Political Finance in Developing States

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Political Finance in Developing States Political Finance in Developing States The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Luna, Joseph P. 2016. Political Finance in Developing States. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493275 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Political Finance in Developing States A dissertation presented by Joseph P. Luna to The Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2016 c 2016 Joseph P. Luna All rights reserved. Advisor: Professor Robert H. Bates Joseph P. Luna Political Finance in Developing States Abstract In developing countries, political activities are expensive. During campaigns, candidates and parties incur the costs of hiring staff, advertising, traveling and po- tentially buying votes. Between elections, citizens exert pressure to receive private benefits. Little is known, however, about how candidates and parties actually raise funds. These candidates often campaign on development platforms, promising cit- izens that they will deliver quality public goods. It is not clear, though, that the delivery of public goods is improving. To examine these problems, I investigate the case of Ghana. Devoting one year to field research, I observed the actions of political actors in 11 districts. I interviewed over 200 local elites, including politicians, bureaucrats, private business owners and traditional chiefs. I administered surveys to bureaucrats and gathered data on local development projects. Political financing and the quality of public{goods delivery are intertwined. Ghana- ian politics is financed by an \iron square" of politicians, bureaucrats, construction contractors and party officials who covertly extract funds from public procurement. Their actions reduce the funds available to build development projects, hinder the ability of citizens to monitor project quality and drive honest contractors out of the market. This system of political financing is ultimately sustained by the kinship obligations that each player must satisfy. iii Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Questions . .1 1.2 Significance . .3 1.3 Context & Methods . .5 1.4 Plan of the Dissertation . 10 2 Inside Motivations 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 The Players . 18 2.2.1 The Politician . 18 2.2.2 The Bureaucrat . 24 2.2.3 The Contractor . 30 2.2.4 The Party Chair . 35 iv 2.3 Synthesis . 37 2.3.1 The Public Procurement Act . 39 2.3.2 District X Bid Opening . 43 3 A Theory of Political Finance 48 3.1 Introduction . 48 3.2 Financing Politics . 49 3.2.1 Preferences . 50 3.2.2 Actions . 56 3.2.3 Enforcement . 60 3.2.4 Continuity . 66 3.3 Reshaping Accountability . 69 3.4 Conclusion . 72 4 Empirical Findings on Procurement 74 4.1 Introduction . 74 4.2 Survey Results . 75 4.2.1 Elite Bureaucrats' Survey . 75 4.2.2 Conjoint Experiment . 79 4.3 Archival Results . 89 4.3.1 Tender Reports . 89 4.3.2 Contractor Registration . 96 4.3.3 Media Accounts . 100 4.4 Conclusion . 103 v 5 Uncertainty, Kinship and Contractors 105 5.1 Introduction . 105 5.2 Firm Investment and Kinship . 107 5.3 Suboptimal Contract Allocation . 113 5.4 Discussion . 123 5.4.1 Construction Quality . 123 5.4.2 Firm Mergers . 125 5.4.3 Party Chairs . 126 5.5 Conclusion . 127 6 Conclusion 130 Bibliography 136 Appendix A 145 Appendix B 149 vi List of Figures 1.1 Map of Ghana. .6 2.1 Sample Tender Advertisement from National Newspaper. 41 2.2 Sample Bid Evaluation Document. 45 3.1 Districts in Which DCEs Contested Parliamentary Seats, 2012. 51 3.2 A DCE Shares Projects With Bureaucrats . 58 3.3 Regional Chairs, Foot Soldiers and Politicians. 63 3.4 The Iron Square of Political Finance. 65 3.5 Subcontracting Across Party Lines. 67 4.1 Changing Wrong Practices . 78 4.2 Political Transfer of Bureaucrats . 79 4.3 Sample Bid{Opening Report from a District Tender Committee . 80 4.4 Two Sample Conjoint Evaluations . 82 4.5 Conjoint Experiment Results . 88 4.6 Contractors and Projects, Northern District. 90 4.7 Contractors and Projects, Southern District. 92 vii 4.8 Project Bidders Data, Southern District . 94 4.9 Project Bidders Data, Southern District . 95 4.10 Sample Contractor Registration Certificate . 97 4.11 Selected Data on Contractor Registrations . 98 4.12 Sample from a District 2012 Annual Progress Report . 99 4.13 Proportions of Certified and Uncertified Contractors, 2012. 100 5.1 Party Chair's Dictator Game. 117 5.2 Foot Soldier's Dictator Game. 120 viii List of Tables 2.1 District Assembly Common Fund Allocations (2012), By Region . 39 4.1 Descriptive Statistics of Bureaucrat Sample . 