Divíduo Compulsivo: Uma Genealogia Na Fronteira Entre a Disciplina E O Controle

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Divíduo Compulsivo: Uma Genealogia Na Fronteira Entre a Disciplina E O Controle PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Leandro Alberto de Paiva Siqueira O (in)divíduo compulsivo: uma genealogia na fronteira entre a disciplina e o controle MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS São Paulo Agosto/2009 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Leandro Alberto de Paiva Siqueira O (in)divíduo compulsivo: uma genealogia na fronteira entre a disciplina e o controle MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora como exigência parcial para obtenção to título de MESTRE em Ciências Sociais pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob a orientação do Prof. Doutor Edson Passetti São Paulo Agosto/2009 Autorizo, exclusivamente para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta Dissertação por processos de fotocopiadoras ou eletrônicos. Assinatura:_______________________________Data:__________________ e-mail:___________________________________ S618 Siqueira, Leandro Alberto de Paiva . O (in)divíduo compulsivo: uma genealogia na fronteira entre a disciplina e o controle / Leandro Alberto de Paiva Siqueira . – São Paulo, 2009. 294 f. : il. tab. Orientador : Edson Passetti Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Programa de Estudos Pós- Graduados em Ciências Sociais, 2009. Referências: f. 283-287. 1. Comportamento compulsivo. 2. Transtorno obsessivo- compulsivo. 3. Avaliação de comportamento. 4. Personalidade. I. Passetti, Edson. II. Título. CDD 157.3 616.89 Banca Examinadora _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Agradecimentos À PUC-SP, ao Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Ciências Sociais e aos professores desta universidade pelo acolhimento, estímulo e incentivo. À CAPES, pela bolsa que possibilitou esta pesquisa. Ao orientador e novo amigo Edson Passetti, pela generosidade, pelo desassossego, pelas provocações libertárias, sem os quais este trabalho seria mais do mesmo. Às professoras Salete Oliveira e Vera Telles pela leitura cuidadosa e curiosa, bem como pelas generosas contribuições a esta pesquisa no exame de qualificação. Ao professor Alexandre Henz, por ter aceitado compor a banca mesmo que de última hora. À professora e amiga Mônica de Carvalho, pelo incentivo, carinho e conselhos que me ajudaram a chegar aqui. À professora Marta e sua ajuda com as traduções de francês. À Ana Hounie, pela atenção e grata disposição de me ajudar a entender mais sobre o TOC. À comparsa Amina, pela amizade, por viver ao meu lado cada pequeno momento de descobertas e truques. Às novas amizades da PUC, John, Syntia, Isabel, Olda, pelo convívio além da universidade, e pelas velhas amizades, Claudia, Mariana, Magali, Sil, Paula, Sandra, Dani e Rafa, pelo carinho, apoio e por não desistirem de mim, apesar do meu retiro prolongado. Ao querido amigo Dê, pelas músicas, pela conversas que não conseguimos ter com outras pessoas, por rodar Paris atrás dos meus livros. Aos amigos do Sintoma Social, parceiros de pesquisa, leitura e cerveja. Aos amigos Ramy e Nathan, pelos debates sobre o neoliberalismo e o incentivo na forma de livros. À minha mãe, Rosa, que me ensinou a gostar de conhecer mais. Ao meu pai, Chico, e minha segunda mãe, Maria, pelos papos, músicas e por me receberem quando precisei fugir do mundo. Ao meu irmão Leonardo, por toda torcida. À minha avó, Olga, pela alegria de viver. Ao companheiro Paulo, pela paciência, carinho, aposta e apoio incondicionais, por sua presença nos momentos de alegria e desespero. E aos companheirinhos Aniball ( in memorian ) e Matilda, pela companhia silenciosa nas horas de escrita solitária. Acima de todas as coisas se estende o céu do acaso, o céu da inocência, o céu do acidente, o céu do excesso. F. Nietzsche Resumo A partir dos anos 1990, diversos hábitos, condutas e comportamentos da vida cotidiana, quando praticados em excesso, de maneira descontrolada ou repetitiva passaram a ser biologizados pela psiquiatria e progressivamente incluídos em manuais de diagnósticos de transtornos mentais. Conhecidos genericamente pelo termo compulsões, estes “novos transtornos mentais” reúnem desde pensamentos e desejos que provocam desconforto, medo e ansiedade a atividades cujo engajamento traz prazer como jogar, comer, comprar, fazer exercícios físicos, trabalhar, sexo, navegar na Internet, usar substâncias que alterem a percepção, relacionamentos e religião. A emergência das compulsões como nova “epidemia” a ser combatida ocorreu simultaneamente à psiquiatria passar por um processo de reformulação de suas práticas e conhecimentos graças às novas tecnologias computo- informacionais, ao desenvolvimento de modernos psicofármacos e à incorporação de conteúdos