris¬ needy relatives still on the island. An¬ 1987. Valladares gained attention after oners. As for Guillen’s paintings, Scott gry about the campaign against him, documenting the abuse he had suf¬ donated them to the museum to raise he issued a faxed statement to news fered during long years of incarcera¬ money for Cuban human rights groups. organizations a week after the inaugu¬ tion. Cuban officials dismissed In 1982, Mas Canosa complained ration. "1 am not now nor have I ever Valladares as a fraud, portraying him loudly after a Cuban stowaway who been a supporter of Fidel Castro or a as a hapless counter-revolutionary who had landed in South Florida was re¬ sympathizer with Communist causes,” once worked as a police officer during turned by the Reagan Administration he said. He expressed “shock and the days of the Batista dictatorship. to Cuba. The deportation seemed at dismay” over the outpouring of oppo¬ (Valladares denies it.) Havana re¬ odds with 1960s legislation giving vir¬ sition to his candidacy. sponded with incredulity when Presi¬ tually all Cubans the right to remain in Passions were further inflamed when dent Reagan named him to the UN the United States once they arrive. Representative Charles Rangel (D-NY) body. Just who was responsible for the leaped to Baeza’s defense. Rangel has Also in 1987, the foundation’s influ¬ decision to send the Cuban back is a little in common with Mas Canosa and ence was felt with the appointment of matter of some debate, but Miles his allies, who are uniformly conserva¬ Georgetown University professor Jose Frechette, head of the office of Cuban tive and overwhelmingly white. He Sorzano to the Latin America slot at the affairs at State, took the blame; he said the exiles were opposing Baeza National Security Council. Sorzano, an claims he was made a scapegoat. The because he was black. “Mario doesn’t exile and close friend of former UN commotion was such that then White look like them,” Rangel said, touching Ambassador , is an House Chief of Staff James A. Baker III off expressions of outrage from many advocate of a hard line toward Cuba. became involved. Under heavy exile exiles, who contended the issue was Betancourt, the former director at Ra¬ pressure, Baker had Frechette removed ideology, not race. dio Marti, says neither Valladares nor from the Latin America bureau over Syndicated columnist Roger Sorzano would have been nominated the objections of then-Assistant Secre¬ Hernandez asked: What would Afri¬ without foundation support. On the tary' of State Tom Enders. With Enders's can-Americans have said if Ronald other hand, there is little evidence the help, however. Frechette’s career was Reagan had appointed as chief of foundation has had a significant role in set back only temporarily; he eventu¬ Africa policy someone who had trav¬ the selection of Interests Section chiefs ally went off to Cameroon as ambassa¬ eled to South Africa with potential in Havana. dor. His request for a return to the Latin investors at the time when new U.S. One Interests Section official who America bureau has been turned down, investment was illegal? ran afoul of the foundation, however, however. He has spent the past several Sensing that emotions were getting was Jerry Scott, a public affairs officer years working in the Office of the out of hand, the administration de¬ in Havana who became embroiled in Special Trade Representative. cided to allow a cooling-off period, the “Great Cuban Art Flap” in 1989. It The irony is that of all the Cuban reasoning perhaps that the issue was a seems that Scott, as a humanitarian affairs office directors of the past two debilitating distraction from Clinton’s gesture, bought 80 paintings by a dis¬ decades, Frechette was perhaps the domestic policy goals. Baeza, mean¬ sident Cuban in Havana named most hostile to the Cuban regime. while, decided to fight for the nomina¬ Nicolasito Guillen for $300. Forty of Informed once that the Cuban media

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 There are imitators. And tions recognized by Ford FORD TAURUS then there’s the original. Ford Motor Company. From the Taurus. From the start, it’s to the Pacific been a step ahead of its Northwest, the Diplomatic competition. And that’s just Sales Program offers low where it’s stayed, thanks to prices on vehicles ranging from the more than 200 improve¬ the luxurious Lincoln Town ments we’ve made since it Car to the tough Ford Explorer. was introduced. Like its And with Ford’s emphasis on sleeker design, smoother han¬ quality and customer satisfac¬ dling, and available anti-lock tion, the Diplomatic Sales brakes. In fact, about the only Program couldn’t be more thing that hasn’t changed convenient. We can accept over the years is Taurus’ orders by mail, fax, or in person. reputation for excellence. For more information, send in But Taurus is just one of the coupon below. Wherever the vehicles available to you you are in the world, Ford at special courtesy prices. Motor Company is dedicated Through the Diplomatic Sales to satisfying your needs. Program, you can have a new Ford within 60 days if you Ford NAAO hold one of the official posi¬ Export Sales

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WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES NAME FORD MOTOR COMPANY ADDRESS P.O. Box 600 CITY STATE 28801 Wixom Rd. COUNTRY ZIP Wixom, MI 48393-0600 PHONE NO. 1 1 Tel: (800) 338-5759 (U.S., excluding Michigan) (313) 344-6578 (Michigan and worldwide) FAX/TELEX NO. 1 1 Fax:(313)344-6397 I I U.S. DELIVERY CH OVERSEAS DELIVERY country had derided him as a “troglodyte,” Frechette asked the Cuban Interests MARTENS VOLVO Section in Washington, only half in jest, for a full text of the article, seeing Dedicated to Diplomacy it as a way to impress his superiors. Some in the exile community consid¬ Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats ered him too abrasive, though, and and Members of International Organizations they made him pay a price with the help of a Reagan Administration that was all too eager to please its Miami supporters. Says Otto Reich, a Cuban exile who was named to three senior posts in the Reagan Administration, “1 thought Frechette was attacked un¬ fairly.”

Exile input In some ways, the foundation's in¬ fluence is greater on humanitarian affairs than political issues. Five years ago, the government agreed to allow the foundation to facilitate the entry to Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director the United States of Cubans living with non-resident visas in such countries as VOLVOO IV1AKICN9 202-537-3000 Spain and Costa Rica. CARS OF WASHINGTON, INC. Fax 202-537-1826 The foundation handles paperwork, 4800 WISCONSIN AVE. WASH., DC 20016 resettlement costs and health insur¬ U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer ance for these Cubans while the role of the Immigration and Naturalization Service is limited to interviewing them. We concentrate on Thus far, an estimated 8,000 Cubans only ONE thing ... have been helped under the program, Managing your property. and one official said the credit belongs to the foundation. “Give them credit PROFESSIONAL for doing a good deed,” he said. An¬ other official said the agreement dra¬ PROPERTY matizes the preferential treatment given RENTAL MANAGEMENT Cubans by the U.S. government. "Hai¬ OF NORTHERN tians can't come from Haiti but Cubans MANAGEMENT VIRGINIA INC. can come from Spain,” he said. Exile influence in Washington be¬ Join our growing number of gan to be felt in the early 1980s, with owners from Athens to Zaire the advent of both the Reagan Admin¬ who trust the management of istration and Mas Canosa’s foundation. their properties to PPM. Pro¬ Before that, Cuban exiles counted for fessional service with a per¬ little in Washington. sonal touch. Indeed, when President Carter took Discounts on appliances office in 1977, one of his first priorities I and more! Monthly comput- was to loosen ties with military dicta¬ i erized statements. torships in Latin American and to strengthen ties with Cuba. In fact, 5105K Backlick Rd. Cuba was the first country visited by Annandale, VA 22003 Carter’s newly installed Assistant Sec¬ 703/642-3010 retary of State for Inter-American Af¬ Fax: 703/642-3619 fairs Terence Todman, in the spring of 1977. In September, the two countries agreed to open diplomatic missions in each other’s capitals, the first official

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • IUNE 1993 link since relations were broken 16 years earlier. The contrast between Carter and Clinton could not be greater. Carter sought an accommodation with Cuba, FRINGE BENEFITS while Clinton sought to outflank the ' - ' J L ,,, i ,- Bush Administration from the right on ijkvOg 5 m Cuba. Short on funds and eager to ■ make political inroads in Florida last spring, Clinton endorsed the Torricelli proposal, saying, “I like it.” Grateful Cuban-Americans, including some foundation members, chipped in— A WELCOME RETREAT depending on whose figures are cited— somewhere between $125,000 and $275,000 to the Clinton campaign. Worried that Clinton might steal the exile vote from him. Bush announced shortly after Clinton’s endorsement of the Torricelli proposal that he was tightening the embargo against Cuba by requiring that ships carrying Cuban LET YOURSELF GO goods obtain special licenses to enter U.S. ports. The exile community, with reason, felt its interests would be preserved regardless of whether Bush or Clinton won. Mas Canosa, after years of close associations with Republican adminis¬ trations, did his best to ingratiate him¬ SHAPING UP self with Clinton. A week before the election, he had a friendly meeting with Clinton in Tampa, making clear he and his allies considered him a friend. It didn’t take long for Clinton, as president, to prove Mas Canosa’s point. When the president’s new budget proposals were announced in Febru¬ EASY C0ME...EASY GO ary, international broadcasting main¬ FROM It’s been a day packed with important issues stays such as Radio Free Europe and and business as usual. You deserve a few Radio Liberty were slated for extinc¬ hours of quiet and comfort to relax from this tion by 1995. But one overseas station $69* busy schedule. that was spared the budget ax was TV Per Room, Step into our oasis where the fringe bene¬ Per Night. fits add up. Our luxury hotel offers beautifully Marti, a National Foundation creation, appointed guest rooms; the finest in dining in which because of highly effective jam¬ our A Cut Above Restaurant- access to a large indoor pool and fitness center- and excellent shopping at the Ballston ming by Cuban authorities, has the Commons Mall. Plus die most valuable benefit of all is being distinction of being perhaps the only located only 4 miles from Washington, D.C. atop die Ballston TV operation anywhere with virtually Metro Center. It’s to your benefit to call for more information at no viewers. The picture may be fuzzy (703) 528-6000 or 1800 228-9898 today! in Havana, but not in Washington; * Per Room, Per Night. Subject to availability. Not valid withgroups Clinton obviously has concluded that or other discount programs. the $18 million it costs to run TV Marti I JI'RAMADA is a good political investment. ■ JIKENAISSANCE™ HOTEL George Gedda has covered foreign ARLINGTON affairs for the Associated Press since 950 NORTH STAFFORD ST. ARLINGTON, VA 22203 1968.

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Serving the Foreign Service for more than 60 years. Foreign Service Day 1993 Kenneth M. Quinn received the nam. The award was presented by Awards for Christian A. Herter Award for senior of¬ Christian A. Herter Jr. excellence ficers. As deputy assistant secretary in Ken Quinn joined the Foreign Ser¬ the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Af¬ vice in 1968 in Vietnam, where he By Richard S. Thompson fairs, he displayed outstanding leader¬ spent six years as an adviser. During a Professional Issues Coordinator ship and courage in dealing with the subsequent tour at the National Secu¬ Five AFSA award winners were emotional and controversial issue of rity Council, he helped evacuate hun¬ honored in a State Department cere¬ POW/MIAs in Southeast Asia. His cre¬ dreds of South Vietnamese associates. mony on Foreign Service Day, May 7. ative policy proposals have resulted in His assignments have included a tour The winners of three awards for “ex¬ freedom for significant numbers of po¬ as a Pearson Fellow on the staff of the traordinary accomplishment involving litical prisoners in Vietnam and Cam¬ governor of Iowa, refugee and narcot¬ initiative, integrity, intellectual courage bodia, a greatly increased flow of ics counselor at the U.S. mission to the and constructive dissent” were Ken¬ information about the fate of American UN in Vienna, deputy executive secre¬ neth M. Quinn, John G. Fox, and Mark servicemen, and movement toward tary under Secretary Shultz, and DCM A Pekala. normalization of relations with Viet¬ in Manila. In his current position he

AFSA Award Winners

Top, clockwise: Mark A. Pekala receives the Harriman Award from Ambassador Pamela Harriman; Ambassador Robert Oakley accepts the Rivkin Award on behalf of John Fox from Mrs. John Sterry Long; Rivkin award winner John G. Fox; Herter award winner Kenneth M. Quinn; Bohlen award winner Sheila M. Switzer helps in a nursing home in Madrid; Irvina Wallace receives the Delavan Award from George Harrop.

JUNE 1993 • AFSA NEWS - 1 chaired the inter-agency elderly, the homeless, group of POW/MLA Affairs handicapped children, and, as a member of the abandoned children, and U.S./Russia POW/MLA Com¬ single mothers. Her exam¬ mission, was part of the first ple has inspired others to U.S. government delegation similar efforts and ever to be permitted inside a demonstrates the best of Russian prison. America. Ambassador Har¬ Rivkin Award riman also presented this The William R. Rivkin award. Award for mid-level officers Sheila Switzer is a native was won by John G. Fox. of Mexico and has accom¬ Ambassador Robert B. panied her husband on Oakley received the award Award presenters included (left to right): Christian A. Herter tours to Venezuela and Yu¬ for John Fox from Mrs. John Jr., Mrs. John Sterry Long, George Harrop, and Ambassador goslavia, as well as two Sterry Long, widow of the late Pamela Harriman. Washington assignments. Ambassador Rivkin. Fox re¬ months at the new U.S. mission in She has two girls, 11 and ceived the award for his service in So¬ Baku, Azerbaijan, were unique fora ju¬ 17, and has been active as a volunteer malia, where he helped with the start¬ nior officer. in each country where she has lived. up of Operation Provide Relief. As Mark Pekala worked in the Office of Sinclaire Awards political officer to Ambassador Oakley, Soviet Analysis at the CIA and was a Also announced were the seven he contributed to the arrangements Guest Scholar at the Brookings Insti¬ winners of the Matilda W. Sinclaire that permitted the peaceful deploy¬ tute before joining the Foreign Service Award, which recognizes achievement ment of UN troops, both Pakistani and in 1989. He served in Warsaw before in the study of a hard language. These American. He was lauded for his tire¬ his current post. He speaks Russian, were: Kathleen J. Brahney, Indones¬ less efforts toward political reconcilia¬ Polish, and French and will be moving ian; Bryan W. Dalton, Vietnamese; tion and the reconstitution of local to the Russia desk in EUR/ISCA in July. John Kunstadter, Bulgarian; Earle authority. Delavan Award Litzenberger, Bulgarian; John Mul¬ Fox joined the Foreign Service in The Delavan Award for Foreign Ser¬ len, Japanese; Jeffrey C. Schwenk, 1 >'85, after accompanying his wife, vice secretaries was won by Irvina Thai; and John Underriner, Thai. USIA officer Karen Aguilar, to posts in Wallace, secretary to the administra¬ Vienna and Lagos. He has served in tive officer in Algiers. She demon¬ Benin and Washington and is now po¬ strated outstanding performance as de ll cal officer at USNATO in Brussels. facto personnel officer and made un¬ National Advisory Council He and his wife were posted to Soma¬ usual contributions to embassy morale on the Public Service lia in 1990 and were rescued by Ma¬ during a difficult period of evacuation. ra es from the embassy compound She helped families deal with the de¬ On May 7, at the invitation of the a.Ter heavy fighting broke out in parture of spouses and children in the National Council on the Public Mogadishu. He then returned to the face of a growing terrorist threat by Service, the AFSA State vice area to follow Somali politics until July writing circular letters to evacuees and president participated in a 1992 and returned again with Opera¬ organizing activities for those left be¬ focus group on motivation and tion Provide/Restore Hope until Janu¬ hind. The award was presented by excellence. This council is an ary 1993. George Harrop, a relative of the Harriman Award Delavan family. outgrowth of the 1989 report of Mark A. Pekala won the W. Averell Bohlen Award the National Commission on the Harriman Award for junior officers, Sheila M. Switzer won the Avis Public Service, which recom¬ wnich was presented by Ambassador Bohlen Award, given to a Foreign Ser¬ mended that an independent Pamela Harriman. While serving in the vice family member who has contrib¬ advisory council be established Office of Weapons Proliferation Policy uted the most to advancing American in the Bureau of Politico-Military Af¬ interests at a Foreign Service post. to monitor the state of the fed¬ fairs, he demonstrated exceptional Sheila Switzer, the spouse of Thomas eral workforce. The council drive and determination in leading Switzer, a USIA officer in Madrid, has reports to the president and U.S. efforts against missile prolifera¬ been a remarkable representative of Congress on the status of the tion. Under his leadership interagency the embassy community and the national public service and working groups were organized to fur¬ United States to Madrid’s volunteer or¬ makes recommendations for its ther U.S. anti-proliferation policies. His ganizations and to the urban poor of achievements in carrying out a variety the city. She has worked with Spanish improvement. of special assignments, including two organizations on projects to help the

