International Atomic Energy Agency

DRAFT

I U R E P ORIENTATION PHASE

REPORT

G H A 1\F A

MR. JEW-PAUL GUELPA MR. WOLFRAM TO GEL

December 1982 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document UTTEENATIOITAL URANIBK RESOURCES.

EVALUATION PROJECT

-IURBP-

IUSSP ORIENTATION FHAS3 MISSION REPORT

BSPTOLIC OP

Dr. J.Fo Guelpa December, 1982.

Dro "W. Vogel

PREFACE

mission, was undertaken, by two consultants, Dr. JoP. Guelpa and Dr. W, Vogel, both, commenced the investigations in Ghana on 5th November, 1982 and completed their work on 16th December, 1982. A total of three days was spent in the field by the consultants*

1. Terse of Ilsferenie .. ., 5

2. General Geography .. .. 4

3. Clirate .. ... 7

4. Population aril I-lain Cities .. .. 9

5. Administrative Regions .. .. S-

6. Official Language, Public Holidays and System of Eeasureaervfc .. ., ll

7. Transport and Consronicatipn .. .. 11

8. Available "aps and Air Photographs .. 12

c. ITCK UB^ITK ICIITIKG n; GH^A • .. .. 13

1. Overview .. .. 13

2. Dianond .. ,. 15

3. Gold .. .. 17

. • 4. Batfzite .. • .. 'IS

5. Manganese .. .. 18

D. IBGI3LATICH ON UEAiTITJK EXPLCHASCtf AlTD XIIIDTG 19

3. KATIOKAL CAFACITI PCS URAFIUI! SXPLORATIC1T AIT3 D272L0P-

1. Ghana Atoiaic Energy CoEE&ssion .. 20

2. Ghana Geological Survey .. .. 22

3. Universities .. .. 24

F. GnOL'OGIC/i 3ST.12r.7 . . .. 25

1. Introduction .. ' .. 25

2. The 'vest African Shield Area .. .. 27

2.1 Birician Systec .. .. 27

2.2 Eburnean Granites .. .. 32

2.3 Taria-;aian System .. .. 35 3. Sie Kobile Belt ... .. 3S

3.1 Dahoneyan System •• •• 35

3.2 ?cgc Series •• •• 4C

3 .3 Buen. Pcrsiticn • • • • 40

3.4 Toltaian System •• •• '43

3o5 Synthesis of the 1'obile Belt •• . 50

4» and Sekcndi Series •• •• 55

5. Cretaceous to recent Coastal Basins •• 57

6. Ketallogeny •• •• . 60

G. HISTCHT CF USAKHJE SXPLOPJ.TIOK BT GEAKA • • ' 63

1. Carbome Survey by the United Ilingdom

Geological Survey .. ## 63

2. Airborne Survey by Hunting Surveys Ltd. 64

3. TJraniua Prospecting by Uranerzbergbau-GmbE 66

4. TJraniuci Prospecting by the IJL3A ' •• • 71

5. Track Etch Survey by the Ghana Atonic Energy ComEission ... .. 72

6. Past Uranium Sxploration Expenditures in Ghana 72

E. EADI0JLCE7E JiPOKALiaS, URAEITJE OCCUBEnTCSS JCT 2SSCU2C3S 73

1. Anooalies and Assessment .. .. 73

2. Uranium Occurrences .. •• 80

3« Uranium Resources Position ,^.. 82

I. URANIUM 0CCU2E3NCE3 A!TD "DEPOSITS HT T.-n33TEHN GCIT3)Ti,TA!U 82

J. TO3SP JUSSION HELD HEC01SUIS3A2TCS .. . . • 86

K. TJEAITITU: P0TS1ITIAL CF GSjJlA .. .. 88

1. Introduction •. • • 88

2» Mobile Belt .. .. 88

3. Yoltaian System .. .. 91

4. Zbumean Granites ., .. 95

5. Tarkvaian ., .. 33 6. Coastal Basins .. .. 99

7. Birisian .. .. ICO

L. SP3CTJIATITO UEAKIUK E3SCURG2S .. 102

II. B3C0I-3-32DID PSCGHAI^JG ?CR FOTUIS ZZFL0EATIC17 103

1. Introduction .. .. 103

2. Large Scale Prograsae .. .. 103

3. Snail Scale ^rogranane .. .. 1Q6

4. Exploration Cost Estinate .. 107

5. Policy Options for the Implementation of Recommendations .. .. 109

TTS .. .. 110

0. ESF3FJ3ITCE3 .. .. Ill Pare

Fig. I Location Kap of Ghana. .. .. 5

Fig. 2 Physiographic .. 6 Fig. 3 Precipitation !*ap of Ghana .. 8 Fig. 4 Administrative Regions of Ghana .. 10 Fig. 5 Producing Kir.es and Mineral Occurrences of Ghana .. .. 14

Fig. 6 Organisational Structure of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission .. .. 21 lig. 7 Organisational Structure of the Ghana Geological Survey Department .. 23 KLg. 8 Blajor Structural Domains of T,vest after BASS (1980) .. .. 26 51g. 9 Geology of Ghana .. .. 28 Fig. 10 Cross Section of the Panafrican Orogen-after GSAKT (1969) .. .. 50 Fig. 11 Simplified Bouguer Anomaly Kap .. ' 52'

Fig. 12 Geological 1'ap of the Panafrican Orogen 54

Fig. 13 Concessions held by Uranerzbergbau-GmbH (TJEB) .. .. 67 Fig. 14 Past Exploration in Ghana .. .. 69 Fig. 15 Radioactive Anomalies and Uranium Occurrences of Ghana .. .. 74 Fig. 16 Amoanda Pegmatite .. .. 81 Pig. 17 Uranium Occurrences and Deposits in T,-,restern Gondwana .. .. 83 Fig. 18 Drill Eole Locations in the .Volta Basin 92 Fig. 19 Areas Recommended for the Large Scale Exploration Programme .. .. 104

T7T LIST 0"? T.'-BIS?. Page Table 1 ELneral Production of Ghana in 1977 •. 13 Table 2 Details of Operations of GCS Ltd. from 1977/78 to 1980/80. UnsnciBl Years .. .. 16 Table 3 Diamond Scports of Ghana .. .. 16 Table 4 Gold Production of Ghana .. •. I7 Table 5 Manganese Production of the ITsuta Kine •. •• 18 Table 6 Stratigraphy of the Lower BirinrLan .. 3O Table 7 Stratigraphy of the Upper Eirindan .. 31 Table 8 Stratigraphy of the Tarkwaian System .. 36 Table 9 Stratigraphy of the Series ,. 41 Table 10 Stratigraphy of the Buem Formation .. 42 Table 11 Stratigraphy of the Voltaian System after JTJHK3R and HIRST (1946) •• •• 44 Table 12 Stratigraphy of the Yoltaian Basin after BOJXO (1964) •• .. 45 Table 13 Voltaian Stratigraphy, Facies and Correlations after BASR (1977) •• 48 Table 14 Stratigraphy of the Accra Series .. 55 Table 15 Stratigraphy of the Sekondi Series .. 56 Table 16 Stratigraphy of the Basin .. 57 Table 17 Stratigraphy of the Tano Basin .. 59 Table .18 Metallogeny of Ghana .. .. 62 Table 19 Radioactive Anomalies in Ghana. .. 79 Table 20 Uranium Occurrences and Deposits in Selected Geotectonic Units of Uesterr. Gondwana .* 84 Table 21 Sodium Anomalies in the Granite 97 Table 22 Speculative Uranium Resources of Ghana .. 102 Table 23 Costs Estimate for Recommended Programmes .. .. 108 I. Indexes of Geological and Topographical Maps

II. Minerals Act and Adrsinistrction of Lands Act

III. Ordinances Regulating Uranium Prospecting

IV. Investment Code

V. Geological Log of SHELL Prenuase - 1 "ell

VI. Possible Input of the Gravimetric Kap Interpretation

to the Definition of Prospective Areas. • • . - 1 -

' B E ' R " C T

' 2he Republic cf Ghana has no claimed uranium Resources in the categories Reasonably Assured and Estimated Additional. The only occurrences known are within pegmatites and are of no economic importance. The IUIS? Orientation Hiase I'issior. to Ghana estimates that the Speculative Resources of the country fall "between 15,000 and 40,000 tonnes uranium.

Past uranium exploration in Ghana by the United Kingdom

Geological Survey, Hunting Survey Ltd., Uranerzbergbau-GmbK, the

IAEA and ihe Ghana Atomic Energy Commission in association with the Ghana Geological Survey did not show positive results. The total expenditure of all previous exploration amounts to appro- ximately US #5,500,000.

Ghana, with a population of 14 j^Lllions and a surface of

240,000 square kilometers has, by African standards, a well deve- loped infrastracture. After cocoa, the gold, diamond, manganese and mining industry is the second most important export earner of -Sie country.

Geologically, almost 9C£ of Ghana lies within the "est African

Shield and the remaining part within the Dahomeyan ?anafrican

Mobile Belt. That part underlain by the shield was formed by the Eburnean orogenic cycle which started with the eugeosynclinal flysch and greenstones of the Sj'stem, culminated with the intrusions of the syntectonic and posttectonic granites and terminated with the of the Tarlzwaian System. All economic mineral deposits occur within this geotectonic unit. - 2 -

The Panafrican orcger.ic cycle started vi-th the nyogecsynclinal and flysch of the Sshomeyan Astern, ?c~o 3erics and Buem

Formation, culminated ir. the ranafricar. thermotectonic event and

terminated -rith the -mclc^e of the Ycltsian basin. This gectectcnic unit is free cf mineral deposits in Ghana. However, its extensions

to the ITorth, in Algeria, and to the South in Brazil, contain major uranium deposits iriLth resources exceeding 200,000- tonnes uranium

oxi&e.

Hhe IURE? Orientation Phase "ission to Ghana believes that the

Panafrican Mobile 3elt has the highest uranium' potential cf all geological units of the country. In Ghana the Dahomeyan System,

central part of ^he Mobile Belt, covers an area of approximately

10,000 square kilometers. It is considered as the priority number

one target. Trie deposits sought here are of the type, possibly

associated with sodium metasomatism as it is the case in Brazil.

The Obosum beds are the priority number two target. They

underlie an area of 55»000 square kilometers and represent the molasse

of the Fanafrican orogen._ The deposits expected here are of the

type as kno*.rn from the Colorado Plateau of the U.S.A.

and many other parts of the world.

A three years exploration programme is recommended for a

total cost of US #5>000,000.

The Ghana Atomic 3nergy Commission and the Ghana Geological

Survey provide a basic infrastructure for uranium exploration. However,

they lack sufficient funds and uranium exploration expertise to carry

out the large scale programme recommended in this report. It is

therefore proposed that C-hana seeks either bi-cr multilateral financial

and technical aid or joint ventures'.-a th foreign companies.

Any future uranium development in Ghana should be embedded in a

v;ell defined national uranium policy. It is recommended that such a

policy be draw, up by the Ghanaian authorities. - 3 - B. BTTRODUCTIOI'T 1. Terms of Reference She basic objective of the International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) is to "review the present body of knowledge pertinent to the existence of uranium resources, to review and evaluate the potential for the discovery of additional uranium resources and to suggest new exploration efforts which might be carried out in promising areas in collaboration with the countries concerned'1,

Bierefore the scope of the ITTEBF Orientation Hiase Mission to Ghana was - . to review the data on past exploration programmes in Ghana, - to develop a better understanding of the uranium potential of the country* - to make an estimate of the speculative resources of the country. - to delineate areas favourable for the discovery of these uranium resources. to make recommendations on -the appropriate exploration methods and techniques to verify the resources in the delineated areas. - to compile a report which would be immediately available to the Ghanaian authorities. By request of the Ghanaian authorities a smaller scale exploration programme on already known and newly identified targets has been drawn up. Hfcis programme is designed in such a way that it could be carried out by the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission and/or the Ghana Geological Survey as an "in-house survey"« - 4 - 2. General Geography The Republic of Ghana is located between latitudes 4 44* K and 11°11' K and longitudes 3°15t ¥ and 1°17* E and it is bordered to the Souiii by the Gulf of Guinea* The west African countries Ivory Coast, Upper Volta and Togo border Ghana to the West, North and East (Jlg.i). Ghana is roughly rectangular in shape and has an average "width of 560 km in East-West direction and a lengtii of about g70 km in North-South direction. It covers an area of 259,460 sq. km, and has 555 km of coast line. The Greenwich Meridian runs 24 km to ike East of -fee capital, Accra. Ghana is divided into the following five physiographic regions (&g»2)i (0 The •low-lying coastal plains' with elevations between sea level and heights of 150 m. (2) The 'interior expansive Voltaian basin' wiik heights from 100 to 200 m above sea level which makes an area a little over 100,000 sq.. km. The basin is surrounded by highlands with outward facing scarps. The Volta Lake, formed by the damming of the in Southern Ghana at Akosombo," covers a large part of the basin. With an area of 8500 sq. km. at normal operation level, this reservoir is ihe largest man-made lake in the world. (5) The 'Hampong-- Ridge1, also known as the Voltaian highlands, forms "the outer rim of the Voltaian basin. It has an average height of about 780 m above the adjoining country. (4) The "Akwapim-Togo ranges1 trending Northeast-Southwest border the Voltaian basin to the Southeast. These ranges attain a maximum altitude of about 885 m at Kt. Jtfa^jato, the highest elevation of the country. - 5 -

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The low-lying coastal plain.

Th* Interior expansive Voltoian basin.

The or Mpratso scarp.

The Akwaptm • Togo ranges.

The plateau of north and northwest.

The plateau of southwest.