sobre o mental e o comportamento humano produzidos pelas neurociências. Esta pesquisa visa traçar uma genealogia das compulsões a fim de problematizar dispositivos de poder que operam assujeitamentos no momento em que as sociedades disciplinares, analisadas por Michel Foucault, passam a ser sobrepostas pelas sociedades de controle, como apontou Gilles Deleuze. Neste deslocamento, o manicômio deixa de ser a principal economia de poder na formatação de subjetividades, para ser substituído por tecnologias que operam a céu aberto e procedem a normalizações do normal . São tecnologias que combinam sujeições e servidões maquínicas, promovendo processos de (in)dividuação , e incidem sobre o ambiente por meio de fluxos da saúde mental que convocam ao policiamento de “disfunções”, à autovigilância de comportamentos e condutas e à formação de agrupamentos organizados de portadores de transtornos. Entendidas como desdobramentos da governamentalidade neoliberal, as compulsões configuram-se como mais um dispositivo de uma “era da moderação e dos moderados” em meio à proliferação de sensações de liberdade. Palavras-chave : compulsões, sociedades de controle, excesso, assujeitamentos, psiquiatria biológica. Abstract Beginning in the 1990s, diverse habits, conducts, and daily-life behaviors, when practised in excess, in an uncontrolled or repetitive manner began to be biologized by psychiatry and progressively included in diagnostic manuals of mental disorders. Generically known by the term compulsions, these "new mental disorders" group together thoughts and desires that provoke discomfort, fear, and anxiety the activities whose engagement brings pleasure such as playing, eating, buying, doing physical exercise, working, sex, surfing the internet, using substances that alter perception, relationships, and religion. The emergency of compulsions as a new "epidemic" to be combatted against occurred at the same that psychiatry went through a reformulating process of its practices and knowledge thanks to new computo-informational technologies, the development of modern psychopharmaceuticals, and the incorporation of the contents regarding the mental and human behavior produced by the neurosciences. This research aims to trace a genealogy of compulsions in order to problematize dispositifs of power that operate subjects at the moment when disciplinary societies, analyzed by Michel Foucault, come to be overlapped by control societies, as pointed out by Gilles Deleuze. In this change, the asylum no longer is the principal economy of power in the formatation of subjectivities, in order to be substituted by technologies that operate in open air and result in normalizations of the normal. They are technologies that combine subjections and machinic servitudes, promoting processes of (in)dividuation, and take place on an environment by means of flows of mental health that convokes the policing of "disfunctions", the auto-vigilance of behaviors and conducts, and the formation of organized groupings of carriers of disorders. Understood as unfoldings of neoliberal governamentality, compulsions are configured as one more dispositif of an "era of moderation and moderates" and of the proliferation of the sensations of liberty. Key words : compulsions, control societies, excess, subjects, biological psychiatry. Lista de Figuras Figura 1. TOCs como parte do espectro dos transtornos afetivos........................................149 Figura 2. TOCs entre os transtornos afetivos e as dependências..........................................150 Figura 3. Frances, a Garbo enlouquecida..............................................................................159 Figura 4. Tomografia Computadorizada...............................................................................169 Figura 5. Ressonância Magnética..........................................................................................169 Figura 6. SPECT do paciente M., com TOC, antes do tratamento.......................................170 Figura 7. após tratamento com clomipramina por 6 meses...................................................170 Figura 8. SPECT de um controle saudável............................................................................170 Figura 9. Imagens de cérebros produzidas por Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons (PET scan)......................................................................................................................170 Figura 10. Imagens de cérebros produzidas por Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons (PET scan)......................................................................................................................170 Figura 11. Aparelho de SPECT similar ao utilizado no exame.............................................180
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