76 4.2 Education and Pay of Bureaucrats . 76 4.3 Conjoint Experiment Results . 87 ix Acknowledgements I am indebted to the kindness of so many. I first visited Ghana in 2008, and the warmth, hospitality and humor of the Ghanaian people have always made me feel at home. I thank Siisi Ocran and Eric Tetteh at the Ministry of Transport for their contin- ued support and hospitality. Two of the first people I met in Ghana, I count them amongst my closest friends. I am honored to have learned from them and watched their families grow. At ISSER, I have gained so much from my conversations with Isaac Osei{Akoto. I also thank my good friend Ebenezer Offei{Ansah, whom I first met in 2009. I am inspired by his tireless work ethic, and I know he will contribute so much to the betterment of the world. At the Centre for Democratic Development Ghana, I have enjoyed numerous academic discussions with Kojo Asante and E. Gyimah{Boadi. I am also grateful for the friendship and encouragement of Kakra Adu, Isaac Asare, Maxwell Ashon, and Mohammed Awal. There are many members of the Government of Ghana that have graciously do- nated their time and support. Elionai Adu{Labi has been an indefatigable source of knowledge. Alhaji Ishaq and Coffie Agama have shared so much of their on{ the{ground experiences. I thank Joseph Dasanah at the Local Government Service Secretariat for welcoming me and facilitating my research. I am also grateful to the six Cabinet Ministers who allowed me the once{in{a{lifetime research opportunity of observing them up close. I express my deepest appreciation to the hundreds of public servants I have encountered over the years. I am humbled by their compelling stories and dedication to public service. Listening to them tell their stories has been one of the most rewarding experiences of my life. This research would not have been possible without the support of Ghana's two main political parties. From the New Patriotic Party, I am immensely grateful to x the ever{patient Kwadwo Antwi Adjei. I have taken in so much about Ghanaian politics and history just by sitting in his office. From the National Democratic Congress, I thank Karl Arhin and Akuamoah Ofosu{Boateng for their support and lively conversations. I also appreciate the encouragement of many junior staffers of the NDC. Outside of research, I am indebted to many friends in Ghana for the encour- agement that sustained me during fieldwork. In particular, I thank Abednego Ma- jisi, Alhaji Massoud, Hosseini, Bruce, Randy, Clement, Martin, Mensah Armah and Thomas Akoensi. There are many I wish to thank in the United States. First, I thank Blocking Group One, the best group of friends I could ask for: Adam Hallowell, Albert Chen, Allie Fixsen, Aneesh Kulkarni, Anna Shneidman, Brian Weller, Christina Li, Emily Bruemmer, Gibran Minero, Greg Poulos, Holly May, Jacob Sanders, Jenny Hsu, Katie McCabe, Lucie Guo, Meghan Purdy, Michelle Siao, Ryan Jamiolkowski, Stella Lee, Travis May, Vera Mucaj and Xianlin Li. I express tremendous gratitude to Jonathan Phillips, Leah Rosenzweig, Mauri- cio Fernandez Duque, Matthew Stephenson, Daniel Franklin, Anna Persson, Rachel Sigman, Staffan Lindberg, Shana Warren, Seth Soderborg and colleagues at Boston University, Northwestern, Harvard, MPSA, NYU, UCLA, the International Confer- ence on Public Policy and the African Studies Association for fruitful discussions of previous versions of this work. I am grateful for the guidance of Dan Carpenter, Arthur Spirling and Lucie White in the writing of this dissertation. I have appreciated their diverse perspectives, which has better shaped my thinking. I have also benefited from the wisdom and friendship of Michael Hiscox and Jens Hainmueller, who believed in me and helped me explore interesting research questions in rural Ghana. I first met my dissertation advisor, Robert Bates, in 2006, when I was a sophomore at Harvard College. It has been an honor to learn from him. The thing I appreciate most about him is that, no matter how poorly formed or ambitious my ideas, he has never made me feel inferior. Bob has been a supportive, patient advisor, and he has always had my back. I am awed by the breadth of his knowledge, and his example has inspired me to be creative and holistic in my research. From him, I have learned the importance of fieldwork and distilling the underlying motivations of complex behavior. Michelle Storch has brought boundless happiness to my life. She has supported me during the arduous process of dissertation writing, and her love brightens my days. There is no one else I enjoy seeing the world with more, and I cannot wait to see what our future holds.