50 Km.

2. Physiographic Hegions of Ghana. - 7 -

(5) Ta.e 'plateau of North and northwest' occupies the Northern and Northwestern part of the country. Hhe elevation above sea level varies between 150 and 300 m. (6) The 'plateau of Southwest' stretches from the Mampong- Mpraesc—Eoforidua Ridge to the Ivory Coast border. Die general level of iiie plateau varies between 150 and 300 m- and is broken by hills up to 776 m. above sea levelo From an explorational point of view the physiogeographic regions (3) and (4) are iiie least accessible of all. .any large exploration campaign should best be helicopter supported in tiiis rugged and hilly country. Because of the dense vegetation and iiie well developed drainage systems of the Tano and Pra rivers, the physiographic regions (l) and (6) are best accessible by car via the existing road network and by' foot. In ike Savanna areas of the physiographic regions (2) and (5) off-the-rpad cross country traverses by four-wheel drive vehicles are possible to a large extent. Climate Eie climate is tropical and in most parts, usually hot and humid principally in the South where two rainy seasons are separated by a short dry spell in July-August and a longer dry season from November to February which would be the field season for exploration programmes. In the Nor-Bi, although tropical, the climate is drier (K.g.3) s^sl falls partly within the Sahelian zone* !Ehe mean temperatures range from 28 _ 33°C in the Sou-fc to 33° C in the North. - 8 -

50 MLS.

Pig. 3» Precipitation Map of Ghana* 4« Population and Main Cities Ghana has an estimated population of about 14 millions. In recenfyears, -fee rate of increase has been of 2.7^ per annum. Accra with a population of ever 1 million is -Hie Seat of the Government. Other large cities include (350,000), Sekondi-Takoradi (160,000), Cape Coast (70,000), Zoforidua (70,000), Ho (50,000) and Tarale (100,000). Bie population is mostly concentrated in the central and Southern parts of the country which are richer in agricultural and mineral products. Irom an exploration view point, it is however, worthwhile stressing that small towns or villages are widespread all over the country. It is therefore generally possible to hire unskilled local manpower from a nearby village. This, of course, significantly reduces the weight of logistics to be borne by the exploration parties. 5. Administrative Regions Ghana has nine administrative regions (Fig.4) each of which is further subdivided into districts: Region Regional Capital Upper Region Tanale Brong Ahaf0 Region Kumasi Sekondi/Takoradi Ho Eof oridua Cape Coast Accra - 10 -

L E G E N D Regional Capital.

Regional boundary. Q Greater Accra

Main road. / Railways 40 Km.

Txg- 4* AdniiaistratiTe Hegions of Ghaaa* - 11 -

The regional capitals with their hotels and supply, services and communication facilities form potential logistical centres for exploration projects.

6. Official Language• Public Holidays and System nf Measurement The official language in Ghana is English. About 50 local languages and dialects are used of which Akan, Ewe, 6a and Haussa are the most important. The public holidays are:

January 1 New Year January 13 Redemption Day

Karch 6 Independence Day

Good Friday

Easter Monday July 1 Hepublic Day

December 25 Christinas December 26 Boxing Day 'Since 1974, Ghana has the metric system and right- hand traffic.

The local time corresponds to ifae Central European time minus one hour.

7. Trans-port and CQ™™™J cation

The international airport of Ghana is the Kotoka Airport in Accra with daily connections to and from Europe. Further airports for medium size jets of the F28 class exist in the regional capitals Tamale, Kumasi, Sunyani and Sekondi. Airstrips for light aircrafts are available at Ho, Seta, Erachi, and Wa.

The National Airline, Ghana Airways, serves the regional capital Kumasi on a daily basis and Sunyani and Tamal-e four times a week. - \2 -

The main ports are and Takoradi. The corresponding embarkation harbours in Europe are Bambuig, Bremen, Rotterdam, Liverpool, Marseilles and Bordeaux. The relatively well developed road network of the country has a total length of 32,000 km-(1977) of which 12,000 km-consist of trunk roads and the remaining part of feeder roads. The all-weather trunk roads mainly connect Accra with the regional capitals in the Southern part of the country and via Tema with Lome, the capital of Togo (H.g.4). A significant portion of the feeder roads is in bad shape and can only be used during the dry season.

Ghana has 950 km.-of railway, making a triangle between Takoradi, Kumasi and Accra-Tema (K.g.4).

The internal telecommunication system has automatic telephone exchanges in most of the cities. The external telecommunication, system has direct radio telephone connection with a number of West African capitals .and via a satellite earth station with oversea countries. .

By African standards the infrastructure of Ghana has to be classified as good which reduces the logistical problems of mineral exploration in this country. 8. Available Maps and Air Riotogra-phs

Approximately 90 per cent of Ghana is covered by contoured topographic maps on the scale of 1:250,000. Approximative^ two thirds are covered by 1:125,000 topographic sheets while only the Southern part of the country is covered by 1:62,500 sheets. Indexes showing exact areas covered are attached as Appendix 1. - 13 - In additica there is a recent complete coverage of the whole country on the scale of 1:50,000. Black and •white, 1:40,000 scale photographs are available for the -tfhole of Ghana. Both topographic maps and air photographs can be obtained from the Survey Department (P.O. Boz 191, Accra). There is a 1:1,000,000 scale geological map of Shana first published in 1955. A partial geological map coverage on fee scale of 1:62,500 is available for the Southern part of the country, the Northern part being partly covered by either 1:225,000 or 1:62,500 scale mapping.

The present status of geological mapping is shown in Appendix 1. Geological maps can be consulted at the Geological Survey Department. C. NOT? URAIIIUE KIKIEG IK GE.4IU 1. Overview'

A comprehensive view of the non uranium mining industry in Ghana for the year 1977 is shown in Table 1. Figure 5 shows the locations of producing mines.

Commodity Production Bauxite 265,000 tons Diamond 1,851,000 carats Gold 481,000 ounces

Manganese 268,000 tons

Table 1: ELneral Production of Ghana in 1977. - 14 -

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L EGEND

;\y Diamond field Iron deposit

i Diamond occurrence Manganese mine

x^ Gold mine Manganese occurrence < Gold occurrence Bauxite deposit

Fig* 5* Producing Sines and Ifijaaral Occurreaices of Ghana. - 15 -

2. Diamond Started in 1S20 the mining of diamonds is new one of Ghana's major industries. At the present time the major producer is Ghana Consolidated Diamonds (GCD) Limited (over 90/^ of the production), a company formed out of the foraer Consolidated African Selection Trust of the United Kingdom (CAST). Under the KLning Operations Participating Decree, 1972, the Consolidated African Trust "became Ghana Consolidated Diamonds Limited, Hfty five per cent of its equity capital is held by the Government and forty five per cent by Consolidated African Selection Trust Limited. In addition, diamonds are also mined by Gayco (Ghana) Ltd., Amalgamated Diamonds Ltd., Dunkwa Goldfields and by licenced private diggers. Since 1923* the main producers (CAST, GCD) have produced some 70 million carats of mostly industrial, diamonds from 29 million cubic meters of gravel at an average grade of 2,44 carats per cubic metsr. Peak production years were from 1966 to 1974. Since 1974 production has steadily declined (Tab.2). - 16 -

Year Gravel milled Diamond produced •lilled Grade 1000 n? 1000 cts ct/m3 1977/78 1,100 1,818 1.64 1978/79 863 1,253 1.45 1980/81 666 1,049 1.58

Year After Tar Unit Cost Selling Price Exchange Hate Profit (Loss) $ 1000 i i */«

1977/78 2,615 9*85 10.02 2.24 1978/79 8,099 24.53 30.89 4.14 1979/80 (1,937) . 34.03 30.44 6.00 1980/81 (26,498) 50.19 25.80 5.40

Table 2t Details of operation of GCD ltd. from 1977A8 to 1980/1981 financial years.

All diamonds produced in Ghana are by lav sold to the Diamond Marketing Corporation which is financed by a 2.ir per cent levy on the value of production from Ghana Consolidated Diamonds Limited. Since 1920, over 90 million carats have been exported (Tab.3).

Tear. Carats exported Estimated Value

1977A8 1,943,706 20 219 495 1978A9 863,000 1979/80 828,000 1980/81 666,000

Table 3J Diamond Ezport of Ghana. - 17 -

After having been, for many years, the forth and the fifth producer, Ghana now occupies the sixth position. In 1979 Ghana's production of 1,5 million carats represented about 3»l£ of the world production. 3. gold From time immemorial Ghana, the former Gold Coast, has been associated with gold mining. Recent history of gold mining started with the formation of the State Gold Mining Corporation (SGMC) in 1961. In 1972 a tfhite Paper on State Participation in the Mining Industry was published. The Ashanti Goldfield Corporation hitherto a private company became tile Ashanti Goldfield Corporation (Ghana) Ltd. (ASGC) with 5% of its equity capital held by the State and 4-5^ held by Lonhro Ltd. of Great Britain. Together the SGMC and the ASGC own the five producing mines in the country.

Tear Ounce fine Gold 1972 710,013 1973 731,711 1974 709,550 1975 583,103 1976 515,654 1977 531,084 1978 387,730 1979 437,4669 1980 349,870

Table 4: Gold Production of Ghana The production figure of 1980 represents 1,27$ of the world production. - 18 - 4. Bauxite Bauxite was first discovered in 1914 and the large deposit of Sefwi was located in 1921. At the present moment the only company mining bauxite in Ghana is ihe Ghana Bauxite Company Limited (formerly the British Aluminium Company limited). In 1979, with a production of 300,000 tonnes, Ghana occupied with 0»4/» the eighteenth position of ike world output. 5. Manganese Ghana has "been for the past 60 years a major exporter of high grade manganese ore mostly produced from the mine in the Western Region. The Nsuta mine originally operated by the African Manganese Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Union Carbide, is now fully owned and operated by the Ghana National Manganese Corporation established in 1973. It is estimated -that since the beginning of operation, over 27 million tonnes of high grade manganese ore have been produced and exported.

Year Ore produced (in tonnes)

1972-73 542,356 1973-74 259,492 1974-75 286,821 1975-76 390,328 1976-77 348,737 1977-78 326,602

Table 5: Manganese Production of the Nsuta Mine. - 19 -

D. 1BSISLATI0K CSS UPLAHIUK S^PIOltATICIT /JTD K37ITS In general terms the laws that are directly concerned -with the mineral industry are embodied in two acts; one general (Act 123 - The Administration of Lands Act, 1962) and the other a more specific one (Act 126 - The Kineral Act, 1962). A third act regulates foreign investment (Act 477 - Investment Code, 19SL). Ttie Administration of Lands Act provides that the management of stool lands is invested in the Minister. The President may authorise the occupation and the use of any land in Ghana. Under the Act any grant of any mining rights shall not aggregate more than gO square miles for any applicant. The Kineral Act is the main law that govern the mineral industry. Under this Act all mineral rights are vested in the President who may grant licences for prospecting, mining and obtaining water for mining purposes. Prospecting licences are limited to 60 square miles and to a two-years period. The full text of the Act is attached as Appendix II.

The Investment Code established the Ghana Investment Centre •whose functions are to promote and regulate local and foreign invest- ment. There is no established minimum Ghanaian participation for enterprises of the mineral industry but the Act provides that "the State shall participate in accordance with ine terms agreed between the Centre and the foreign investor". Under the Act general benefits are provided for the mineral industry among which are: complete exemption from the payment of custom duties on machinery for five years, complete exemption from the payment of custom duties on spare parts for ihree years, guaranteed immigration quota for expatriate personnel and exemption from selective alien employment tax for five years. - 20 -

Special benefits are also provided, they include complete exemption from the payment of company income tax for as long as the company has not recovered the whole of its initial development expenditure and guaranteed management control for the foreign investor for the same period. The full text of -the Act is attached as Appendix III,

Uranium prospecting and mining in Ghana are specifically contro- lled by special regulations, namely Ordinances No.4 of 1946 and NO. 32 of 1947. They provide that prospecting for radioactive minerals can only "be carried out under a special licence issued by the Ministry of Mines. Under this Act all radioactive discoveries must be notified to the Chief Inspector of Mines and to the Director of the Geological Survey Department and no export of radioactive minerals is permitted wiiiiout the permission of tiie President. The full.text of the ordinances is attached as Appendix 17.

The reader must be made aware that according to verbal information obtained by the authors, a new mining legislation is expected to be enacted within an undetermined period.

