DOCSLIB.ORG

Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, 1 September 1980 - 31 March 1981

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, 1 September 1980 - 31 March 1981 Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, 1 September 1980 - 31 March 1981 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1981_17 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, 1 September 1980 - 31 March 1981 Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 18/81 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid; United Nations Special Committee Against Apartheid Publisher United Nations, New York Date 1981-05-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1981 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description This first register of sports contacts with South Africa contains an introduction on the significance of the campaign against apartheid sports, the reasons for the establishment of the register, and an appeal for action. The "register" itself contains three lists: (a) A list of sports exchanges with South Africa arranged by the code of sport; (b) A list of sportsmen and sportswomen who participated in sports events in South Africa, arranged by country; and (c) A list of promoters and administrators who have been active in collaboration with apartheid sport. It is intended that the register will be kept up-to-date and published from time to time. Names of persons who undertake not to engage in further sports contacts with South Africa will be deleted from future lists. The present publication was transmitted to the Organization of African Unity and made available at the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, held at UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 to 27 May 1981. Format extent 39 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1981_17 http://www.aluka.org 18/81 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS* May 1981 18/81 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS* May 1981 REGISTER OF SPORTS CONTACTS WITH SOUTH AFRICA 1 September 1980 - 31 March 1981 Report by the Special Committee against Apartheid Note: This first register of sports contacts with South Africa contains an introduction on the significance of the campaign against apartheid sports, the reasons for the establishment of the register, and an appeal for action. The "register" itself contains three lists: (a) A list of sports exchanges with South Africa arranged by the code of sport; (b) A list of sportsmen and sportswomen who participated in sports events in South Africa, arranged by country; and (c) A list of promoters and administrators who have been active in collaboration with apartheid sport. It is intended that the register will be kept up-to-date and published from time to time. Names of persons who undertake not to engage in further sports contacts with South Africa will be deleted from future lists. The present publication was transmitted to the Organization of African Unity and made available at the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, held at UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 to 27 May 1981. *A#l material in these notes and documents may be freely reprinted. Ackncwiledot nt rtiether with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated. 81-14897 Introduction The Special Committee against Apartheid has for many years given special attention to the campaign for the boycott of anartheid sport in South Africa, as part of the international campaign against apartheid. The sports boycott merited special attention for several reasons. 1. Sport has been described as a sort of second religion of the white minority community in South Africa. A boycott of South African sportsmen and teams, therefore, effectively demonstrates to them the universal abhorrence of apartheid. 2. Apartheid has been enforced in sport in Sauth Africa, ever more rigorously since the National Party regime came to power in 19h8, by a variety of laws and regulations, as well as intimidation. It is still being enforced, despite superficial adjustments made in recent years to deceive world opinion. Racial discrimination in sport is directly related to numerous oppressive measures imposed by the racist regime, such as: residential segregation; .separation and inequality in education: uneoual allocati-on of resoiirnps for sDortinR activities; bantustanization and the system of migrant labour; white control over all urban- ar---eas and facilities; inadequate health services; ruthless exnloitation of the black neople who are thereby destined to malnutrition and disease, and, indeed, all the deprivations to which the black people are subjected under the system of racist domination and exploitation. That is why the non-racial sports federations in South Africa have declared that there can be "no normal sport in an abnormal society." 3. The practice of sport is governed by a spirit of fair play as well as a set of principles, among which the foremost is the Olympic principle of non- discrimination. The General Assembly of the United Nations, in resolution 2775 D (XVI) adopted on 29 November 1971, during the "International Year for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination" declared its unqualified support of the Olympic principle that no discrimination be allowed on the grounds of race, religion or political affiliation." This principle is flagrantly violated in South Africa. 