Recommended publications
  • The Regional Balance of Presidential Tickets in Ghanaian Elections: Analysis of the 2008 General Elections
    3 The Regional Balance of Presidential Tickets in Ghanaian Elections: Analysis of the 2008 General Elections Ziblim Iddi Introduction Ghana’s Fourth Republican Constitution prescribed a hybrid of the presidential and parliamentary systems of government to be practiced in a multi-party democracy. This is a clear departure from the country’s previous attempt at constitutional government in the first three republics. The country experimented with the presidential system of government in the first and third republics, and practiced the parliamentary system under the second republic. It is reported that the constitutional experts assembled by the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC) government to produce a draft constitution for the fourth republic were guided by the lessons learned under the first three republican constitutions. For example, the requirement that the majority of ministers of state shall be appointed from among members of Parliament as prescribed by Article 78 of the 1992 constitution was recommended because of lessons learned under the third republican constitution. The president, under the third republic, failed to get his budget passed by parliament in 1981. This was largely blamed on the fact that no member of parliament was a minister of state under the 1979 constitution. The framers of the 1992 constitution, therefore, recommended hybridization to cure the mischief of members of parliament of the ruling party sabotaging the president’s agenda. Nonetheless, Ghana’s current hybrid system of government could easily pass for a presidential system (Ninsin 2008). 64 Issues in Ghana’s Electoral Politics The institutional arrangement and power dynamics between the executive and the legislature sanctioned by the 1992 constitution has inadvertently created what is gradually becoming an ‘imperial presidency’ in Ghana.
    [Show full text]
  • An Epidemiological Profile of Malaria and Its Control in Ghana
    An Epidemiological Profile of Malaria and its Control in Ghana Report prepared by National Malaria Control Programme, Accra, Ghana & University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana & AngloGold Ashanti Malaria Control Program, Obuasi, Ghana & World Health Organization, Country Programme, Accra, Ghana & The INFORM Project Department of Public Health Research Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Progamme Nairobi, Kenya Version 1.0 November 2013 Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to the following individuals from the MPHD, KEMRI-Oxford programme: Ngiang-Bakwin Kandala, Caroline Kabaria, Viola Otieno, Damaris Kinyoki, Jonesmus Mutua and Stella Kasura; we are also grateful to the help provided by Philomena Efua Nyarko, Abena Asamoabea, Osei-Akoto and Anthony Amuzu of the Ghana Statistical Service for help providing parasitological data on the MICS4 survey; Catherine Linard for assistance on modelling human population settlement; and Muriel Bastien, Marie Sarah Villemin Partow, Reynald Erard and Christian Pethas-Magilad of the WHO archives in Geneva. We acknowledge in particular all those who have generously provided unpublished data, helped locate information or the geo-coordinates of data necessary to complete the analysis of malaria risk across Ghana: Collins Ahorlu, Benjamin Abuaku, Felicia Amo-Sakyi, Frank Amoyaw, Irene Ayi, Fred Binka, David van Bodegom, Michael Cappello, Daniel Chandramohan, Amanua Chinbua, Benjamin Crookston, Ina Danquah, Stephan Ehrhardt, Johnny Gyapong, Maragret Gyapong, Franca Hartgers, Debbie Humphries, Juergen May, Seth Owusu-Agyei, Kwadwo Koram, Margaret Kweku, Frank Mockenhaupt, Philip Ricks, Sylvester Segbaya, Harry Tagbor and Mitchell Weiss. The authors also acknowledge the support and encouragement provided by the RBM Partnership, Shamwill Issah and Alistair Robb of the UK government's Department for International Development (DFID), Claude Emile Rwagacondo of the West African RBM sub- regional network and Thomas Teuscher of RBM, Geneva.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Gazette