E. NATIONAL CAPACITY FOR URANIUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT 1. Ghana Atomic Energy Commission

The Ghana Atomic Energy Commission was founded by Act 204 in 1963 and replaced the former Ghana Atomic Energy Committee which was set up in 1961 to manage the Kwabenya Nuclear Reactor Project. The central facility of this joint USSR/Ghana project should have been a swimming pool experimental research reactor (type IRT - 2000). But because of the change of government in February, 1966 work on the project has been suspended since then. About 90j£ of iiie reactor complex had been completed at that time. - 21 -

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Ghana was admitted into membership of the IAEA in I960, the •&ird country in black Africa to "become a member state of the Agency. In 1970 a new Management Committee was appointed "by NEC Decree 306 which has been replaced in August , 1982 by the Interim Management Committee* Hie organisational structure and iJie main fields of activities of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission are shown an Fig.6. One of the many functions of the Commission is 'to prospect for and use radioactive minerals'. In this context the Commission started, in a joint operation with the Ghana Geological Survey, a Track Etch orientation programme over Field Sheet 134 in 1979. Details of this programme are given under G.5. The Commission has no staff and equipment of its own to carry out field work for uranium exploration. 2. Ghana Geological Survey The Ghana Geological Survey Department was first established in 1913 and reorganized in 1963 by the Survey Act. Iig.7 is a chart showing the organisational structure of lie Department which now employs • 60 professional staff. Basic geophysical instrumentation is available including a radon counter, a scintillometer and a spectrometer, but some of it is already old and not in proper working order. Geochemical facilities include a colorimetric unit (in the branch.) and a new atomic absorption spectrometer which has been installed by the West German Geological Survey within the frame of a Technical Cooperation Programme wiiii the Ghana Geological Survey. LLJ I|ii

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1 1 sill il -II- fill I stii i - 24 -

The budget of ihe Geological Survey department for the past two years is as follows (official rate of exchange 1 US S" - 2.75 $)'• Total budget Uranium exploration 1960-81 0 5,149,000 J2f 170,000 I98I-82 $ 4,886,000 0 170,000

The present activities of the Survey include geological mapping and other related tasks. A programme of evaluation of the gold potential of a portion of Western Ghana is being carried out in cooperation with the West German Federal Geological Survey (Ghanaian-German Mineral Prospecting Project). In ihe domain of uranium exploration, the Track-Etch programme carried out in 1979-19SL in cooperation with the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission has been considerably slown down in I982 due to technical problems including the lack of roadworthy vehicles. In summary, the Geological Survey Department has the infra- .. structure, professional staff and part of the equipment necessary to conduct uranium exploration* On the other hand it suffers from an acute shortage of funds and lacks technical assistance from senior geologists having a broad and diversified experience in the field of uranium exploration. Universities Ghana has three universities: University of Ghana (Accra) University of Science and Technology (Kumasi) - University of Cape Coast Only the University of Ghana has a Department of Geology from which about 6 students graduate per year. The University of Science and Technology has a Department of Kining Engineering from which less than 10 students graduate per year. - 25 -

Po GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 1o Introduction

Ghana lies on the Eastern margin of the tfest African shield (rig.S). Almost 9051 of ihe country's territory belongs to the shield area. This part consists of Lower Proterozoic volcanics and flyschoid metasediments of the Birimian -which were deformed, metamorphosed and intruded by syn-and postectonic granites during the Eburnean about 1800 m.y. ago. In narrow basins which follow the Northeasterly trending Birimian belts, Kiddle Proterozoic molasae type sediments of the Tarkwaian were deposited. After a period of erosion and peneplanafcLon of approximately 500 m.y. Upper Proterozoic to Lower sediments of the Voltaian basin were deposited On iie Birimian and Tarkwaian.

The Southeastern part .of the country outside the shield area belongs to ifae Precambrian Mobile Belt which comprises the Dahomeyan System, the Togo Series and the Buem Formation. Ihe Mobile Belt received its- last metamorphic overprint during the Panafrican thermo-tectonic event about 550 m.y. ago. It was partly overthrust unto the shield and the Toltaian basin.

By rotating south America into the former Gondwana position near to Africa, -fee tfest African shield and the Mobile Belt of the Dahomeyan extend into Northeast Brazil. The shiejd could be correlated with the Craton de Sao Luis and the Dahomeyan with the Caririan orogenic belts. - 26 -

500 km b= 10*

1. Basement of the W&atifzlca Craton uith Leoneaa, libsriaa, Abronian, Birriffllan, Sartoraian (3.200-1.600 m.y.). 2. Upper Precambrian to Lower Palaeozoic sediaentary corer with Toltaian System (t.100-400 a.y.). 3. Ban-African belts with Dahomeyan, Dawa, Otago Series and Buam Series (3,200-1.600/ 1 .600-1 .100/ 1 .100-580/580-400 auy}. 4. Balaeozoic sediaentary corer with Sekondian and Accraian Series (Upper OrdoTician to Lower Cretaceous). 5. Hercynian fold belts of the Mauretanides.

8. Hajor Structural Domains of West Africa after BASE (1980). 27 -

youngest formations in Ghana are tile Paleozoic Accra and Sekondi Series and the cretaceous- to recent sediments of the coastal basins. Irom a purely geotectonic point of view, the rocks of Ghana have been formed by two complete orogenic cycles. The older Eburnean cycle started with the eugeo synclinal fly sell and volcanics

of the Birimian System and terminated wiiii the molasse of the Tarkwaian System, She younger Panafrican orogenic cycle commenced with the ndogeosynclinal deposits of ttie Dahomeyan System and Togo Series followed by the flysch of the Oti/Buem Formations and terminated with the molasse of the Obosum Beds.

The geotectonic units present in Ghana will be described in the following order: The Vest African Shield Area The Mobile Belt The Paleozoic Accra and Sekondi Series - The Cretaceous to recent coastal basins A simplified geological map of Ghana is- shown on Jig.9. 2. The Vest.African Shield Area 2»i Birimian System Rocks of ike Birimian System, deposited upon an unknown (liberian) basement, cover about one sixth of the total area of (Siana in tne Western part of the country. They have been deposited between 2,200 and 1,800 m.y. ago and therefore belong to iiie Lower Froterozoic and were folded by the (around 1,800 - 1,600 m.y. ). - 28 -

~I '• J

-i It*

-J 10*

H\-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-::-H

Fig*. 9. Geology of Sterna (Legend see next page). - 29 -

TABLE OF FORMATIONS

RECENT Unconsolidated clay and gravel.

TERTIARY mainly limon'rtic, sand, sandy clay and gravel. EOCENE 4 Morine series of , CRETACEOUS sandstone, limestone.

SEKONDIAN & I'!!!!'1 Sandstone, grit, , ACCRAIAN shale and mgdstone. (Devon ton?) ililiin VOLTAIAN Quortztte, shale, mudstone, {Palaeozoic) conglomerate, limestone,arkose.

BUEM FORMATION Shale, sandstone, (Upper Pre-Combrian) arkose, lava. TOGO SERIES Hrll? , shale, phyllite.

TARKWAIAN Quartzite, phyllite, grit,-conglomerate.

3 Metamorphosed lava UPPER BIRIMIAN and pyroclastic rock. LOWER BIRIMIAN Phyllite, schist, and (Middle Pre-Cornbrion) n . OAHOMEYAN Acidic and basic , (Lower Pre-) schists and migmatites.

Gobbro dolerite, BASIC INTRUSIVES • epidiorite. GRANITES Granite and grahodiorite. (Middle Pre-Cambrian)

Legend to Fig. 9« - 50 -

The Birimian is subdivided into two groups: Die Lower Birinian consists of great thicknesses of isoclinally folded, steeply dipping alternating slates, phyllites, , and argillaceous beds. !3iese lithologies, predominantly of pelitic origin, derive mostly from nmdsilts and subordinate coarser sediments. Hie Lower Biriffiian has been subdivided into five s/ubseries presented in Ta"ble.6.

' Upper Yellowish-brown to "buff or purple, massive Arenaceous Series metasandstone, metagreywacke and metasilstone

Upper Tellowish-brown rock assemblage of phyllites, Argillaceous Series silstones and basic tuffs.

Middle Rhythmically bedded metagreywackes, Argillaceous Series metasilstones, phyllites and tuffs.

Lower Black-grey phyllites interbedded with Argillaceous Series greenish-grey and buff coloured tuffaceous phyllites.

Lower Feldspathic and quartz greywackes, Arenaceous Series siltstones and phyllites.

IDable 6: Stratigraphy of -file Lower Birimian 'She Lower Birimian represents a flyschoid facies. - 31 -

The Upper Birlnian has been subdivided into three main subseries on a lithological basis. Table 7 describes them from top to bottom.

makes up tlie bulk of iiie Upper Birimian and is further divided into normal green- Basic stones (metabasalt and metadolerite), amphibo- Volcanic Subserie3 lite greenstones spatially related to granite intrusions and (calc-chlorite - greenschists and actinolite-chlorite-greenschists).

metarhyolites, metarhyodacites, quartz Acid feldspar porphyries, felsites and quartz - Volcanic Subseries chlorite-schists.

Sedimentary and metatuffaceous greywacke* quartzite, Volcanic Subseries schistose conglomerate and grit.

Table 7s Stratigraphy of the Upper Birimian.

The Upper Birimian is believed to represent a late phase of eugeosynclinal deposition but it is also possible that some of the acid volcanic subseries are related to island arc type volcanic vents in association with relatively shallow water sediments that include metaconglomerates, , calcareous chlorite schists and graphitic schists. - 32 -

2.2. Sburnean Granites The granites related to the Sburnean orogeny that deformed the Birimian System belong to two main groups: the Cape Coast Granite Complex to which a number of small intrusives are related and the Dixcove Granite Complex. Cape Coast_Granite_Complex

It consists of well foliated muscovite biotite granite and , porphyroblastic biotite gneiss, biotite gneiss aplites and pegmatites* These granitoids are characterized by the presence of many enclaves of schists and . They are generally associated with Birimian metasediments and -their internal structures are always concordant with those of their host rocks. The mineral composition of the complex generally varies between 3 main poles: Granodiorite with quartz, biotite, oligoclase, little or no microcline, sphene, apatite, epidote; Adamellite where oligoclase and microline are in comparable amounts; - Two granites where microcline predominates over oligoclase "which in turn is partly replaced by muscovite (possibly a deuteritic alteration phase). The Cape Coast Complex is believed to represent a multiphase intrusion consisting of four separate magmatic pulses. It is believed that the last phase is associated with the Upper Group of Birimian metasediments. - 33 -

Although there is a wide range of chemical composition, the average values below are quoted from'BASHING (1978):

: ' 57-7^ CaO: 3,55* 14-21f£ FeO: 2 ? (Total) : 4.10^ E2° : 4 The most striking feature of ihis composition is the high

A"!'2O content which classifies these granites in The hyperaluminous category. Correlatively it is of interest to note that they are quoted to be enriched in such lithophile elements as Li, Be, Sn and Ta. Eiey have also a relatively high alcaline content. Another point of interest is the presence, in some analysis, of high.Na?0 contents which reach 9«O3/*. The ages of these granites range from 188o to 2100 million years* The small intrusives bodies related to the Cape Coast Granite Complex

In the coastal area over 80 pegmatites occur and are clearly related to the margin of the batholith from which they radiate for as far as 12 km. Their general mineralogical composition includes quartz, muscovite, biotite, microcline, albite (replacing microcline), almandine, , spessartite, tourmaline, columbo-tantalite and kaolin. Those pegmatites which are furthest away from the granites are richer in late stage minerals. In the past, economic investigations of pegmatites have concerned feldspar, beryl, kaolin and uranium. - 34 -

Foliated biotite rich microganites foim a number of variously shaped occurrences the composition of which is similar to that of • the Bain granite. One occurrence of autunite has been reported in one limited exposure.

A number of non-foliated granite bosses also occur often associated witii microgranites. Dizcove Granite Complex

This complex consists of hornblende granite or granodiorite grading locally into quartz diorite and hornblende diorite sometimes believed to have been formed from gabbros by magmatic differentiation. This complex forms non-foliated discordant to semi-discordant bodies in the enclosing country rocks. These are generally Upper Birimian metavolcanics, numerous enclaves of which are found within the granite.

The Dixcove Granite Complex is intruded along deep seated faults in three distinct phases •which follow one another from basic to acid: gabbro-diorite-granodiorite-granite.

A partial average chemical composition is given below:

Ai20 : 14-17^ GaO : 3.36? Na 0 : 4.45£ PeO : 3.86K * (Total) It is apparent that iiie Dixcove Complex has lower SiO. and

AI20_ but slightly higher CaO contents than iiie Cape Coast Granite. An other remarkable feature is ihe higher lHa^/KJ) ratio. Unlike the Cape Coast Granite, the Dixcove Granite is free of liiiophile elements such as Li, Be, Sa. Although no systematic age determinations have been carried out, it is believed, on field evidence, that iiie Dixcove granite is younger than the Cape Coast Granite. - 35 -

2.3 Tarkwaian System Rocks of the Tarkwaian System lie discordantly on the BirimLan and outcrop in two Southwest-Northeast trending "belts. "Die first stretches from to Agogo where it disappears below the younger Voltaian cover, a distance of about 250 km. This belt is about 16 km wide* She second belt occurs in "ftest-central Ghana from near Beposi in Brong to Banda Ekwatia in Northern Region. This belt is about 14-0 km long and 8 km wide. The Tarkwaian rocks were deposited in elongated intracratonic rift basins bordered by granite-greenstone belts of the Birinian. The sediments were deposited by high energy aluvial fans entering a steep-sided basin filled with fresh water. They Consist of coarse, poorly sorted, immature sediments with low roundness, typical in part of a braided stream environment. They are free of limestones or dolomites and organic matter. The sediments must be regarded as integral part of -the Ebumean orogenic cycle of which they represent the final molasse stage.

According to BA3R (1980) the Tarkwaian was la^ down 1,900 - 1,600 m.y. ago and ihe Tarkwaian orogeny took place 1,600. nuy. ago. The latter belongs to -the Eburnean megacycle and was the last thermo-tec tonic event which affected the Ghanaian part of the Vest African shield. Although the Tarkwaian rests unconformably an the Birindan, it follows in general the strike and dip of -fee latter. In some localities no angular can be observed between the Birimian and Tarkwaian Systems (WOOMTZLD 1966). - 36 -

Tarkwaian is stratigraphically subdivided into four groups with the youngest at the top of Table S.

Euni Sandstone , grits and quartzites (and Do*^in Fhyllite) •with bands of phyllites. Thickness 1370 m.

Tarkwa phyllite Huni sandstone transitional beds and greenish—grey chloritic &nd sericitic phyllites and schists. Thickness 14-0-400 m.

Banket Series Tarksra phyllite transitional beds and sandstones, quartzites, grits, breccias and conglomerates.

• Eiickness 120-600 m Eawere group Quartzites, grits, phyllites and conglomerates. Jhickness 250-700 n.

Table 8: Stratigraphy of the Tarkwaian System.

