Resources and Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the Sada Zone Volume I

RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE VOLUME I . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

JUNE 2016

SUPPORTED BY RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE VOLUME I . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

JUNE 2016

SUPPORTED BY

Republic of Ghana

Prepared for the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) with the support of Queiroz Galvão Construction

Final edits by Charles A. Abugre, SADA and Queiroz Galvão Staff

2016 Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) Lamaseghu, Industrial Area, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana House # 16, 5th Link, Cantonments, Opposite American Embassy, Accra, Ghana

+233 372 028 997 [email protected]

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RESOURCES FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE SADA ZONE

INDEX

Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... VII

PREFACE ...... IX

VOLUME I – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3 1.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5 1.2. THE SETTING OF THIS DOCUMENT ...... 5 1.3. MODULE 1 – INVENTORY OF RESOURCES ...... 5 1.3.1. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE-RESILIENT AGRICULTURE ...... 6 1.4. MODULE 2 – LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR CROPS, LIVESTOCK, FORESTRY AND AQUACULTURE ...... 6 1.5. MODULE 3 – PROPOSED IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ...... 11 1.6. MODULE 4 – FRAMEWORK FOR AGRIBUSINESS-BASED TRANSFORMATION ...... 15 1.7. MID-TERM VISION...... 20 1.7.1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ...... 20 1.7.2. EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND BENEFITS ...... 20 REFERENCES ...... 23

LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1-1. Key documents and reports common to Modules 1 and 2 ...... 6 Table 1-2. List of feasibility assessments on various projects within the SADA Zone...... 11 Table 1-3. Large Scale Irrigation Schemes to be developed (in phases) across the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone ...... 11 Table 1-4. Typical farm modules proposed for the SADA Zone and their key characteristics ...... 15 Table 1-5. Proposed priority value chains and anchor companies ...... 16 Table 1-6. Masterplan strategic axles, framework programs and projects matrix ...... 19 Table 1-7. Land use scenario considered for benefits estimation ...... 21 Table 1-8. Total value chain estimated produce ...... 21 Table 1-9. Total value chain combined production (value) ...... 21 Table 1-10. Estimated private investment in selected value chains ...... 21 Table 1-11. Summary of benefits resulting from public interventions in irrigation and power infrastructure in the NSEZ .... 21

LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1-1. Logical Framework of the Paradigm Shift in Development Strategies for the Northern Regions of Ghana under SADA ...... 5 Figure 1-2. Comparisons of extents of suitable land (very suitable, suitable and moderately suitable) for crop production under rain-fed and irrigated conditions (million ha) ...... 8

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report would not have been possible without the full support, commitment and resources provided by a number of stakeholders, including individuals, Ministries and Authorities of the Government of Ghana, development partners operating in Ghana, among others. While the list of institutions here is not conclusive, the board of SADA would like to convey its gratitude to these and all other institutions that have directly or indirectly provided their share of knowledge for this work.

Ministry of Food and Agriculture Ghana Irrigation Development Authority Water Resources Commission National Development Planning Commission Hydrological Services Department Soil Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Volta River Authority Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO United Nations Development Program – UNEP Danish International Development Assistance – DANIDA The World Bank United States Agency for International Development – USAID Global Affairs Canada Agence Française de Développement – AFD European Union Embassy of the Federative Republic of Brazil in Ghana International Centre for Tropical Agriculture – CIAT International Water Management Institute – IWMI Volta Basin Authority Dr. Enoch Boateng – Soil Research Institute Dr. Ruby Asmah – Soil Research Institute Dr. Edson Barcelos da Silva – Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental Dr. Ben Vas Nyamadi Professor David Millar

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PREFACE

The historical evidence worldwide shows that for land-rich countries, comprehensive rural development is key to This compilation is organised in 13 chapters. Chapter 1 of this book, introduces the methodology, the content of eradicating poverty and as the driving force of economic transformation. Productive agriculture, based the book and the sources of information, in addition to outlining a proposed roadmap for actions and potential predominantly on improving productivity of the small farmer and productivity of the land generally is the key. benefits and outcomes. It also situates the SADA zone in spatial and physical context. Chapter 2 presents the physical characteristics of the zone. Chapter 3 provides climatic information, whilst Chapter 4 is all you need to This book – Resources and Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone – is perhaps the know about soils. Chapter 5 is relief and topography whilst Chapter 6 presents the water resources of the zone. most comprehensive resource about agriculture in the Northern Savannah that I know of and is driven by the belief Chapter 7 is about protected areas whilst Chapter 8 is land resources and the methodology for the calculation of that the future of Ghana’s economic progress and sustaining the drive towards zero extreme poverty lies in the land suitability, whilst Chapter 9 presents information on land suitability for 23 crops under rain-fed and irrigated Savannah. conditions as well as the agronomic characteristics of these crops. Chapters 10 and 11 are about dams and irrigation infrastructure. The remaining 2 chapters address climate friendly technology issues, the value chains that can be This book is in fact a compilation of various detailed research outputs, mostly commissioned through various donor- targeted to convert primary production into manufacturing, 6 agribusiness development zones around which agro- funded projects and programs, many of them dating decades back, some more recently reviewed and others based clusters can flourish, in addition to outlining a proposed implementation roadmap which translates 3 actively feeding into current project development. Most of these documents exist in the form of consultancy strategic pillars into 49 policy projects, dealing with a wide array of issues, from research and extension to private reports and pages of numbers and graphs, often hidden away or accessible only to a select few. investment promotion.

What this book has done is to pull out, reorganise and make the information more visible and more discernible to This book has been possible only through an inspiring array of collaboration and input. Mr Donald Nsoh, Dr. support those who want to invest in or “do” agriculture in the Ghanaian Savannah. Editing this book has given me Emmanuel Abeere-Inga, Mr. Vitus Ngaanuma and Ms Una Ang-numbaala deserve special mention for the diligence a unique opportunity to learn about soils, value chains, and infrastructure possibilities, among others. I have no in which they put into bringing into one place, from a wide array sources, the information used for compiling this doubt that the book will also be valuable for the teaching of agriculture in the Savannah. resource book. Appreciation also goes to the Soil Research Institute of the Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), a number of technical institutions in Brazil, particularly EMBRAPA and CODEVASF. Most of all, this The motivation for this book comes from a unique partnership between SADA – a Ghanaian public sector body with book would not have happened but for the partnership with Queiroz Galvão. responsibility to facilitate the transformation of the poorer half of the country – and a Brazilian private construction company (Queiroz Galvão) seeing business potential for the future where others may not see and believing that Charles Abugre the lessons of the transformation of the Brazilian Savannah are relevant to the Ghanaian Savannah. This partnership (Chief Executive Officer, SADA) blossomed into an agreement to develop a “Master Plan” for Commercial Agriculture in the Ghanaian Savannah. This book represents five (5) volumes of the Plan. The 6th Volume is a stand-alone Atlas of physical, land suitability and infrastructure maps. We have also extracted a Commercial Agriculture Investment Guide and Agro Business Clusters out this work, also published separately.

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VOLUME I – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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1.1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1-1. Logical Framework of the Paradigm Shift in Development Strategies for the Northern Regions of Ghana Ghana is one of the most extensively surveyed countries in Africa from a natural resources point of view. Since under SADA colonial times when it was the Gold Coast, countless studies, feasibility reports, water resources assessments and soil reconnaissance surveys have been carried out for selected sites within the country. Most of these studies, though, have focused their attention on the water resources-based development potentials that can be generated from the economic exploitation of Ghana’s main drainage basin (The Volta River System), its main tributaries (The Black and White Volta and the Oti River), in addition to the wide network of secondary and tertiary streams that 3. NEW PARADIGM - to be executed under the vision of a contribute to the impressive amounts of discharge into Lake Volta and the lower sections of the Basin (Tamne, "transformed Savannah, a place Morago, Tono, Sissili, Kulpawn, Nasia, Gushie, Nabogo, Mole, Mawli, Daka, and many others). Proposed water- 2. OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS of opportunity, free from 1. DIAGNOSIS - deepening POLICIES - understanding that poverty in the context of green based developments have been primarily in the field of hydropower, with a modest attention on irrigation, flood developmental gap between previous policies have failed to environment", thus setting the North and South control, navigation and urban water supply. deliver enduring results agenda for commercial-agribusiness development that These studies, however, have taken different spatial focuses as their area of attention; some have been based on includes large, medium and smallholder farmers a watershed perspective – White, Black Volta, etc. – others, on Administrative Regions – Northern Regions, Upper West, etc. – and some others on sub-sectors of water development – irrigation, power generation, navigation, etc. While the different areas of focus as the primary orientation of the studies do not create a problem per se – also because some of the studies have had a multi-purpose orientation as their main focus – looking at one or a number of them separately may not be sufficient to have a clear overview of the proposed developments within a broader context. This is because one development upstream, based on a scenario analysis, generates consequences and results downstream. 1.2. THE SETTING OF THIS DOCUMENT In addition to everything previously mentioned, history is also dynamic and being written every day. New political, This document is a contribution to the broad master-planning exercise currently under development by SADA, a social, economic and institutional dynamics originate within different periods of history, and one example of these process to develop a Long-Term Regional Development Plan complemented by specific sectoral and urban master constantly changing circumstances is the establishment of the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority – plans for the accelerated development of the SADA Zone. The core purpose is to find answers to the question “What SADA – on December 17th, 2010, having as its main mandate the provision of “a framework for the comprehensive needs to be done, prioritised or done differently, in order to harness the vast resources of the zone to accelerate and long-term development of the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone and to provide for related matters” development, transform the area, eradicate extreme poverty and bridge the development gap in an (Savannah Accelerated Development Authority Act, 2010, Act 805). environmentally sustainable way in the shortest possible time”?