2 • AFSA NEWS-JUNE 1993 20 students win AFSA/AAFSW merit awards Merit Award Winners Ingrid Ahlgren Jennifer Ang Dana Bigelow Nicole Bonnaffon Danessa Carragher Elizabeth Carson Christopher Connell Crystal English Sherine Hamdy Benjamin Johnson Tara Malloy Carrie Matthews Garrison Morfit Robert Penner Elizabeth Rabadan Nelson Saiers Merit Award winners from Washington pose with Ambassador Edward J. Perkins (left), AAFSW President Christine Shurtleff (left) and AFSA Committee on Educa¬ Sarah Silberstein Jennifer Sherman tion Chairman Robert H. Miller (right). Winners are (l-r): Danessa Carragher, Nicole Elliott Stein liana Sumka Bonnaffon, Nelson Saiers, Carrie Matthews, Robert Penner, and Sarah Silberstein. Honorable Mention The 1993 AFSA/AAFSW Merit ities of Foreign Service high school se¬ Awards were given in honor of Ambas¬ niors. Funds for the awards come from Jorge Arellano Julia Becker sador Edward J. Perkins for his com¬ the yearly AAFSW Bookfair and the Timothy Billo Joseph Bimmerle mitment to education and support for AFSA Scholarship Fund. Christa Craven Adrian Gall the awards program. At a ceremony on Panels composed of AAFSW, Lydia Misch Andrew Neilson Foreign Service Day held at the De¬ USAID, State, USIA, and retired com¬ Lisa Olsen Amy Parker partment of State on May 7, local win¬ munity members submitted 33 finalists Erin Rollman Jennifer Schmiel ner Carrie Matthews accepted a to the AFSA Committee on Education, Kevin Wiegand-Mejia certificate and check on behalf of all which made the final selections. studying at overseas schools. Fourteen recipients from Ambassador Perkins. Of the 20 winners, 14 are female are dependents of State personnel, five The AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards and six are male. Nine are seniors in represent USAID, and one represents recognize the outstanding academic the Washington D.C. area, three attend Agriculture. achievement and extracurricular activ¬ other U.S. schools, and eight are AFSA issues guidelines on EEO by Sharon Papp a grievance.An employee wishing to after participating in the pre-complaint Legal Counsel file an EEO complaint must consult EEO counseling stage. Recently, AFSA prepared and dis¬ with an EEO counselor within 45 days All employees contacted by an EEO tributed guidelines (AFSA Notice 4) of the discriminatory act or practice, or counselor or investigator have a duty explaining the timetables and proce¬ within 45 days of discovery of the act to cooperate in the investigation. Em¬ dures for pursuing an equal employ¬ or practice. An employee wishing to ployees have the right to bring a rep¬ ment opportunity matter through the file a grievance must file the grievance resentative to any interview conducted statutory EEO procedures and through within 180 days of the discriminatory by the EEO investigator and have the the Foreign Service grievance system. act or practice. (Employees assigned right to be informed of the nature of AFSA has also prepared guidelines overseas have more flexibility in the the EEO inquiry. Following the filing (AFSA Notice 5) for employees ac¬ period for filing a grievance.AFSA’s of an EEO complaint, employees ac¬ cused of discrimination or contacted as Labor Management office can provide cused of discrimination have the right witnesses in EEO cases. specifics.) to receive sufficient written informa¬ These guidelines are available at While an employee is not required tion to allow them to fully respond to AFSA’s Labor Management office to consult with an EEO counselor prior each allegation of discrimination lev¬ (Room 3644 Main State) or from AFSA to filing a grievance, AFSA encourages eled against them. EEO counselors and I >ost representatives overseas. you to do so because the counselor investigators are trained to conduct an Prior to an AFSA-initiated amend¬ may be able to resolve the matter in¬ inquiry or investigation in an objective ment to the Foreign Service Act, em¬ formally. In addition, the counselor and impartial manner. If the counselor ployees could pursue an EEO case will gather information and create a or investigator does not appear to be only in the agency’s EEO office. Since written record of the inquiry, which acting in an objective manner, the em¬ November 1991, however, employees will be useful if you decide to file a ployee should contact his or her have had the option of pursuing their grievance. (A contemporaneous writ¬ agency’s EEO office. Finally, the law case through the grievance system. As ten record can be especially important protects employees who participate in employees may not bring an EEO case in a sexual-harassment case.) As con¬ good faith in the EEO process. Thus, in both administrative fora, they must sultation with an EEO counselor does an employee may not be retaliated elect one or the other. An employee is not constitute an election. An em¬ against for opposing discrimination or deemed to have made an election with ployee may choose to file a grievance participating in the EEO process. the filing of a formal EEO complaint or rather than an EEO complaint even

JUNE 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 3 Security and working conditions: Teen Re-entry Video bringing a case to the Hill On May 3, AFSA Member Ser¬ AFSA officers gave testimony before tion on the basis for the investigation vices Representative Derek two joint House committees recently. until receipt of a decision to revoke or Occupational Safety and Health reduce clearance. Because clearance is Terrell attended a showing of the On April 29th, AFSA President Bill automatically suspended once an in¬ latest re-entry video for teens. Kirby submitted testimony in support vestigation has been initiated, this has "America: A Different World" is of the 1993 Federal and Postal Services a disruptive effect on the employee’s co-produced by USIA and the Employees Occupational Safety and current position as well as future ca¬ Family Liaison Office (M/FLO) Health Act (H.R.115). This act would reer prospects. and provides an opportunity to strengthen the protections from unsafe AFSA supports the General Ac¬ working conditions afforded to federal counting Office (GAO) recommenda¬ hear the viewpoints and con¬ workers by the Occupational Safety tions that the department use letters of cerns that FS children may have and Health Act, and is particularly im¬ suspension stating the reasons for the when returning to the United portant for Foreign Service personnel investigation and that a more indepen¬ States. The video was televised serving abroad. Under current law, dent appeal panel be established to on Worldnet on April 15, 16, and federal workers lag behind the private ensure fairness and due process for the 19, and should be available now sector in protections from unsafe affected employee. working conditions. AFSA emphasized AFSA addressed difficulties in the at all posts with Worldnet capa¬ the health hazards faced by employees regional security program, specifically bility. FLO has extra copies for stationed in some overseas posts and the lack of a standardized debriefing distribution. People interested in stressed the need for such basic pro¬ process at posts. AFSA found that em¬ viewing the video while in Wash¬ tections as the use of non-lead based ployees at many posts, regardless of ington may wish to contact paint in overseas living and working the host-country’s designation, were M/FLO at (202) 647-1076. facilities, air-filtration equipment in being asked unnecessary, offensive, areas of high pollution, and up-to-date and intrusive questions that went be¬ safety equipment in official vehicles. yond acceptable standards for security Due Process and Security inquiries. We brought this to the atten¬ packing and eight work-hours for un¬ Clearance Determinations tion of DS and are currently working On May 5th, the AFSA State vice packing is inadequate, particularly for with them to standardize the debrief¬ president testified on Foreign Service those departing from or arriving back ing forms. security clearance procedures and due in the Washington area. The increase Progress has been made in address¬ process rights before a joint session of in the number of two-income families ing these problems. DS has announced the Subcommittee on the Civil Service has meant that employees can no that it has begun issuing suspension ol the House Committee on the Post longer expect their spouses to be avail¬ letters to employees under investiga¬ Oifice and Civil Service, and the Sub¬ able at all times during the packing or tion and that it is reviewing its appeal committee on Civil and Constitutional unpacking process, particularly in the procedure. Rights of the House Committee on the United States. With the introduction of Judiciary. AFSA expressed its support the International Through Govern¬ for reasonable measures necessary to ment Bill of Lading (ITGBL) system and new arrangements for the selec¬ safeguard information essential to na¬ Packing time tion of packing companies, AFSA esti¬ tional security, but stressed that mated that more time would be employees’ due process rights must be allowance needed. We are aware that the new al¬ preserved in carrying out the security increased clearance program. lowances will not be sufficient for by James Yorke every family but believe that the effec¬ AFSA’s testimony focused on prob¬ Member Services Director tive doubling of the allowance, albeit lems with Diplomatic Security (DS) in¬ At AFSA’s initiative, the State De¬ with special approval, will come closer vestigations initiated to determine if partment has agreed to an increase in to meeting the needs of all employees. clearance reduction or revocation is the amount of administrative leave The new regulations apply to all warranted, the appeal process for em¬ available for packing and unpacking the foreign affairs agencies-State, ployees whose clearance has been re¬ household effects. A revision to 3 FAM USAID, USIA, the Foreign Commercial duced or revoked, and the regional 465.3-16 will permit, if necessary, up Service and the Foreign Agricultural security program. to an additional 16 work-hours for Service-and are effective now. In some instances, clearance inves¬ packing-out, and up to an additional tigations have continued for more than eight work-hours for unpacking. four years, with the affected employee Over the years it has become clear having little if any access to informa¬ that the present 16 work-hours for

4 • AFSA NEWS "JUNE 1993 time program will spend up to 40 Career transition hours in counseling sessions and an¬ Move to reduce program for USIA other 40 hours in job-search interviews career TICs by Deborah M. Leahy during their final months of employ¬ Member Services Representative ment. The full-time program allows up halted USIA management has recently an¬ to 90 calendar days of concentrated In April, AFSA was alerted by nounced that USIA Foreign Service job-search activities while remaining in USAID members to the fact that the Of¬ a pay status. The employee’s retire¬ employees who apply for voluntary re¬ fice of Human Resources, Develop¬ tirement before May 1, 1994 will be el¬ ment will become effective at the con¬ ment and Management (HRDM) was igible to participate in the agency’s clusion of the full-time program. doing a complete review of time-in¬ retirement counseling programs. In the While this program is slated only for class (TIC) data, which could have re¬ past these programs have been limited employees who apply for voluntary re¬ sulted in a reduction from 25 to 22 to employees who faced involuntary tirement before May 1,1994, AFSA will years for literally dozens of FS-01 offi¬ retirement or separation as a result of meet with management early in 1994 cers. Discussion with concerned offi¬ a selection-board ranking. to review the program and press for cers and AFSA’s own analysis indicated The State Department conducts two continuation. Employees who have that such a recalculation was unjusti¬ questions should contact AFSA’s USIA programs-part-time and full-time-for fied. AFSA’s USAID vice president re¬ employees who are seeking post-re¬ office at (202) 401-6405. quested consultations with USAID tirement employment. The employee management on the issue. After pro¬ is assisted in self-analysis and appraisal ductive, collegial consultations, HRDM of skills and aspirations, as well as AFSA Fund Addition informed AFSA that it accepted AFSA’s The name of Ellenanne M. LeClare resume preparation, development of a position on the issue, and that the con¬ was inadvertently dropped from the job-finding strategy, and assistance in templated reductions in time-in-class list of AFSA Fund contributors. AFSA conducting a second-career search. would not take place. appreciates her support. Employees who choose the part¬

Legislativenews Jjy Rick Weiss The appropriations committees, save the $5 million needed under Congressional Relations like their legislative colleagues, will be the budget resolution and reconcil¬ As Congress returns from the Me¬ looking toward: iation legislation. Under this pro¬ morial Day recess, authorizing and ap¬ • reducing personnel in the foreign posal, the survivor annuitant and propriations committees are gearing affairs agencies; those retired under disability will re¬ up for floor actions on their legislation. • reducing the number of Senior For¬ ceive full COIAs for 12 months; re¬ The Senate Foreign Relations Commit¬ eign Service officers in State, USIA, tirees will receive full COLAs for 10 tee (Kerry subcommittee and the full and USAID, thus slowing promo¬ months in FY1994, 1995, 1996 committee) plan to mark up their ver¬ tions at all levels; (eliminating the “diet COLA” for sion of the Foreign Affairs Authoriza¬ • resolving the “diet COLA” and “sur¬ those under age 62). Under this plan tion Bill on June 9 and 22. The House vivor annuity” issues by recom¬ the reduction in survivor annuities Foreign Affairs Committee (Berman mending a two- or three-month as first proposed by the president subcommittee and full committee) delay in COLA for each of the next and accepted by Congress would be marked up their bill in May. three years for retirees. This will eliminated.

Election Note A listing of the members of the Professionalism and Participation slate in the slate’s statement on page 3 of the May “AFSA News” included Vote in the AFSA the names of Raz Bazala (candidate for USIA vice president) and Bruce election. Wharton (candidate for USIA representative) with the notation “endorse¬ ment.” Mr. Bazala and Mr. Wharton state they were not consulted about the inclusion of their names on the Professionalism and Participation list and have asked the Election Committee to make clear that they are Exercise your candidates on the Members Interests-United Foreign Service slate and democratic support the election statements of that slate. rights.