The Kawere Group comprises shallow water, greenish-grey, feldspathic quartzites, grits and conglomerates. The conglomerates predominantely consist of closely packed pebbles of silicified Birimian greenstone and hornstone together with rare ones of jasper, quartz, quartz porphyry and 3irimian phyllite and schist in a matrix of quartz feldspar, chlorite, carbonate, epidote and . - 37 -

The fluviatile Banket Series consists of four conglomerate horizons, which are called "reefs" in the gold mines, each of which is separated from the following one by quartzites and grits: Breccia Seef Quartzite and Grit Middle Reef Quartzite and Grit Basal P.eef Quartzite and Grit Sub-basal Reef .Hie Basal Reef is the most persistent conglomerate bed in the Goldfields and is by far the richest in gold. About 90^ of -the pebbles are of quartz and the remaining are of Birimian schist, quartzite, hornstone, chert and gondite. Bie matrix of the conglomerate consists of quartz, black iron , sericite, chlorite, tourmaline, , , garnet and

gold. ' •" . Epidote, carbonate and pyrite are rare except near later dykes, faults and quartz veins. The Ehyllites_ are divisible into liiose with and those without chloritoid. The first ones sometimes contain porphyroblasts of carbonate. Ihe Huni Sandstone and Domgin Phyllites consist of grey, greenish or bl"ue3sh feldspetic quartzites. They contain variable amounts of feldspar, sericite, chlorite, ferriferous carbonate and show magnetite banding and cross bedding. Manganese mottling is a characteristic feature of the sandstone. - 38 -

The Tarkwaian System is associated with hypabyssal acidic to basic igneous rocks which make up approximately 20£ of the total thickness of the system. Kost of them are in form of conformable or slightly tran- gressive sills and a small percentage occur as dykes. The intrusions originally consisted of typical medium to coarse grained gabbro. 3. The Mobile Belt 3*1 Dahomeyan System The Dahomeyan occupies the Southeast corner of Ghana roughly that part of a line drawn Uorth-Northeast from Accra to intersect the Togo border near Agome in Togo and underlies the Accra plains. It was long considered to be ancient basement to a discordant cover formed by the Togo Series. Recent geochronological work has shown on the contrary that it consists of Birimian or even younger (Middle Proterozoic) formations which have been involved in -the Fanafrican thermo-tec tonic event. This event is responsible for the extensive cataclasis which affects most of the Dahomeyan. The Dahomeyan System consists of the following main lithologic and petrographic units: muscovite and tourmaline bearing quartzites. sericite schists and two mica schists interpreted as phyllonites. various gneisses, some migmatites with leptynites and amphibolites. - 39 -

- . mafic igneous rocks ranging from" pyroxenite through norite and from gabbro to diorite. These rocks are thought to represent fractionation products in a subalkaline cogmagmatic series derived from a parental mafic magma. Prom gravimetric surveys it appears that the mafic bodies widen at depth, and hence could mark out a zone.of collusion between two blocks within one plate or possibly between two plates during the Panafrican orogeny. The metamorjhic assemblages described above are intruded by a number of non-metamorphosed granit-es (mainly in Togo). Th.e granites are either conformable or display cross cutting relationships wiiii the country rocks. Tne conformable granites are calcalcaline with an alkaline affinity, the younger granites are more alkaline and some hypabyssal forms are hyperalkaline. A number of basic intrusions (gabbros diorites) are also documented. The Dahomeyan underwent a complex tectonic history and was repeatedly thrust to the NW upon the Togo Series. Its metamorphic history is also complex, metamorphic facies range from locally to mostly amphibolite to granulite. The greenschist facies and some of the amphibolite facies apparently result from retrombrphism. Although little geodironological data are available from Ghana, the studies carried out by BOEHOMKS. (1962) in neighbouring Togo and Benin give two groups of ages. tthole rocks isochrons on orthogneiss have yielded Birinian ages of 2050 to 1700 m«y. Other isochrons on granitised micaschists have given comparables ages of 1925 i 50 m.y. Biotite age determinations on gneisses, migmatites and intrusive granites have yielded a full range of Panafrican ages from 450 to 580 m.y. From these results two points stand out: existence of a Panafrican remuneration characterised by an important migmatisation and the emplacement of many .granitic rocks (mainly in Togo), existence of a reworked Birimian basement. 3.2 Togo Series In Ghana the Togo Series forms a linear strip 5 to 25 km. wide •which runs to The >rest of the Dahomeyan and corresponds to the /Jcwapim Range. Table 9 summarises the stratigraphy recognized by various authors within the Togo Series. The Togo Series has undergone a complex tectonic history within which three major events have been recognised in ascending chronological order; - a phase of isoclinal folding a phase of overthrusting - a phase of open folding • During the overthrusting phase the Togo Series has been brought Westwards upon lie Buem Formation and locally directly upon the Birimian (Southern Ghana). Jletamorphism of -&e Togo Series ranges from green3chist to amphibolite facies. 3.3 Buem Formation The Buem Formation forms a continuous 15 to 40 km,wide strip that defines the Eastern boundary of the Yolta basin and that is adjacent to the Togo Series. General Stratigraphy. Soviet Northern Ghana. Affaton, Southeastern Ghana. Ilavsky (1972) Geological Survey Team (1964) Sougy, Trompette (i960) chlorite schists with quartzites phyllite3» mica schists with quartzites (l50m) and sandstones (600m) conglomerates and intercalations alternating grey black of quartzite and marble o schistsf graded and cross bedded Upper Togo I quartzites (600m) • quartzitic schists, sandstones I unaniferoua and thoriferous and ferrugineous quartzites (1500m) Unconformity rutile paleoplacer

Middle Togo qtiartzites, quartzitic sandstones S, alternating quartzites and •with sericite and muscovite |i schists (250m) quartzites with graphitic ferrugineous quartzites wiih schists and micaschist3 with interlayers, schists horizons of schists and conglomera-*. interlayered quartzites and tes and volcanic intercalations g itabirites Lower Togo

Table 9 : Stratigraphy of the Togo Series. - 42 -

Table 10 summarises the stratigraphy recognised in the Buem

Formation in Ghana.

Southern Ghana. Soviet Northern Ghana. Geological Survey Team Soviet Geological Survey (1964) Team (19S4)

greenstones, variolites, Upper agglomerates, tuffs with, basic Buem lavas and quartzitic schists, absent • pelites and sandstones

pelites, silstones with feld- Fiddle spathic sandstones, and Buem ferrugineous chert-like rocks; absent quartzitic sandstone with. minor silstone, pelites and conglomerates

- heterogeneous lithologies . sandstones, silstones, with tillites, conglomerates, pelites (100m); Lower sandstones, silstones, . ferrugineous tillites Buem shales, chert-like rocks and chert-like rocks and dolomitic limestone (100m); . conglomerates, sand- stones, silstones, tillites, arkosic sandstones with chert-like rocks and dolomitic marble

Table 10: Stratigraphy of &e 3uem Formation. - 43 -

Everywhere the Buem Formation is thrusted upon the Yolta basin; at least two generations of imbrications have been identified, their contacts being often marked out by serpentinites. It is .estimated that the major fault, along which serpentinites are distributed, has a maximum vertical displace- ment of 3,000 meters. The Buem Formation is characterised by an anchizonal dynamome tamorphism not far from the limits with the epizone. 3*4 Voltaian System Ihe flat lying sediments of "Sie Yoltaian Basin occupy about 40£ of Ghana's territory (103,600 sq. km) where they reach a width of 300 km. and a length of about 500 km. in North-South direction. Ihe basin is drained by the Yolta river and its tributaries, the Black and ^hite Volta, Oti, Daka and Obosum rivers. Today the man-made Yolta lake occupies a significant portion of the basin. Dae Yoltaian System has a total thickness of about 1,500 m and rests unconformably on the Lower Proterozoic Birimian System and related granites and on the Lower to Middle Proterozoic Tarkwaian System. Ihe latter two have been strongly eroded and formed a peneplain at the time of the Yoltaian transgression. Ihe age of the Voltaian System is Upper Proterozoic (l,000 m.y.) to Paleozoic (Cambrian - ). - 44 -

JUM3R and EI23T (1946) subdivided the Voltaian System in Lower (VI), Kiddle (V2> and Upper V?) Voltaian (Table.ll).

Upper V Upper Sandstone massive quartz sandstones

Voltaian thin bedded feldspathic (340 a) Thin bedded sand- ferrugineous sandstones V stones Unconformity red pelites, sandstones and arkoses, tillite at the base Kiddle V Obosum beds ( Sang conglomerate) line clastic (flyschoids) Voltaian T a Oti beds Tillites at the base ( 400 m) (jUcroso conglomerate) Lower sandy mud stones and Voltaian Basal sandstone quartzitic silstones ( 60 m)

Table 11: Stratigraphy of the Voltaian System (after JOBBER and HIE3T, 1946) 22ie Soviet Geological Survey team (1964) divided the Voltaian succession also into three units but, based on drilling results, refined significantly (Table 12) the stratigraphy of JUHHSR and HIRST. The Soviet team correlated, for the first time, the Kiddle and Upper Voltaian rocks wi-& the Buem Formation to ihe East. - 45 -

i Upper o Upper Massive Sandstone Series-Quartz o Yoltaian o and qua.rtz-feldsfiathic sandstones. Red Series (Tamale). Qxoartz-feldspatbic and polymictic sandstones. Conglomerate and gritstones.

Upper Greenish-Grey Series- Kiddle Polymictic sandstones, mudstones, siltstones a Yoltaian vd.th limestone interlayers. N O 0) Variegated Series,

I - Kudstone vri.th limestone, dolomite, 8 Q u\ Polymictic siltstones and fine-grained sandstones.

Conglomerate Series. Buem Series. Conglomerate, tillite, Conglomerate-ribe

sandstone. tillite

Lower Basals andstone Series. Lower Greenish- Voltaian Quartz-sandstones Grey Series.- mudstones, siltstones, Polymictic sand- conglomerate. stones, mudstones, siltstones*

12: Stratigraphy of the Yoltaian Basin after BOJZO (1964). - 46 -

In 1977' Shell Szpl oration, and Production Company (Ghana) Ltd. completed the Premuase- 1 oil well in the Southern part of the Basin. The well is located 8 miles East of on the Atebubu/Kwadjokrom road at latitude 7°47' 55"N and longitude 0°47' 55"'.:. 5he hole reached a final depth of I,.l67.5 m. and intersected the following sequences using the stratigraphy of BCJEC (1964): Kiddle Voltaian; Red Series (Tamale), (oxidized) (Cambrian) O-54m- Upper Greenish-Grey Series (reduced) 54-60 2m- Variegated Series, (oxidised and 602-1132 a. reduced) Lower Voltaian Lower Greenish-Grey (reduced)

(?recaabrian) Series, 1132-1167-5m t Three stratigrafhic oxidatian/reduction interfaces ezist in the succession according to the rock colours described by Shell (Appendix V): - at the base of the Red Series at the top of the Variegated Series - at the bottom of "the Variegated Series The molasse of the Hed Series is generally strongly oxyiised except of a 3 m. intersection of light-grey siltstcme ?ata carbonaceous specks at -foe depth interval 33-36m. - 47 -

AF31T01T, SOTJGY and TSCKP3TTS (i960) subdivided the Yoltaian in northwest Ghana, Togo and Upper Yolta also in three units but altered significantly the stratigraphy presented by JTETIT33. and HIRST:

Cbosum group = Y2 b + a small part of Y_ Pendjari or Cti group = V a Dapango-Bombouaka group = Y, + a small part of 1^ a and the major part of Y_ The Pendjari and Obosun groups contain fluvio-glacial tlllites at their base. AFFATO1T et al. correlate ike Dapango- 3oaibouaka group with the Togo Series and the Pendjari group (Cti) with the Buem Foraation. BASS (1977) gives a coirorehensive stratigraphy of the Southern part of the Yoltaian basin. On lithe-logical grounds • he classifies the succession into seven.formations (Y. - Y YIl) which he correlates-with the folded and metamorphosed Buem Formation and Togo Series to the Sast. BASE'S detailed strati- graphic description which includes rock colors (oxidation stage of the sandstones) is very useful for this study and is therefore summarized in Table 13. Two tillite horizons divide "fee sequence into three main units. - 48 -

FACIES POPiiAHOl? LI230LCGY C0SEELATIC1T 711 Dominase group wliite massive quartz/sandstones 7 and red pelites

o> 71 group red brown sand- 01 stones, arkoses o CI[0S «H and conglomerates 7_ b •H 2 % o ( mica and feldspar), Bro s tillites at fee Obo- base (Sang con- sum glomerate; beds

rr* H-l 7 group red to grey-green O feldspathic sand- *"* stones, greywackes, pelitic at the 72 a g base Oti § beds massive coarse. d quartz sand- I 717 Dente group stones and conglo- O merates, tillite w • at the base

570 m.y. greenish-grey jikroso conglomerates, group sandstones, grey- wackes, pelites at tile base « 711 Afram brown to greenish S s group grey pelites witii S white and pink § sandstones at to o the base n. Hi 1 o S Tog o

JPPE R 1 •5 $ shales, red sand- 5! § group stones and red to greenish-grey

Table 13: 7cltaian stratigraphy, facies and correlation after BiSP. (1977), - 49 -

By analogies with the Group de Char of the Taoudeni "basin BASE, dates the base of the Koforidua group at 1OOO m«y. Glaucanite sandstones of the Yoltaian Basin above ihe Dente Group tillites revealed a radiometric age of 620 m.y. Che lower part of the system belongs therefore to ike Upper Proterozoic. By paleomagnetic reasons and analogies with the Accraian succession BASR places the formation above the Dente tillites within the period Cambrian to lower Devonian. Ihe Toitaian sediments were deposited on the stable which represented the foreland °* the Panafrican Dahomeyan orogen. Ihe two with the overlying tillites were caused by epirogenic uplifts and glacial erosion. The first appearance of greywackes in the basin (Akroso group) documents an uplift or orogenic movements of the Dahomeyan to the East. Shese flysch sediments become thicker and coarser to the East indicating -their transport from East to tfest, a fact which is also confirmed by paleocurrent studies.