SADA’s establishment is based on a remarkably consensual political recognition that there is “a visible This document represents the section which covers the proposed SADA agricultural development masterplan and developmental gap between Northern and Southern Ghana, with the North registering significantly higher levels of information herein provided has been structured upon 4 different modules. poverty than the Southern export economy” (SADA Strategy and Work Plan – 2010 – 2030, Main Document). While “bridging this developmental gap has been a long-stated goal of most post-independence Governments of Ghana, the approach has nearly always been distributionist to address imbalances in education, health and social welfare 1.3. MODULE 1 – INVENTORY OF RESOURCES services. In this (new) strategy, a growth and sustainable development approach is adopted to both increase incomes among the poorest and transform the northern Ghanaian economy and society into a regional nexus of Module 1, Inventory of resources, Volume II of this final report, presents the results of a thorough inventory of the increased productivity of food and a buffer against persistent droughts and sporadic floods” (SADA Strategy and Zone’s available land resources for small, medium and large scale rain-fed and irrigated agricultural development. Work Plan – 2010 – 2030, Main Document). This involves the identification of the climatic, land and water resources across the zone which can be harnessed for agriculture development. Some of the highlights are: SADA is therefore an instrument mandated by law to plan, coordinate and execute a paradigm-shift in the development strategy of the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone of Ghana, under a vision of an “accelerated, 1. Very suitable and suitable soils for a wide range of crops. Some of the world’s most appropriate soils for comprehensive and integrated development, in the context of a green environment. This aspiration and the agriculture development are present in the zone. Luvisols, some of the best soils in the zone, can be found strategy to achieve it is derived from 4 factors: (i) a clear diagnosis of the situation of persisting historical in the Northern (Upper East Region) and South Eastern portions of the SADA Zone (Northern, Volta and developmental inequalities that have taken a broad north-south divide and ecological dimensions; (ii) Efforts by Brong Ahafo regions). Lixisols are the most widespread and dominant soils in the Zone, present almost past governments to bridge this gap remain unsuccessful; (iii) In spite of this relative underdevelopment, the area everywhere. Other good soils include acrisols (acidic, low natural fertility, but with good depth and sub- possesses untapped resources that, when harnessed, can transform its fortunes; (iv) the economic transformational surface clay that allows for a wide range of annual and perennial crops), vertisols (suitable mostly for rice strategy must balance the need to harness its land resources for commercially viable, high yielding, irrigated and sugar cane) and fluvisols (on the river valleys, liable to flooding, but with potential for use if irrigation agribusiness value chains, with the need to address environmental fragilities, including greening the environment. and drainage infrastructures are put in place). There are also soils to be avoided mostly for being shallow,

such as leptosols;

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2. Good climatic conditions. High temperature and sunshine are the highlights of the zone, conducive for fast zoning to be performed on an annual basis. The zonings will provide farmers and extension services, every year, photosynthesis production, though cropping in some parts of the year, for some specific crops, should be with optimum seeding dates (10-day intervals) for climatic risk mitigation based on climatic parameters, statistical avoided due to potential heat stress. Rainfall is more abundant in the southern than in the northern modelling and soil types (and their water holding capacity). Project 9 will deal with the creation of a Permanent stretches of the zone. In certain parts of the Southern part, perennial crops could be successfully developed Early Warning and Emergency Preparedness System Task Force. with a modest complimentary irrigation use and double cropping of annual crops may eventually be achieved without the use of irrigation. However, from around the Buipe parallel to the Northern part, full 1.4. MODULE 2 – LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR CROPS, LIVESTOCK, FORESTRY AND AQUACULTURE irrigation is highly recommended for perennial and annual crops farming;

3. Water resources. Water resources are abundant, with 3 main perennial rivers crossing the Zone (Black and Module 2 concerns the identification of the region’s agricultural capabilities based on climate, soils and water White Voltas, and Oti). However, key multi or single purpose dams are strongly encouraged as a means to resources. This module is, to a great extent, based on information collected from a number of sources and store and provide large amounts of water for irrigation and other uses during the dry season, since even in generated under different donor-funded projects, of which the most relevant one is the Land Suitability Analysis the perennial rivers, flow variations across the seasons are very high. For example, the White Volta at the executed under the Ghana Environmental Resource Management Project (GERMP), funded by the World Bank and Daboya Gauging station, has mean flows in September of around 910 m³/s, whilst in March it reaches 24.7 the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). Other key sets of information and reports essential to m³/s. In addition to the main drainage basins, several minor basins can also be harnessed for irrigation and module 1 were also relevant for Module 2. The key sources are shown in table 1 below. other uses with medium and small dams, of which some examples are the Nasia, Nabogo, Mole, Daka, Kulpawn, Sissili, Tono and Dieguoro. Table 1-1. Key documents and reports common to Modules 1 and 2 Project Year of conclusion Funding Agency Land Suitability Analysis – Ghana Environmental Resource 1999 The World Bank and DANIDA Management Project 1.3.1. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE-RESILIENT AGRICULTURE Hydrogeological Assessment Project of the Northern 2011 Canadian International Development Agency Regions of Ghana (HAP) Climate change affects agricultural ecosystems through deviations over the long-term in key variables affecting Flood Hazard Assessment of the White Volta 2012 The World Bank plant growth and through increasing the variability of weather conditions. These changes affect crop, livestock and Source: Project team fish productivity and quality as well as disease and/or pest infestations. Climate change directly affects food The Land Suitability Analysis referred to earlier, however, had a number of gaps that had to be filled by the Project availability, access, and the stability of food supply, thus ultimately affecting food security. team. Gap 1 was the absence of a land suitability analysis under irrigated conditions, since the reports and maps

produced under the project were only on land suitability under rain-fed conditions. The project addressed this gap In this report, climate change issues have been presented across several topics, including diagnosis of climate by modelling information drawn from the FAO Global Agro ecological Zones Project to generate land suitability (potential impact projections on key climatic variables and their consequence in crop, livestock and forestry maps under irrigated conditions. This exercise was undertaken by the Soil Research Institute of the Scientific and suitability) and hydrology-related impacts (potential impacts on stream flows, severe droughts and floods, as well Industrial Research Council of Ghana. In practice, this meant removing from consideration the length of growing as the need to develop climate-proof infrastructure). A broad portfolio of climate-smart agriculture technologies period analysis which was used in the rain-fed conditions, but maintaining the other factors that were used to (described under module 4, Volume V) is presented and promoted as the key nexus for adaptation and resilience assess the suitability for crops such as suitability of thermal zone, soil, terrain and, in some cases, humidity of rural populations and production systems in the quest for long term environmental sustainability of agricultural conditions. production in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone (NSEZ).

With regards to the land suitability under rain-fed conditions, the original maps produced under the Ghana Irrigation and irrigation infrastructure development have been increasingly seen as powerful methods to promote Environmental Resource Management Project were actually for the entire country and did not include important adaptation and resilience to climate change. The agricultural development masterplan places irrigation at the features such as infrastructure, drainage basin and network, etc. Therefore, the existing shapefile maps were centre stage of agricultural development in the NSEZ, and in this sense, should strongly contribute to climate- processed and edited to cover the SADA Zone only and to include other geographic layers such as road network, resilient agriculture for years to come. Lake Volta ports and landing sites, river and stream network, among others.

In the proposed policy and institutional framework for agribusiness development of this work, Strategic Pillar 2 – Improving and Upgrading farm level production on a sustainable manner (further described below) is served by a Sustainability and Environmental Development Framework Program, which, in turn, contains 5 specific projects which will deal with increasing adaptation and resilience towards climate change (the projects will deal with integrated water resources management planning, climate-smart agriculture, bushfire control, strategic tree nurseries development and implementation of riparian buffer protection zones).

In addition, 04 projects under Strategic Pillar 1 – Establishment or Improvement of the Key hard (infrastructure), soft (policies, institutions) structures and information systems - projects 6, 7, 8 and 161 should strongly contribute to climate change resilience and adaptation by providing the necessary framework for climatic risk agricultural

1 Project 6 – Permanent crop and climate-modelling laboratory development project; Project 7 – Enhancement and expansion infrastructure and develop human resources for a permanent annual climatic risk agricultural zoning; Project 16 – Climate- of hydrometric and meteorological stations coverage development project; Project 8 – Project to implement the necessary based risk insurance development project.