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Wash¬ tax work both within and with¬ has worked overseas, is famil¬ ington St. Berkeley Springs, out I.R.S. since 1937. Now iar with Foreign Service and VACATIONS/RESORTS WV, Gary K. Olsen, Broker. solely in practice to assist For¬ contract employee situations, RETURNING TO D.C.? CHRISTMAS IN IRE¬ eign Service employees and has practiced before the IRS, Rea! estate prices are where LAND? Trade house Kinsale, their families. Also lectures on computerized tax services, fi¬ they were in the late 80’s, in¬ Co. Cork for house, apartment TAX LAW at FSI every month nancial planning, member terest rates the lowest in 20 close downtown Bethesda No¬ since 1970 at Rosslyn, VA. BOB AICPA, Tax Division and Per¬ years—now may be a good vember 1, 1993 to January 4, DUSSELL (703) 841-0158, FAX sonal Financial Mgmt. Divi¬ time for you to buy. I have pro¬ 1994. Car trade possible. Write (703) 522-5726. Office is 100 sion. 30 minute FREE vided exclusive representation H.R. 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JOURNAL: I wonder if you would areas that you think can give in order to comment briefly on what you see as the free up the resources to focus on those role of the Foreign Service in the post- things that really need to get done? Cold War environment. WHARTON: That’s again asking the WHARTON: Well, I'm not sure I wrong question. The question is, “What would ask the question that way. I can all the individuals in the agencies would ask, “How does and should U.S. and the bureaus come forward with in foreign policy change in the post-Cold terms of their suggestions as to the War period, and then, to what extent reprioritization of their activities?” I think can the Foreign Sendee contribute to there’s nothing worse than having a the formulation of that policy and par¬ mandated decree from on high as to ticipate in its execution?" To me, that’s a what cuts should be made. Sometimes very different question and a more you have to do that. I have tremendous operational question. I believe that vir¬ confidence in the wisdom, insight, and tually every person, Foreign Service or ideas of people at all levels of the not, whom I've run into in the building organization. is very much concerned with making contributions to the ideas that are going JOURNAL: Could you talk about to be involved in the post-Cold War your work to propose ambassadorial Editor’s Note: This interview, period. I don’t find anyone sitting there assignments? What criteria do you look conducted by Editor Anne and saying, “Well, we’ll wait to see what for? someone tells us.” They’re all making WHARTON: Well, the career, which Stevenson-Yang on April 26, has contributions. is the group the D Committee works with- been edited, and the order of the The more difficult aspect of it always the career characteristics are very much questions has been changed. is the more human one, in terms of the ones that one would expect in tenns doing all of this in the context of a fiscal of an individual’s background, their climate where you’re facing severe re¬ previous service, everything from the source constraints. As far as the human relevance of their past experience to talent is concerned, I don’t have any their linguistic capabilities. There’s a reservations whatsoever about the qual¬ whole range of things that one looks at, ity of our talent or any feeling that we but it’s a totality. I do not detect that have lesser talent or zeal to offer in the there has been any radical change in the post-Cold War period than we did in the characteristics in the individuals that Cold War period. have been looked at, but one thing I do know, which may be topical, is that the JOURNAL: You mentioned fiscal committee does spend a great deal of restraints. Have you pinpointed any time and care in seeking out and trying

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 to identify capable women and minori¬ he announced the Marshall Plan. As a JOURNAL: Maybe you could talk ties who are in the pool. In doing that, young person, I believed he saw the about yourself and your past in the Foreign I am also struck by the extent to which activities of the Marshall Plan as being Service. Where did you grow up? the director general has been very con¬ an important part of U.S. policy. When WHARTON: I was in the Canary scious about the upward mobility of I told my father I was very interested in Islands until I was 10, then my parents women and minorities in the Foreign this brand new field, he asked me why, sent me back to the States to go to Service and looking to the future for and I said, “Well, because I think it is school. such persons to be in position for going to become an important part of ambassadorial posts. U.S. foreign policy." My father said, JOURNAL: Do you have any par¬ “That’s all well and good, but that’s sort ticularly fond err bitter memories of JOURNAL: 1 know that you've had of do-goodism.” That was back in 1947, growing up in the Foreign Service? a good deal of experience in foreign aid. a good while ago, and I think that WHARTON: Not a thing that’s bitter. But have you thought about the role of foreign assistance today has become a It was thoroughly delightful. But it was public diplomacy in the post-Cold War big part of our foreign relations. very different. The world in those days world? Marshall’s particular phrases related was a different world. There were no WHARTON: No, not a lot. When I American schools, no international took up this position, the secretary schools. I was taught by my mother asked me to do several things. Number with a correspondence course, the one was the budget, and, the way in I, too, have been a Calvert program. My papers would which the budget has been formulated travel by boat to go back to Baltimore, for presentation this year is different pioneer in several different be graded, and come back by boat. from the way in which it was previously There was no air mail in those days. The done. fields. People ask me community in which you were im¬ The second thing that the secretaiy whether I’ve ever had any mersed and the children you played asked me to do was to reorganize the with were overwhelmingly nationals or Department of State, and I'm still work¬ problems. Sure. But I don’t the children of other diplomats, so that ing on that. The third thing was to most of my closest childhood friends refocus the Agency for International spend much time were Spanish, plus the Brazilian consul’s Development, and that activity I have children and the Argentine consul’s been undertaking with a task force wortying about it. children, Norwegian consul's children. which is operating under the umbrella There was only one other American of an inter-agency working group, which family. You came away with a very deals with all U.S. international activi¬ massive integration into the interna¬ ties. That task force is hard at work and tional world. In this case it was a will come forward with its proposal to the fact that the assistance was broader national community with an interna¬ soon. The fourth activity is related to the than just the specific, narrow set of tional flavor. It was a different kind of issue of the Foreign Service and some of political interests but was addressing a environment. The result was that you the broader personnel issues related to broader dimension of relationships for had an involvement and an insight into the department. That fourth one I have the United States. 1 think there are a another national group. That experi¬ not done as much on, because I have number of instances where, in today’s ence, I expect, served me well as I been concentrating on the other three. environment, the U.S. engages in for¬ moved into a variety of cultural settings As a result, I have not devoted a lot of eign assistance activities where the level over the years, whether it was working time to USIA or the other public-diplo¬ of our national interest is not as signifi¬ in Latin America or living and working macy activities. I may get into some of cant in a direct sense. Somalia is a good in Southeast Asia. You acquire certain it when Mr. Duffey gets on board. He’s case in point. sensitivities to cultural differences a very dear friend, so I'm sure we'll have through that kind of exposure. a very good relationship. JOURNAL: Would you care to dis¬ Nowadays, when our sons were with cuss further howr you see the U.S. na¬ tis—and our younger son was born in JOURNAL: During your confirma¬ tional interest evolving with relation to Singapore—in Singapore our older son tion hearing, you quoted Secretary Somalia and the former Yugoslavia? went to a British school, then to the Marshall as saying, “Our policy is nett These are operations in which our na¬ Singapore American school. In Kuala directed against any country or doctrine tional interest is not quite as direct as it Lumpur 1 helped them start the Ameri¬ but against hunger, poverty, despera¬ has been in the past. can school. Foreign children tended to tion, and chaos.” How do you apply WHARTON: Your question is actu¬ interact with other foreign children, not these words to the work of the Foreign ally an indirect question about what I'm with the nationals. The world of today’s Service? now working on in relation to AID. communication is such that you are WHARTON: The statement was Rather than scoop myself, I won’t say bombarded with multicultural signals in made by then-Secretary Marshall when anything further. a way that you’re no longer totally

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 immersed in the national culture. though I’ve always wanted to, and I'm “Am I being offered this job because I’m The reverse is very interesting. In the successful, I'll never know whether it's black or because I’m the best?” They 1930’s, when I came back to the United you or me. I’m named for you, we have said, “Because you’re the best,” and he States, initially I did not know how to the same name, and I really want to be said, “Then I’ll take it.” I think that’s a play baseball, football, basketball—1 somebody on my own.” good indication of the kind of man he think I learned in about two weeks flat. He chuckled about it, and from time was, even though he suffered more to time he would say, “Isn’t it about time discrimination as a pioneer, because he JOURNAL: Did living abroad put you went into the Foreign Service?” and was the first black to pass the Foreign any special strains on your family or I’d say, “no.” I think when I became Service exam. He spent 40 years in the instead draw you together? Your mother president of Michigan State University, Foreign Service, but if you were to ask must have been a good teacher, to get that’s when he stopped. But it was him when it was all over if it was worth you into Harvard at 16. something that he wanted, and it be¬ it, he’d tell you, “Absolutely.” WHARTON: She was. You see, my came a bit of a joke with me as I went I, too, have been a pioneer in several mother was a college teacher before she on. If he were still alive, I think he’d be different fields. People ask me whether I’ve married. My father went from high tickled, but I also think he’d have a lot ever had any problems. Sure. But I don’t school to law school: he skipped col¬ of fun with me. spend much time worrying about it. lege. My mother received her bachelor’s degree the same year my father got his JOURNAL: Do you think that the JOURNAL: Is there anything in par¬ law degree, berth from Boston Univer¬ particular impediments that your father ticular that you’d like to tell the Foreign sity, and then she taught for a couple of experienced as a black diplomat are Service through our magazine? years before she married my father. mostly gone now? WHARTON: Thus far, my expecta¬ Stress? No, not in terms of my up¬ WHARTON: 1 don’t think they’re tions about the professional excellence bringing. For example, when I was sent gone in our society. I think they’re lesser in the Foreign Service have been con¬ back to the United States when I was 10, today in our society as a whole. They’re firmed several times over, and that has I did not see my parents for three years. significantly lesser, but they’re still there. been quite gratifying. Of course, that Sometimes people ask me, “Didn’t you When my father was first asked to may be interpreted as a bias, coming react to that?” Quite frankly, I didn’t. become a career ambassador, the am¬ from a Foreign Service brat. That’s the way it was. British children bassador to Romania, he came back to from the Canary Islands, they went back the States, and he asked the department, JOURNAL: Thank you very much. ■ to school. It was a very different world. I suspect, in retrospect, it meant that I LEAVING FOR ASSIGNMENT WITH YOUR PETS? had less interaction with my father, but keep in mind that in those days you did HAVE YOU ARRANGED FOR YOUR PET NEEDS not travel as much, you didn’t go back WHILE ON TOUR> and forth as much. It was expected. PET PANTRY can fulfill the pet food and accessory needs of Foreign Service JOURNAL: You’ve spoken very employees who are preparing for long term overseas assignments and wish to movingly in the past of your father’s purchase hard to get items in bulk quantities. We offer local delivery of food career in the Foreign Service and how and accessories to your home, and while abroad, we can arrange for subsequent you wanted to emulate him. Are you shipments of your pet needs. pleased to be doing so now? PET PANTRY will provide you with a full line of pet food and accessories at WHARTON: In a way. Although I competitive prices for your bulk/consumables shipment. Whatever you need, we’ve really wish he were alive, because I got it: would love to hear the comments he • Major premium pet foods might make, since I resisted going in. * Crates & Carriers What happened was that I was at SAIS, * Shampoo & Grooming supplies and my Dad came back on consulta¬ * Flea & Tick preventatives tions, and he took me to the State * Toys, Dishes, Pet Beds, Leashes & more. . . Department, wanting me to come down Put your trust in the one pet food and accessory supplier who is sensitive to the and be introduced to his friends. He needs of Foreign Service officers. Price list on file at the Overseas Briefing Center. introduced me to people like Grew and to Loy Henderson. They were all very close friends. They all said to me, “You’re PET PANTRY Clifs son. When are you coming in?” I 4455 Connecticut Ave., NW went back to school at SAIS. 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JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 r,

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In Nepal, wheredoed development end and cultural impoveridhment begin ?

BY STEPHEN C. FORMAN

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 PHOTOS BY STEPHEN C. FORMAN Lai. Left, the Begnas and Rupa Watershed area. Above, banana farmer Chabi JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 if he thought and be better off Would Buddha during a visit with I explored this question Chabi Lai’s house “Nepal is so beautiful,” I exclaim as part of my “Nepali people are very poor,” Chabi Lai re¬ CARE has shown Chabi Lai and other Begnas absurd idea for Bud¬ unimaginable and sible,” an —both real and enormous choice dha. I have I to believe in. I can choose what perceived. something valu¬ freedoms constitute believe my culturally advanced. able and I help him to hold and felt more like me? Should as freedom, opportunity, and value such concepts something better of his life? the chance to make The scent of change farmer participating in a CARE Chabi Lai Prasad, a at the same time, the internal material poverty and, project. Buddha and Chabi watershed management common, particularly their Lai have much in of connec¬ security flowing from their deep sense CARE, he however, change is in the air. Through is participating in an Chabi Lai, tion to their land and people. For experiment that has important ramifica¬ tions for his family’s tual future. sits on a high Hima¬ layan perch in the Begnas and Rupa ing 3,000 feet through economic and spiri¬ watershed area of the Lakes. To get there, I walk six hours, climb¬ a lush green valley of magnificent propor¬ bottom the moun¬ tions. From top to tainsides are ter¬ raced—hundreds of shimmering yellow- green steps, each filled rice crop. I climb over a ridge at 6,000 feet and look with the nearly ready at a 40-mile length of ice and rock, whose entire length reaches over 23,000 feet—the Annapurna Massif with its six major peaks, only 15 miles away. sponds, just as typically, with his own characteris¬ greeting when I arrive at Chabi Lai’s house. I use that typical Western tone of optimism, friendli¬ ness, and a tinge of guilt. tic shake of the head. To Chabi Lai, beauty is problematic. He understands my statement, but the rough geography and location of his house contribute to his life’s hardship. farmers how to grow and sell bananas—a simple

With Gayak’s house. Buddha Bahadur floor of along the dried-mud one hand lay an even hand, I’m tiying to the other a path for cardamom spice— line of red social Buddha, 62, is at the bottom of the levels. I’m interested in Buddha on several Buddha smiles and laughs a lot, though, is