4. The movement for elimination of apartheid in sport and for the boycott of apartheid sport was begun in South Africa by black sportsmen as well as others opposed to racism. They appealed for the expulsion of the whites-only sports bodies from international sports federations. The non-racial South African Snorts Association was formed as early as 1955. Non-racial sports bodies have tens of thousands of members, despite denial of facilities and intimidation by the anartheid regime and its institutions. They are now grouped under the South African Council on Sport (SACOS), which has -borne the brunt of the struggle against apartheid in sports. SACOS is a member of the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa. The international sports boycott is, therefore, a response to the appeals of the oppressed people and the sportsmen of South Africa. 5. Because of the efforts of many organizations and individuals, the campaign against apartheid sport has attracted wide public support all over the world. This is a campaign to which all men and women of conscience can make a personal contribution. Hundreds of thousands of sportsmen and spectators in several countries have participated in boycott actions against apartheid sports which have, in turn, helped to educate millions of others to the truth about apartheid. The struggle against apartheid in sport became a national issue in some countries - especially countries where the governmentsprofessed their abhorrence of apartheid but continued to collaborate with the apartheid regime , and confirmed the conviction of the Special Committee that when the facts about apartheid are made known, the great m.jority--of the people would not fail to oppose it. Of particular significance has been the fact that the young people have been in the forefront of the movement against apartheid sport. Progress of the campaign against anartheid snort The international campaign against anartheid sport registered significant achievements in the past two decades. The most notable victory was the suspension of South Africa from the Olympics in 1964 and expulsion in 1970. Over the years, South Africa has also been suspended or expelled from a series of codes of sports including: amateur boxing, athletics, badminton, basketball, canoeing, chess, cricket, cycling, football (soccer), simming, table tennis, water-skiing, weightlifting and wrestling. In sports like judo and handball, South Africa's application for affiliation has been rejected. In some sports federations, where a few Western countries dominate thrcugh a system of weighted votes, or in sports in which the African and non-aligned countries are not significant participants, and the votes of Socialist countries are small, it has not so far been possible to obtain the required majorities to exclude South Africa. Examples are: archery, fencing, gymnastics, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting and yachting. Even in those sports, there have been a series of boycotts by individual countries, teams or sportsmen in protest against the participation of apartheid South African teams and the pressures for exclusion of South Africa have been growing. The boycott of anartheid sports, moreover, received support from the overwhelming majority of Governments of the world. While a majority of the CGovernments - particularly from African, non-aligned and Socialist States - took firm measures to prevent sports competitions with apartheid teams, several others, especially from the West, took partial measures to discourage such competitions. Special reference may be made in this connexion to the actions recently taken by Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Japan, and Sweden to bar South African sports teams. The Irish Government has made its strong and uncompromising opposition to apartheid sport known to all her nationals. It banned the South African Barbarians rugby team in 1979, and vehemently opposed the visit of the Irish rugby team to South Africa in May 1981.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Professional Masters Brochure
    PROGRAMME BACKGROUND We have seen a growing demand for and develop the practical application Performance Science professionals and coaching skills to devise, throughout the world of sport and implement and oversee performance human performance. With the related programs. This program has explosion of technology in sport in been developed to address these recent years there is a requirement educational, coaching and application Professional Masters in for key individuals to gain the skill needs. Performance Science sets to understand and interpret data THE ADVISORY BOARD The Professional Advisory Board of Setanta College oversees the development of internationally respected standards within Performance Science and Strength and Conditioning. The board reflects both scientific and practical coaching expertise, which ensures our programs contain the most up- to-date, applied coaching methods within human performance development. PARTNER ORGANISATIONS We have partnered with leading sports technology companies for our program. Each partner has provided an overview of the background, current technology and future developments within sports performance analysis, which is included in our online modules. During the on-site weeks each of INDUSTRY VALIDATION these companies will be represented to demonstrate the use and application of their product range. Designed and Validated by Industry Experts and Organisations The following sporting organisations have informed, reviewed and approved our course content. World Rugby, the Titleist Performance Institute and the NSCA (National Strength & Conditioning Association). Professional Masters in Performance Science MODULES Course Duration 1. Advanced Conditioning and 4. Data Management and Movement Recovery Methods Analysis This flexible program is designed to fit around the busy work 2. Athlete Monitoring and Coaching 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports in French Culture