6 3°0'0"W 2°0'0"W 1°0'0"W 0°0'0"

Bawku Burkina Faso Hamale 11°0'0"N Hydrographic Network Zebila Navrongo Tamne Tumu and Major Basins DieguoroBolgatangaRed Volta 1200000 Tono

Lawra Sissili Nakpanduri Rivers Cities .! Region Capital Gambaga Benin Basins $ ! Wulugu White Volta Basin City Dieguoro SADA

1150000 Kulpawn Kulpawn Nasia Wawjawga Mole Nasia Nasia Wa Nabogo 10°0'0"N Sissili Gushiago Tamne 1100000 Nabogo Tono Nabogo Togo White Volta Lower Volta Basin

Daboya Oti River Daka

Mole Yendi Lower Volta White Volta Tamale 1050000 Mawli

Sawla Zabzugu Black Volta Basin Black Volta Yapei Red Volta Basin Gbenshe Mawli Damongo Bole Red Volta Black Volta 9°0'0"N Oti River Basin 1000000 Daka Oti River Bimbila Lake Volta Lake Volta

Salaga Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 30N 950000 Côte d'Ivoire Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: WGS 1984 False Easting: 500,000.0000 Lower Volta False Northing: 0.0000 Central Meridian: -3.0000 Yeji Scale Factor: 0.9996 Latitude Of Origin: 0.0000 Dumbai Units: Meter 900000 Kintampo

8°0'0"N Sampa Client Support provided by Savannah Accelerated Development Authority Kwadjokrom Atebubu Wenchi Lake Volta

850000 Techiman Project Director Map edited by Map verified by

Jasikan Ing. Enoch Boateng Ágata Gomes Ágata Gomes Republic of Ghana 0 20 40 80 Kilometers Date: 17/11/2015 7 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000

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One of the original contributions of this study was the execution of soil suitability analysis under irrigated conditions Figure 1-2. Comparisons of extents of suitable land (very suitable, suitable and moderately suitable) for crop for crops such as coffee, oil palm, coconut and cocoa which are not traditional in the Northern Savannah Ecological production under rain-fed and irrigated conditions (million ha) Zone but, with experience gathered in Brazil and other parts of the world, have proven to be feasible under non- conventional environments. 9,8 9,6

According to the Ghana Environmental Resource Management Project and other sources, the suitability of oil palm, 7,9 7,9 coconut and cocoa depend heavily on high mean air humidity and diurnal temperature range, since they rely to a 6,9 6,7 6,7 5,8 5,7 5,3 5,1 5,2 5,5 5,1 large extent on air humidity for growth and yield formation. For example, oil palm and coconut are producing good 4,6 4,6 4,7 yields under high inputs with year round high humidity conditions. Cocoa relies also on year round high humidity 4,2 4,3 3,9 4,3 conditions. However extreme values as occurring in coastal areas might increase the incidence of diseases. 3,0 2,4 2,3 2,4 2,1 2,4 2,2 1,6 1,5 1,1 0,6 0,8 For coconut, the diurnal temperature range is also an important criterion for production. Diurnal temperature 0,3 0,0 0,2 ranges of less than 7 degrees Celsius are considered optimal, ranges between 7-10 degrees Celsius marginal. (This based on personal communication, Dr S. K. Dery of Coconut Project of OPRI in Secondi). As expected there is a very robust correlation between diurnal temperature ranges and relative humidity in Ghana, and therefore diurnal temperature ranges are not considered separately. The Land Suitability Analysis report provides more details on this criterion.

The Land Suitability Analysis, divided Ghana into “annual mean relative humidity” and “mean relative humidity of the driest month”. Coconut, oil palm and cocoa are, according to the report, unsuitable in areas with mean relative humidity of the driest month not exceeding 45%. However, consultations made with Senior EMBRAPA (Brazilian IRRIGATED RAINFED Agricultural Research Authority) researcher Dr. Edson Barcelos, expert in oil palm development and tropical perennial crops in general, have indicated that these crops, most specifically oil palm, can be suitable in areas that Source: Project team share ecological similarities with the NSEZ (thus going beyond the suitability thresholds of the GERMP report), since decades-old experiments in the vicinities of Brasilia (Brazilian Savannah), where mean relative humidity of the driest month can reach as low as 44%, have proven that oil palm (and by definition cocoa and coconut) can present economically-feasible levels of suitability under Savannah conditions. However, since conclusions on these matters would require further in-depth analysis and experiments, this report has limited itself to identifying soil suitability for these crops in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone, where further climatic analysis should be carried out before declaring the areas suitable for these crops. Notwithstanding that, land suitability under irrigation (applied under the air-humidity and diurnal temperature range rules of this Land Suitability Analysis) have also been estimated in the SADA Zone (oil palm and cocoa are suitable in the southern portions of the SADA Zone even under the more restrictive suitability thresholds established under the GERMP report).

Once more based on data from the GERMP report and the Agro-ecological Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning in Kenya, elaborated by FAO and IIASA, the team also undertook land suitability assessment for livestock (based on land suitability for improved pasture and forage legumes) and forestry. Last but not least, this project also benefited from the work of Dr. Ruby Asmah, a Senior Researcher at the Water Research Institute of the Scientific and Industrial Research Council of Ghana, on land suitability for commercial and subsistence pond aquaculture.

In summary, Module 2 provided a comprehensive overview of the potentials of the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone for agriculture, livestock, forestry and aquaculture.

One of the key findings of the land suitability assessment is the powerful, transformational role irrigation can be called upon to play in the long term development of agriculture in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone. The exponential increase of suitable land for most of the crops with the addition of irrigation as an agronomic factor (by nullifying moisture constraints) suggests the understanding that irrigation holds the key for broad-based agriculture-led economic transformation of the SADA Zone.

8 3°0'0"W 2°0'0"W 1°0'0"W 0°0'0"

Bawku Burkina Faso Land suitability for Bunded Rice Hamale 11°0'0"N Zebila Navrongo Tamne at high inputs Tumu DieguoroBolgatangaRed Volta under rainfed conditions 1200000 Tono

Lawra Sissili Nakpanduri Gambaga $ Benin Wulugu BUNDED RICE Rivers

1150000 Suitable Basins Kulpawn Nasia Wawjawga Moderately Suitable Nasia Main (National) Trunk Roads

Wa Marginally Suitable Cities 10°0'0"N Gushiago Unsuitable .! Region Capital 1100000 Nabogo Unsurveyed ! City Nabogo Togo Water (Î Lake Ports

Daboya Oti River Protected Areas SADA

Mole Yendi White Volta Tamale Forest Reserve 1050000

Game Reserve Sawla Zabzugu

Yapei Gbenshe Mawli Damongo Bole Black Volta 9°0'0"N 1000000 Daka Bimbila Buipe Debre Damanko

Salaga Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 30N 950000 Côte d'Ivoire Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: WGS 1984 Makango False Easting: 500,000.0000 Lower Volta False Northing: 0.0000 Yeji Central Meridian: -3.0000 Yeji Scale Factor: 0.9996 Latitude Of Origin: 0.0000 Dumbai Units: Meter 900000 Kintampo

8°0'0"N Sampa Client Support provided by Savannah Accelerated Development Authority Kwadjokrom Atebubu Wenchi Kete Krachi Lake Volta

850000 Techiman Project Director Map edited by Map verified by

Jasikan Ing. Enoch Boateng Ágata Gomes Ágata Gomes Republic of Ghana 0 20 40 80 Kilometers Date: 28/10/2015 9 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 3°0'0"W 2°0'0"W 1°0'0"W 0°0'0"

Bawku Burkina Faso Land suitability Hamale 11°0'0"N Zebila Navrongo Tamne for Bunded Rice at high inputs Tumu DieguoroBolgatangaRed Volta under irrigated conditions 1200000 Tono

Lawra Sissili Nakpanduri Gambaga $ Benin Wulugu

BUNDED RICE Rivers 1150000 Kulpawn Very Suitable Nasia Wawjawga Basins Nasia Suitable Main (National) Trunk Wa Roads 10°0'0"N Moderately Suitable Gushiago Main Secondary Roads

1100000 Marginally Suitable Nabogo Cities Nabogo Togo Unsuitable .! Region Capital Unsurveyed ! Daboya Oti River City Water Mole Yendi White Volta Tamale Lake Ports 1050000 (Î Protected Areas Sawla Zabzugu SADA Forest Reserve Yapei Gbenshe Mawli Damongo Game Reserve Bole Black Volta 9°0'0"N 1000000 Daka Bimbila Buipe Debre Damanko

8°0'0"N Sampa Client Support provided by Savannah Accelerated Development Authority Kwadjokrom Atebubu Wenchi Kete Krachi Lake Volta

850000 Techiman Project Director Map edited by Map verified by

Jasikan Ing. Enoch Boateng Ágata Gomes Ágata Gomes Republic of Ghana 0 20 40 80 Kilometers Date: 08/12/2015 10 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000