Our emotions may be the same, but our minds both knees and Nepal, moving on I'm in Each family in the village is later in the evening. when she comes god Laxmi to follow the Hindu detailed path of spices, constmcting its own food to lead Laxmi to the flowers, candles, and house. As the goddess of small shrine in every favor in the coming year is good fortune, Laxmi’s this day-long set of rituals. being sought through way to talk. Our tea finished, tea stall across the walks over, motions Buddha the tea-stall owner to the water tap, where outside, and points tea cup. Buddha proceeds to clean and dry his touch such a dirtied item. of four system. As a Gaeena, a member of one fish in the restricted castes, he is allowed only to Gaeena lakes and streams for a living. Thirty-five done, and we go to the Three hours later, we’re would not The owner, a higher caste member, Pokhara in families live bunched together outside rambling one of those Third World scenes of shacks, mud, and dust. to know One is purely intellectual. As I’ve come attempt to I want to help him. Yet every time I —medi¬ move beyond simply giving him things with him cine, food—I run into problems. As I sit we’re him, I appreciate the many ways in which these different and find pleasure in contemplating however, distinctions. On a more practical level, to improve and try to explore a variety of methods has no his situation, I get no response. He just himself sense of opportunity. He does not regard “needs.” He rarely uses the pronoun “I.” Instead, or as an individual with “interests,” “rights,” his comments all seem to be in reference to his stone. extended family. He doesn’t spend time alone, and he is petplexed at my private process of calm, and, despite his hard life, seems at peace. I used to think that he couldn’t be as happy as he seems, but I was wrong. From his sense of himself a feeling of power, meaning, and understanding. reading. His beliefs about his life seem cast in as a tiny speck in a large cosmos, Buddha derives rituals. He and other family members described You hear it in his voice and in the calm of his their joy throughout the long, repetitive process of preparing for Laxmi. I had to work at stifling my boredom and discomfort after only 30 minutes of plodding about on the floor. are different. I’ve been taught that I’m “respon¬ and conventional type of skills trans¬ acterized by many Westerners as fer. The farmers are making money “fatalistic.” He has a deep personal from it. In fact, the growing of ba¬ sense of not having the option to act nanas and other fruit is the hottest upon his world, to mold and change topic with Chabi Lai and other farm¬ it so that it meets his desires. As you ers. largely because it seems to be the spend time with him, you see that he fast track to new income. This year has evolved a variety of rituals and Chabi Lai has sold 2,500 bananas at religious practices that nurture a deep a aipee each. (Average wages per acceptance of what he believes are family each month in the hills of unchanging, unbendable external Nepal range from 200 to 1,000 ru¬ realities. These practices infuse ev¬ pees.) This is his first experience ery conversation and daily activity. with so much cash income. I ask Chabi Lai a question. “Imag¬ The impact of change ine it’s a year later. What has hap¬ When the Buddhas of Nepal and Krishna Khadka, CARE worker pened? What changes have taken other countries in the Third World place”? He responds, “I want to sell are exposed to development projects, another 1,000 rupees of bananas. I want sell a banana or the ability to build and they will think new thoughts. They will the fodder trees to have grown enough operate a hydroelectric plant, the most¬ retain their religious beliefs, but their so that the water buffalos eat more and valued outcome is self-sufficiency. minds, exposed to glimmers of hope, can give an extra liter of milk a day that Behind this goal is a deeper belief: will become mines of intentions, of I can sell.” the notion that what the Western world forward motion. When I ask him about what he will knows about how to live is good and To follow this process of mental use his new money for, he is perplexed. useful, and that others who don’t live as change, we might look at one develop¬ “It’s so obvious,” he says. His answers— we do could benefit from what we’ve ment project: the Begnas Tal/Rupa Tal new clothes, possible school for an¬ learned. Development people talk about Watershed Management Project man¬ other child—show he can imagine new the need to build a “social infrastruc¬ aged by CARE. It is concentrated in an uses for his new income. The develop¬ ture,” which usually means importing area of 110 square miles with 31,000 ment project has given him ideas about Western-style attitudes, behaviors, and people. The area's population is in¬ progress, risk, and an ability to change capacities—ideas and attitudes about creasing at 3 percent each year. Tradi¬ his environment. progress, opportunity, and personal tional agriculture and forestry practices responsibility. have led to a downward spiral of soil Risky business Is there a particular social infrastruc¬ degradation, deforestation, erosion and What does it mean “to develop”? ture best for all human beings? Are falling agricultural productivity. Mon¬ What does it mean “to help”? On a certain attitudes and capacities inher¬ soon rains are producing ever-larger recent visit to Nepal, the more I listened, ently useful and good? In Nepal, this landslides, which in turn are forcing the more complicated and obtuse the debate rages. There are knowledge¬ people to move farther every year to answers became. I wanted to explore able, thoughtful people who believe find animal fodder and fuel for cooking. the hidden risks and costs that come that what might be best for Nepal’s long¬ The watershed-management project’s with extending Western-style concepts term health is a full moratorium on all strategy is to stabilize the physical envi¬ of “opportunity” to Third World people. development dollars. ronment through four distinct, yet inter¬ I’m not the only one who wants to help It’s important to distinguish aid from related activities: community forestry to Buddha and Chabi. Such intentions are development. I knew Buddha because protect existing forest and plant new held by many others and have become I had met his son in a bazaar and heard forest; farming systems to introduce and institutionalized in the form of the hun¬ about Buddha’s need for a new roof, extend improved agriculture and dreds of foreign organizations now help¬ which had collapsed two years earlier. agroforestry techniques; bioengineer¬ ing Nepal. In fact, half of the country’s (Buddha and family had moved in with ing projects to achieve gully control, federal budget comes from foreign aid— other relatives.) I later gave Buddha protect riverbanks, control landslides, about $700 million last year. But the $120 to purchase materials to build a stock ponds, improve irrigation canals, longer I visited, the more I wondered new roof. It was a form of simple aid, and increase the drinking-water supply; about what all this official philanthropy and it gave me a powerful sense of and conservation training to develop was accomplishing. doing good. But when the next roof falls community understanding of the link be¬ These days, “good” development is in, Buddha will have no new skills (except tween conservation and productivity. increasingly described as a process of maybe finding a Westerner to pay). The important concept is one of transfer. We give something, and we The problem with people like Bud¬ skills transfer. CARE believes that it can, want to ensure that those who receive dha is that his mind and way of thinking over time, inculcate the skills involved it can use it when we’re no longer there. are just not conducive to most forms of in the project. But what is really being Whether it's the knowledge to grow and development. Buddha would be char¬ transferred?

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 Scientific management Chabi Lai didn’t start his relationship The Begnas project was designed with Development organizations focus on with CARE believing that he could suc¬ the expectation that, at some point in fields such as agricultural science— ceed at growing bananas. The idea of the next 10 years, it will be finished. areas of activity that have a clear se¬ being successful at a new endeavor is A good portion of development work quence and are scientifically predict¬ the first “input” that has to be trans¬ takes place at a simple, direct level that able. There is good reason for this ferred. Chabi Lai had to be convinced doesn't sacrifice social values for mate¬ preference: the techniques easiest to simply to tty, given his experience with rial ones. For example, when Chabi Lai transfer are those that can be tested and past failures of government programs leams how to grow fodder plants on controlled. “Do ‘A’ and then 'B’ hap¬ and an original ignorance of the vety land previously too steep for agricul¬ pens.” A certain amount of water and idea erf “improving” one’s condition. ture, the material comfort of his life fertilizer at certain times, in a certain Development groups often have to start increases. When a donor brings the variety of tested soil, and presto: ba¬ the process of interaction with farmers materials for a new water system and nanas. by taking them to visit some other organizes a group of villagers to provide Those project elements that revolve location to see others’ success with their the labor for its construction, the com¬ around the intricacies of human motiva¬ own eyes. munity is left with greater material com¬ tion and behavior are much less predict¬ fort and the experience of working able, however. For example, CARE wants The idea of success together. When Chabi Lai learns how to Chabi Lai and his neighbors to leam When a CARE staff person con¬ diversify his agricultural techniques to collectively how to manage a commu¬ vinced Chabi Lai that he could be suc¬ grow bananas for his own consump¬ nity nursery that will provide a variety of cessful at growing bananas, this persua¬ tion, his family’s nutrition is improved. seedlings to individual fanners. The sion was just as much of an input as the A more complex issue arises if a project also wants to help the farmers banana seedlings Chabi was subse¬ development organization influences develop user groups for government- quently given. But such sensibilities are Chabi Lai to be an active participant in owned forests, which will be leased to much more difficult to implant, and the the larger cash economy: a system un¬ these farmers if they can develop a techniques for doing it are veiy ambigu¬ der neither the development group’s management plan. Both these goals ous. nor Chabi Lai’s control. Chabi Lai now require a new skill: working collectively Inputs such as growing a banana, sells his bananas in the market, and he in a group process. There is far less successfully managing a meeting, and begins to acquire income. Two risks agreement and knowledge about the convincing a man to believe in a future emerge. First is the direct risk of whether core ability, or skill, or sensibility neces¬ that is better are pieces of a powerful it will remain feasible for Chabi Lai to sary to build cohesiveness among a system of thought, which is transferred grow and sell his bananas, as the foreign group of Nepali farmers than there is along with financial aid. Obviously, the agency reduces its substantial support about growing bananas. economic resources foreign organiza¬ and involvement. The second risk re¬ Even the simplest element becomes tions bring are critical. USAID, CARE, lates to the larger economic system complicated. I asked about a basic World Bank, and others pay the salaries around the selling of bananas, begin¬ group dynamic—when meetings start. of the Nepali professionals who train ning with the many factors that affect If the noted time for a meeting to begin farmers in agroforestiy and agricultural the long-term viability in the local ba¬ is 3 p.m., when does it start? I was told techniques. They pay the salaries of nana market. that at the most recent meeting a key “motivators” who work full time in These risks are well recognized, and leader didn’t arrive until just before 4 training and motivating farmers for the discussed, but hope and sense of op¬ p.m. The leader claimed he had no new techniques and ideas. They pay for portunity must be fed; Chabi Lai will problem getting to the meeting, but he every variety of tool and building material. seek opportunity to the extent that he casually stated that “It’s 3 [o’clock] until Development groups expect a trans¬ sees real evidence of his ability to exert it’s 4.” Others in the room found this an fer of inputs and abilities such that they control. appropriate response. Do development will gradually reduce their involvement. Herein lies development’s greatest officials bring forward the Western idea The process of transfer is incremental challenge. If Chabi Lai’s hope is that meetings should start on time and and occurs on many levels over the life unfulfilled due to eventual changes in why starting a meeting on time is in their of a project. One example in the CARE the banana market, what is he left with? interest? Is starting a meeting on time project is the transition to charging the Development groups must not aban¬ important in a Third World village? farmers money for seedlings. Another is don programs prematurely in the inter¬ What if the local caste system is encouraging the farmers gradually to est of “self-sufficiency.” Once having based on hierarchy in which power and take a more active role in deciding what entered the system, development groups authority must play a part—power that they want to plant in their community must stay until they can be reasonably is distasteful to our more democratic gardens. Another occurs at later stages, sure that the resources they have brought sensibilities? What if women are excluded as the salaries of the community-garden are transferred permanently. from tlte power structure? There are ques¬ watchman and motivators can be paid While the idea of self-sufficiency is tions of cultural appropriateness in every by the user group out of profits gener¬ now a part of conventional rhetoric on step of the development process. ated by the sale of fruit, not by CARE. social change, the term does bring with

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 it some serious ideological baggage. Do type others. Buddha’s economic ad¬ and I’d created another desire, another I change Chabi Lai if I act toward him as vancement—when and if it comes— wistful response. Needs are created, if he has assets, capacities, resources, must not be at the expense of his ability and I was creating them with every and responsibilities? to be attentive and aware. additional day in Nepal. I think I do—but I’ve got to be The Nepali people I met were sub¬ Interestingly, the major factor that careful. When a development organiza¬ ject to the same core, human emotions seemed to even out the social relation¬ tion uses “self-suffiency” and “responsi¬ as Westerners. I met many desperate ship between myself and Nepali people bility" to justify limits in involvement individuals whose lives were oppres¬ was my struggle to speak the language. and expenditure, the details of the ac¬ sive and unhappy. But in general, I liked Sadly, it was about the only skill they tual lives of individual men, women, how I was with the Nepalis. I liked what had that they thought I desired. and children can fade into the back¬ I thought about and felt during and after ground. our interactions. Influence in cultural Commitment and balance If we are going to touch people’s interactions goes both ways, and I be¬ The Nepali culture is undeveloped lives through development, we must lieve my own good feelings are power¬ in relation to those elements of culture make a commitment to follow through. ful pieces of data about the minds of that Western theorists believe are criti¬ If we intervene, we can't default and those with whom I interacted. cal to traditional economic progress leave in the name of our cultural value of Nepal, as with nearly all of the Third and national success. Education, the self-sufficiency. Development organizations World, has a foot in the West. New acquisition of skills, delayed gratifica¬ must be prepared for fonns of sustained images and experiences are becoming a tion, the work ethic—there is no ques¬ commitment over many, many years. part of their cultural lives. Nepalis are tion that many Nepali people do not increasingly applying new standards to have these attitudes and values to the A foot in the West judge what their lives should be like. extent that Koreans, Thai, and In Nepal, one can see the clear Sadly, it’s doubtful many of them will be Singaporeans do. distinction between economic and so¬ able to meet these new, externally im¬ But these traits, seemingly so valu¬ cial progress. The more I interacted with posed standards. They are not going to able, need to be dissected and put in Nepali people, the more examples I had have the jobs, the houses, the gadgets context. A work ethic toward what of individuals who were socially ad¬ and travel experiences that are held in ends? Delaying gratification for what vanced yet economically backward. I front of them as standards. purpose? Skills built for what activity? noted a calm and joy as people partici¬ I tried to study the effect the West has Nepali people have taught me that pated in such aspects of life as observ¬ on the Nepali people, with our focus on our Western definitions of progress— ing religious holidays and cooking food. economic growth and belief in the with our emphasis on the material and Anger was almost unheard of, and I power of the individual. The Nepalis I the economic—might need some seri¬ don’t believe it was repressed. I saw met who were the most Westernized-— ous tinkering. Meaning and value can degrees of patience that were entirely front-desk clerks, tour guides, language come from many directions. Those new to me. In their work, people al¬ teachers, aid workers—told me they who work in development must try to lowed for margins of time that allowed were anxious, sometimes unhappy, and strike a balance, helping Chabi Lai to them to proceed in what appeared to be unsure of their future. Their institu¬ recognize there are parts of his life that methodical, careful ways. Relatively little tions—arranged marriage, following he can affect, yet allowing him to time was spent thinking about money one’s father's occupation—were now retain his deep sense of causes and or material advancement. all called into question. conditions—the “contingencies” that Buddha also isolates and magnifies a A radical new set of abstractions is allow him to order his life and practice certain irony about the nature of social washing down upon them, including his religion. progress. Without analytical thinking, ideas about individualism, internal au¬ Finally, I know now that these re¬ he’s able to practice a variety of basic thority, freedom, human rights, and ally are the “good old times” for deep virtures. He cares about the people economic advancement. In listening to intercultural experiences. In the com¬ around him. I remember my surprise at his Nepali people, I felt the impact of the ing years, Chabi Lai and Buddha’s sophisticated ability to ask questions about mass media, with its uni-directional children are going to become a lot my education, my family, and my beliefs. barrage of images flowing from devel¬ more like mine. My kids are going to This trait—a person’s ability to iden¬ oped country to undeveloped, from become a lot more like theirs. We have tify and empathize with the details of West to East. no choice in this. As everything gets others’ lives, especially those who are In fact, my very being—my shoes, mixed together in this global village different in terms of history and my sunglasses, my camera, my shirt, my brew, I hope we’ll be able to use the ethnicity—has become generalized in medicine, my pack—must have been best of what we can both offer. ■ my mind as an indicator of a person’s contributing to a sense of deficit on the level of social advancement. Such an part of those with whom I was interact¬ Stephen C. Forman is a management orientation immediately mitigates an¬ ing. It was disturbing to confront just consultant in Seattle, Washington Fie other, unfortunate human tendency— how easily needs and desires can be has spent considerable time in Nepal, the inclination to typecast and stereo¬ created. Even a glimpse of my flashlight, , and Pakistan.