    Sporting Frenchness: Nationality, Race, and Gender at Play by Rebecca W. Wines A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Romance Languages and Literatures: French) in the University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jarrod L. Hayes, Chair Professor Frieda Ekotto Professor Andrei S. Markovits Professor Peggy McCracken © Rebecca W. Wines 2010 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Jarrod Hayes, the chair of my committee, for his enthusiasm about my project, his suggestions for writing, and his careful editing; Peggy McCracken, for her ideas and attentive readings; the rest of my committee for their input; and the family, friends, and professors who have cheered me on both to and in this endeavor. Many, many thanks to my father, William A. Wines, for his unfailing belief in me, his support, and his exhortations to write. Yes, Dad, I ran for the roses! Thanks are also due to the Team Completion writing group—Christina Chang, Andrea Dewees, Sebastian Ferarri, and Vera Flaig—without whose assistance and constancy I could not have churned out these pages nor considerably revised them. Go Team! Finally, a thank you to all the coaches and teammates who stuck with me, pushed me physically and mentally, and befriended me over the years, both in soccer and in rugby. Thanks also to my fellow fans; and to the friends who I dragged to watch matches, thanks for your patience and smiles. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii Abstract iv Introduction: Un coup de
    [Show full text]
  • Three Day Golfing & Sporting Memorabilia Sale
    Three Day Golfing & Sporting Memorabilia Sale - Day 2 Wednesday 05 December 2012 10:30 Mullock's Specialist Auctioneers The Clive Pavilion Ludlow Racecourse Ludlow SY8 2BT Mullock's Specialist Auctioneers (Three Day Golfing & Sporting Memorabilia Sale - Day 2) Catalogue - Downloaded from UKAuctioneers.com Lot: 1001 Rugby League tickets, postcards and handbooks Rugby 1922 S C R L Rugby League Medal C Grade Premiers awarded League Challenge Cup Final tickets 6th May 1950 and 28th to L McAuley of Berry FC. April 1956 (2 tickets), 3 postcards – WS Thornton (Hunslet), Estimate: £50.00 - £65.00 Hector Crowther and Frank Dawson and Hunslet RLFC, Hunslet Schools’ Rugby League Handbook 1963-64, Hunslet Schools’ Rugby Union 1938-39 and Leicester City v Sheffield United (FA Cup semi-final) at Elland Road 18th March 1961 (9) Lot: 1002 Estimate: £20.00 - £30.00 Keighley v Widnes Rugby League Challenge Cup Final programme 1937 played at Wembley on 8th May. Widnes won 18-5. Folded, creased and marked, staple rusted therefore centre pages loose. Lot: 1009 Estimate: £100.00 - £150.00 A collection of Rugby League programmes 1947-1973 Great Britain v New Zealand 20th December 1947, Great Britain v Australia 21st November 1959, Great Britain v Australia 8th October 1960 (World Cup Series), Hull v St Helens 15th April Lot: 1003 1961 (Challenge Cup semi-final), Huddersfield v Wakefield Rugby League Championship Final programmes 1959-1988 Trinity 19th May 1962 (Championship final), Bradford Northern including 1959, 1960, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1975, 1978 and
    [Show full text]
  • Esto Report Development of Rugby and Synthetic Turf in France Introduction
    ESTO REPORT DEVELOPMENT OF RUGBY AND SYNTHETIC TURF IN FRANCE INTRODUCTION The development of “new generation” synthetic pitches is not something new in France; it has been going on since 2001. Today in France there are about 1800 synthetic pitches, which represents only 4% of all pitches in France. Although the development of synthetic pitches is continuously on the rise in France, it has to be recognized that they are more expensive to build than grass pitches, although they require a lot less maintenance. Another advantage is that they offer longer hours of utilization, as grass pitches are difficult to use when the ground is frozen or when they are waterlogged due to heavy rainfall periods. Moreover they also need “resting time”, which decreases even further the length of time during which they can be used. The development of “new generation” synthetic Concept for Football Turf and ensure that there is pitches is not something new in France; it has been continuous improvement as artificial turf develops. going on since 2001. Today in France there are about 1800 synthetic pitches, which represents only 4% Therefore Rugby Union was very quick to adopt of all pitches in France. Although the development new generation synthetic turf surfaces for the of synthetic pitches is continuously on the rise in development of the game. World Rugby Regulation France, it has to be recognized that they are more 22 was introduced in 2003 to ensure that 3G surfaces expensive to build than grass pitches, although they replicate the playing qualities of good quality natural require a lot less maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • General Observations About the Free State Provincial Government
    A Better Life for All? Fifteen Year Review of the Free State Provincial Government Prepared for the Free State Provincial Government by the Democracy and Governance Programme (D&G) of the Human Sciences Research Council. Ivor Chipkin Joseph M Kivilu Peliwe Mnguni Geoffrey Modisha Vino Naidoo Mcebisi Ndletyana Susan Sedumedi Table of Contents General Observations about the Free State Provincial Government........................................4 Methodological Approach..........................................................................................................9 Research Limitations..........................................................................................................10 Generic Methodological Observations...............................................................................10 Understanding of the Mandate...........................................................................................10 Social attitudes survey............................................................................................................12 Sampling............................................................................................................................12 Development of Questionnaire...........................................................................................12 Data collection....................................................................................................................12 Description of the realised sample.....................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • The Free State, South Africa