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1.5. MODULE 3 – PROPOSED IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Year of Author Report publication Bui Hydroelectric Development Feasibility Study Update: Final Module 3 focuses on the careful identification, inventorying and selection of project designs from several feasibility Coyne et Bellier. 1995 Report. assessments for irrigation and power production in drainage basins within the SADA Zone. The most relevant have Bui Hydropower Project. Environmental Impact Assessment: BKS Acres. 2001 been compiled and are, in some form, present in this report. A total of 23 large and medium potential dam sites Scoping Report. and over 600,000 ha of potential irrigable land proposed in different pre-feasibility and feasibility reports have been Source: Diverse sources and the Project Team compiled. In addition to that, 95 small catchments with 104 potential small dam sites have also been compiled from previous works, which could give room to small and medium-sized irrigation schemes totalling at least 104,000 ha. Based on the available reports, the following major irrigation schemes could be developed across the Northern Newly-developed layouts and reservoir surface areas have been created from the existing designs. Regarding the Savannah Ecological zone: dam sites, the dam axles have been properly georeferenced and overlaid on a 1:50,000 contour line map provided by the Lands Commission. Table 1-3. Large Scale Irrigation Schemes to be developed (in phases) across the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone The extensive bibliography on potential multi or single-purpose developments in the SADA Zone (Volta Basin and Site Gross Irrigable Area (Ha) its many tributaries) should not be underestimated. Even though not all historical documents requested by the Nasia-Nabogo Irrigation Scheme Project (NIS) 10,000 to 70,000 Project team have been made available, it could be partially concluded, per the analysis of the documents made Bui Irrigation Scheme Project (BIS) 30,000 to 140,000 available, that most of the potential areas for irrigation development have been submitted to some degree of Daka River Valley Irrigation Scheme Project (DIS) 50,000 to 95,000 survey over the years and implementation of these developments could depart from advanced stages. Pwalugu Irrigation Scheme Project (PIS) 20,000 to 100,000 Fumbisi Valley Irrigation Scheme Project (FIS) 99,000 to 242,395 Table 1-2. List of feasibility assessments on various projects within the SADA Zone Total area 209,000 to 647,395 Source: Diverse sources and Project Team Year of Author Report publication The Possibility of the Bui Gorge as the Site of Hydro-electric In addition to the irrigation potential that can be developed from large and medium sized dams, at least 95 small Kitson, Sir Albert E. 1925 Station; Gold Coast Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 1 catchments have also been surveyed under the Land and Water Survey in the Upper and Northern Regions of Ghana Outline of the Mineral and Water-power Resources of the Gold Project (FAO and UNDP 1968) for their potential for irrigation development. Within the 95 small catchments, 104 Kitson, Sir Albert E. 1925 Coast, Gold Coast Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1 small dams and weir sites have also been identified, which, put together, could irrigate over 104,000 hectares in Bird, St. John C. et al Volta River Scheme, WAFAL 1949 medium sized schemes (from 400 ha to 4,000 ha). Sir William Halcrow and Partners. Final Report on Development of the Volta River Basin 1951 The Volta River Project: Preparatory Commission Report (H. M. S. Even though these figures can look superlative, they appear highly feasible from a water resources point of view. Jackson, Sir Robert .G. A. 1956 O.) Hydrological surveys and water balance models revised and captured in Module 2 have indicated: Reassessment Report on the Volta River Project for the Kaiser Engineers Inc. 1959 Government of Ghana.  Out of the estimated range of annual renewable water resources available in the Volta Basin as surface run-off Technoexport on Co-operation with Investigation of the South-western River, First Stage Report. 1962 Hydroproject. (up to 41.6 billion m³), a very small portion is currently abstracted in Ghana or other countries which share the Bui Hydroelectric Station on the Black Volta River, of Ghana. U. S. Volta Basin with Ghana. According to the Volta Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (2013), approximately Zhuk, S. J. Hydroproject. 1964 S. R State Committee on Power Engineering and Electrification. 38.2 billion Km³ are discharged to the sea downstream of Akosombo annually; Dr. Butcher, D. and Huszar, L.; Tudor  Bui Resettlement Study 1966 Irrigating approximately 600,000 ha at a combined water consumption rate of 15,000 m³ per year, would G. Ingersoll (Editor). require 9 billion m³ annually, or 23% of the Basin’s water production. Even though this optimistic scenario Preliminary Report on the White Volta Basin Development Project Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. 1966 (implementing all irrigation schemes) has not been considered under this work, it is used to demonstrate that in the Northern Regions of Ghana in spite of potential vulnerability arising of climate change, planning large scale irrigation across the basin Report on Comprehensive Development Project of water Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. 1967 appears to be feasible. These figures also contrast well with irrigation’s current world share of fresh water use Resources in South Western Ghana. at 70%; Report on the Lower White Volta Basin Development Project (all Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. 1967 volumes).  Reports on the large scale irrigation schemes surveyed under this work provide detailed water balance analysis Chambers, R. The Volta Resettlement Experience 1970 in order to define scale of irrigation that would look feasible from a water resources perspective. Nathan Consortium for Sector Water resources Development in Ghana: General Report. 1970 Studies. However, irrigation schemes shall be implemented under strict compliance with the guidelines and obligations set Ghana Power Study: Engineering and Economic Evaluations of Kaiser Engineers International. 1971 forth in national and transnational pieces of legislation. Coordination with the Water Resources Commission of Alternative Means of Meeting VRA Electricity Demands to 1985. Ghana and the Volta Basin Authority are essential. Acres International Ltd and The Kpong Hydroelectric Project. Generation Expansion Studies. 1975 Shawinigan Engineering Co. Ltd Sponsored by CIDA. Snowy Mountains Engineering Corp. Bui Hydroelectric Project feasibility Study. 1976 Acres International Ltd. Ghana Generation Planning Study. 1985 Coyne et Bellier White Volta Development Scheme 1993

Republic of Ghana

Climate change models and scenarios have not yet provided conclusive findings about potential impacts on stream flows in the Volta Basin. Scenarios differ from projection decreases up to increases in stream flows 2 . It is recommended though that the hydrometric station network be expanded, recurrent water balance exercises be carried out regularly (e.g., every 5 years) as well as constant monitoring of the hydrological conditions of the basin be carried out. Strengthening of integrated water resources management programs is also strongly promoted as a key strategy in dealing with the impacts of climate change in agriculture.

2 According to Kuuzegh, (2008) mean annual total rainfall is projected to decrease by about 9-27% by 2100 with attendant decrease in runoff (…); Under the Glowa-Volta Project (GVP), about 30% decrease in April mean rainfall was predicted for the basin, but a prediction of increased mean monthly rainfall in June, August and September resulted in an overall increase in mean annual rainfall of 5% predicted for the basin (Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Volta Basin, 2013).

12 3°0'0"W 2°0'0"W 1°0'0"W 0°0'0"

20-1 T20 Bawku Burkina Faso Hamale 11°0'0"N Zebila Large, medium and small sized dam sites Navrongo T21 22 1-3 T Tumu40-2 21-1 40 T Bolgatanga T28 11

1200000 12 26 25 1-4 28-2 T T 1 T30 24 T 24-1T T23 Lawra 30-1 43-2 Nakpanduri 2-1 42-3 T43 10 2 T42 42-2 Gambaga T 24 6 Benin 29-1 9 $ 31-1 31 Wulugu 3-1 T T3 T29 T32 T27 T89 Small Dams Cities 50 47 89-1 4-1 32-1 T44 44-1 T T48 T 90-1 4-2 34-3 T53 1150000 22 T45 T52 Large and medium sized Dams .! Region Capital T4 T34 T90 33-1 39 T33 34-1 T Wawjawga ! 15 Boundary of Catchment City 5-2 35-2 T38 39-1 7 Nasia T46 35-1 T37 37-1 38-1 6-1 6-2 T5 T35 Wa 54 Lake Ports 6 23 T 14 Reservoirs (Î T 13 51 T91 10°0'0"N 7-2 55 T 49 36-3 T T58 T 92-3 91-2 7-1 92 Rivers SADA T64 58-1 T 91-3 1100000 T7 T62 Gushiago92-1 92-2 T36 T65 64-2 DTM 65-2 92-5 Volta Lake 8-2 16 68-3 68-4 T66 65-3 Nabogo 82-6 Togo High : 880 57-2 82-5 T68 68-1 66-2 66-1 65-1 61-1 50 Main Roads T8 68-2 T 82-4 59-1 57 17 82 1 T T 82-3 T67 67-1 59 Low : -28 T63 T61 T Main (National) Trunk Roads 9-5 8 T60 82-2 Daboya 9-6 82-1 Yendi Tamale Main Secondary Roads 1050000 9-4 69-3 69-2 69-1 T72 T71 73 77 77-3 77-6 93-1 9 72-1 T T 9-2 T 69 71-2 83 83-1 T 70-1 73-1 T 93 55 No. of catchement Sawla T 9-1 77-5 77-4 Zabzugu T79 84 T70 T 19-4 Dam site 4 in catchment No. 19 Yapei 79-1 19 94-3 78 84-1 Gbenshe 75-3 T 94 10 Damongo T74 T 10 10-2 T 75 21 Dam No. 10 Bole 19-9 19-4 19-3 T 75-2 86 19 T 9°0'0"N T 85-1 85-3 1000000 86-1 80-1 80 T11 T T85 85-2 20 Bimbila T16 16-2B T87 T17 T18 Buipe T76 87-1 12 Debre Damanko T 17-1 18-1 2 15-3 T88 T15 81-1 T81 5 18 T14 Salaga Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 30N 14-2 950000 Côte d'Ivoire Projection: Transverse Mercator 3 Datum: WGS 1984 T13 13-3 13-2 T95 Makango False Easting: 500,000.0000 False Northing: 0.0000 Yeji Central Meridian: -3.0000 4 Yeji Scale Factor: 0.9996 Latitude Of Origin: 0.0000 Dumbai Units: Meter 900000 Kintampo 8°0'0"N Client Support provided by Sampa Savannah Accelerated Development Authority Kete Krachi Kwadjokrom Atebubu Wenchi Kete Krachi