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Graffiti found on the wall of the Moscow White House facing the American Embassy after the August 1991 coup attempt in Moscow. The translation reads “Thank you Voice of America tor the correct information.” TORN

BY WALTER R. ROBERTS AND HAROLD E. ENGLE

uring the last presi¬ period to rule by coercion and repres¬ of smaller states and downtrodden D dential election cam¬ sion, had to maintain a very strict mo¬ masses—so essential to its position in paign the Republi¬ nopoly of information. It had to control the world—would be damaged if po¬ cans claimed that the what its citizens could learn and express tential converts and client states were to Reagan and Bush ad¬ about its conduct, about conditions at become aware of the shortcomings and ministrations had won the Cold War home, and about developments abroad. vulnerabilities of the Soviet model. through their military buildup and hard By the same token, to control the Founded by Lenin and perfected by political and economic stance against economy, it had to centralize all deci¬ Stalin, with his sweeping purges and the Soviet Union. The Democrats re¬ sion-making and treat as state secrets sprawling labor camps, this monopoly plied by giving credit to the long-term virtually all information on which the became increasingly difficult to main¬ bipartisan policies initiated by Hany decisions were based and could be tain as the patriotic aura of Soviet par¬ Truman with his firm stand against assessed. ticipation in World War II began to fade, Communist subversion in Greece and At stake were the regime’s image and and particularly after Khruschev de¬ Soviet pressure on Turkey as far back as power. At home, the Party-promulgated tailed the excesses of Stalin’s tyranny 1947. concept of the Soviet Union as a great and closed down the gulags. Eventu¬ Both these claims failed to address country under selfless and all-wise lead¬ ally, under the growing pressure of the the basic question: Since in any war, hot ership, struggling toward an ideal Com¬ information revolution, the effort to or cold, the end anives when one munist society amid encircling hostile retain the monopoly eventually ended adversary, for whatever reason, cannot forces, would be threatened if people in a double failure. continue the battle, what was it about were able to gamer information to the As information from the outside world the Soviet system that made its collapse contrary. Even greater would be the increasingly infiltrated the closed Soviet inevitable and complete? danger if, disillusioned, they were to society, the resulting credibility gap The impact of the global information organize underground political move¬ pushed the regime into a crisis of sup¬ revolution, which the Soviet regime was ments to reform or overthrow the re¬ port within its own body politic. By the able neither to repel nor wholly to gime. Abroad, tire appeal of the Com¬ 1980s, a post-Khruschev generation just embrace, has not been given adequate munist ideology to disaffected foreign coming into positions of influence in¬ credit in the debate. The Soviet regime, publics and tire reputation of the Soviet cluded many who were highly edu¬ having chosen in the pre-Cold War state as a powerful friend and protector cated, had traveled or lived abroad, but

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 r-fU m

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HOW THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION HELPED BRING DOWN THE SOVIET UNION who avoided Party responsibilities and heavy industry. But the highly central¬ By the mid-1980s, managers had were essentially apolitical in outlook. ized planning and control system that become discouraged—often having to The Party youth organization, Komsomol, had force-fed the industrialization drive resort to under-the-table deals and put¬ the traditional recruiting ground for acted as a damper on further change. Its ting out unworkable products to meet future leaders, was having difficulty, directives favored heavy industry over quotas. Workers succumbed to apathy, despite changing its programs to feature consumer products. They measured indifference, stealing from the com¬ proscribed forms of Western music and success by gross quantity rather than pany, and expressing contempt for hard films, in attracting the best of the new usefulness or appropriateness of the work and envy of those who earned generation into its ranks. Among the goods produced. They neglected qual¬ good wages. The now-familiar street general population, cynicism and skep¬ ity and environmental controls. They joke summed it up: “We pretend to ticism about the regime's actions and penalized the search for better tech¬ work, and they pretend to pay us.” claims and distrust of the official media nologies and methods and for new Finished goods were notoriously shoddy. (“There’s no truth in Pravdaltruth) and no products to meet changing needs. A By one report, only 8 percent of Soviet news in Izvestia (news)”) were typical. 1986 report cited the case of a mill machine tools could compete on the producing metal piping that had in¬ world market. Pretending to work troduced a cheaper, thin-rolled pipe By Gorbachev’s time, the Soviet fail¬ On the other hand, the hidebound equal in strength but half the weight ure to overcome the twin crises of and deteriorating Soviet economy was of the heavy pipes then in use. Its support and performance challenged neither equipped for nor permitted to adoption throughout the industry the regime’s veiy ability to govern. benefit from the great changes in would have saved the country a good Despite Gorbachev’s belated but valiant business organization, production, and deal monetarily and in valuable raw efforts, the result was, as Kennan rightly marketing made possible in the West materials. Lower costs, however, observed, an internal collapse. Yet the by computerization, miniaturization, would have meant a lower aggregate pressures leading to the collapse were and world-circling communications value of output for the plant—and driven by the disparity between forces links. The consequence was a crisis in presumably for projects using the new at work in the world outside (forces performance. Under Stalin, the coun¬ pipe—which would have made them larger than the policies of any single try had made great strides at great cost appear unsuccessful by the Soviet government) and the self-defeating re¬ in industrialization, particularly in yardstick. sponses of the Soviet system.

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 Communication spiral of jamming by adjusting frequencies, distorted picture of the West and the After World War II, the communica¬ times of day, and antennas. News gath¬ glamorized version of their own society tion forces that had previously allowed ered by listening to these broadcasts fostered by the Soviet media. Dissident both the United States and Russia to would then be passed along to trusted Soviet writers, artists, and political activ¬ consolidate continent-wide rule (the friends and family by the most elemen¬ ists—originally limited to painfully small telegraph, telephone, teletype, and ra¬ tary of communication channels, word underground “editions” of their works dio) were augmented by new instal¬ of mouth. It was estimated that in the passed from hand to hand—learned ments: television, the computer, coaxial pre-Gorbachev era, one-fifth of the adult how to gain the attention of the Western and fiber-optic cables, and satellite links. population in the Soviet Union ained in media and thereby reach wider audi¬ Globally, these set off a dynamic spiral to Western radio broadcasts at least ences, both abroad (giving them some of further communication development once a week. The proportion was un¬ protection from persecution at home) that would, over time, make counter¬ doubtedly higher among intellectuals and in their own country (through play¬ productive the Soviet attempt to main¬ and professionals. The dissident back of their works from outside). tain a monopoly of information. Aleksandr Ginsberg, a vocal critic of Thus, by the time Gorbachev be¬ During World War II, the Western VOA, when asked in 1978 how many came general secretary of the Soviet allies had begun shortwave radio broad¬ people he thought listened to VOA in the Communist Party in 1985, the erosion of casts in local languages to enemy and USSR, unhesitatingly replied. "I don't know the regime’s monopoly of information occupied territories. After the war, they anyone who does not listen to VOA.” had become so pervasive that it could not only continued these broadcasts When audiotape recorders became no longer lie ignored. There was a but, as the Cold War began, extended available in the Soviet Union, ordinary discrepancy between the “propaganda them to include the Soviet Union. In citizens could record foreign broadcasts of success” promulgated by the state- these broadcasts, the perspectives on for replay to friends and associates. The controlled media, and the bleaker real¬ the news were sharply at variance with advent of the videotape recorder further ity known to Soviet citizens from their those of the controlled Soviet media. opened the breach in the Soviet mo¬ own lives and from contrasting expo¬ The differences intensified when, in the nopoly of infonnation. Persons living sure to Western sources of information. early 1950s, the United States estab¬ near the Soviet border could record TV As Gorbachev acknowledged in his lished Radio Liberty' to broadcast to the programs from neighboring countries, 1987 book, Perestroika: Soviet Union, at first covertly and later including not only news but films banned under open auspices, with news and in the Soviet Union, which could get The presentation of a “probleni- views on Soviet internal affairs. broader circulation through the Soviet free” society backfired: a breach Throughout the Cold War the Soviet black market. bad formed between word and regime took drastic steps to counteract Perhaps the greatest challenge to the deed, which bred public passivity the impact of all these broadcasts. For a Soviet monopoly of infonnation, given and disbelief in the slogans being time it attempted to punish citizens these openings, lay in the mere exist¬ proclaimed. It was only natural simply for listening, relying on neigh¬ ence of democratic societies in the that this situation resulted in a borhood watch committees to finger West, as conveyed to Soviet groups credibility gap. suspects. Later the punishment was through a thickening web of communi¬ directed at those found spreading infor¬ cation channels. Not only did the ideas, Implicit in Gorbachev’s unprec¬ mation gleaned from such broadcasts. the music, the cultural activities, and edented candor in recognizing this gap The main concentration, however, was aspects of daily life of these countries was a realization that the regime could on technical means to interfere with become known through Western radio no longer sustain public support or Western broadcasts through jamming. and television programs and tourist even coerced acquiescence by revert¬ At great cost, the Soviets erected whole incursions, but a growing number of ing to the repressive and terrorist poli¬ networks of transmitters, particularly Soviet citizens were able to travel abroad cies of the past. In fact, in a remarkable around major cities, to send out elec¬ as members of trade, scientific, or tech¬ speech before the Gen¬ tronic “noise” to overpower local pro¬ nical delegations or as participants in eral Assembly in December 1988, grams at the precise times and on the official exchange visits with their coun¬ Gorbachev admitted that, due to the precise frequencies assigned to foreign terparts from the West. Exchange pro¬ information revolution, "the preserva¬ broadcasters. grams have proven invaluable, because tion of any kind of closed society is Strenuous though these measures the impressions and knowledge an ex¬ hardly possible.” were, they did not fully prevent listen¬ change visitor brings back cannot be His answer to this crisis of support ing to VOA, BBC, or oilier Western intercepted at the border. was to draw upon the very forces un¬ stations. People would go into the coun¬ leashed by the information revolution. tryside to find better reception. Even in Reality check His policy of glasnost(openness), while the cities, some pockets existed where Within the Soviet population, these falling short of unrestricted freedom of jamming was less effective and listening citizens formed a growing pool of knowl¬ assembly and the press, sought to elicit was tolerable. Western broadcasters, edgeable persons who were immu¬ public support through open press re¬ too, could marginally lessen the efficacy nized in whole or in part against the porting and discussion of problems in

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 government and the to say computer moni¬ economy, and through toring, more difficult— inviting participation in as the U.S. National public meetings and in Security Agency, faced letters to the authorities. with a loss in its own “It is essential,” he insisted, ability to eavesdrop, “to learn to adjust policy recently acknowl¬ in keeping with the way it edged. It was reported is received by the masses, to oppose, on these and to ensure feedback, ab¬ grounds, an AT&T joint sorbing the ideas, opinions venture with Ukraine, and advice coming from which was to provide a the people.” fiber optic-system and This policy led, of direct international course, to dramatic dis¬ phone connections closures in the Soviet me¬ without going through dia about shortcomings Moscow. and scandals at all levels In other ways, too, of the regime, going back regime efforts to main¬ Listeners gather around the radio to hear an early Voice of America broadcast. to the Stalinist period. But tain a monopoly of in¬ the greater honesty of the formation thwarted at¬ Soviet media in reporting and the open¬ grams. But the Soviet computer indus¬ tempts to close what Gorbachev called ness in discussion, while increasing try, while following closely develop¬ “the gap in the efficiency of production, credibility (and thus enhancing support ments in the U.S. and elsewhere, failed quality of products, scientific and tech¬ for reform), could not alone establish to match the pervasiveness and speed nological development, the production legitimacy or resolve the crisis of perfor¬ of experimentation and innovation in of advanced technology and the use of mance. this field found in America. advanced techniques.” For example, For one thing, in an area where it is the Soviets mounted an extensive cam¬ Crisis of performance crucial, the industry was plagued by paign to obtain from other countries as To overcome the second crisis, per¬ problems of quality control in manufac¬ much as possible of the scientific and formance, Gorbachev sought to pro¬ ture. The centralized planning system technical infomiation available in the mote innovation and modernization in also hindered the adoption and produc¬ public domain, through buying up sci¬ the Soviet economy and society through tion of new and more powerful prod¬ entific journals and scholarly papers. his policy of perestroika (restructuring). ucts. More importantly, the widespread But their acquisition achievements were In this field, however, the ubiquitous introduction of computers in the diminished by their shortcomings in the barriers put up to maintain the mo¬ economy would have brought a direct utilization of such infomiation. Censor¬ nopoly of information proved more threat to the regime’s monopoly of ship—imposed on even the most ab¬ recalcitrant and Gorbachev himself less information. In a society where copying struse scientific documents—meant decisive and determined in defining machines had to be kept under lock and delays. A trickle-down distribution sys¬ and carrying out his policy. In a litany of key, the hardliners feared that comput¬ tem meant that important infomiation shortfalls in the Soviet economy in a ers would offer infinitely greater possi¬ got sidetracked or delayed at upper land of abundance, he noted that “our bilities for creating and disseminating echelons before reaching the working rockets can find Halley’s comet and fly unauthorized and subversive docu¬ level, where it would be most useful. to Venus with amazing accuracy, but ments. Nor could the data on economic The universal penchant for secrecy and side by side with those scientific and performance amassed in the state plan¬ turf jealousies hampered the sharing of technological triumphs is an obvious ning system have been as easily doc¬ information and work plans among lack of efficiency in using scientific tored and as diligently kept from public interested agencies and institutes, lead¬ achievements for economic needs, and scrutiny if it had been maintained through ing to delays or duplication of efforts. many Soviet household appliances are far-flung computer networks. Lack of communication between scien¬ of poor quality. ” Underlying this “lack of The Soviet economy also lacked high- tific institutes and industrial enterprises efficiency” were Soviet weaknesses in capacity long-distance and local lines was a further drag on economic progress. those sectors at the heart of the informa¬ capable of canying high-volume tele¬ The institutes tended to pursue theoreti¬ tion revolution: computers and com¬ phone traffic and advanced computer cal subjects, sometimes brilliantly; the puter-friendly transmission lines. circuits. Such links would have contrib¬ manufacturers were generally not noted The Soviets had, of course, devel¬ uted greatly to the productivity of the for interest in indigenous applied re¬ oped mainframe computers adequate economy. But again, had they been search, as opposed to importing already to their basic needs in such areas as given high priority, they would have developed technologies from the West. nuclear missile and space rocket pro¬ made Soviet telephone surveillance, not Gorbachev made strenuous efforts