The reappearance of. flysch (greywackes) in the Ejura group marks a second tectonic event. Both movements strongly affected theEasternmost part of basin fill. !J3he molasse of ihe Asesewa group (Obosum beds) documents the final phase of the Panafrican orogenic cycle in East Ghana. BASS correlates the Lower and Middle Yoltaian with the folded, overthrusted and metamorphosed Togo Series and Buem Formation to the East. - 50 -

3.5 Synthesis of the Kobile Belt Lithostratigraphic correlations have' been attempted within the belt: The Upper part of the Dahomeyan System would correlate and interfinger with part of the Togo Series -while the Lower part would correlate with the Biriaian System

on a geochronological basis (APPATON, SOUGY, TEOHPETTE, I960). The Togo Series would correlate in part with the lowermost part of the Yoltaian System (GHAKT, 1969; SSACZLETOH, 1971; BAER, 1977; APFATON efal., 1980). Quarts,tic sandstones hare been seen to grade Eastwards into metamorphosed and folded metasediments. The Buem Formation would correlate with the Kiddle 7oltaian Oti beds (Soviet Geological Team, 1964; GRANT, 1967; BASE, 1977 and AFFATOH efal., 1980). GEA1TT (1969) gives a comprehensive and self explanatory cross section of the Panafrican orogen

WNW Akwapimian = ESE Toga o Series reactivated Buem. Birnmian = __Dahomeyan

Pig.10. Cross section of the Panafrican orogen after C1969), - 51 -•

From a paleogeographic view point some interpretations can "be suggested: - She Dahomeyan System(Eanafrican intrusions excluded) is largely composed of paragneisses and more or less felds- pa thic mica-schists. They could be interpreted as meta- morphosed arkoses and sandstones and hence partly represent a former continental sedimentation. Locally, tourmaline rich quartzites could indicate an environment closer to a shore line and possibly local euzenic conditions (boron

rich brines)# On its Eastern boundaries, the Togo Series is marked out (in Togo) by an elongated horizon which runs for a considerable distance (ILAS7KI, 1972) and which contains significant concentrations of heavy minerals (, zircon, monazite, xendtime, , rutile, davidite- brannerite, uranothorite, pyrochlore). This horizon is thought to represent a former beach sand and hence could be related to a former shore line on the basinward side of the Dahomeyan mountain belt..

The Lower and partly Kiddle Togo Series which locally grades into the Dahomeyan System, would then represent a marginal sedimentation in a still relatively shallow sea (ILASVKT, 1972). - The Buem Formation, particularly the Kiddle and Upper Buem, represents a flyschoid sedimentation in a deeper sea further to the 'Jest of the Dahomeyan mountain range. Dahomeyan „,' Geological l Togo contact 1 Buem Voltaian Blrtmion Banikoara, Aandi

ratchi-y.vVv-

Pig, 11« Simplified Bougner Anomaly Map• - 53 -

a geodynanric view point, it is commonly accepted (AFTATOE, SOUGY, TEQKPSTT3, 1980) from detailed studies carried out in the Northern part of the belt, that it is part of a typical orogen with polyphase and structural development which includes an important phase of overthrusting. Die metamorphic grade and the amount of deformation progressively increase towards the East both on tiie scale of ite entire chain and within individual u^its.

From a synthesis (TRQKPETTS,1980) of various interpretations made of the Bouguer anomaly map two points stand out: - The linear gravimetric low which corresponds to the Togo Series {fig. 11) is interpreted as a deep seated crustal fracture with an Eastward dip. It is also related to the tectonic thickening due to the overthrust of the Togo Series over part of the Voltaian sediments as well as to a possible thickening of the whole continental crust. The less negative and positive anomalies located East of the Togo Series would correspond either to the injection of denser mantle material or, more likely, to a generalised uprise of the mantle. The cratonic or oceanic origin of the Mobile Belt is still a disputed matter. TH0KPETT3 (1980) reaches the conclusion that the belt results from a collision between two conti- nental blocks, the Eastern one being overthrusted upon the '•restern one, although there is no trace left of oceanic crust. Cn the other hand, according to FIFER (1974) in IJFATCN, SCTTGY and TH0EPZOT2 ( 1980).'the'most recent paleomagnetic results support.an intra-cratonic origin. - 54 -

N G ^ 4---.. + J J Posi • Paieojo'f. s Obosum Group + Ji " ! I j Oevono-Carboniferous E3 U P P E R r7^5n Muscovite bearing quartiMes

I ""!>§i Vo'cano-Sedimentary Pormsiion V O L T A \ Irf^i 0( Pan-A'"can Age / j A A A I Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks + I ' 1/ I Crystalline schists migmatites \ I X I and granites f. ji>n Structural Unit of Atacora Mad|

I Jj II Unit O( Tioi« I -. Buern)

^^ Thrust contact if,

Tpssie^ou' *8£ ' + + i

ansanne -S • • \Manla^_/ •Natmnqou-.- + ;_X: Mangzpr+mmino / / f. '• .' Perma*

tKonkbr i.a:-' m°h / ' ; Lama-Ka ^Daboya ra f \Sang ^. . • «•.:•;.•.•;::•.•:/./• .\Tibagona amale o •^z w

Dam'ongo /v/.;/.y."-.V •<. +

' ..

•J3>/ '/, ^,i<

BENIN GULF. 6" —

Pig* 12* Geological Map of the Panafrican Orogen. - 55 -

At any rate, at the present level of erosion, the Kobile Belt is characterised by the predominance of sialic material. An updated geological map of the ranafrican orogen after (3233CLLS3 and THCI-IPETTS, 1930) is shown in Fig.12.

4.1 Accra and 3ekondi Series Accra 2eries_

At several localities around Accra there are preserved fossiliferous Devonian sediments* They, constitute a small basin (about 45 sq.. km) west of Accra and are described under the name of Accra Series. The accepted subdivision of the Accra Series are presented in Sable 14.

Upper Sandstone- Thin, fine grained quartaitic sandstones with Shale Formation argillaceous shales conformable with the underlying formation

Kiddle Shale Fossiliferous shales Formation

Sandstones with some coarser grained material Lower Sandstone such as grits, breccias, pebble beds as well Formation as finer grained shales. Cross bedding and ripple marks are common - major unconformity - (Dahomeyan System)

Table 14J Stratigraphy of the Accra Series. She Accra Series have not been involved in folding but have been affected by block faulting. At the contact with the Dahomeyan basement, the Lower Sandstone is seen to dip 30° South-southwest. - 56 - Sekondi Series The Sekondi Series constitute several discontinuous outcrops along the coast "between Cape Coast and the mouth of the Butre River near Dixcove extending inland for a distance varying from, 3 to 6 kilometers and covering approximatevely 200 so. km. According to CHOv* (1962) the Sekondi Series are subdivided into six formations (Table 15).

Upper pebbly argillaceous and 305m Sekondi feldspathic sandstones and conglomerates. Sandstone Lower massive quartzose sandstone and grits with subordinate shales-and mudstones. Upper thin bedded silstone, shale, shaly sandstone, coarse sandstone with nodules, bands and lenses of 26m Bfia Kkwanta chert. Kiddle friable sandstone, well bedded or 96m Beds massive with interbedded mudstone and shale. Lower cross bedded, fine grained, pink, purple, grey, green and cream sandstone. Qlv m Black-grey carbonaceous shales, sandy shales. Takoradi Shaly sandstones with interbedded grit and fine Shales • grained sandstone, nodules of siderite and pyrite. 198a Kassive, bedded ferrugineous sandstone with coarse grained beds, breccia, conglomerate and interbedded shales. 152m Sandstone Thin bedded, micaceous sandstone wiiii sandy shale. 30m Chocolate, purple micaceous sandstone with coarse Sandstone sandstone, conglomerate, shale and mudstone. 3OO-366m Ajua Varved black or dark grey shales, sandy shales, Shales sandstones with boulders and pebbles and a 43-60m coarse basal boulder bed.

Birim Hornblende granite of the Dixcove type. Biotite granite of The Cape Coast type. Basement Biotite and hornblende gneiss.

Table 15: Stratigraphy of the Sekondi Series, - 57 -

The Sekondi Series have been affected by block faulting. Jilthough there is no clear predominant direction the larger faults show a tendency to strike parallel to iiie coast. She faults are always down thrown on i±Le seaward side. The Sekondi Series have been assigned a Devonian or c Carboniferous age. 5* Cretaceous to recent Coastal Basins

£eta_Basin

The Zeta Basin covers approximatively 2,200 sq. km. along the East coast of Ghana. It is filled with 870m of Paleozoic marine and non-marine sediments farmerly deposited in an interior basin. These sediments are conformably overlain by 3,600m. of -Tertiary deposits. Jurassic doi©rites sills are correlative with dolorite exposures in o-tiier coastal regions of Ghana and other tfest African countries. Their radio-metric ages relate to the assumed initial time of separation of Africa and South America. The lowland area of tiae Keta Basin is densely covered with thick vegetation and marshes or lagoons and very little rock exposure is known. The stratigraphy of the basin is essentially known through many water and oil exploration wells. A composite stratigraphy is presented in Table 16. Depth (a) Lith.ol.ogy .Age 0 to 67 Sand and gravel Pliocene-Holocene (Unconformity) 67 to 270 Gflauconitic fossiliferous Miocene shale and sand ( Unconformity ) 270 to 480 Greenish-grey shaley clays Eocene with layers of fossiliferous limestone 480 to 735 Greenish-grey, benthonitic, Paleocene fossiliferous clay 735 to 972 Dark-grey calcareous, Ha&s trichtian fossiliferous clay ( Unconformity ) 972 to 1,189 .Alternating shale and light-grey Campanian medium-drained sandstone 1,189 to 1,554 lledium-grained, moderately Albian well sorted sandstone and micaceous grey shale 1,554 to 2,134 Greyish-white coarse-grained Aptian and sandstone alternating with Undifferentiated Lower mudstone containing numerous Cretaceous plant fragments, coal traces 2,134 to 3,574 Alternating fine, grey, bitu- minous sandstone and shale ( Unconformity ) 3,574 to 3,620 Igneous intrusive, greenish-grey Jurassic dolorite 3,620 to 4,493 Dark-brown, grey micaceous Devonian shales and light-grey sand- stones and siltstone; fossi- liferous in middle-lower unit Unconformity Basement; quartz-biotite Precambrian gneiss (Dahomeyan)

Table 16; Stratigraphy of the Keta basin (after AKPATI, 1978). - 59 - Gravimetric studies have shown that the sedimentation was controlled by l!B-2nr trending '"basement related faults which represent now tlie continuation of the continental shelf fault system. Compilation of isopach maps has revealed that I-Iesozoic and mostly •Tertiary sediments are thining to the TTorth and to the Bast where they form a wedge over the hornblende gneiss of the Dahomeyan System. Tano Basin The Tano basin makes up a crescent shape area along the vvest Coast of the Atlantic Ocean that occupies the South-v'est corner of Ghana and a larger portion of South-East Ivory Coast, The Ghanaian part covers approzimatively 4»000 sq,. km. The stratigraphy presented in Table 17 results from borehole logs.

Unit I Beach, deposits, loose sand with clay layers

Unit TT Limestones with interbedded black shaly clays; probable age is Campanian to Kaastrichtian Unit III Sandstone vdth minor shales dated as Canpanian

Unit IV Conglomerate vdth pebbles and cobbles'of igneous and in a calcareous cement Unit V Sandstones with minor shales Unit YI Black carbonaceous shales which initiate the marine cycle Unit YII Silt with numerous pebbles and cobbles of igneous and • metamorphic origin Unit Till Grey-green sandstones and shales

Table 17: Stratigraphy ,of the Tano basin.

The maximum thickness along the coast and along the Ivory Coast border is over 3,200 metres, the upper 2,000 metres of vdiich are marine. - 60 -

6. Metallogeny The main mineral occurrences in Ghana are those of gold, diamond, manganese, bauzite and iron (3Hg.5» Table 18). . Gold is widespread in the Birisaan and the Tarkwaian Systems either as primary gold (reef gold) or as secondary placer gold. Primary gold occurs in five distinct forms: - auriferous quartz veins intruding the Birimian System - gold bearing Dixcove type granite to porphyry also intruding the Birimian System sulfide ore in tuffaceous pyritic phyilites of the Birimian system oxydized ore concentrated by chemical and mechanical weathering of gold lodes pegmatite dykes associated wiih granitic rocks (with , wolframite, ) Secondary gold occurs in two forms: in ike conglomerates of the Tarkwaian System - in Tertiary and recent placer deposits Ghana's primary gold occurrences within the Birimian are related to an eugeosyncloimal tectonic environment and therefore cannot be positively correlated with possible uranium mineralization. ilthough the diamond occurrences of Ghana are of the placer type one can assume the presence of not yet discovered. Eecent geophysical interpretation (HASTINGS, 1980) suggests that diamond bearing kimberlites may have formed during the initiation of the Eburnean orogenesis before the commencement of an Ebumean age rifting. Later emplacement would have been associated with the initiation of Mesozoic rifting of Gondwanaland. - 61 -

She distribution of diamond fields and diamond occurrences in Ghana suggests that they were originally controlled by deep seates, rift related, IT 45 E crustal fractures. Ehree types of manganese deposits ,all associated with the Upper Birimian are documented in Ghana: - manganiferous phyllites and fine schists with subordinate siliceous phyllites spessartite quartz rocks with or without rhodonite - supergene segregations derived from the first two types by weathering. It is generally accepted that "primary" manganese ores of Ghana are associated with manganiferous muds intercalated wiifa the Upper Birimian greenstones and are originally related to. syngenetic submarine volcanic emanations. Qiree types of iron ore deposits are known in Ghana. The first type, the hematitic Shieni sedimentary ore is found within the Lower part of the Voltaian System. It is a "platform type" deposit related to a shallow marine to continental environment. Bfcte second type, the Opon Kansi ore is found over the Upper Birimian greenstones and phyllites; it is a lateritic type and therefore results from supergene enrichment. 1h.e "Uiiid type, the Pudo titanitefous - magnetite ore is a magmatic concentration related to igneous rocks. On a worldwide scale, no economic uranium occurrences are known to be associated with deposits comparable to those of Ghana with' the exception of the gold bearing quartz pebble conglomerates which are referred to later in this report. Indeed the manganese deposits and gold reefs of the Birinaan are negative indicators for uranium prospectiveness. - 62 -

Formation Minerali zati on Type of deposit Cenosoic Bauxite Iron Supergene enrichment Kanganese

Jurassic Diamond EimberUtes?