850000 Techiman Project Director Map edited by Map verified by

Jasikan Ing. Enoch Boateng Ágata Gomes Ágata Gomes Republic of Ghana 0 20 40 80 Kilometers Date: 08/03/2016 13 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 Irrigation schemes based on small dams No. Name Potential Irrigable Area (Ha) No. Name Potential Irrigable Area (Ha) No. Name Potential Irrigable Area (Ha) 1 Kamba 2,741 33 No name 473 65 Kulda 857 Large, medium and small sized dam sites 2 Kongonkon 713 34 Begelimbe 1,177 66 Pona 376 3 Bekpong 655 35 Degbegli 2,836 67 Dissa 1,155 4 Kule 1,000 36 Grogro 1,476 68 Mole 2,561 5 Aruba 764 37 Gyamwali 509 69 Lovi 2,267 6 Dagere 478 38 Kudage 556 70 Samole 568 7 Pale 1,444 39 Mudogo 539 71 Badda 570 8 San 590 40 Kunkwaltio 3,790 72 Dulura 416 9 Gbalon 2,112 41 Pagawma 437 73 Kulda 713 10 Bule 619 42 Mawbie 1,048 74 Juni 723 11 Abangbonto 767 43 Benaponi 1,242 75 Boinya 1,391 12 Kori 2,913 44 Tenebeno 1,141 76 Jimasangi 352 13 Yerada 932 45 Palo 752 77 Mawli 2,962 14 No name 582 46 Nasia 917 78 Kutong 420 15 Lambo 767 47 Kuluda 585 79 Jolo 1,187 16 Yakombo 1,680 48 Koloksibluga 626 80 Pasa 730 17 No name 529 49 Kulubela 888 81 Kul 874 18 No name 337 50 Duakuluga 891 82 Daka 1,570 19 Sorri 4,637 51 Kulda 263 83 Kulunsulu 339 20 Kulupieleau 481 52 Salga 420 84 Jeba 869 21 Aboukuliga 556 53 Gwakudo 631 85 Nasiwa 466 22 Tamne 1,847 54 Dansama 461 86 Yami 410 23 Morago 1,180 55 Kulda 551 87 Kbongo 354 24 Kulubiliga 422 56 Nabogo 2,039 88 Kunoo 1,638 25 Dieguoro 2,967 57 Peli 641 89 Konkombu 2,428 26 Tono 2,736 58 Gushe 1,019 90 Simkpeni 395 27 Bungu 505 59 Zulabong 519 91 Kamona 912 28 Kulpawn 1,893 60 Bongtanga 376 92 Kulaw 3,715 29 Kpelimpuri 485 61 Borbila 331 93 Machank-Peni 602 30 Bojoli 2,097 62 Kulda 590 94 Tankpa 1,369 31 No name 370 63 Bwa 273 95 Manuango 995 32 Walifuo 871 64 Salo 1,226

Large and medium sized dams No. Name Purpose MW 1 Koulbi Hydropower 68 2 Ntereso Hydropower 64 3 Lanka Hydropower 95 Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 30N Projection: Transverse Mercator 4 Bui (existing dam) Multipurpose 400 Datum: WGS 1984 5 Jambito Hydropower 55 False Easting: 500,000.0000 6 Pwalugu Multipurpose 70 False Northing: 0.0000 7 Kulpawn Multipurpose 36 Central Meridian: -3.0000 8 Daboya Multipurpose 43 Scale Factor: 0.9996 9 Dieguoro Flood control / Irrigation Latitude Of Origin: 0.0000 10 Tono 2 Flood control / Irrigation Units: Meter 11 Sissilli 1 Multipurpose 22 12 Kanyambia Multipurpose 6 Client Support provided by 13 Kulpawn 1 Multipurpose 7 Savannah Accelerated Development Authority 14 Nasia Flood control / Irrigation 15 Bogdoo Irrigation 16 Tamaligu Irrigation 17 Zogoo Irrigation 18 Juale Multipurpose 87 19 Daka Irrigation Project Director Map edited by Map verified by 20 Juanayili Flood control / Irrigation 21 Tributary 1 Flood control / Irrigation Ing. Enoch Boateng Ágata Gomes Ágata Gomes 22 Sissilli 2 Multipurpose 23 Kulpawn 2 Multipurpose 0 20 40 80 24 Tono 3 Multipurpose Kilometers Date: 06/03/2016 14

Republic of Ghana

1.6. MODULE 4 – FRAMEWORK FOR AGRIBUSINESS-BASED TRANSFORMATION  Increase chances of successful development of value chains, since recommendations also carry an understanding as to which crops and production systems can be supported by the resources available at a Based on the findings of the 3 previous modules, a 4th module was conceived to deal with the prospects of specific location; development, the value chains with highest potential, a spatial development framework for agribusiness as well as  Provide for equitable and shared growth opportunities for the people in the Zone, since projects and the required strategies, programs and policies to promote accelerated development of agriculture and agribusiness interventions are foreseen for each and every zone; in the zone.  Identify in advance a framework for infrastructure and urban development planning based on demand;

 Concrete elements to promote specific cities and landscapes as game-changers and growth poles. Firstly, a portfolio of good agricultural practices and climate-smart agriculture technologies for tropical environments was inventoried and presented. These technologies, in addition to providing increased financial feasibility of agriculture projects, large, medium or small, should also strongly contribute to deal with key agro Lastly, module 4 is concluded with propositions of typical farm modules and key industrial value chains to be ecological challenges and constraints found in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone and lay out the foundations strongly encouraged through investment promotion measures. The structuring of value chains will be ideally for environmentally-friendly, climate-resilient agricultural development. These technologies include, among other triggered by the introduction of anchor companies (mostly in processing and industrialization) which will acquire features: and retain typical roles in a value chain management system. The value chain system concept has also been analysed in the context of the exercise.

 Conservation agriculture practices including minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, crop Typical farm modules are herein provided as role models to promote financially-feasible commercial agriculture rotation, etc.; development across all farm sizes. They are defined along the lines of the practices, technologies, crops and  Liming of acidic soils; production systems they employ. A production system can be understood, for example, as the standard cropping  Permanent riparian buffer protection zones; patterns of a farm, whether it works on single or double-cropping standards, what are the crop-rotation  Contour farming; combinations, etc. For the purposes of this work, typical farm modules have been defined based on their cropping patterns. Seven (07) typical farm modules have been devised:  Direct seeding;