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 to correct some of these deficiencies. As ers and telecommunications but in the each office, shop, neighborhood, or soon as it became possible to import more old-fashioned forms of communica¬ association allowed further word-of- personal computers from abroad, he tion so important in the Cold War years. mouth dissemination at each level. Of instituted a program of placing PCs and The introduction of up-to-date com¬ course, no phone banks were needed teaching computer literacy in the Soviet puters and other information technolo¬ to receive incoming calls from the pub¬ school system. He also proposed to gies w ill no doubt proceed apace and lic. In a free society, however, particu¬ upgrade investment in high-tech long¬ may grow exponentially with the injec¬ larly over so vast a territory, individual distance communication lines within tion of outside capital and knowhow. citizens need to be able to link up with and between major cities, but the con¬ Successor states will need to provide a relatives and other like-minded persons tinued degradation of the Soviet favorable investment climate for the by direct voice contact. Donor govern¬ economy and the breakup of the Soviet introduction of such technologies and ments will need to monitor and assist Union left these plans unfulfilled. make sure thay are also available to where possible the efforts of their pri¬ In effect, Gorbachev, instead of try¬ schools and institutes. A major challenge to vate firms to participate in the upgrad¬ ing to combat the inroads of the infor¬ outside donors will lx to modify where ing of these telephone systems. mation revolution, welcomed them and necessary the COCOM policy of restrict¬ In addition, the new Commonwealth sought to use them to reform Soviet ing high-technology trade. They will states will not fully enter the information society. Through the outpouring of views need to avoid the Catch-22 dilemma that age until their internal systems are them¬ inspired by glasnost he had hoped to so often arises in these cases, whereby an selves interconnected and linked to the mobilize public support, and particu¬ item or program essential for attaining outside world, not only by phone but by larly the support of the intellectuals and the goal is promised but then withheld computer and other digital transmission bureaucrats for the reforms called for in until such time as the goal has been circuits. When this happens, a scientist his policy of perestroika. But, as politi¬ reached. By then, it will be too late. in Novosibirsk will lie able to confer with cians in other countries have also dis¬ Easy to overlook in this transforma¬ or send data to colleagues in Cambridge or covered from time to time, public sup¬ tion effort will be the importance of Princeton; an automobile manufacturer in port is not the same thing as public setting up some form of communication St. Petersburg will lie able to work with a demand for specific reforms. Those in centers countrywide offering copying, parts supplier in Kiev on a computer-aided the party-state machine who had been faxing, word processing, and desktop design project. This also is a long-run goal making the allocations, dispensing the publishing to private individuals or aid donors will need to encourage as far as favors, and enjoying the perks in the groups. Dr. James Billington, who, as possible. It is heartening that Ukraine, past preferred to continue doing so, librarian of Congress, was in Moscow at among others, has been dealing with responding only grudgingly and spar¬ the time of the failed coup in August Western firms to instill the necessary fiber ingly to Gorbachev’s exhortations for 199U paid tribute to the essential contri¬ optic and electronic switching equip¬ new thinking and for measures to sal¬ bution of fax, E-mail, and copying ma¬ ment needed for this purpose. vage the system. Their offices were, chines in linking the leaders holed up in In the meantime, the Western pow¬ after all, not in a political structure that Yeltsin’s White House with the citizen ers should continue to supply the suc¬ required them to respond to the needs supporters manning the barricades with¬ cessor states with information about the for reform or be voted out of office by out. The need for more such facilities outside world, including their concern the public they were supposed to serve. became apparent in the campaign lead¬ and efforts to assist the post-Soviet Gorbachev, for his part, perhaps out of ing to the April 25 referendum this year. world through their radio and television loyalty, among other things, to the one- If more widely available, such technolo¬ services such as the VOA and BBC, and party system in which he grew up, could gies could play a very important role in their multi-faceted press, publications, IK it bring himself to undertake more drastic political and social development in these library, and exchange programs. measures of political reform. countries. In all of die alxive endeavors, it should More important in the longer run for lie remembered that in die long years of die Open lines both political and economic transfor¬ Cold War, die role of the information It is pointless to speculate, of course, mation would be the effort to achieve revolution was often too little appreciated. on what might have developed had universal telephone service—a goal It would lie regrettable if. in the pericxl of Gorbachev remained in power in a still written into law in the United States long transition and reconstruction ahead, it unified Soviet Union. But his sudden ago. In the Soviet command economy, should continue to be neglected. ■ departure made dear that the doors he this goal was of little importance. After had finally opened to the information the needs of the military were met, Walter R. Roberts and Harold E. Engle revolution had allowed only a bare priority for phone service went to gov¬ are retired Foreign Service officers beginning of a transformation to a stable ernment ministries and state organs of the U.S. Information Agency, where democratic society and a thriving (including enterprises) and to the Party Roberts last served as an associate economy. Outside powers interested in hierarchy. Word from the top could be director and Engle as the head of its continuing the transformation must keep sent by phone (assuming they were Office of Research. Roberts is also in mind the need to secure its communi¬ working) along the chain of command. the author of Tito, Mihailovic, and the cation underpinnings, not only in comput¬ The cellular organization of the party in Allies, 1941-1945.

44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 DIPLOMATS IN HISTORY: J O H IS S T E V E N S The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy BY RHODA HACKLER

In January 1993 the people of Hawaii marked the 100th anniversary of the they might have to assume charge of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, an act that led, within six years, to the government of the islands. They were annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States of America. aware that Minister John L. Stevens, and One hundred years later “the overthrow" is still a deeply emotional and painful Captain Gilbert C. Wiltse of the USS memory for the people of the Hawaiian Islands. Today, many Hawaiians contend Boston, then in Honolulu harbor, were that in 1893 their forebears were illegally deprived of their national independence. both avowed annexationists. They be¬ This political transformation was accomplished not in response to the will of the lieved these representatives of the United people hut to the wishes of a small group of influential businessmen in Honolulu, States government could be counted who were actively assisted by the U.S. minister to Hawaii. The question is whether upon to assist in overthrowing the queen U.S. Min ister Joh n L. Stevens acted illegally or simply precipitately, and establishing a republic, preferably in union with the United States of America. In June of 1889, John L. Stevens, a detennined to promulgate a new constitu¬ Republican politician, was 69 years old. tion once she was queen, one that would Opposites meet After a career as a journalist in his home allow her to mle rather than merely reign. January 15, a Sunday, was a day of state of Maine and On January 14, planning and meetings, during which nine years of diplo¬ 1893, the queen the queen’s opponents formed them¬ matic service as min¬ summoned her cabi- selves into a 13-man Committee of ister to Uruguay, net ministers to Safety. By the time January 16 dawned Paraguay, and Nor¬ ‘Iolani Palace to sign the two sides had come to diametrically way/Sweden, he was her new constitu¬ opposite conclusions. The queen had appointed minister tion. They refused. decided to back down, but the Commit¬ resident to Hawaii. According to tee of Safety was determined to replace He arrived in the is¬ Steven’s dispatch, the monarchy with a provisional gov¬ lands in September Lili’uokalani was “in ernment. Both sides appealed to Minis¬ 1889, and in the more an extreme passion ter Stevens for support and lor the landing than three years that of anger,” when, of marines and sailors from the USS Boston. preceded the events frustrated and hu¬ At 5 that evening 162 men were put of January 1893 he miliated after hours ashore from the American naval vessel had ample time to of fruitless debate for the announced purpose of “protec¬ familiarize himself with her ministers, tion of American interests.” with the political she was forced to On January 17, the committee of and economic situ¬ announce to her Safety officially proclaimed the abroga¬ John Stevens ation in the King¬ guests that she tion of the monarchy and the establish¬ dom of Hawaii. would not be able ment of a provisional government. Min¬ Queen Lili’uokalani succeeded her to sign a new constitution that day. She ister Stevens reports that “The Commit¬ brother, King Kalalaua, on the Hawai¬ promised the guests in the throne room tee of Public Safety forthwith took pos¬ ian throne in January 1891. She had of the palace and the crowd gathered on session of the Government buildings, served as regent during two trips the the grounds outside that she had not archives, and treasury, and installed the king made: around the world in 1881 given up on her determination to re¬ Provisional Government at the heads of the and his final visit in 1890-91 to Califor¬ write the 1887 constitution and that she respective departments. This toeing an nia, where he died. She was, therefore, intended to do so at some future date. accomplished fact, I promptly recognized fully aware of the limitations of the That statement was enough to alarm the Provisional Government as the defacto constitution imposed on her brother by the business community of Hawaii. The Government of die Hawaiian Islands.” the Refonn Party in 1887. Although she men who had successfully opposed In his statement Stevens is anticipat¬ felt compelled to take the oath of office King Kalakaua in the past realized that ing events, for the official records show under the 1887 Constitution, she was if they were to preserve their way of life that he recognized the provisional gov-

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 H S 1 o R eminent when it was in control of only action was taken. President Grover 1893, and to offer to endeavor to restore one government building and had no Cleveland was more cautious. He sent her to her throne. On instructions from authority over the treasury or the other former Congressman James H. Blount Washington, Willis asked the queen to government departments. The U.S. min¬ to the Hawaiian Is¬ grant full amnesty to ister was certainly precipitate in his lands to investigate. the men who had recognition of the provisional govern¬ Blount spent four overthrown her gov¬ ment and in his repoii to Washington months in the islands ernment and to as¬ blurred the timing of events in Hono¬ and returned with a sume all the obliga¬ lulu. detailed report. He tions undertaken by The queen’s advisers recognized the concluded that "The the provisional gov¬ questionable legality of Minister leaders of the revo¬ ernment. Stevens's actions and counseled her to lutionary movement President yield, not to the provisional govern¬ would not have un¬ Cleveland’s secre¬ ment, but to "the superior force of the dertaken it but for tary of state, Walter United States of America, whose minis¬ Mr. Stevens’s prom¬ Q. Gresham, ap- ter plenipotentiary, His Excellencyjohn ise to protect them I pears to have as- L. Stevens, has caused United States against any danger 1 sumed that once troops to be landed at Honolulu and from the Govern¬ | Willis had reached declared that he would support the said ment The Ameri¬ | such an agreement provisional government.” Furthermore, can minister and the 5 with the queen the the queen proclaimed that she yielded revolutionary leaders Queen Lili’uokalani provisional govern¬ her authority only "until such time as had determined on ment would restore the Government of the United States annexation to the United States, and the monarchy. In this Gresham was in shall, upon the facts being presented to had agreed on the part each was to act error. When Willis finally reached an it, undo the action of its representatives to the very end.” understanding with the queen, he pre¬ and reinstate me in the authority which On the basis of Blount’s report and sented it to the provisional government I claim as the constitutional sovereign of congressional opposition to annexing just as that body was infonned that their the Hawaiian Islands.” Hawaii, President Cleveland recalled treaty of annexation to the United States the treaty and sent a new minister, had been rejected. The provisional gov¬ Appealing to Washington Albeit S. Willis, to Hawaii to try to ernment met, deliberated, and subse¬ Both the provisional government redress the wrong he believed had been quently advised Willis that it “respect¬ and the queen then sent emissaries to done to the queen. Willis was instmcted fully and unhesitatingly declines to en¬ Washington. President Benjamin to express to the queen the regret of the tertain the proposition of the President Harrison immediately submitted a treaty U.S. government at tire conduct of Min¬ of the United States that it should surren¬ of annexation to the Senate but, as he ister Stevens and the landing of Ameri¬ der its authority to the ex-queen.” The was in the waning days of his tenure, no can sailors and marines in January of inference was that the new government preferred to live through the next few years of the current administration in CJ Washington, confident that a future one would grant annexation to the islands. The next move was up to President Cleveland. It was clear to his advisers that, faced with the intransigent attitude of the provisional government, the United States would have to resort to force to restore the queen to her throne. Even to rectify what he concluded were provocative and unjust actions on the part of a former minister, the president was unwilling to countenance the use | of the military against men he consid¬ ered to be Americans, even though admittedly some were Hawaiian-born | or naturalized citizens of the islands. Annexation commissioners: The provisional government chose a contingent of prominent men to In February 1894, the Committee on represent their interests to the president of the United States. Their task was to secure annexation Foreign Relations submitted a report of for Hawaii. its own investigation into events in

46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 Hawaii. Congressman Blount, who had questioned witnesses in the islands, made a strong case for the queen and against Minister Stevens; the committee’s Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster investigation (written by Senator John T. Morgan) depended on witnesses United States Legation,Honolulu, January 18,1893. who appeared in Washington or made (Received February 3) depositions to the committee, which resulted in an effective case for the Sir: tion. The prorogation completed, mem¬ provisional government and Minister In my [despatch] of November 8 I bers of the legislature, diplomatic corps, Stevens and against the queen. gave full information of the surrender of judges of the supreme court, and other There the matter rested for the time the Queen to the wishes of the legislature officials went to the palace by invitation. being. The question of whether Minis¬ by the formation of a ministry composed In the meantime it began to be known in ter Stevens acted illegally or not was of men of intelligence and wealth pos¬ public circles the Queen’s intention to quietly set aside by the U.S. government sessing the entire confidence of the busi¬ proclaim the revolutionary constitution. and any effort by the Cleveland admin¬ ness men and the more responsible citi¬ This resulted in raising an excitement istration to restore the queen to the zens of the country. But this surrender of which alarmed her confidants and Hawaiian throne was dropped. Fur- the Queen and of those surrounding her caused some of them to draw back thermore, on August 7,1894, the United was only seeming. As soon as the princi¬ As I had just returned, weary from my States went ahead and officially recog¬ pal appropriations had been voted and voyage, I had not received the invitation. nized the Republic of Hawaii. Six years the legislative work was nearly con¬ ... In the short meanwhile I had later, under President William McKinley, cluded, several of the best members hav¬ suspicioned the trick. Finally, the Queen Hawaii entered the Union as an incor¬ ing already left for their homes, a remark¬ appeared in the throne room, before the porated territory. ■ able conspiracy was revealed supreme judges and other officials, in an Returning on the Boston from our Hilo extreme passion of anger, and avowed Rhodei E.A. Hackler, a historian of trip on the 14th instant, we found the leg¬ her purpose to postpone her revolution¬ Hawaii and the Pacific, is the wife of islature was to be prorogued at 12 a.m., ary constitution for a brief period, and a retired Foreign Service officer and one-half hour after my arrival at the lega¬ then went upon the balcony and spoke ► lives in Hawaii. American Supply The best just got better.