    Higher Education in Regional and City Development Higher Education in Regional and City Higher Education in Regional and City Development Development THE FREE STATE, SOUTH AFRICA The third largest of South Africa’s nine provinces, the Free State suffers from The Free State, unemployment, poverty and low skills. Only one-third of its working age adults are employed. 150 000 unemployed youth are outside of training and education. South Africa Centrally located and landlocked, the Free State lacks obvious regional assets and features a declining economy. Jaana Puukka, Patrick Dubarle, Holly McKiernan, How can the Free State develop a more inclusive labour market and education Jairam Reddy and Philip Wade. system? How can it address the long-term challenges of poverty, inequity and poor health? How can it turn the potential of its universities and FET-colleges into an active asset for regional development? This publication explores a range of helpful policy measures and institutional reforms to mobilise higher education for regional development. It is part of the series of the OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development. These reviews help mobilise higher education institutions for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system T impacts upon regional and local development and bring together universities, other he Free State, South Africa higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and to work towards them. CONTENTS Chapter 1. The Free State in context Chapter 2. Human capital and skills development in the Free State Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • WELKOM Annual Meeting of the American Comparative Literature Association
    ACLA 2017 ACLA WELKOM Annual Meeting of the American Comparative Literature Association ACLA 2017 | Utrecht University TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome and Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................4 Welcome from Utrecht Mayor’s Office .....................................................................................6 General Information ................................................................................................................... 7 Conference Schedule ................................................................................................................. 14 Biographies of Keynote Speakers ............................................................................................ 18 Film Screening, Video Installation and VR Poetry ............................................................... 19 Pre-Conference Workshops ...................................................................................................... 21 Stream Listings ..........................................................................................................................26 Seminars in Detail (Stream A, B, C, and Split Stream) ........................................................42 Index......................................................................................................................................... 228 CFP ACLA 2018 Announcement ...........................................................................................253 Maps
    [Show full text]
  • SOUTH AFRICA Africa & Asia Pacific | Cape Town, Knysna, Kapama Game Reserve
    SOUTH AFRICA Africa & Asia Pacific | Cape Town, Knysna, Kapama Game Reserve South Africa AFRICA & ASIA PACIFIC | Cape Town, Knysna, Kapama Game Reserve Season: 2021 Adult-Exclusive 10 DAYS 23 MEALS 18 SITES Experience the beauty of the people, cultures and landscapes of South Africa on this amazing Adventures by Disney vacation where you’ll thrill to the majesty of seeing wild animals in their natural environments, view Cape Town from atop the awe-inspiring Table Mountain and travel to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of the continent. SOUTH AFRICA Africa & Asia Pacific | Cape Town, Knysna, Kapama Game Reserve Trip Overview 10 DAYS / 9 NIGHTS ACCOMMODATIONS 3 LOCATIONS Table Bay Hotel Cape Town, Knysna, Kapama Pezula Hotel Game Reserve Kapama River Lodge AGES FLIGHT INFORMATION 23 MEALS Minimum Age: 6 Arrive: Cape Town (CPT) 9 Breakfasts, 8 Lunches, 6 Suggested Age: 8+ Return: Johannesburg (JNB) Dinners Adult Exclusive: Ages 18+ 3 Internal Flights Included SOUTH AFRICA Africa & Asia Pacific | Cape Town, Knysna, Kapama Game Reserve DAY 1 CAPE TOWN Activities Highlights: No Meals Included Arrive in Cape Town Table Bay Hotel Arrive at Cape Town Welkom! Upon exiting customs, be greeted by an Adventures by Disney representative who escorts you to your transfer vehicle. Relax as the driver assists with your luggage and takes you to the Table Bay Hotel. Table Bay Hotel Unwind from your journey as your Adventure Guide checks you into this spacious, sophisticated, full-service hotel located on the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront. Ask your Adventure Guide for suggestions about exploring Cape Town on your own.