    GHANA GAZETTE Published by Authority CONTENTS PAGE Facility with Long Term Licence … … … … … … … … … … … … 1236 Facility with Provisional Licence … … … … … … … … … … … … 201 Page | 1 HEALTH FACILITIES WITH LONG TERM LICENCE AS AT 12/01/2021 (ACCORDING TO THE HEALTH INSTITUTIONS AND FACILITIES ACT 829, 2011) TYPE OF PRACTITIONER DATE OF DATE NO NAME OF FACILITY TYPE OF FACILITY LICENCE REGION TOWN DISTRICT IN-CHARGE ISSUE EXPIRY DR. THOMAS PRIMUS 1 A1 HOSPITAL PRIMARY HOSPITAL LONG TERM ASHANTI KUMASI KUMASI METROPOLITAN KPADENOU 19 June 2019 18 June 2022 PROF. JOSEPH WOAHEN 2 ACADEMY CLINIC LIMITED CLINIC LONG TERM ASHANTI ASOKORE MAMPONG KUMASI METROPOLITAN ACHEAMPONG 05 October 2018 04 October 2021 MADAM PAULINA 3 ADAB SAB MATERNITY HOME MATERNITY HOME LONG TERM ASHANTI BOHYEN KUMASI METRO NTOW SAKYIBEA 04 April 2018 03 April 2021 DR. BEN BLAY OFOSU- 4 ADIEBEBA HOSPITAL LIMITED PRIMARY HOSPITAL LONG-TERM ASHANTI ADIEBEBA KUMASI METROPOLITAN BARKO 07 August 2019 06 August 2022 5 ADOM MMROSO MATERNITY HOME HEALTH CENTRE LONG TERM ASHANTI BROFOYEDU-KENYASI KWABRE MR. FELIX ATANGA 23 August 2018 22 August 2021 DR. EMMANUEL 6 AFARI COMMUNITY HOSPITAL LIMITED PRIMARY HOSPITAL LONG TERM ASHANTI AFARI ATWIMA NWABIAGYA MENSAH OSEI 04 January 2019 03 January 2022 AFRICAN DIASPORA CLINIC & MATERNITY MADAM PATRICIA 7 HOME HEALTH CENTRE LONG TERM ASHANTI ABIREM NEWTOWN KWABRE DISTRICT IJEOMA OGU 08 March 2019 07 March 2022 DR. JAMES K. BARNIE- 8 AGA HEALTH FOUNDATION PRIMARY HOSPITAL LONG TERM ASHANTI OBUASI OBUASI MUNICIPAL ASENSO 30 July 2018 29 July 2021 DR. JOSEPH YAW 9 AGAPE MEDICAL CENTRE PRIMARY HOSPITAL LONG TERM ASHANTI EJISU EJISU JUABEN MUNICIPAL MANU 15 March 2019 14 March 2022 10 AHMADIYYA MUSLIM MISSION -ASOKORE PRIMARY HOSPITAL LONG TERM ASHANTI ASOKORE KUMASI METROPOLITAN 30 July 2018 29 July 2021 AHMADIYYA MUSLIM MISSION HOSPITAL- DR.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Marine Canoe Frame Survey 2016
    INFORMATION REPORT NO 36 Republic of Ghana Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development FISHERIES COMMISSION Fisheries Scientific Survey Division REPORT ON THE 2016 GHANA MARINE CANOE FRAME SURVEY BY Dovlo E, Amador K, Nkrumah B et al August 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2 LIST of Table and Figures .................................................................................................................... 3 Tables............................................................................................................................................... 3 Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 AIM OF SURVEY ............................................................................................................................. 5 2.0 PROFILES OF MMDAs IN THE REGIONS ......................................................................................... 5 2.1 VOLTA REGION .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 GREATER ACCRA REGION .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Brong Ahafo Region
    REGIONAL ANALYTICAL REPORT BRONG AHAFO REGION Ghana Statistical Service June, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Ghana Statistical Service Prepared by: Martin Kwasi Poku Omar Seidu Clara Korkor Fayorsey Edited by: Kwabena Anaman Chief Editor: Tom K.B. Kumekpor ii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There cannot be any meaningful developmental activity without taking into account the characteristics of the population for whom the activity is targeted. The size of the population and its spatial distribution, growth and change over time, and socio-economic characteristics are all important in development planning. The Kilimanjaro Programme of Action on Population adopted by African countries in 1984 stressed the need for population to be considered as a key factor in the formulation of development strategies and plans. A population census is the most important source of data on the population in a country. It provides information on the size, composition, growth and distribution of the population at the national and sub-national levels. Data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) will serve as reference for equitable distribution of resources, government services and the