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JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 with great passion ... her determination riot. It was fortunate that the Boston was session of the Government buildings, ar¬ to proclaim her constitution at another in the harbor. The committee on public chives, and treasury and installed the Pro¬ time. safety called on me for aid. I promptly ad¬ visional Government at the heads of the A mass meeting of the citizens was dressed to the commander of the Boston, respective departments. This being an ac¬ called to meet on Monday, the 16th, at 2 Capt. G. S. Wiltse. the following note: complished fact. I promptly recognized p.m., which assembled in the largest hall Sir: In view of the existing critical cir¬ the Provisional Government as the de in the city. Short as was the notice, over cumstances in Honolulu, including an in¬ facto government of the Hawaiian Islands. 1,300 of the principal citizens of Honolulu adequate legal force, I request you to land The English minister, the Portuguese and from other islands, who happened to marines and sailors from the ship under charge d'affaires, the French and the be in the city, were in attendance It is your command for the protection of the Japanese commissioners promptly did said such an assemblage was never be¬ United States legation and United States the same; these, with myself, being the fore equaled in Honolulu. Intelligent consulate, and to secure the safety of only members of the diplomatic corps re¬ American visitors here say that such a American life and property. siding here. public meeting would do credit to a meet¬ Promptly the men from the Boston All is quiet here now. Without the sac¬ ing of a similar class of citizens in our were landed. Detachments were placed rifice of a single life this change of gov¬ best American cities. around the legation and the consulate ... ernment has been accomplished. Lan¬ The assemblage was a unit in feeling the public anxiety being especially strong guage can hardly express the enthusiasm and purpose. The speeches and resolu¬ as to what might be done by irrespon¬ and the profound feeling of relief at this tions are on the printed slips I herewith sible persons in the night, the landing of peaceful and salutary change of govern¬ inclose. This remarkable uprising of the the men of the Boston so promptly gave ment. The underlying cause of this pro¬ best citizens, including nearly all of the immediate relief to the public anxiety. found feeling among the citizens is the chief property holders, the Tahitian mar¬ As soon as practicable a Provisional hope that the United States Government shal and palace favorite did not dare at¬ Government was constituted, composed will allow these islands to pass to Ameri¬ tempt to suppress. A committee of public of four highly respectable men, with can control and become American soil.... safety was at once created to meet the Judge Dole at the head The commit¬ I am, sir, emergency and to prevent anarchy and tee of public safety forthwith took pos¬ John L. Stevens

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“gradualists” whom he saw as running States. He thought that this effort suc¬ Dark Side of the U.S. policy. The American decision to ceeded despite the DRV’s economic confine the ground war to the South and military weakness. He compared Moon meant, to him, the renunciation by the the war to a game of chess that “will be TWICE AROUND THE WORID United States of America of its only over in two minutes, but might, with a other means of retaliation against the stubborn or less intelligent opponent, SOME MEMOIRS OF DIPLOMATIC IIFF, IN Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) drag on for hours without changing the NOR TH VIETNAM AND OUTER without having received reciprocal and final decision.” MONGOLIA verifiable concessions from its enemy. Colvin concludes that the American By John Colvin, Leo Cooper, 1991, 15.95 He knew that the DRV decision in effort in Vietnam held the line long pounds sterling, hardcover 1959 to go for infiltration of the South enough to permit the secure establish¬ and armed struggle there was taken not ment of a democratic “market economy” Reviewed by Thomas Corcoran in the South by the National Liberation outside Indochina itself. He sees the John Colvin spent the years 1966-67 Front (NLF) but in by the Central continued freedom of the ASEAN pow¬ in Hanoi as British consul general for Committee of the Lao Dong (Commu¬ ers of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, the area north of the 1954 demilitarized nist) Party. The Lao Dong Party had the Philippines, and Thailand and the zone. He recounts that he was accred¬ already embarked on a campaign of prosperity and independence of Japan, ited to no one and recognized by no assassination against effective southern South Korea, and Taiwan as all spring¬ one. The North Vietnamese authorities leaders but had not before this 1959 ing from the United States' resistance to dealt with him through the Administra¬ decision begun large-scale infiltration. tyranny in Vietnam. He describes these tive Committee of Hanoi, whose mem¬ As Colvin saw it, the gradualists were countries as living monuments to the bers addressed him not by his title but to blame for using tactics that violated American dead in Vietnam and to all by his name and address. the principles of “mass and surprise.” those in the LTnited States Armed Forces He had first seen Vietnam in 1945 Instead, they forced air power into an whose presence in that country gave when he took part in the liberation of extended and inconclusive war of attri¬ the rest of Asia time to grow unharassed French Indochina from the Japanese. tion, which led to increased Vietnamese and at peace. Twenty-one years later, when the For¬ civilian casualties. Historians and memoirists have eign Office invited him to become con¬ He gives an interesting analysis of puzzled over Vietnam, like David sul general in Hanoi, nostalgia led him the bombing of North Vietnam begin¬ Copperfield’s friend Mr. Dick fretting to accept within 2-t hours. He also had ning in April 1967 as seen from his fussily over King Charles’s head. It is the idea that “Hanoi was a point of vantage point in Hanoi. He had long good therefore to have access to a adventure, even of history... and not to believed that there was nothing the competent observer’s view of inside be rejected in favor of continued occu¬ North Vietnamese people could not be Hanoi 1966-67, at a time when the re¬ pancy of a Chelsea apartment and an asked to do and that "the DRV would entry of the United States into some sort economic desk in the Foreign Office.” pursue the conflict even if they had, like of relationship with Vietnam is receiv¬ Colvin was resourceful, energetic and Samson, to pull the pillars down on ing increasing public attention. It would generally very patient. His observations themselves and on all of us.” But in also be a good idea to remember that and analyses are of unusual interest. As 1967, his views began to change, and he whatever happens in that area will he points out in his opening: became convinced that the country’s depend not on American good will or on “Since no Americans, other than pris¬ endurance had reached its limit. He foreign oil prospecting but on the capacity oners of war in camps outside the cities, decided that, failing Soviet intervention of the Vietnamese regime to keep function¬ lived in North Vietnam during those and supply, the DRV was no longer ing in tire post-Soviet world. years. I have tried to present a picture of capable of fighting a drawn-out war of The second part of Colvin’s book the enemy citadel, the dark side of the the sort envisaged by General Giap deals with the People's Republic of moon, unknown to any Westerners during the French war. Mongolia, a quite different story7 from other than the few diplomats also resi¬ Colvin reports that, in the fall or the North Vietnamese one. dent there: the story of those days and winter of 1966-67, a delegation from the In 1971, fouryears after leaving Hanoi, the conclusions to be drawn, may pro¬ Communist government of Czechoslo¬ John Colvin, now accredited as British vide a missing piece or two in the jigsaw vakia arrived in Hanoi to advise the ambassador to the Mongolian People’s of the Indo-China War.” North Vietnamese on carrying the pro¬ Republic, accompanied by a wife, two Colvin had a low opinion of the paganda war to the continental United children, and an elderly nanny, arrived

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52 . FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 R E A L E S T A T E My On Diplomat Experience... ^ Returning „ Linda Wilson Hurley, GR1 Office (202)966-1000 To Washington? Properties Residence (202)363-933 t House Hunting doesn’t have to be a Hassle! Work with Anne Gomez Fax *(202)363-9807 ■ 15 YEARS EXPERIENCE ■ KNOWLEDGE OF THE REAL ESTATE MARKET inda, a former Foreign Service spouse for 16 years, has first-hand knowledge about Foreign ■ KNOWLEDGE OF YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS Service relocations. She is a member of the President's ■ MULTIPLE LISTING Circle, WDCAR Top Producers and Multi-Million ■ BUYER BROKER OPTION Dollar Sales Club and the MCAR Million Dollar Write or FAX Anne Gomez for a Free Welcome Kit. Sales Club; she is listed in “100 of the Best Real Diplomat Properties also Specializes in Personalized Estate Agents in Washington, D.C. and Maryland. ” Property Management. Linda is an Associate Broker, a Graduate of the Owned and Operated by a Former Foreign Service Family REALTOR® Institute and is also licensed in Virginia. Please call or write Linda for information. DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES, INC. 3900 N. Fairfax Drive, #204 The Prudential Arlington, VA 22203 Preferred Properties (Near Virginia Square Metro) Anne Gomez. Broker Rock Solid in Real Estate!SM m 4530 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. ▲ Washington, DC 20016 (703) 522-5900 FAX (703) 525-4713 •A* An Extependanly Owned and Operacd Member ol The PrutenMf Real EsOBAMaiM Inc mats

For The Lowest Rates In A Fraction Of The Time . . . .

■ Fixed Rates/ARMs ■ Conforming/Jumbo Loans ■ Wide Assortment of Products PROVIDING THE FINEST TEMPORARY LIVING ■ New Purchases/Refinancing ■ Sensitive to Foreign Service Needs QUARTERS FOR THE DISCERNING TRAVELER OF THIRTY DAYS OR LONGER LET WALL STREET MORTGAGE *' Convenient locations in DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland Do The Legwork. including Annapolis. Because we work with numerous '*>' Portfolio of studio, one, two and lenders, we can tailor a loan package to three bedroom Homes, Condos, Apartments, and Town Houses. MEET YOUR SPECIFIC NEEDS. H Completely furnished and Sri VE TIME AND ELIMINA TE THE FR USTRA TION accessorized. OF UNANSWERED PHONE CALLS '« Ideal for State Department and Free Consultation Foreign Service personnel relocating And Pre-Qualification or on a temporary assignment. 301-593-9675 202-597-9019 WALL STREET MORTGAGE CORPORATION 800/776.5057 or 703/506.3993 phone 10000 FALLS ROAD 703/506.3997/;,v POTOMAC, MD. 20854

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 53 R E A L E S T A _ T E SIMPLY THE BEST!

Whether your’re relocating from overseas or purchasing or selling while PCS, you need the best in service, experience and expertise. Call me for free information, to request a semi¬ nar at your embassy, or to discuss a career in real estate. zz.mrz I can make it easy for you, as I have for many of Property Specialists, Inc. your associates! A professional and personal service tailored to meet your needs in: •11 years experience in real estate in • Property Management Northern Virginia • Sales and Rentals • 6 years experience giving real estate • Multiple Listings seminars at U.S. embassies abroad • Real Estate Investment Counseling •NVAR Million Dollar Sales Club Our staff includes: • Manager, Springfield/Burke office •Spouse of former Foreign Service Gerry Addison Robert Howd Bill Struck officer Donna Courtney Donna Linton Robert Thomas Joann Howd Fran Palmeri Springfickl/Burkc Office BOBBEE CARDIUO 9314 D Old Keene Mill Road MANAGING BROKER All presently or formerly associated Burkes, VA 22015 with the Foreign Service. (703) 451-2500 (O) 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703) 978-5330 (H) (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

Marie Excellent Personalized Property Management McCormack CRS.GRI PROFESSIONAL SERVICE Associate Broker Life Member MCAR Coming Home? Let Me Help You! Multi-Million in Professional Service to find that “just right” home Listings 8f Sales you’re looking for in Northern Virginia! r. (301) 897-8678 o. (202) 364-1700 Carolyn Mooney Marie's professional skill, thorough knowledge of 13 Years residential real estate, and natural enthusiasm have Real Estate Top Producer resulted in a wide audience of satisfied clients and Spouse of former customers. Among these buyers and sellers are many relocating State Department people, who can attest to Foreign Service Officer Marie's expertise. If you have real estate questions, go straight to the expert for advice. Call Marie today! Write for my Real Estate Information Package! Carolyn Mooney c/o McEnearney Associates, Inc. 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101 703/790-9090 or Fax 703/734-9460 Name: EVERS & Ca Address: 4400 Jenifer Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20015 (202)364-1700

54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 MAR K E T P LACE MCG Residential FINANCIAL Management HOTEL surras PLANNING 420 NORTH VAN DORN STREET ALEXANDRIA, VIRIGINIA 22304 Former State Department Realty, Inc. (703) 370-1000 (800)368-3339 Employee Stationed Overseas (703) 751-1467 FAX Understands Unique Financial Situation of Foreign Service RENT OUR Services Include: $92.95 SUITE AND Retirement Planning GET FREE: Tax Preparation and Strategies PO BOX 7716 ARLINGTON, VA Analysis: Insurance and 22207 PHONE (703) 528-6635 Investments Ceasing and 'Property 'Management Specialist Lump Sum Retirement Options in 9{prtnem Virginia * Alamo Rental Car * MONTLY INCOME / EXPENSE * Happy Hour MARY CORNELIA GINN STATEMENTS * Continental Breakfast 4550 Montgomery Avenue * MULTIPLE LISTING SERVICE * USA TODAY Newspaper Suite 442N * MAINTENANCE & REPAIRS * Fully Equipped Kitchens Bethesda, Maryland 20814 * TENANT CREDIT CHECKS (301) 961-8500 * Excercise Room/Pool Fax: (703) 938-2278 * PROPERTY INSPECTIONS * MORTAGAGE ALL OF THE ABOVE FOR LESS THAN Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis Current State 'Department 'References On THE GSA LODGING PER DIEM Securities, Inc. DAILY ALLOWANCE FOR WDC! Member NASD &SIPC 'Request REAL ESTATE

Property Management, Leasing, and Sales Stuart and Maury, Inc. Realtors

• Hands on management since 1956! • We're not huge, we're selective, we care! • Personalized guidance! • 1031 Tax deferred exchange specialists! • Monthly computerized statements!