 Integrated pest management (IPM); Table 1-4. Typical farm modules proposed for the SADA Zone and their key characteristics  Responsible use of agrochemicals; Module/Crops Characteristics  Eradication of slash and burn practices; Module 1 - Mixed grains, Typical crops would include maize, soybean, cotton, groundnuts, beans, pearl millet cereals and oilseeds and sorghum, cowpea, green gram, etc. These farms would have one rain-fed and one  Afforestation of degraded areas; irrigated growing season. Typical crop rotations may include soybean-maize, soybean-  Agroforestry; cotton, maize-groundnut-cotton, cowpeas-cotton, others. Centre pivots can be the  Rotational grazing; main irrigation system for these farms. Module 2 – Irrigated rice Irrigated rice farms could work either on double-cropping of rice or with crop rotation.  Crop-livestock-forestry integration, among others. In Brazil, systems have been developed and successfully implemented to rotate soybeans with rice in lowlands or even pasture. Typical crop-rotations include pasture- Secondly, a general policy framework was devised with strategies, programs and policy projects. The 3 strategic rice, green manure-rice, and rice-rice-fallow. pillars [1. Establishment or improvement of the key hard (infrastructure) and soft (policies, institution) structures Module 3 – Irrigated fruit farms These farms would be mostly dedicated to perennial crops, preferably irrigated with and information systems; 2. Improving and upgrading farm level production in an environmentally sustainable localized irrigation techniques, such as drip or micro-sprinkler irrigation. Typical fruits manner; 3. Launching successful downstream processing and agriculture-based industrialization (agribusiness value would include pineapple, mangoes, citrus, and cashew (rain-fed and irrigated chains)] have been formulated into programs, which have then be translated to policy projects to be implemented. depending on the location). Parts of the farm can also be set aside for complementary sources of revenue, such as annual crops, agroforestry or livestock. Module 4 – Irrigated sugar cane Farms dedicated to sugar cane farming under irrigation, employing centre pivot or drip A total of 49 policy projects have been proposed. The projects deal with a very diverse portfolio of issues and irrigation. constraints, ranging from strengthening research and extension and dealing with land issues, up to environmental Module 5 – Irrigated vegetables These farms could grow tomatoes, onions, sweet potato, yams, cassava, chillies, etc., protection, infrastructure development and targeted private investment promotion. and/or tubers mixing irrigation and rain-fed agriculture (for water-stress resistant crops such as cassava). Irrigation systems would be mostly localized ones (drip and micro-sprinkler). Thirdly, a spatial development strategy for agriculture has been proposed. Given that availability of resources, Module 6 – Contract poultry These would be small, medium and large poultry farms to operate under an integrated farming practices, land tenure and land availability, among other factors, may differ substantially across different farming system with the poultry value chain anchor company. parts of the SADA Zone, 6 Agribusiness Development Zones have been conceived where different crops, value Module 7 – Cattle ranches These would be farms in which the primary source of revenue would be the sale of chains, farm sizes, land use systems, public and private investment projects are suggested. The zoning exercise cattle to the livestock value chain anchor company (abattoir), but other production would mostly contribute to: systems could also apply. The farm could integrate cattle with forestry and crop production. Crops could include maize and pulses under rotational system with grazing, but also land under improved pasture and forage legumes for rotational grazing. Forest  Support investment decision as to which types of projects should be promoted and implemented at each should also be encouraged under the crop-livestock-forestry integration system, location; described in the good practices and climate-smart agriculture technology portfolio. Source: Project team

Republic of Ghana

Agroforestry cuts across all production modules and systems. Likewise, farms can be developed for mixed use, including typical production systems of others modules.

Successful development of these model farms should result in steady and reliable flows of agricultural, animal and forestry produce to feed into specific value chains. Therefore, based on the availability of specific products, a number of priority value chains are proposed.

Table 1-5. Proposed priority value chains and anchor companies Value chains Anchor companies to be attracted Vegetable oil (grains, cereals and oilseeds) Vegetable oil processing plants (soybean, cotton, groundnut, sunflower, maize, others) and animal feedstock production facilities Poultry Poultry meat processing plants, feedstock production facilities, hatcheries, egg production plants Aquaculture Commercial aquaculture farm, fish processing facility, fingerling hatchery Fiber (cotton) Cotton ginnery and weaving facilities Sugar, ethanol and power Sugar cane processing facility and estate Cassava products Starch and high quality cassava flour production facility Fruit and juices Fruit packaging house and juice factory Vegetables Vegetables packing and processing house Cattle Cattle abattoir and anchor cattle farms (need for new genetic material) Timber and renewable energy Saw mill, furniture production plants, renewable energy plants Source: Project team

Rice is also a priority value chain, but since the key constraint currently encountered in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone is on farm production and not on processing (sizeable investments have been made), it is understood that the key challenges to unlock rice potential will be dealt with by increasing access to improved inputs, strengthening of research and extension and expanding access to irrigation infrastructure.

It is clear though that the Zone has wide potentials for many other value chains (timber, dairy, biofuels, etc.), but it is believed that the proposed ones, because of ripple effects, should trigger many others to come. The selected value chains also provide a combination of opportunities for a wide array of different farming practices, farm sizes, capital intensiveness, rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, etc. The diversity and inclusiveness promoted by such an eclectic portfolio should help promote benefits for all3.

3 The mix of value chains includes high-tech industries, such as sugar and poultry, but also less capital and technology-intensive ones, such as cassava and vegetables. It will also make possible to strengthen the role of smallholder farmers by promoting crops in which being small carries a competitive advantage (the case of some vegetables, cassava and tubers) while, at the same time, promote opportunities for large-scale, precision-agriculture based industries (soybean, sugar cane, etc.).

16 3°0'0"W 2°0'0"W 1°0'0"W 0°0'0"

20-1

Bawku ! Burkina Faso Proposed Agribusiness Development Hamale 11°0'0"N ! Zebila Zones and Large and Small Scale Dams Navrongo ! 1-3 Tumu ! 21-1 ! 40-2 and Irrigation Schemes Bolgatanga 11

1200000 12 1-4 28-2 ! ! O! 24-1 Lawra 30-1 43-2 Nakpanduri ! ! 2-1 42-3 !10 42-2 Gambaga ZONING 24 6 o 29-1 ! ! Benin Domestic Airport 9 ! $ 31-1 Wulugu 3-1 ! ! Agribusiness Development Zone 1 89-1 o 4-1 32-1 44-1 90-1 4-2 34-3 International Airport 1150000 !22 Agribusiness Development ( 33-1 Zone 2 34-1 Wawjawga 15 ! (Î Lake Ports 5-2 35-2 39-1 Nasia! Agribusiness Development 35-1 38-1 ! 6-1 6-2 37-1 Zone 3 Cities Wa o 23 14 13 ! ! Agribusiness Development Potential Special O! ! 10°0'0"N !O 7-2 92-3 Zone 4 Economic Zones 7-1 36-3 Gushiago 91-2 ! 58-1 91-3 !

1100000 92-1 92-2 Agribusiness Development City 64-2 Zone 5 92-5 65-2 16 Roads and Trails 8-2 68-3 Nabogo 82-6 68-4 65-3 ! ! Togo Agribusiness Development 57-2 82-5 68-1 66-2 66-1 65-1 61-1 Zone 6 Strategic Intra-zone Axles 68-2 82-4 59-1 17 1 ! ! 67-1 82-3 Small Dams Main (National) Trunk Daboya 9-5 ! 82-2 Roads Large and medium sized 9-6 82-1 Yendi Tamale ! Main Secondary Roads 1050000 9-4 69-3 69-2 69-1 Dams o 77-3 77-6 93-1 72-1 O! 9-2 71-2 73-1 ( 83-1 Secondary Route 70-1 Reservoirs Sawla Zabzugu 9-1 ! 77-5 77-4 ! Rivers Trail Yapei 79-1 19 94-3 ! 84-1 ! Gbenshe Damongo 75-3 Volta Lake SADA ! 10-2 19-4 21 Bole 19-9 O!19-3 75-2 ! ! 9°0'0"N Irrigable Areas 85-1 85-3 1000000 86-1 80-1 85-2!20 Bimbila 19-4 Dam site 4 in catchment No. 19 16-2B O! Buipe 87-1 Buipe 10 Dam No. 10 Debre Damanko ! 17-1 18-1 15-3 (O!Î !2 (Î 81-1 (Î !5 !18 Salaga Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 30N 14-2 950000 Côte d'Ivoire O! Projection: Transverse Mercator 3 Datum: WGS 1984 ! 13-3 13-2 MakangoMakango False Easting: 500,000.0000 (O!Î False Northing: 0.0000 Yeji Central Meridian: -3.0000 Yeji !4 ! Scale Factor: 0.9996 (Î Latitude Of Origin: 0.0000 Kintampo Dumbai Units: Meter 900000 ! ! O 8°0'0"N Client Support provided by Sampa ! Savannah Accelerated Development Authority Atebubu Kwadjokrom! Wenchi ! (Î ! O! Kete Krachi

850000 Techiman ! Project Director Map edited by Map verified by

Jasikan ! Ing. Enoch Boateng Ágata Gomes Ágata Gomes Republic of Ghana 0 20 40 80 Kilometers Date: 21/03/2016 17 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 Irrigation schemes based on small dams No. Name Potential Irrigable Area (Ha) No. Name Potential Irrigable Area (Ha) No. Name Potential Irrigable Area (Ha) 1 Kamba 2,741 33 No name 473 65 Kulda 857 2 Kongonkon 713 34 Begelimbe 1,177 66 Pona 376 3 Bekpong 655 35 Degbegli 2,836 67 Dissa 1,155 4 Kule 1,000 36 Grogro 1,476 68 Mole 2,561 5 Aruba 764 37 Gyamwali 509 69 Lovi 2,267 6 Dagere 478 38 Kudage 556 70 Samole 568 7 Pale 1,444 39 Mudogo 539 71 Badda 570 8 San 590 40 Kunkwaltio 3,790 72 Dulura 416 9 Gbalon 2,112 41 Pagawma 437 73 Kulda 713 10 Bule 619 42 Mawbie 1,048 74 Juni 723 11 Abangbonto 767 43 Benaponi 1,242 75 Boinya 1,391 12 Kori 2,913 44 Tenebeno 1,141 76 Jimasangi 352 13 Yerada 932 45 Palo 752 77 Mawli 2,962 14 No name 582 46 Nasia 917 78 Kutong 420 15 Lambo 767 47 Kuluda 585 79 Jolo 1,187 16 Yakombo 1,680 48 Koloksibluga 626 80 Pasa 730 17 No name 529 49 Kulubela 888 81 Kul 874 18 No name 337 50 Duakuluga 891 82 Daka 1,570 19 Sorri 4,637 51 Kulda 263 83 Kulunsulu 339 20 Kulupieleau 481 52 Salga 420 84 Jeba 869 21 Aboukuliga 556 53 Gwakudo 631 85 Nasiwa 466 22 Tamne 1,847 54 Dansama 461 86 Yami 410 23 Morago 1,180 55 Kulda 551 87 Kbongo 354 24 Kulubiliga 422 56 Nabogo 2,039 88 Kunoo 1,638 25 Dieguoro 2,967 57 Peli 641 89 Konkombu 2,428 26 Tono 2,736 58 Gushe 1,019 90 Simkpeni 395 27 Bungu 505 59 Zulabong 519 91 Kamona 912 28 Kulpawn 1,893 60 Bongtanga 376 92 Kulaw 3,715 29 Kpelimpuri 485 61 Borbila 331 93 Machank-Peni 602 30 Bojoli 2,097 62 Kulda 590 94 Tankpa 1,369 31 No name 370 63 Bwa 273 95 Manuango 995 32 Walifuo 871 64 Salo 1,226