allocation of government funds among various regions and districts for education, health and other social services. The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) is delighted to provide data users with an analytical report on the 2010 PHC at the regional level to facilitate planning and decision-making. This follows the publication of the National Analytical Report in May, 2013 which contained information on the 2010 PHC at the national level with regional comparisons. Conclusions and recommendations from these reports are expected to serve as a basis for improving the quality of life of Ghanaians through evidence-based policy formulation, planning, monitoring and evaluation of developmental goals and intervention programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Small and Medium Forest Enterprises in Ghana
    Small and Medium Forest Enterprises in Ghana Small and medium forest enterprises (SMFEs) serve as the main or additional source of income for more than three million Ghanaians and can be broadly categorised into wood forest products, non-wood forest products and forest services. Many of these SMFEs are informal, untaxed and largely invisible within state forest planning and management. Pressure on the forest resource within Ghana is growing, due to both domestic and international demand for forest products and services. The need to improve the sustainability and livelihood contribution of SMFEs has become a policy priority, both in the search for a legal timber export trade within the Voluntary Small and Medium Partnership Agreement (VPA) linked to the European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (EU FLEGT) Action Plan, and in the quest to develop a national Forest Enterprises strategy for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). This sourcebook aims to shed new light on the multiple SMFE sub-sectors that in Ghana operate within Ghana and the challenges they face. Chapter one presents some characteristics of SMFEs in Ghana. Chapter two presents information on what goes into establishing a small business and the obligations for small businesses and Ghana Government’s initiatives on small enterprises. Chapter three presents profiles of the key SMFE subsectors in Ghana including: akpeteshie (local gin), bamboo and rattan household goods, black pepper, bushmeat, chainsaw lumber, charcoal, chewsticks, cola, community-based ecotourism, essential oils, ginger, honey, medicinal products, mortar and pestles, mushrooms, shea butter, snails, tertiary wood processing and wood carving.
    [Show full text]
  • I U R E P Orientation Phase R E P O R T G H a 1\F A
    International Atomic Energy Agency DRAFT I U R E P ORIENTATION PHASE REPORT G H A 1\F A MR. JEW-PAUL GUELPA MR. WOLFRAM TO GEL December 1982 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document UTTEENATIOITAL URANIBK RESOURCES. EVALUATION PROJECT -IURBP- IUSSP ORIENTATION FHAS3 MISSION REPORT BSPTOLIC OP GHANA Dr. J.Fo Guelpa December, 1982. Dro "W. Vogel PREFACE mission, was undertaken, by two consultants, Dr. JoP. Guelpa and Dr. W, Vogel, both, commenced the investigations in Ghana on 5th November, 1982 and completed their work on 16th December, 1982. A total of three days was spent in the field by the consultants* 1. Terse of Ilsferenie .. ., 5 2. General Geography .. .. 4 3. Clirate .. ... 7 4. Population aril I-lain Cities .. .. 9 5. Administrative Regions .. .. S- 6. Official Language, Public Holidays and System of Eeasureaervfc .. ., ll 7. Transport and Consronicatipn .. .. 11 8. Available "aps and Air Photographs .. 12 c. ITCK UB^ITK ICIITIKG n; GH^A • .. .. 13 1. Overview .. .. 13 2. Dianond .. ,. 15 3. Gold .. .. 17 . • 4. Batfzite .. • .. 'IS 5. Manganese .. .. 18 D. IBGI3LATICH ON UEAiTITJK EXPLCHASCtf AlTD XIIIDTG 19 3. KATIOKAL CAFACITI PCS URAFIUI! SXPLORATIC1T AIT3 D272L0P- 1. Ghana Atoiaic Energy CoEE&ssion .. 20 2. Ghana Geological Survey .. .. 22 3. Universities .. .. 24 F. GnOL'OGIC/i 3ST.12r.7 . .. 25 1. Introduction .. ' .. 25 2. The 'vest African Shield Area .. .. 27 2.1 Birician Systec .. .. 27 2.2 Eburnean Granites .. .. 32 2.3 Taria-;aian System .. .. 35 3. Sie Kobile Belt ... .. 3S 3.1 Dahoneyan System •• •• 35 3.2 ?cgc Series •• •• 4C 3 .3 Buen.