Lower Iron Eematitic iron ore Yoltaian

Tarkwaian Gold Secondary gold (paleoplacers)

Gold, Primary gold (vein type). Iron ©re Ilagmatic magnetite iron ore Eburnean in Dizcove type granites. intrusions Kimberlites? Minor uranium Pegmatites in Cape Coast type granite.

Gold, minor Veins Upper sulfides and Birimian manganese. Syngenetic volcanic exhalations Lower Gold, minor Teins and peneconcordant Birimian sul fides lenses

Table 18: Ketallogeny of Ghana-. - 63 - G. EISTOSI OF uaainm EXPLORATION n: GHAITA -1. Garborne Sirvey by the United Kingdom Geological Survey In 1952 D. 03TLE, a geologist of the Atomic Energy Division of -file United Kingdom, ?.H. HAL'S, an engineer of i&e Atomic Energy

Research Establishment at Harwellf U.1-. and one geologist of the then Gold Coast Geological Survey carried out a radiometric reconnaissance carborne survey. Approximately some 7000 km. were surveyed. Three anomalies were found (Table 19 and Pig.15);

- the anomaly of Accra-North in laterites above the Dahomeyan gneisses _ the anomaly located above iiie Bongo granite - the Bobikuma anomaly on laterites above the older Cape Coast granite In addition, some areas of increase background were located between , Larab&nga and The scarp. Subsequent Activities of ihe Ghana Geological Survey

In 1953, K.2. BSSR and J. TATLOS, investigated 10,000 geochemical samples for their radioactivity. These samples had been collected by the Geological Survey since 1913, and were deposited ±n London. The investigation revealed that HO samples contained more than 0.02f^ equivalent thorium and were separately checked. The main recognizable radioactive minerals were mcnazite, xenotime and zircon. The samples which contained these minerals were all from the border areas of the Cape Coast granite. In 1957* J. I-HTCEELI carried out a radiometric survey mainly over intrusions of in the Dahomeyan.rocks near the Akwapim-Togo range. - 64 -

•Hie syenite shoved considerable radioactivity in. places, and was found to contain small quantities of thorium and uranium minerals probably $n the forn of allanite and pyrochlore. The grade xras found tc be extremely low. J. 1HTCKIILL also carried out radio- metric surveys over the area previously located by Q57L?, in 1952, North of Accra in the Fafraha-Akokome area very close to -fee 'Togo Series-Dahoneyan contact.

In the same year, T3VE1TDAL2 investigated another anomalous area East of the Lower Yolta near Kpong. "Shis investigation was based on the work of 03TL2 and HALS. TEV3ZTDALE found that the areas with higher radioactivity were situated on top of syenite and nepheline-syenite intrusions of the Dahoineyan. They were found to contain small and insignificant quantities of thorium and uranium minerals, probably allanite and pyrochlore. 2. Airborne Survey by-Hunting Surveys limited In I960, Hunting Surveys Limited of the United Kingdom undertook an airborne magnetic and radiometric survey in Ghana in two trial areas (A and B) -with a total coverage of 17,092 square kilometres (lig.14) corresponding to 34,850 line kilometres. 3ie cost of the survey vras borne by the Ghana Government and the • United States International Cooperation Administration. Arsa A totalled 12,430 square kilometres and covered the well-kno7jn gold and sulphide mineralization zone stretching from the coast west of Takoradi through Tarkwa and , Dunkwa and to Konongo. Area B. 4,652 sq. ka» i21 '^-ze was located i& the Coutheastern part of iixe country. It stretch-ad northeastwards covering the Buem and the Tcgo-Dahcmeyan contact. . - 65 -

The radiometric instrument used was an Aerial Survey Equipment United Kingdom Atomic Ziiergy Research Establishment Type 1531 B, with one scintillation counter head containing a 4 T inch diameter, one inch thick thallium activated sodium iodide crystal.

IToainal ground clearances were 200m, in area A and 15Cta. in area B« Following the results of the airborne surveys a number of ground checks were implemented by Hunting geologists. In area A over the Birimian, the anomalous area of Frestea was visited and tvro traverses were carried out. Traverses were also carried out over the Tarkwaian within a triangle formed by Panti village, and the Panti road junction. Another traverse was laid out accross the strike of the Lower Tarkwaian in -the vicinity of the Imbraim Station.

Over the Sekondi Series a traverse was laid out accross the Takoradi Shale and the Takoradi Sandstone in the Anaji-Effia-Sljai locality. A few traverses were carried out in the vicinity of Aboso over the Toltaian sediments. Ilnally, a field visit was paid to the Cape Coast granite, west of Jiasi. In area B, four groups of main anomalies had been recorded and a siz weeks ground check programme was laid out to check three of them. Due to thorough investigations earlier carried out by BUEZS and I-3TCHEL1 on the first group, previously located by ground prospecting, it was estimated necessary to return to the site. - 66 -

Fafraha-Akokome Group - BUSES A!TD EETCE3EL, 1957 Sawyer-Eod zi-Bgomcbe Group - HUHSBTG, I960 Ho Group - SD1TTHTG, I960 Anomalies of the Togo Series - EDITEDTff, I960 In addition two isolated anomalies were visited at Irankadua and Akuse* Uranium Prospecting by UranerzbergbaU-GmbE On the 9th of April,.1968 the privately owned West German uranium exploration and mining company Uranerzbergban-GmbE signed a contract •with the Government of Ghana to prospect for uranium and thorium for a period of two years in two concessions with a total area of 74,850 sq. kc. (Jig.13). The southern concession was 56,140 sq. km. in area and covered- parts of Eastern, Volta, Ashanti, Central and "estern Regions. She targets there were uranium deposits associated with quartz pebble conglomerates and granites as well as uranium deposits of the Colorado plateau type in sandstones. The northern concession was 18,710 sq. km. in area and covered parts of Brong jjhafo, northern and Upper Regions. Siere again, the targets were uranium deposits of the Colorado plateau type in sandstones. By agreement with the Kinistry of Lands and Janeral Resources some prospecting work was executed outside the concession at Bolgatanga, ITakpanduri and yulugu, and in the Volta and Brong Ahafo Regions. - 67 -

-\ <••

F&»m

• • TAMALEV''''Sit^^^;:;":/^

GHANA

0 60 Km. SEKON0I I i AKORAOI

Pig. 13. Concesaiona held by Uranerabergbaa-Ca*H (T3BB). - 68 -

In three separate areas (Jig.14) an airborne spectre-metric and magnetrometric survey was carried out. The contract was given to the vTest German firm Prakla GmbE. She first area covers a Northwest-Southeast trending strip which runs from the coast 3ast of Takoradi across the Tarkwaian System at Tartora. 3ae second area covers the Kpraeso-Eoforidua ridge at the Southwestern margin of the Yolta basin. The third area covers almost ihe entire Northern concession which is underlain "by Voltaian sediments. A twin engined Aero Commander was used with a four channel spectrometer with a 5" "by 5tt Naj (TL) crystal. The spectrometer had been built by the German Federal Geological Survey. In total 11,734- line kilometres were flown and 450 radiometric anomalies were recorded of which 185.are totally or partly caused by the radiation of the uranium decay series. Of the latter 93 anomalies were checked on the ground, 82 in the Northern and 11 in the Southern concession. During the course of the ground check 183,000 radiometric readings were taken at stations 5m apart and 19 pits were excavated down to bedrock, A carborne survey along the road network in both concessions and along the main roads outside the concessions was conducted. A total of 14,750 line kilometres was surveyed. A total count scin±illometer with a 2j" by 2ir" Kaj (Tl) crystal was used in connection with a recorder. Twenty three (23) anomalies were registered and investigated by follow-up scintillometer surveys along grid lines, radon (alpha) surveys, pitting and trenching and geochemistry. A footborae coastal radiometric survey between Esiama in the West and the Tema/3oi area in the East was performed because the rock units are well exposed below the lateritic cover at the shore line. - 69 -

H«L

, j. +t BOLOATANOA

- + + + + + 4TS»+ + •+/+ + ^c- '"rt^a-.v •.-.•• •.-.-. •• -\

Legend • Airborne survey by Hunting — — —Airborne survey by UEB Detailed ground survey by UEB

Fig. 14* Past Exploration in Ghana. - 70 -

A total of 420 line kilometers was surveyed with 11,146 radiqmetric readings at stations 45m apart, A large number of anomalies are associated wi-& zircon and monazite rich beach placers and one anomaly with a uranium Generalization in a pegmatite near the village of Abandzi. During the following work J7 pegmatites were investigated. Farther footborne surveys were carried out across the unconformity Birimian/Lower Voltaian in the Northern concession and outside the concession to the West of tfulugu and north of Nakpanduri. A total of 727 line kilometer was surveyed. A separate detailed footborne survey was carried over the Paleozoic sandstones of the Sekondi to the west of Cape Coast. Tb'ere, 216 line kilometers were surveyed and 26 pits were sunk down to bedrock.

A hydrogeochemical survey was conducted in the Tarkwa area and along the Kpraeso-Eoforidua ridge. A total of 554 water samples was collected from streams, water wells* and springs mainly along the foot of the tlpraeso-Eoforidua escarpment. One hydrogeochemical anomaly- at. Hew was further investigated by a radon survey using an alpha scintillometer (emanometer). During the course of this survey, 1,120 emanometer readings were taken and areas with anomalous radon content in the soil were investigated by pitting and trenching. Approximately 5»4O0 geological specimens collected at the Ghana Geological Survey Department in Accra were radiometrica- lly checked. A total of 604 rock and soil samples were sent to Germany and analysed by X-ray spectrometry, fluorimetry and atomic absorption for their uranium, thorium and zirconium contents. She 554 water samples were analysed by polarography and fluorimetry. - 71 • -

4. Uranium Prospecting by the I ASA. At the request of the Government of Ghana, the International Atonic Energy Agency in Yienna, Austria, sent Dr. ?• ADAKEK to Ghana. Iron 9th of December, 1S75 till April, 1976 he carried out detailed uranium exploration in the Cape Coast district with the primary aim of evaluating the economic potential of the pegmatites occurring in this area in general and of the AbandzL pegmatite in particular. Apart from the work in the Cape Coast area, ADiKSK undertook a preliminary uranium survey of the Tarkwa districto During the couise of his work ADAK2K discovered a second uranium bearing pegmatite, the Eja pegmatite. His conclusions however were that the uranium occurrences related to the Cape Coast pegmatites were of no economic significance. In the Tarkwsian, ADAK3E undertook to ground check a group of anomalies obtained by TTranersbergbaU-GmbH in a zone between. Aboso, Tarkwa and Tamsoo. He observed that the anomalies were related to prominent ridges of Tarkwa phyllites the background of which, on the ground, was found to be three times higher than that of the overlying and underlying sandstones. He then concluded that the airborne anomalies were probably the result of uncocipletely corrected topographical effect and of a higher count background of the Tarkwa ^ - 72 -

5. Trach 3tch Survey "by the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission In a joint survey with the Geological Survey Department, the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission commenced in 1979 a Track Etch orientation programme over the Southern rim of the Yoltaian basin. The survey area is located between longitudes 0 3Q1 and 0°45f and latitudes 6°3O' and 6°45' and covers the entire Sleld Sheet 134 33 (l:62,5OO). The area is underlain by the Lower and Iliddle TToltaian sequences and in the Southwestern corner by Birimian schists and granites. •She Geological Survey is responsible for the field work which includes planting of the Track 3tch cups and mapping of the field sheet whereas the Atonic Energy Commission is responsible for the track counting. So far,, approximately 500 out of 900. cups have been planted and retrieved in the top five 5 minute sections of the field sheet. The cups are set one kilometer apart and at the same time readings are taken with ^ emancmeter IFJiS 551 and with a Scintrez scintillometer BS5-18. The results of the Track Btch survey are still pending. Only the radon gas readings have been contoured for the top left section of the sheet showing two areas of higher background over the upper part of the Oti beds. 6. Past Uranium Exploration Sspenditures in Shana It is estimated that the cuisulative expenditures on past uranium exploration in Ghana, expressed in 19S2 US dollars, are in the range of 5,5 million dollars. This-corresponds statistically to 23 dollars spent per square kilometer of the country. - 73 -

E n i-r>T/> i/"irn~T7—! iiw'iTT?" TTT> «"TTT- f.nfl'TB'Kr'?