Large and medium sized dams No. Name Purpose MW 1 Koulbi Hydropower 68 2 Ntereso Hydropower 64 3 Lanka Hydropower 95 Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 30N 4 Bui (existing dam) Multipurpose 400 Projection: Transverse Mercator 5 Jambito Hydropower 55 Datum: WGS 1984 6 Pwalugu Multipurpose 70 False Easting: 500,000.0000 7 Kulpawn Multipurpose 36 False Northing: 0.0000 8 Daboya Multipurpose 43 Central Meridian: -3.0000 9 Dieguoro Flood control / Irrigation Scale Factor: 0.9996 10 Tono 2 Flood control / Irrigation Latitude Of Origin: 0.0000 11 Sissilli 1 Multipurpose 22 Units: Meter 12 Kanyambia Multipurpose 6 13 Kulpawn 1 Multipurpose 7 Client Support provided by 14 Nasia Flood control / Irrigation Savannah Accelerated 15 Bogdoo Irrigation Development Authority 16 Tamaligu Irrigation 17 Zogoo Irrigation 18 Juale Multipurpose 87 19 Daka Irrigation 20 Juanayili Flood control / Irrigation Project Director Map edited by Map verified by 21 Tributary 1 Flood control / Irrigation 22 Sissilli 2 Multipurpose 23 Kulpawn 2 Multipurpose Ing. Enoch Boateng Ágata Gomes Ágata Gomes 24 Tono 3 Multipurpose 0 20 40 80 Kilometers Date: 21/03/2016

Republic of Ghana

Strategic Axle Framework Program Project Table 1-6. Masterplan strategic axles, framework programs and projects matrix on a sustainable 28. Agro parks development project (site selection, planning, Strategic Axle Framework Program Project manner feasibility studies) Establishment or Development of world-class 1. Agricultural Research Improvement Project 29. Fast-track technology dissemination (good agricultural improvement of research and extension services 2. Extension Services Improvement Project practices and climate-smart agriculture) among smallholders the key hard 3. Farmer field schools development project development project (infrastructure), 4. Agricultural technical secondary (high school) schools 30. Improved agricultural mechanization development project soft (policies, development project Strategic and priority crops 31. Improved irrigated rice development project institution) 5. Plant and animal genetics improvement and development clusters development framework 32. Improved irrigated cotton development project structures and project 33. Improved irrigated vegetables development project information 6. Permanent Crop and climate-modelling laboratory 34. Improved irrigated tree crops development project systems development project 35. Agroforestry and Planted Forests development project 7. Enhancement and expansion of hydrometric and 36. Commercial Aquaculture development project meteorological stations cover development project 37. Commercial Poultry farming development project 8. Project to implement the necessary infrastructure and 38. Commercial livestock and improved grazing development develop human resources for a permanent annual climatic project risk agricultural zoning4 Sustainability and Environmental 39. Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Development 9. Permanent Early Warning and Emergency Preparedness Development Framework Project System Task Force Development Project 40. Climate-smart agriculture development project Land management and farmers 10. Farmland, farmers, farmers services and secure payments 41. Bushfire fight, control and prevention brigade development services support framework Registration System Project project 11. SADA Land Trust or Land Bank Development Project (land 42. Strategic tree nurseries (forest) development project reserves small, medium and large-scale agricultural projects) 43. Fast-track riverine buffer and Afforestation Project Investment, Finance and rural 12. SADA Investment Bank development project Launching Agribusiness and private 44. Agribusiness private investment promotion and development credit development framework 13. Rural Credit Improvement Project successful investment development entity project (or an agribusiness promotion unit as a 14. Rural Credit Improvement for Large-Scale Projects downstream framework department of SADA) 15. Rural Credit Improvement for smallholders and farmer-based processing and 45. Large-scale land reserves for private investment organizations agriculture-based development project (under the SADA Land Trust or Land 16. Climate-based risk insurance development program industrialization Bank) Strategic Policies Framework 17. Seed policy enhancement development project (agribusiness 46. Agribusiness Special Economic Zones Development Project 18. Preferential water and power tariffs for agriculture value chains) 47. Strategic Single Private Investment Sourcing project development project (proactive investment promotion by developing tailor-made Social and production-targeted 19. Large and medium-scale irrigation schemes development incentives packages to specific agribusiness companies) infrastructure development project 48. Animal feedstock production development project framework 20. Small-scale irrigation schemes development project 49. Specific agroindustry value chains promotion and 21. Performance-based Water Users’ Associations development development project and subprojects project a. Sugar value chain 22. Feeder-road improvement and expansion development b. Cassava flour value chain project c. Vegetable oils value chain 23. Irrigation targeted power generation, transmission and d. Poultry processing value chain distribution development project e. Beef and dairy processing value chain 24. Storage Warehouses and warehouse receipt system f. Processed vegetables value chain development project g. Fruit processing value chain 25. Agriculture-targeted lake and river transportation system h. Others development project Source: SADA and Queiroz Galvão

Improving and Subsistence-to-commercial 26. Improved inputs supply and management development upgrading farm agriculture transformation and project (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc.) level production access to improved inputs 27. Nucleus out-grower Schemes development project frameworks (contractual framework)

4 Projects 6, 7, 8 and 16 are all interconnected. Improving the meteorological obervation network coverage is essential to feed zoning has to be performed every year, be published into law and guide extension services and farmers to actually comply with into crop and climate modelling skills. The later will then contribute to develop climatic risk agricultural zoning on an annual the seeding dates. Since risk will be strongly mitigated by following the crop calendards, a whole insurance system should be basis. The zoning, based on extensive climatic parameters, trends and edaphic factors , will be able to indicate, on a very developd along this practice, bringing down insurance and financing costs. In Brazil, where the system has been employed over detailed basis (e.g. district level), the optimum seeding date (10-day intervals), based on climatic and edaphic factors (water the last 2 decades, the climatic risk agricultural zoning saves the country hundreds of millions of dollars on avoided climate- holding capacities of loamy, sandy and other soils), for increased chances of success and risk mitigation. To be successful, the induced losses.