    [Show full text]
  • Akufo-Addo Delivers 2Nd Annual Aliu Mahama Lecture
    SPEECH BY NANA AKUFO-ADDO, 2016 PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE OF THE NEW PATRIOTIC PARTY, AT THE 2ND ALIU MAHAMA MEMORIAL LECTURES AT THE BANQUET HALL, STATE HOUSE, ACCRA, ON 9TH DECEMBER, 2014 ON “ONE GHANA: SECURING OUR FUTURE”. It was with great pleasure, tinged with considerable sadness, that I accepted the invitation from my good friend, Kwasi Abeasi, the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Aliu Mahama Foundation, to be the second speaker in the series of the Foundation’s Annual Memorial Lectures. Pleasure, because, having missed last year’s inaugural lecture delivered, according to my information, with panache and verve by Mahamudu Bawumia, I would be able, today, to bear testimony to the distinguished statesman in whose honour the Foundation and these Memorial Lectures have been instituted. Shakespeare’s inimitable language, in the mouth of Mark Anthony, during his celebrated funeral oration for Julius Ceasar, captures it best: “He was my friend, faithful and just to me.” Dependable friend, faithful colleague, just leader – the attributes of Aliu Mahama. The first of his faith in our history to occupy the high office of Vice President of the Republic, his conduct in that office was a credit to all Moslems, and, indeed, to all Ghanaians. Proud Dagomba, he personified the best traits of the Ghanaian character – patriotic, responsible, tolerant. I remember the first speech he made to the gathered ranks of the NPP at our Congress in Ho in 2000, soon after his nomination as running mate to then candidate J.A. Kufuor, with whom he partnered to give the Fourth Republic its best government so far.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence from a Field Experiment in Ghana 
    Long-run Consequences of Health Insurance Promotion When Mandates are Not Enforceable: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Ghana Patrick Opoku Asuming, Hyuncheol Bryant Kim, and Armand Sim May 2019 Abstract We study long-run selection and treatment effects of a health insurance subsidy in Ghana, where mandates are not enforceable. We randomly provide different levels of subsidy (1/3, 2/3, and full), with follow-up surveys seven months and three years after the initial intervention. We find that a one-time subsidy promotes and sustains insurance enrollment for all treatment groups, but long-run health care service utilization increases only for the partial subsidy groups. We find evidence that selection explains this pattern: those who were enrolled due to the subsidy, especially the partial subsidy, are more ill and have greater health care utilization. Key words: health insurance; sustainability; selection; randomized experiments JEL code: I1, O12 Contact the corresponding author, Hyuncheol Bryant Kim, at [email protected]; Asuming: University of Ghana Business School; Kim: Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University; Sim: Department of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University. We thank Ama Baafra Abeberese, Douglas Almond, Diane Alexander, Jim Berry, John Cawley, Esteban Mendez Chacon, Pierre-Andre Chiappori, Giacomo De Giorgi, Supreet Kaur, Robert Kaestner, Don Kenkel, Daeho Kim, Michael Kremer, Wojciech Kopczuk, Leigh Linden, Corrine Low, Doug Miller, Sangyoon Park, Seollee Park, Cristian Pop-Eleches, Bernard Salanie, and seminar participants at Columbia University, Cornell University, Seoul National University, and the NEUDC. This research was supported by the Cornell Population Center and Social Enterprise Development Foundation, Ghana (SEND-Ghana)." Armand Sim gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Indonesia Education Endowment Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Date 28/09/2021 19:08:59