•Vn T3T'-r''~TT-.3i-i— rr

11 Anomalies .and -Assessment Past uranium exploration in Ghana has revealed twenty five (25; radioactive anomalies, 2he main data on these anomalies are summarised in Table 19 and their location in relation to the geology is sham on Fig.15. 3rom this, the following conclusions can be drawn in order of decreasing importance: (1) The density of anomalies is highest within Hie Bahomeyan System. Anomalies ITo. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 over acid gneiss line up with the contact Dahomeyan/Togo Series and anomalies ITo. 12 and 15 line up with the contact acid/basic Dahomeyan. So far all anomalies found are thorium, biased, jv-oni a purely statistical point of view, past exploration results suggest that the Dahomeyan has the highest potential for radioactive minerals in Ghana,

(2) She peribatholitic domain of the Cape Coast granite intrusions at the contact with the surrounding Birimian rocks contains anomalies ITo,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 24 of which No.17 represents a uranium mineralisation within pegmatites. It is the only known, uranium occurrence in Ghana and will be described later. Based on past exploration results the peribatholitic domain has a potential for pitchblende and monazite bearing pegmatites. (3) She Voltaian ^rstem has only been tested at its outer rim, Anomalies Ho. 22 and 23 in Lower Voltaian sandstones are caused by thorium. She anomaly group.ITo. 25 is of very low amplitude. Based on past exploration results, the outer rim (distal end of sedimentation) seems to have a low uranium potential whereas the potential of the central and Eastern part of the basin (proximal end of sedimentation) remains untested. - 74 -

4 -v+v+v+w^v- ^ ••"••

G H ANA

Fig. 15* Radioactire Anomalies and Uranitua Occurrences of Ghana. - 75 -

(4) The Tarkwaian System within the Tarkwa-ILonongo belt has been, completely covered by airborne radionetrics. Anomalies Ho. 1, 2, 3> 4> 5 sad 6 are related to broad areas of higher background activity. Based on past exploration results the uranium potential of the Tarkwain System seems to be low. (5) The Togo Series contains only anomaly Ko.14 which is caused by a paleoplacer of no economic importance. The uranium potential of the Togo Series remains low. The continuation of the paleoplacer (beach placer) across the Ghana/Togo border has been described at Palime by ILAV3ET (1977) and it extends as far North as Lama Eara- ITiamtongou. It indicates that during the sedimentation of the Togo Series, the Dahomeyan was, at least in part, continental. (6) One anomaly (IT0.9) was registered in carbonaceous shales of the Sekondian. Follow-up work by Uranerzbergb&u-GmbE gave only negative results. Past exploration results therefore indicate-a low uranium potential for ihe Sekondian, (7)' The postectonlfc Dizcove iSranite Complex contains in its normal composition no radioactive anocalies except in the Bongo microcline- hornblende granite and hornblende-quartz syenite. There the anomalous radioactivity is due to higher background content of thorium. Past exploration results therefore give the Dixcove Complex a very low uranium potential. (8) Ho anomalies were recorded in the Birimian System and its uranium potential seems to be the lowest of all in Ghana. - 76 -

ITC. OP K2!S0D OF DZTSCTIOIT LOCATION DZSCPJFTICI: 1 Airborne S of Prestea Discovered by Him ting (Anomaly A in Area A) caused by the high background radioactivity of carbonaceous shales. 2 Airborne Fanti-Bogoso Discovered by Hunting (Anomaly B in Area A) caused by the high background radioactivity of Tarkwa phyllites and

• siliceous conglomerates. •x Airborne Dunkwa-Bogoso Discovered by Hunting (Anomaly C in Area A) caused by the high background radioactivity of phyllites and siltstones of the Tarkwaian. 4 Airborne 3 of Brof o- Discovered by Hunting (Anomaly D in yedru Area A) caused by the high back- ground radioactivity of phyllites. 5 Airborne T:J of Takoradi Discovered by Hunting (Anomaly E in Area A) caused by the high back- ground radioactivity of carbona- ceous Takoradi shales. 6 Airborne S of Eonongo Discovered by Hunting (Anomaly G in Area &) possibly caused by monazite and xenotime in the Cape Coast granite 7 Carbome, IT of Accra, Discovered by Cstle and Hale, inve- Airborne Fafraha- tigated by Mitchell and TJEB, caused Akokome by thorium enrichment in laterite and possibly allanite in bedrock. The anomaly corresponds to Huntings Fafraha - Akokome group of anomalies and with UEB's carboroe anomalies 1, 2 and 4. (Dahomeyan acid gneiss) 8 Airborne Savjyer Kodzi- Discovered by Hunting (Area B), Carbome Bgoa.be corresponds to UE3 carborne anomalies 3, 10 and 11, caused by mechanical enrichment of monazite in soil over Dahomeyan acid gneiss.

* USB = UranezbergbaU -GmbH (continued) - 77 -

1*0. 0? I30ECD C? LOCATION D33CPJFTIC2T 9 Airborne Eo Discovered by Hunting (Area B; possibly monazite enrichment in soil over Dahomeysn acid gneiss with pegmatoides, corresponds to UEB carborne anomaly 7. 10 Carborne, Prankadua Discovered by Ostle and Hale, also Airborne Hunting anomaly; investigated by Tevendale and USB, caused by allanite and pyrochlore in syenite and nepheline-syenite of the Dahomeyan. 11 Carborne Kped ze Discovered by USB (Anomaly 13) possibly mechanical monazite enrichment in soil over Dahomeyan acid gneiss. 12 Carborne Discovered by USB (Anomaly 14) thorium enrichment in laterite over contact acid/basic Dahomeyan. 13 Carborne . • Discovered by UEB (Anomaly 20) thorium enrichment in laterite over contact • acid/basic Dahomeyan. 14 Airborne, Biakpa Discovered by Hunting. Also carborne Carborne anomaly 17 of USB, investigated by U3B, hematite-quartzite of the Togo Series (possible rutile zirconium beach placer with davidite and abundant zircon). Hock analysis max. 0.01l£ ^Ogt

15 Carborne Kyakrom- Discovered by Ostle and Hale, corresponds Bobikuma to USB carborne anomalies 5, 6» 8 and 9, caused by zircon and monazite enrichment in soil, jinocaly is located near the Cape Coast granite/3iriaian contact vrith abundant pegmatites, lisx. soil analysis

34 ppm U-,0p, O.lf' ThO- and C.5f' Zr0o»

(continued) - 78 -

1IC. 0? 1312CD C?

16 Geochem. Hsaba Discovered by Beer and Taylor. { Placer containing max. 57Og. of mona- • zite per cubic metre, located near j Cape Coast granite/Birimian contact. 17 Footborne Abandai, Discovered by UEB, follow-up work Amoanda and Eja by USB and Adamek. Pitchblende and secondary uranium minerals in pegmatites, containing also euxenite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, beryl, apatite, garnet,(albite), naz.

0.27;'' U,08.

18 Carbome Diabakron Discovered by UEB, corresponds to carborne anomalies 22 and 23, near contact Cape Coast granite/Lower Birimian. Biorium absorption by laterite and possibly radioactive accessory minerals of granite enriched in soil. 19 Carborne 'venchi Discovered by U23, corresponds to

carborne anoaaly 21 near contact Cape Coast granite/Lower Birirdan, caused by thorium absorption in • laterite and possibly radioactive accessory cinerals of granite en- riched in soil. 20 Carbome TJwasi Discovered by U23, corresponds to carborne anocaly 17 near contact Cape Coast graniteATPPer Birimian, caused by radioactive accessory minerals of granite enriched in soil. 21 Carborne Bongo Discovered by Cstle and Hale in the Bongo granite consisting of pink cicroline-hornblende granite and hornblende-quarts syenite. Caused by the anomalous thorium content of the granite.

(continued) - 79 -

1IC. OF KSEOD OP MIC '."I D3TECTIC1T LCCATIC1I D3SCPJP2IO1I 22 Carbome Asuboai Discovered by UZ2, corresponds to carborne anomaly 15,caused by heavy radioactive Eineral concentration in sandstones of the Yoltaian.

23 Carbome Eakpan&uri Discovered by USB, corresponds to carborne anonaly 18 located on Lower Yoltaian sandstone, caused by thorium enrichment in iron concreticas in the upper soil profile. 24 Airborne Sambisi- Discovered by USB, area of higher Tantali background along contact Cape Coast granite/Upper Eirimian, lines up •with anomaly 20, probably caused by radioactive accessory minerals Of granite enriched in soil. 25 Airborne Hole Game Discovered by UBB, group of three Reserve areas with higher background radio. activity over Voltaian sandstones. Ihey are caused by outcrops and sub-outcrops and locally by weak radioactive heavy mineral concen- trates in sandstones.

Table 19: Radioactive anomalies in Ghana. - 80 -

2o Uranium Occurrene es The only known uranium occurrence of Ghana are those within the pegmatites of -fee Sal tp and area. After the disco-very of the first mineralisation in the Abandzi pegmatite at the shore line in 1970 by Uranerzbergbau-GnibE, 37 of the more than 80 known pegmatites (HUGHES and PJSPJJTT 1963) were checked radiometrically.. Four additional uraniferous pegmatites were found -within the Lower Birimian schists. They are the pegmatites of Sjaa, Akrobadzi, Easeode and Amoanda (Table 19. Fig.16); She Ejaa, Akrobadzi and Haseode pegmatites contain uranophane and minerals of -fee euxenite-blomstratin group in small pods. Ike Abandzi pegmatite contains pitchblend, uranophane, euzenite (and possibly minerals of -&e coluuabite-tantalite series), pyrite and arsenopyrite. The mineralization occurs in 8 'hot spots' along a joint which runs parallel to the strike of the 80 m. long pegmatite. The hot spots are confined to an area of 10 by 15 m, where both the uranium and thorium concentrations and the U/Eh ratio are higher than average. The Amoanda pegmatite contains disseminated, green, secondary uranium minerals and beryl, tourmaline, garnet and apatite. The strongest mineralization is located at the Southern sad of the pegmatite in an area 5 by 10 m (5lg.l6), The pegmatite has a length of 500 m and consists of two parallel bodies 5 - 30 m- wide. It can be summarised that the uranium-tantalum mineralization of the Saltpond area occurs as small pods within unzoned pegmatites related to the syntectonic Cape Coast granite. - 81 - a. o c a 53 o L. O i ao S> z oz ~ o C7» Q. o E < * a 5. S I -g | a c c ; E ui 111 ' a 'c X '•5 c 0 o II a et Ex - e oio u o 11 « 3 O u 0. X W 3 '» 00 CQ

CQ - . 82 -

Work by Uranerzbergbau-GiabE shows that the uraniferous pegma- tites have higher sodium (albite) contents than the non-sineralized ones. The mineralization is assumed to be the result of late stage alteration and redistribution within recrystallisation zones (quartz-nuscovite pods). 3. Uranium Resources Position Ghana at present has no claimed uranium resources in the categories reasonably assured and estimated additional resources. I. UKillTPK OCCTJSREITCas &TP DEPOSITS IK ffiSTSBS GOSmifEk There are no economic uranium deposits known in Ghana and only limited field work has been carried out so far. It seems therefore advisable to look at the uranium occurrences and deposits of the surrounding countries into which the geotectonic units of Ghana extend. This, in turn, will facilitate the evaluation of the uranium potential of those units' in Ghana. For this purpose, the following generally accepted correlations . have been considered: She Vest African shield is correlated vdth the Craton de Sao Luis (Brazil), while the Dahomeyan belt is correlated with the Upper Proterozoic Pharusien of the Eoggar massive to the North and with the Brazilian (panafrican) rejuvenated mobile belts m 3razil to the South. Furthermore the Yolta basin is correlated with the Taoudeni basin in Guinea, and Upper Yolta. Table 20 is a compilation of uranium occurrences and deposits in selected geotectonic units'of Western Gondwana and Fig.17 shows their locations. 20°

WEST AFRICAN/\ / CRATON/\/v

SCALE 200 400 600 800 1000 Km.

L E G E N D O URANIUM OCCURRENCE D URANIUM ORE BODY Tectonic movement Paleozoic 1. Crabo 1. Itataia 2. Mangodara 2. Espinharas Upper Proterozoic Thru»t 3. Lama Kara 3. Lagoa Real platform cover 4. Oioulabaya 4. Timaaovine and Pan African Brazilian 5. Abandzi Amoande Abankor Rifts Mobile belts

Mesozoic - quaternary Craton Areas

, 17* Qrasinm Occurrences and Deposits in Western Gondrasa.. EC-BILE B3LT C0U172ET (PAlTAHlICAt! AITS VLLTFOM C07ER A!T3 BRAZTLI.^T OBDGEKXES) Guinea Dioulabaya occurrence in the 3egou-Kadina Series of the Taoudeni Basin. Uranium in sandstones, no reserve figure. Ivory Grabo occurrences, Coast Uraninite in •oe^matite. Upper 1-Iangodara occurre- Yolta nces, Uraninite in Pegmatite. Togo Lama Kara occu- rrences, uranium in schist and gneiss. Pew hun-

dred t, u2o8. Algeria Tiagaouine and Abankor deposits. - Yeins and stock v;ork, 25,000 t.

Itataia deposit, collophane in gneiss and marble,

Brazil 137,500 t. iys. Espinharas deposit, albitite. 10,000 t. U^Og. Lagoa Real deposit, albitite, . 63,000 t. U^Og .

Total - - Resources ' 226,000 t. U-Og Table 20: Uranium occurrences and deposits in selected geotectonic units of "estern Gfandwana. - 85 -

The following conclusions can be drawn from Table 20 - • She Panafrican - Brazilian nobile belt (Dahomeyan in Ghana) has in comparison to the shield and platform cover an outstanding uranium potential. This is documented by the existence of five uranium deposits with reasonable assured resources of more

than 220,000 t UJDO. The Algerian deposits are of the vein type. The Brazilian vein type deposits (FCBK/JT, 1S82) of Espinharas and Lagoa Heal and the uraniferous collophane deposit of Itataia are associated with albitiaation (sodium metasomatism). The deposit of Lagoa Real has Archean host rocks which have been rejuvenated during the Brazilian orcsenic cycle. The deposit is therefore listed in Table 20 under, mobile belt. The uranium occurrences of Lama Kara in Togo consist of several 'stratiform' lenses in paragneiss and schist which locally exhibit potassium metasomatism (jOFPId, 1979)-. -. The platform cover sediments contain so far, only

one known uranium occurrence at Dialoubaya in Guinea. This sandstone type mineralization is located within the Segou-Kadina Koute series in the lower part of the Taoudeni basin. So far no reserve ficU^es have been released. The uranium potential of the platform cover (Volte basin in Saana) seems to be moderate. - ^JLl uranium occurrences of the '."est African shield are uraniferous pegmatites. The shield area therefore seems to have a low uranium potential. - 86 -

ITo uranium occurrences are known within the Sekon&i- Takorsdi Series and its possible equivalents (2_"i:R and EI2SSL, IS SO) in the ICaranhao basin of "3 Brasil.