    [Show full text]
  • Potrero Vs. Playstation
    UNA RESPUESTA DIFERENTE A LAS PREGUNTAS DE SIEMPRE AÑO 1 • NUMERO 2 • NOVIEMBRE DE 2003 Terror a la paz Potrero vs. PlayStation Por más de cinco décadas palestinos e israelies han Uno, sostenido cruentas batallas. representa el Los sucesivos fracasos en la lugar de búsqueda de la paz presagian esparcimiento transformar el conflicto en -al aire libre- “La Nueva Guerra de los elegido por los chicos . El otro, propone el juego pero Cien Años”. página 2 sentado frente a la pantalla. Aquí el dilema. página 3 Un viaje por La corte del la belle epoque Señor “K” argentina El efecto dominó. El proceso pasado y el presente. El Teatro Cervantes, espejo Hablan Gregorio Badeni y de una época de esplendor. página 12 Ricardo Falú en exclusiva. página 5 El monarca de los moscas Pedro Mairal Vida y obra de Santos Entrevista con el autor de Laciar, el único deportista “Una noche con Sabrina que obtuvo tres Olimpia Love”, premio Novela de Oro. página 10 Clarín 1998. página 16 “No es la verdad fruto del consenso, sino más bien es el consenso el fruto de la verdad”. Jaime Nubiola, filósofo. 2 Sociedad En Capital Federal se san- cionó una ley de salud mental Y después del en el año 2000, que como aún no se reglamentó, no tiene pre- supuesto asignado y ninguna política concreta que posibilite manicomio: ¿qué? su aplicación. “La ley 448 fue promulgada en Julio de 2000 y no está reglamentada por cues- Los directores de algunos neurosiquiátricos del tiones ideológicas en juego. Una evoca una concepción amplia de país buscan reincorporar a sus pacientes a la vida la salud mental y como son tan- tos los factores que intervienen en sociedad.
    [Show full text]
  • Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, I January 1988
    Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, I January 1988 - 31 December 1989 and Consolidated List of Sportsmen and Sportswomen Who Participated in Sports Events in South Africa, 1 September 1980 - 31 December 1989 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1990_11 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, I January 1988 - 31 December 1989 and Consolidated List of Sportsmen and Sportswomen Who Participated in Sports Events in South Africa, 1 September 1980 - 31 December 1989 Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo.
    [Show full text]
  • Pub Type Edrs Price Descriptors
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 263 272 UD 024 548 TITLE Hispanic Heritage: References, Resources and Realities. INSTITUTION New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Bilingual Education. PUB DATE 85 NOTE 51p. AVAILABLE FROMThe University of the State of New York, State Education Department, Bureau of Bilingual Education, Albany, New York, NY 12234. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Cultural Background; *Cultural Education; Elementary Secondary Education; *Hispanic American Culture; *Hispanic Americans ABSTRACT This booklet is a resource guide for use during Hispanic Heritage week and throughout the year to encourage learning about the many contributions Hispanics have made to our country. Part I describes Hispanic countries, giving brief facts about population, languages, racial and ethnic groups, capital city, religions, government, historical notes, geography, and economy. The countries are listed alphabetically except for Spain which comes first. Part II considers Hispanics in the United States and highlights four major groups. This section includes a brief demographic overview, followed by specific discussion of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Dominicans, with demographic data for each group. Part III gives global contributions and achievements of Hispanics, first from an historical perspective, focusing primarily on individuals. These achievements are listed in chronological order from 1900-1984. Next are achievements in politics, including data on number of elected officials of Hispanic origin in cities and states, with related demographic data on proportion of Hispanics in the local or state population. This is followed by information on Hispanics' achievements in sports and by miscellaneous facts of interest about Hispanics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long Shadow of the 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand and the United States of America
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository “Barbed-Wire Boks”: The Long Shadow of the 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand and the United States of America by Sebastian Johann Shore Potgieter Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts and Social Sciences in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Albert Grundlingh March 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT In 1981, during the height of apartheid, the South African national rugby team, the Springboks, toured to New Zealand and the United States of America. In South Africa, the tour was expected to reopen the doors to international competition for the Springboks after an anti-apartheid sporting boycott had forced the sport into relative isolation during the 1970s. In the face of much international condemnation, the Springboks toured to New Zealand and the USA in 1981 where they encountered large and often violent demonstrations as those who opposed the tour attempted to scuttle it.
    [Show full text]