    Ghana: From fragility to resilience? Understanding the formation of a new political settlement from a critical political economy perspective Item Type Thesis Authors Ruppel, Julia Franziska Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 28/09/2021 19:08:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15062 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. GHANA: FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE? J.F. RUPPEL PHD 2015 Ghana: From fragility to resilience? Understanding the formation of a new political settlement from a critical political economy perspective Julia Franziska RUPPEL Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities University of Bradford 2015 GHANA: FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE? UNDERSTANDING THE FORMATION OF A NEW POLITICAL SETTLEMENT FROM A CRITICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE Julia Franziska RUPPEL ABSTRACT Keywords: Critical political economy; electoral politics; Ghana; political settle- ment; power relations; social change; statebuilding and state formation During the late 1970s Ghana was described as a collapsed and failed state. In contrast, today it is hailed internationally as beacon of democracy and stability in West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 3
    Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 3 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIRs have attachments which are not electronically accessible. To obtain a PDF copy of an RIR attachment please email [email protected]. 5 December 2013 GHA104685.E Ghana: New Patriotic Party (NPP), including origin, structure, leadership and membership; treatment of NPP members by authorities (2011-November 2013) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Overview Sources report that the New Patriotic Party (NPP) was founded in 1992 (Europa 2013a; PHW 2012, 543; NPP n.d.a). The NPP is reportedly the main opposition party in Ghana (Reuters 9 Apr. 2013; Deutsche Welle 30 Nov. 2012; Daily Trust 14 Jan. 2013). On its website, the NPP describes itself as a "liberal democratic party" that champions "multi-party democracy" (n.d.a). The NPP's aims and objectives reportedly include: • protecting human rights and rule of law; • building a "free and democratic system of government" • reducing "excessive centralization" in the government • promoting a "vibrant, free-market economy" • improving climate for private enterprise by decreasing bureaucratic restrictions. (NPP n.d.c) Similarly, the 2012 Political Handbook of the World (PHW) reports that the NPP's platform advocates for human rights, strengthening democracy, and holding free and fair elections (2012, 543).
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing an Index Insurance Trigger for Crop Loss in Northern Ghana
    ESTABLISHLISING AN IINDEXNDEX INSURANCE TRIGGERS FOR CROP LOSS IN NORTHERN GHANA The Katie School of Insurance RESEARCH P A P E R N o . 7 SEPTEMBER 2011 ESTABLISHING AN INDEX of income for 60 percent of the population. INSURANCE TRIGGER FOR CROP Agricultural production depends on a number of LOSS IN NORTHERN GHANA factors including economic, political, technological, as well as factors such as disease, fires, and certainly THE KATIE SCHOOL OF weather. Rainfall and temperature have a significant INSURANCE 1 effect on agriculture, especially crops. Although every part of the world has its own weather patterns, and managing the risks associated with these patterns has ABSTRACT always been a part of life as a farmer, recent changes As a consequence of climate change, agriculture in in weather cycles resulting from increasing climate many parts of the world has become a riskier business change have increased the risk profile for farming and activity. Given the dependence on agriculture in adversely affected the ability of farmers to get loans. developing countries, this increased risk has a Farmers in developing countries may respond to losses potentially dramatic effect on the lives of people in ways that affect their future livelihoods such as throughout the developing world especially as it selling off valuable assets, or removing their children relates to their financial inclusion and sustainable from school and hiring them out to others for work. access to capital. This study analyzes the relationships They may also be unable to pay back loans in a timely between rainfall per crop gestation period (planting – manner, which makes rural banks and even harvesting) and crop yields and study the likelihood of microfinance institutions reluctant to provide them with crop yield losses.
    [Show full text]