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Hockey Through the Voices of South Asian Canadians Changing on the Fly: Situating multiculturalism, citizenship, and hockey through the voices of South Asian Canadians by Courtney Szto MSc, University of Toronto, 2011 BHK, University of British Columbia, 2007 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Communication Faculty of Communication, Art, and Technology © Courtney Szto 2018 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY SPRING 2018 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Courtney Szto Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Changing on the Fly: Situating multiculturalism, citizenship, and hockey through the voices of South Asian Canadians Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Gary McCarron Associate Professor Dr. Richard Gruneau Senior Supervisor Professor Dr. Katherine Reilly Supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Wendy Chan Supervisor Professor Department of Sociology and Anthropology Dr. Ann Travers Internal Examiner Associate Professor Department of Sociology and Anthropology Dr. David J. Leonard External Examiner Professor Department of Critical Culture, Gender, & Race Studies Washington State University Date Defended/Approved: February 7, 2018 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Hockey and multiculturalism are often noted as defining features of Canadian culture; yet, rarely are we forced to question the relationship and tensions between these two social constructs. This project examines the growing significance of hockey in Canada’s South Asian communities. It begins by discussing issues surrounding “race” and racism in Canadian sport, before moving to consider the popularity of the Hockey Night Punjabi broadcast and the value of ethnic (sports) media in challenging dominant discourses. This serves as an entry point for a broader consideration of South Asian experiences in hockey culture based on field work and interviews conducted with South Asian Canadian hockey players, parents, and coaches in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. Drawing on the methodological frameworks of critical race theory, postcolonial feminism, and intersectionality, this project seeks to inject more “colour” into hockey’s historically white dominated narratives and representations. My goal is to encourage alternative and multiple narratives about hockey and cultural citizenship by asking if, how, when, where, and which citizens are able to contribute to the webs of meaning that form the nation’s cultural fabric. Some of the themes discussed in the study include: a tendency to dismiss on-ice racial slurs as gamesmanship; a reluctance to name any particular incident or instigator as racist; the perception of resentment from white hockey parents directed at upwardly mobile racialized citizens; and a consistent erasure from institutions of public memory. The research also considers whether generational change is enough to secure equal representation and access by examining how different forms of capital work to institutionalize racism. Keywords: South Asian; ice hockey; multiculturalism; citizenship; Canada; racism iv Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the late Patti Hillman, the first teacher who encouraged me to challenge my assumptions about the way the world works (by telling me, “I don’t care where you sit!”) and for letting the writer in me flourish. v Acknowledgements This manuscript was made possible by a roster of academic teammates who have made this journey not only manageable but downright enjoyable. To my supervising committee of Dr. Richard Gruneau, Dr. Katherine Reilly, and Dr. Wendy Chan, thank you for your insights, mentorship, and guidance. It was a privilege to work with and learn from each of you. I am forever indebted to my “brain trust” for their unwavering support and friendship: Brett Pardy, Vincci Li, Layla Cameron, Nicolien van Luijk, Sarah Gray, Lyndsay Hayhurst, Mark Norman, KY Kim, and Estee Fresco. Lastly, thank you to my friends and family for putting up with a lifestyle so hectic that it has required you to book my presence at least three weeks in advance. Funding for this project has been generously provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), Sport Canada, the Dr. Hari Sharma Foundation for South Asian Advancement, and the Simons Foundation. vi Table of Contents Approval ........................................................................................................................................... ii Ethics Statement ............................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ........................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................... x Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1. Setting the Stage: Hockey, South Asians, and Canada ................................... 17 South Asians in Canada ................................................................................................................. 17 “Race” ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Whiteness in Canadian Hockey ................................................................................................. 24 Citizenship ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Gender ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Class ............................................................................................................................................... 35 “New” Racism and Canadian Multiculturalism ............................................................................. 37 Re-Tell and Re-Do: Intersectional Justice ...................................................................................... 41 Chapter 2. Narratives from the Screen: Media and Cultural Citizenship ......................... 43 Hockey Night Punjabi .................................................................................................................... 45 Ethnic (Sports) Media .................................................................................................................... 49 Breaking Barriers ....................................................................................................................... 52 Co-Authoring One’s Existence: Cultural Citizenship ...................................................................... 53 Limits of Ethnic Media ................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter 3. White Spaces, Different Faces: Policing membership at the rink and in the nation ....................................................................................................................... 67 Who Belongs in a Space? Who is Out of Place? ............................................................................ 69 Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted ................................................................................................. 71 Self-Identification .......................................................................................................................... 79 “Brown” ..................................................................................................................................... 83 vii Being the Only One ........................................................................................................................ 88 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 90 Chapter 4. Racist Taunts or Just “Chirping”? ................................................................... 92 Racial Taunts or Just “Chirping”? .................................................................................................. 95 Was It Really Racist? .................................................................................................................... 103 Physicality/Masculinity: Trauma and the body? ..................................................................... 110 An Archive of Evidence ................................................................................................................ 114 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 5. Hockey Hurdles and Resilient Subjects: Unpacking forms of capital............ 119 Navigating Forms of Capital .......................................................................................................
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