Republic of Ghana

1.7. MID-TERM VISION framework, private sector could be persuaded to add 200,000 ha of irrigated land in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone, resulting in a total of 300,000 ha under irrigation. The masterplanning exercise which oriented the elaboration of this document cut across several topics, issues and constraints and intends to inform and guide the elaboration of a mid and long term development framework for Even though these figures can look too optimistic at first glance, they would still fall under reasonable standards. the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone under the leadership of SADA. In summary, the following has been made Irrigating 300,000 ha would be feasible from a water resources perspective. It would also mean increasing Ghana’s available: share of irrigated land (as % of total cultivated land, which includes land under annual and perennial crops) from 0.4% nowadays to 4% (considering arable land remains the same). This would still be modest compared to Africa’s  Overview and inventory of key resources available for accelerated agriculture and agribusiness development 2005 average share of irrigated land (6%) and that of key West African peers, including Senegal (4.8%), Mali (5%), (water, climate, soils, land); Guinea (6.2%), and others (FAO, Irrigation in Africa in Figures, 2005). For the purpose of this masterplan, however,  Understanding of the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone’s competitive and comparative advantages for rural it has been assumed that the private sector may add up to 01 ha under irrigation to each hectare provided by development covering agriculture, livestock, forestry and aquaculture; Government, totalling 200,000 ha under irrigation as a mid-term target.  Knowledge of the power and irrigation infrastructure (all sizes) which can be implemented to harness the various potentials of the zone for agriculture and agribusiness;  Proposition of transformational technologies, spatial development and policy frameworks and value chains to 1.7.2. EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND BENEFITS be employed for the implementation of such mid and long term vision. The expected outcomes and social-economic benefits of these interventions have been modelled in accordance Therefore, based on the need for accelerated development and the many potentials of the zone, some targets are with a set of assumptions, which includes: proposed. Within a 10 to 20-year implementation program, it should be realistic to expect the following:  100,000 ha with bulk-water infrastructure funded by Government. Management and maintenance of the  Develop 100,000 ha of public sector-led bulk water infrastructure for irrigation schemes (including the required schemes to be transferred to the private sector with the expectation that no recurrent expenditure to fund network of feeder-roads). This could be further broken down into 80,000 ha in selected large scale irrigation operation and maintenance would fall under Government responsibilities. Discussions about the optimum schemes (> 4,000 ha) and 20,000 ha in medium and small-scale schemes (400 ha > 4,000 ha) scattered across operation and management framework of irrigation schemes have been the object of thorough discussions the zone. Smallholders would benefit from both categories of schemes, once in large-scale, a substantial portion with SADA, and under the policy framework, a specific policy project has been devised to deal with the issue. of the irrigable surface could be allocated to them in small plots (4 ha, for instance), and the medium-scale ones Under Strategic Pillar 1 – Establishment or improvement of the key hard (infrastructure), soft (policies, would be specifically targeted at them; institutions) structures and information systems, and the Social and production-targeted infrastructure development framework program, project 16 (Performance-based Water Users’ Association Development  Implement 300 MW of additional power capacity (including transmission and distribution) to support Project) is specifically designed to develop an effective irrigation scheme management framework; pressurized irrigation systems development and agro processing. This could be developed in a mix of hydro and other renewable energy projects (thermal, solar, biogas, etc.), both public and private. Renewable energy  Additional 100,000 ha introduced with private sector finance, increasing total stocks of equipped irrigable land (thermal) power could be produced based on large scale biomass production to originate from accelerated to 200,000 ha. It has been assumed that for each hectare introduced by Government, private sector will be agricultural development, including, but not limited to sugar cane bagasse, rice husks, wood chips, among persuaded to add one additional hectare, a conservative estimate considering historical evidence that private others. As an example, one sugar cane processing facility with capacity to handle 3 million tons of cane per sector can add as much as 02 hectares per hectare funded by Government; annum (30,000 ha), could yield 280,500 MWh/year, equating to 42,5 MW of installed capacity.  Additional investment by the private sector can take form in many ways, including:  Some of the irrigation schemes to be implemented by Government will be composed of dams on tributaries with a left and a right bank canal for gravity conveyance of water. Irrigable land will be along the river valley, 1.7.1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENTS downstream of the dam site, fed with water conveyed by gravity. Usually, what can happen is that private sector can add pump stations along the canal to serve additional areas out of the command area, usually Developing 100,000 ha of public-sector led bulk water infrastructure and 150 MW of hydropower production at higher elevations; (Government’s share of the required 300 MW) would require approximately USD 2.04 billion, which could mean  Along rivers with high, regulated stream flows (like the Black Volta downstream of Bui and the White Volta US$ 200 million (if in 10 years) or US$ 100 million (if in 20 years) per annum. This is a modest capital expenditure in in future conditions, downstream of Pwalugu), the private sector can also increase irrigable area by light of the many potential benefits that would result from such interventions. The breakdown of the investment installing pump stations at the river banks or canals for serving additional irrigable land. This is the concept would be as follows: developed for some of the irrigable area of the proposed Pwalugu Irrigation Scheme in the Pwalugu  USD 1.57 billion directed to irrigation development and feeder roads development; Multipurpose dam feasibility study.  US$ 539 million would be targeted at hydropower production.  30% of the land allocated to rice, 40% allocated to mixed grains, cereals and oilseeds, 25% to sugarcane and 5% to high-value added vegetables and fruits. It is clear that land allocation can be subject to alternative ratios, but Taking Brazil as a benchmark, where Government introduced sizeable investments to develop 200,000 ha of land this setting has been considered for economic and social benefits estimation. Considering very conservative equipped for irrigation in its semi-arid ecological zone, such investment also served the purpose of attracting estimates for agricultural and industrial yield, results can be found in the following tables; additional private investment into irrigation, farming and downstream agro industrial processing. According to the  Value chains foreseen to flourish include poultry (integrating upstream grains, cereals and oilseeds production World Bank, for each 01 ha of land equipped for irrigation with public resources, the private sector introduced 2 like maize, soya, groundnuts, pearl millet, sorghum, others), sugar, vegetables and rice. additional ha in irrigated land, adding a total of 400,000 ha (World Bank, Irrigated Agriculture in the Brazilian Semi- Arid Region: Social Impacts and Externalities, 2004). If that same logic is applied to the proposed investment

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Table 1-7. Land use scenario considered for benefits estimation per direct job (EMBRAPA, 2004). Applying this ratio to the expected production in the SADA Zone (considering 2.45 Crops and systems Area (Ha) jobs per ha under tomatoes and 0.2 jobs per hectare under sugar cane and grains (including rice), would lead us to Irrigated Rice 60,000 62,500 direct and 367,500 indirect jobs, a total of 430,000 jobs, while, using another metric (CODEVASF – San Mixed irrigated/rain-fed grains, cereals and oilseeds 80,000 Francisco Valley Development Authority, Brazil, 2004), every US$ 5,500 of CAPEX into irrigation creates 1 Irrigated sugarcane 50,000 permanent job. Combined proposed public and private investment would then lead us to 635,000 jobs. Irrigated vegetables and fruits 10,000 Total area 200,000 Even though figures may vary a lot, they hold some consistency among themselves, implying a potential creation Source: Project team of 350,000 to 500,000 jobs.

Table 1-8. Total value chain estimated produce In summary, the estimation of job creation herein proposed is based on: Products Weight (tons) or equivalent Milled rice (tons) 420,000  62,500 direct jobs at the farm level considering 2.45 jobs hectare under vegetables and 0.2 direct jobs per Soybeans (tons) 240,000 hectare under sugar and grains; Maize (tons) 480,000  0.00029 job per each USD of revenue in the value chain, leading us to 341,513; Soybean oil (tons) 48,000  A total of 404,013, setting the range between 400,000-450,000 jobs. Soybean meal (tons) 187,200 Poultry feedstock (soybean meal + maize) (tons) 505,946 Chicken meat (tons) 210,811 An additional benefit to estimate is the inflow of private investment as a consequence of public expenditure. With Sugarcane (tons) 5,500,000 the use of estimated levels of private investment in the selected value chains plus additional irrigable area that the Sugar (tons) 660,000 private sector may expand, benefiting from common headworks developed by Government, a range of USD 1.9 Power (MWh/annum) 467,500 billion to USD 2.3 billion in private investment can be expected in the region within the next 10-20 years. Power installed capacity (MW) 71 Vegetables and fruits (tons) 600,000 Table 1-10. Estimated private investment in selected value chains Source: Project team Sector Total private investment Poultry 720,000,000 Table 1-9. Total value chain combined production (value) Sugar 675,000,000 Products Revenue (US$ 000) Rice 247,500,000 Milled rice (tons) 226,800 Additional irrigation 350,000,000 Chicken meat (tons) 347,838 Total 1,992,500,000 Sugar (tons) 290,400 Source: Project Team Power (MWh/annum) 60,775 Tomato 252,632 A summary of expected benefits is provided below. Total 1,178,444 Source: SADA and Queiroz Galvão Table 1-11. Summary of benefits resulting from public interventions in irrigation and power infrastructure in the

NSEZ For jobs estimation, different methodologies may apply, from simple empirical evidence and expectation that job Area under irrigated production (Ha) 200,000 creation in agribusiness will repeat previous performances, to more sophisticated input-output models which Annual income from selected value chains (US$ 000) 1,178,444 estimate amounts of direct, indirect and induced jobs per a certain growth in production of sectors. In this regard, Jobs 400,000 to 450,000 calculations carried out in Brazil in 2003 by the National Development Bank indicated that, for each US$ 3 million Inflows of private investment (US$ 000) 1,900,000 to 2,300,000 in increased production from the agribusiness sectors, a corresponding amount of 828 jobs was created, implying Source: Project Team the creation of 0.00029 job per each USD of production growth (EMBRAPA, 2004). Considering the total estimated production value for the SADA Zone, this benchmark would imply the creation of 341,513 jobs.

Other methods consider numbers of jobs created per hectare on a consistent basis for specific crops. Studies conducted by Brazilian research institutions and quoted by Ignacy Sachs indicated 2.45 jobs per hectare under tomatoes, 0.7 jobs per hectare under tobacco and 0.6 jobs per hectare under pineapple (EMBRAPA, 2004). In irrigated agriculture in Brazil, similar ratios have long been observed and tracked by several institutions. Consensus indicates that each hectare under irrigation would provide 1 direct and 1.5 indirect job. Even though these figures would imply a certain portfolio of crops (usually fruits and vegetables, more labour intensive than grains, cereals, oilseeds and sugar), applying it to the projected 200,000 ha for SADA would leave us with 500,000 jobs.

Lastly, in 1970, it was observed that 3.4 million rural jobs in the USA supported 20 million additional jobs in downstream agribusiness, including processing, inputs, commerce and transportation, leading to 5.88 indirect jobs

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