Stuart & Maury, Inc. Realtors is pleased to announce that TED ARTHUR, US1A Foreign Service Officer, Retired, has joined our property management department! Ted, an experienced residential property manager for almost 20 years, will be co-manager with SUSAN BADER, who has anchored our department for over a decade!

Why not put the experience, reliability, honesty, and integrity of these two fine professionals to work for you! With al¬ most 30 combined years managing the homes of Foreign Service Officers, they understand your special needs and re¬ quirements. Serving Upper Northwest DC and close-in Montgomery County Call Susan or Ted for more information!

Office: 301-654-3200 Fax: 301-656-6182

4833 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 200 Bethesda, Maryland 20814

Excellent Foreign Service Officer references upon request.

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 55 M A R K E T P L A C E

WALK TO STATE VOLVO Short Term Rentals Factory-Set Discounts The following s To Diplomats Posted schools offer Remington Condominium Stateside and Abroad educational 24th & G Streets NW U.S., U.K., European, or opportunities c Overseas Specs children of Fully furnished and accessorized T_T with balconies. Overseas and Domestic Foreign Service ri Included in each unit are: Deliveries Officers: Weekly housekeeping services, washer and dry er, full kitchen, JERRY GRIFFIN Grier p.54 o free phone and cable T.V. DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST Blue Ridge p. 55 IV2 blocks to 12 YEARS EXPERIENCE the Foggy Botton Metro Leysin p. 55 o Pennington p. 55 Low rates and no deposits for 1231 W. Broad Street Foreign Service Personnel Falls Church, VA 22046 Christ Church p.56 small pets accepted Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area Calvert p. 56 L (703) 237-5020 601 24th Street NW, #106 Westtown p. 56 Washington, D.C. 20037 Fax: (703) 237-5028 c Tasis p. 57 o (202) 466-7367 Fax (202) 659-8520 JbDon Beyer Volvo

RETURNING If you’re coming back to the United States on Home Leave or Rotation TO FOGGY Tour to Washington this summer be BOTTOM sure to find out about. .. FOR A NEW ASSIGNMENT, BRIEFING, OR • Immediate shipment THE worldwide • Credit cards TRAINING? or check • Ask about our FLORIDA Prove to the new administration overnight gift delivery you understand fiscal responsibility. nationwide • Free monthly ADVANTAGE U.S. Gov't, per diem rates honored new title forecast • Mail at this newly renovated, small, orders welcome • Open 24 all-suite hotel. hours every day • Write or ... if you’re phone for free holiday gift not and you would like more infor¬ catalog mation on the advantage of Florida 1-800-255-2665 living, contact: In CT or Worldwide Georastown (203)966-5470 Clifford Belcher Dutch Inn ERA Key 1 Realty, Inc. 8015 South Suncoast Blvd. 800-388-2410 59 Elm Street Homasassa, FL 34446 1075 St., NW New Canaan, Washington, DC 20C07 CT 06840 FAX: (202) 333-6526 Telephone: 904/382-1700 (O) 904/382-5139 (R) FAX: 904/382-5580

56 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 SCHOOLS

THE ONLY A boarding Tfte Grier ScftooC school CALL YOU NEED for girls TO MAKE! A supportive faculty and family environment contribute in grades 7-12 to the success of the educational experience at Grier. A two-track academic program combines with strong arts and athletic programs to ensure that girls enjoy a -s well-rounded and productive secondary school experience. ExecuStay, Inc. One of Grier School’s most attractive qualities for Foreign Service families is the fact that our students are 1-800-735-7829 100% boarding. As a result, the vdbr W school offers a very rich variety of 301-251-2771 activities on weekends. In addition, the K school provides transportation to and The Experts In Furnished from airports at holiday time and Short & Long-term Housing organizes school sponsored trips during the Thanksgiving and spring breaks for students who are unable to go home. Located near Penn State University, the Grier School is three hours away from Washington, DC by car and is also easily reached by airplane and Amtrak train. A $1500 tuition reduction is offered by the Grier School to children of Foreign i Service employees. J

For more information, please contact: Director of Admissions f The ExecuStay Advantage Grier School m ■ Hundreds of locations in the Tyrone, PA 16686 m r* city or suburbs, for thirty (814) 684-3000 Vigt days or longer. FAX (814) 684-2177 VS ■ Rates below per diem. ■ Flexible short and long-term leases. ■ One, two and three bedroom apartments. ■ Townhouses. ■ Private homes. ■ Fully furnished to meet your lifestyle. Westtown, Pennsylvania — Founded in 1799 ■ Quality housewares including linens, fully outfitted kitchens A QUAKER BOARDING SCHOOL OFFERING: and decorative accessories. ■ All expenses including utilit¬ ies, phone service and cable • small, academically challenging, coed classes television, on one bill. • a commitment to the boarding experience with ■ Maid service upon request. full week activities and adult supervision ■ Fitness centers at most locales. ■ Pets accepted at many locales. • a diverse community with students from 31 states and 23 countries ■ Washers and dryers. • a nurturing environment which emphasizes ■ Close to shopping and enter¬ tainment. individual achievement and community development ■ Many locations on public • outstanding facilities including a science center, transportation routes. arts center, fieldhouse, and 25-meter swimming pool ■ Concierge service at some locations. • a beautiful 600-acre campus in a safe, suburban ■ Major credit cards accepted. community, convenient to transportation and Most Importantly... major metropolitan areas ■ You make the decisions, we Visitors welcomed. provide the service. ■ We meet your budget. For mofe information, please contact: Sarah J. Goebel 932 Hungerford Drive Suite 12B Director of Admissions and Financial Aid Rockville, Maryland 20850 tel: 215-399-0123 fax: 215-399-3760

JUNE 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 57 s c H 0 0 L s

CHRISTCHURCH SCHOOL•VIRGINIA

Promoting selfesteem & academic confidence since 1921 • Episcopal College Preparatory THE SCHOOL • Grades 9 through 12, plus PG THAT COMES TO YOU • Average class size 12 students • Boys boarding, coed day • teach your child at home • Located on the Rappahannock River • complete curriculum K-8 just off the Chesapeake Bay • no experience necessary • Marine science & sailing programs • traditional education • Learning skills program • accredited, nonprofit • Advisory Teachers available • Faculty living on campus • all materials included • Meed & merit based financial assistance • French and music courses • Comprehensive athletic programs • send for free information • Summer school & camps

CALVERT SCHOOL Admissions Office (410)243-6030 fax 410-366-0674 Christchurch School Dept. F53 • 105 Tuscany Road Christchurch, VA 23031 Baltimore • Maryland *21210 800-296-2306 or 804-758-2306 rion-Discriminatory SCHOOLS

ThePenningtonSchool Discover Potential A college preparatory school with a 154-year tradition of excellence Blue Ridge School

Winter Summer Boys - Boarding Coed - Boarding Grades 9-12 Grades 7-12 September - May June 27 - August 7 1993 Uniquely located college preparatory school in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains; 18 miles from Charlottesville, Virginia and 90 miles from Washington, D,C. • Boarding/day • Coeducational Student Centered • Structured Environment • 8:1 student/faculty ratio Well-Supervised • Personal Attention • Center for Learning for talented Blue Ridge School, Admissions Office, Dyke, Virginia 22935 students with diagnosed learning disabilities 804-985-2811 FAX 804-985-7215 • Competitive athletic program Accredited by SACS and VAIS • AP/Honors courses ineverydiscipline Discover Success

LET EUROPE BE YOUR CAMPUS LEYSIN AMERICAN SCHOOL IN SWITZERLAND GRADES 9 THROUGH 12, PG YEAR SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM

The tradition continues with... Highly respected, private, coeducational, American International • Additionof6thGrade,Septemberl993 boarding school in the French Swiss Alps, near Lake . * full Summer Session featuring Successful American College Prep, Advanced Placement, and the one-of-a-kind course on SAT Prep/ College Application Essay Writing International Baccalaureate programs. SAT testing Center. Finest sports and recreation programs in all of Europe. Magnificent skiing “at Call 609-737-1838 for information our doorstep”. Full U.S. and European Accreditations. Stephen L. Bowers Headmaster L.A.S. Thomas F. Rouillard Diane P. Monteleone U.S. Director of Admissions Director of Admission Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 The Tel: 603.431.7654 Pennington School Fax: 603.431.1280

112 W. Delaware Ave. • Pennington, NJ 08534 i -y-\ ^ _^The Only American SchooIJn the Swiss Alps SHORT-TERM RENTALS 30 days — 6 months

^ APARTMENTS & TOWN HOMES Foreign Service Institute, Foggy Bottom and government offices a short Accidental Heroes METRORAIL ride away from the Foreign Service Journal, June 1943 Editors Column FREE SHUTTLE to nearby s a aile it is only when some Foreign Sendee than in our combined Huntington MetroRail A thing spectacular occurs—such armed forces. Station as John Davis’s remarkable Yet there are those who persist in evacuation of the American affecting to believe that the Foreign Ser¬ colony in Nanking while under formal vice is a foppish career, providing for its military attack, or Maynard Barnes’s de¬ members . . . exemption from military HUNTINGTON fense of American lives and property service. ... It is, of course, obvious to GATEWAY when the Turkish forces drove the Greek anyone who knows the Service... that the Army into the sea through his post at departure of irreplaceable career men for Alexandria's newest and Izmir, or the defense of the American the military ranks would seriously under¬ most desirable location legation in Addis Ababa—that the For¬ mine a fundamental part of our govern¬ eign Sendee comes into the headlines for ment structure. ■ NO BETTER PLACE a moment. The Foreign Service is not a military NO BETTER PRICE Columnist Drew Pearson’s supply of organization, but its accidental exploits of anti-State Department invective must be purely military character are numerous, running low, as evidenced by this and the exposure of its members to vitamin-less statement: “The carpet in Featuring ... military operations in the present war has the State Department reception room been direct and constant. Members of the • Rates well below per diem where Hull holds press conferences, is Foreign Service went through the battle • Flexible leasing bordered with swastikas... “ of Warsaw, die battle of Britain, the battle • Elegantly furnished For his edification: The swastika...is of France, the battle of Baghdad, British • Fully equipped kitchen; linens; TV usually thought to be a charm, talisman, raids over Germany, the 1,001 Italian • Washer/dryer, dishwasher, microwave, or religious token, especially a sign of in each unit raids over Malta. . . . Approximately 16 good luck or benediction. What’s wrong • Cable TV & local phone service included percent of our members have been in¬ with departmental personalities and • Indoor/outdoor pool terned in enemy territory, and a good policies that Mr. Pearson has taken to • Tennis courts number are still in German and Japanese attacking our rugs? • Indoor racquetball and basketball courts hands. Proportionately, there has been • Fitness center far greater exposure to battle in the • Sauna, steam rooms, whirlpool • Garage parking • On-site retail stores FOREIGN SERVICE QUIZ • Major credit cards accepted Home Truths (703) 960-5401 1. At which station on the Washington Metro do the largest number of Fax (703) 960-1374 different subway lines converge? 2. Which structure stands on the highest ground in the District of Columbia? 5982 Richmond Highway 3. What was the northern boundary of the city of Washington laid by Pierre Alexandria, VA 22303 L’Enfant? 4. In what year was Georgetown laid out and in what year was it Our service incorporated into the District of Columbia? 5. Whom does the equestrian statue just north of the State Department CAPITAL depict? zanies ap opieuiag g 'ust ‘LSI! P anuaAy P r o p e r t i e s you call! epuoij x ‘(MN ‘IS is IT pue uapuassaj jeau) ouay IJOJ z ‘(uaajg ‘monax ‘aliuejg anig) ezeid lURIug.j ' l sjawsuy

CONTRIBUTED BY GIL KULICK 60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1993 TOUR FREE GOVERNMENT COVERAGE COULD LEAVE TOU OVERSEAS AND UNDERCOVERED

The last thing you need when you’re living far away is coverage that doesn’t go far enough. Unfortunately, many people mistake the benefits provided by the U.S. Government Claims Act for insurance coverage. And that can often lead to near-total disappointment. In fact, the Government encourages employees to buy private insurance. If you rely solely on the Claims Act, you may not adequately protect personal articles like jewelry, furs, and fine arts. You’ll have no coverage if you’re not on government business. And, you’ll have no coverage for per¬ sonal liability. Fortunately, you can remedy these oversights before you go overseas. When you cover your¬ self with the AFSA Plan-sponsored by the American Foreign Service Association-your insured possessions will be covered against virtually all risks, up to the limit of your choice. You can insure yourself against personal liability. And, you’ll be covered whether or not you’re on government business. The AFSA Plan has been specifically designed for members of the American Foreign Ser- vice Association on active duty abroad. Through the Plan, H\FSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company you can get comprehensive moving insurance, theft, fire and I 14 East Highland Avenue catastrophe coverage, itemized valuable articles protection I Philadelphia, PA 19118 I Telephone: 215-242-8200. and personal liability insurance. In Wash. D.C. Area: 202-457-0250 So don’t wait until you find yourself overseas and Please send me your free brochure that undercovered. Call or send for your free brochure today. answers questions about overseas insurance. Name Address THE Mr 5.M INSURANCE PLAN Don’t go overseas undercovered. Zip The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. -J EXERCISE YOUR DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGE.

As a member of the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for special privileges when you order a vehicle through Chrysler’s Diplomatic Purchase Program. They include preferred savings, fast personalized ordering assistance and uncompromising service with Chrysler’s worry-free worldwide warranty. Perquisites appropriate to your office. Choose from the full line of 1993 Chrysler Motors products: Chrysler, Plymouth and Dodge cars and minivans, Eagle cars and Jeep and Dodge trucks. Phone for personalized service. Your Personal Advisor will order the model and color you want with the equipment you want, and quote the official Diplomatic price including all applicable rebates. Your Personal Advisor can also arrange delivery anywhere in the U.S. or to most overseas locations. In other words, we set you free of tedious details. If you’d rather, fill out and mail or telefax the card on Page 7. You’ll quickly receive a catalogue for the vehicle(s) of your choice. The Diplomatic Purchase Plan. It’s the easy, money-saving way to start enjoying Chrysler’s many Advantages. ^ CHRYSLER M INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC SALES IN THE U.S., PHONE YOUR PERSONAL ADVISOR AT 1-800-877-7083 or (516) 496-1806. TELEFAX: (516) 677-3701.