The I-Ieta basin in Southeastern Ghana extends into neigh- bouring Togo where it hosts the Tertiary uraniferous phosphate deposit of Hahotoe. This phosphate contains ICO -

TJ_0o. At the present state of knowledge however, it is very unlikely that similar deposits ezist in Ghana, near surface. J. TTBEP KTSSICTT FIELD

A three dajB fields visit was undertaken to ihe Southern part of tile Voltaian basin from November, 23 to November 25» 1982. The main objective of the field reconnaissance was to study individual members of the Yoltaian stratigraphy and in particular the Obosum beds as potential hosts for sandstone type uranium deposits. IroiL previous literature study, the Cbosum beds seened to have the most favourable facies but they were described as strongly oxidized (red beds). It was therefore planned to run profiles across them to check whether or not they contain also reduced horizons.

Two areas were visited. The first one is located on Sield Sheet 98 I'oforidua SE and the second one on 31 eld Sheets 133 and 134- Abetifi S*,r and SS. The field reconnaissance was guided by the Senior Geologist in charge of the Soforidua branch of the Ghana Geological Survey Department. Two Scintrex scintillation counters BG3-18 were used. On Held Sheet 98, white, well bedded quarts sandstones of the Apesua quarry and brown (ozidiaed) shales of a road outcrop South of Sikaben belong to the marine Cti beds . and exhibit low background radioactivity of 10-40 cps. ... 87 • -

The village Sekasua is built on outcropping Cbosum "beds. The estimated thickness of the exposed section is about 20 m. The entire section is strongly oxidised and has normal "background radioactivity of 30-40 cps. The medium-to-fine-grained sandstone shows trough cross bedding and exhibit a very characteristic lamination of brown and grey layers on a millimeter scale. Shis feature is probably the result of very regular sequence of dry and wet seasons during sedimentation. The lower section of the ObosuE beds was investigated northeast of Bisa. This section contains brackish, water limestones, exploited for terrazo tile production ana the fluvic-glacial Sang conglomerate. In this sequence few light coloured and possibly reduced quartz sandstone horigons were observed. The Sang conglomerate contains clasts with diameters up to 20 cm. Most of them consist of quartzites and shales and only few of granite and gneiss. Normal background radioactivity of around 40 cps was recorded over the lower section of the Obosum beds.

On Field Sheet 133, the lower Voltaian sandstones at the unconformity with the Sburnean granite are exposed along the road South of Obomeng. The lower beds consist of an oxidized arkose which can hardly be distinguished from the weathered granite below the unconformity. Ho anomalous scintillometer readings were obtained at the unconformity. On 31 eld Sheet 134, a 150 m, thick section of the Cbosum beds is well exposed in an escarpment which follows the Northern side of the road JCwahu-Tafo/Tarkwa. The entire section is strongly oxidized and no signs for the existence of reduced horizons could be found. - 88 -

Summarising the results of "the field reconnaissance, it can "be said that, in the two areas visited, the Obosum beds consist of strongly ozidized feldspathic sandstones. Some light coloured (reduced) horizons of possible marine origin exist only at the very base of iiie Obosum beds. Ho anomalous radioactivity was recorded in the Yoltaian succession, K. URjlEIUK POTSTTIiL 0? GgANA t. Introduction In the following, the uranium potential of major geological units is discussed in decreasing order. 2. Mobile Belt As mentioned previously, the Kobile Belt is the only geotectonic unit of Ghana which contains in its Northern and Southern extensions (Algeria, Northeast Brazil) economic uranium deposits with significant resources. Furthermore this unit has revealed more and higher count anomalies tnan any other in Ghana. It is therefore believed that the Tfobile Belt has a high uranium potential and represents the nU^e1" one priority target for future exploration in Ghana. In both Algeria and Brazil the deposits are found within parts of the Kobile Belt which underwent higk rank, polyphase metamorphism. In Ghana, only the Dahomeyan suffered a similar metamorphic history; the high uranium potential is hence confined to this particular unit of the belt while the Togo Series and the Buem Formation are only of low interest. Unfortunately only a small portion of the Dahomeyan lies within Ghana's boundaries (approzimativoly 10,000 square kilometers). - 89 -

2he deposits of. Algeria and 3razil are of the vein type, the latter being in addition characterised by sodium metasomatism (albitisation) and are sometimes referred to as albitite deposits. Because of the possibility of similar occurrences or deposits in Ghana, the main features of albitite deposits are summarized below (mainly after SAHC1A, 1930): Association to regional, deep seated, crustal fractures with important vertical extension of the mineralization. - Host rocks are commonly granitoids, nigmatites, gneisses, occasionally unmetamorphosed rocks, noticeable for their high uranium background. Ho direct relation to a specific type of magmatisin at local scale but, on a regional scale, association with alkaline magmatism. - Related wall rock alterations are sodium metasomatism (albite and other Ka-rich minerals), chloritization, hematization and partial quartz dissolution). - Presence of a vertical mineral zonation: lower microcline biotite potassium metasomatites, intermediate albite - uranium zone, upper silica metasomatites (quartz-caps). - Ho direct age relationship with country rocks.

The so-called "episyenite deposits" of Western Europe represent a particular case as iiiey occur only in Eercynian 1eucogranites. - 90 -

According to the main features quoted above, chloritisation, liesatisaticn , albitization and silicification (quartz-caps) associated with deep seated structures within the Dahoineyan would be of great prospective interest. Ehe presence of a nepheline syenite intrusion (G.i) along the Eastern margin of the gravimetry low that marks out the Togo Series Dahoiaeyan contact (P 3.5} , is a good clue of regional aUsaline magma txsm. !Eae continental extension of the Romanche fault zone which coincides with the Dahomeyan - Eeta basin contact in Ghana could also be regarded as a potential control for albitite deposits (Appendix VI). Although previous limited exploration ty Hunting and USB revealed only thorium biased anomalies, these cannot be readily dismissed. Indeed more than once has the discovery of a uraniuE ore body been preceded by the finding of more proeminent thorium occurrences and more than one well published uranium ore body is spatially related to rarely discussed thorium occurrences. - 91 -

Toltaian arstea

As previously mentioned no uranium occurrences are known in the Toltaian basin. However in the Taoudeni basin

(Guinea), generally accepted as a tine equivalent, uranium occurrences are knovsi at Dioulabaya. In addition, some of the Generalization described by JCPPICH (1979; at Lama I^ra

(Togo) occur at the base of the Togo Series (Atacorien) which, for many authors, correlates wife the Lower Yoltaian.

Past exploration in Ghana was focused on the outer rim

(distal end) of the Yolta basin with completely negative results. The central and Eastern part of the basin (prozimal part) has not been tested. In this study, this central and

Eastern part will .be considered the nu^er two priority target in Ghana and given a moderate uranium potential. Reasons of this choice are purely conceptual ones delineated from the well accepted parameters known to be favourable for the formation of uraiiiun deposits in sandstones.

These parameters are hcreunder summarised:

Tectonic setting in order of decreasing favourability:

intracratcnic nolasse, platform deposits.

- Bepositional environment in order of decreasing

favourability: fluviatile, fluviatile, fluviclacustrine,

fluvio-deltaic, deltaic, eolian, marine littoral,

marine myogeosynclinal and marine abyssal.

Petrography in order of decreasing favourability:

dirty arkoses, arkosic sandstones, quarts

•sandstones. • Post-Paleozoic Sediments Devono-Carboniferous U P P E R

Structural Unit of Atacora

/ Jl Unit of Title I , Bu«ml

j**t Thru

/ja;?/.:'::::?:>-/- ATibagona

6 // I <

•'•—.-'. _^' •_. ~>-Y • .

— 6- •

9 Drill hole of the Soviet Geological Survey Team SHELL Premuase - 1 well

18. Drill Bole Locations in the Volta Baain. 93

- Source- rooks with highest favourability: Precaabrian

granitic terrancs and intraforsational acidic volcanics.

Presence of carbonaceous matter and/or pyrite.

Presence of oxydaticn reduction boundaries, i.e.

alternating red and grey-green colours.' •

- Presence of shale horizons (confined aquifers).-

Association at basin scale with oil reservoirs, brines

and/or coal seaias.

Presence of basal or intraf orsati anal unconformities.

Presence of paleothroughs and strean channels.

According to the list above .the Cbosum. beds (iTanale ?.od

Series of BCJEO, ^sesevra group of 3;jj?Jsees to be the most prospective unit as they gather cost of the positive parameters: a continental nolasse of lite Precaiabrian granite and gneissic terranes of the Dahoneyan belt , arkosic sandstones and shale horizons unconforaably over marine Cti beds.

Subsurface evidence is lioited to -Jiie holes drilled by the

Soviet Geological Survey Team (1963-1965) and ^7 ZS3LL (?i£.18).

Unfortunately no detailed geological logs are available from the

Russian drilling and therefore no indication of possible.redox interfaces is documented. Irosi a compilation by .iJTiZT YCPJ3 (l97l) it is only laaown that "the prevalent colour of the Series is brick-red but greenish-brovin and chocolate colours are also present"

(five drill holes only penetrated the Cbosum beds).

SHILL's Presas.se - 1 well penetrated predoEinantly osydized Cbosom beds with a 3 neters horiaon of reduced silstone containing carbonaceous specks. - 94 -

In view cf the considerable area underlain by the Ob o sum "beds, the available information is hardly more iiian punctual from a geo.grs.jhic' point cf view and therefore the presence of thick reduced sandstone horiaons cannot be dismissed. For this reason, the Cbosun beds are considered the number two priority target with a moderate uranium potential. Lower

Ehe lower Yoltaian accommodates more negative than positive parameters for hosting uranium deposits. It is marine in origin and consists of platform sediments. Positive factors are limited to its lying unconformably over a partly granitic Precanbrian basement.

Past explorationftargeted at the lower Toltaian unconformity, produced only negative-results and.no immediate further action seems to be warranted. However, in view of- the occurrences in time equivalent formations outside the Yolta basin (Dioulabaya in Guinea) it is felt that close attention should be paid to any possible future development there. In the event of a significant discovery, it would then appear warranted to reassess the uranium potential of -&e lower Toltaian. Cti beds_

The Cti beds (Variegated Series and Upper Greenish-Grey Series ofBCJKC) between the lower 7oltaian and the Obosum beds represent a flysch sedimentation; as such thej" are of little interest. However their contact vrith the overlying Cbosun beds corresponds to a major change from a reduced to an orydized sequence and from a predominantly shaly to a predominantly arenaceous sedimentation. - 95 -

Tills redox and lithological interface delineates a prospective environment. A preliminary interpretation of the gravimetric iaap of the 7olta basin and its possible input to the delineation of areas with highest favourability is attached as Appendix 71. Eburaean Granites

She only known uranium occurrences in Ghana are found within the pegmatites of iiie Saltpand area unich "belong to this suite. As previously described the lilburnean granites and related intrusions consist of: - the syntectonic Cape Coast Complex vrith Ta, HE, Be, Th, U bearing pegmatites and some aicrogranites of the peribatholitic domain. the post-tectonic Discove Complex.

Iroia a petrological view point the granodiorite-diorite Dizcove Complex is not prospective and deserves no further attention. Outside Ghana, within the '"est African Shield, other uraniferous pegmatites occur at Grabo (ivory Coast) and 1-Iandogara (Upper Volta). The Uburnean granites have certainly the potential for the discovery of further uraniferous pegmatites; however such pegmatites do not represent economic targets any more. The last pegmatite nine at MadawasJ^a (Ontario, Canada) closed down in the course of 1982. On the other hand the uraniferous pegmatites might indicate a higher than average uranium background in parts of the Cape Coast Complex. Therefore mineralization other than the pegmatite type might be present, such as hydrothermal veins and aineralization associated t-rith sodium metasomatism (albitites). - 96 - 1!h.e occurrence of vein type deposits either intra or perigranitic is unlikely in view of the deep structural level exposed "by a continuous 1,800 m.y. erosion. In the event that such deposits ever existed they probably have been eroded away. However, in areas originally covered by the Tarkwaian, the erosianal period has been nuch shorter, a time span less than 200 m.y. separates iburnean granites from Tarkvaian deposition. The preservation of higher structural levels (roof pendants) is possible and only these areas, from a conceptual point of view, have a certain potential for vein-type deposits. In this respect, the Banso granite centered 10 miles due South of Eonongo and exposed through an erosion window, MQCDFUHLUt I966) stands out. As its Sastern rim, this granite intrudes -fee Upper Birimian and is marked by a higher radiometric background (Hunting survey).

As mentioned before the age of albitite deposits is not related to that of their host-rocks, the present erosion level is therefore of little importance. Srom a compilation of whole rock analysis it appears that a number of localities within the Cape Coast Complex do exhibit higher than average ila.O contents. This KaJ} enrichment is accompanied by an even more conspicuous ZS> depletion and could indicate a Na-metasomatism halo as those known, for instance, in Kova Scotia (Canada). In this respect, of particular interest is a locality of the Sunyani Sheet where a S»0^ Ha 0 value has been obtained and which appears to be related to the major taphrogenic structure discussed in Appendix VI. - 97 -

A compilation of higher than average ITa 0 contents is presented in Table 21, sample numbers refer to ESEBYSC1T and SCHST3GE? (1966).

Sample Number Sheet Z Ka20 f- E2°

SGST 279 Sunyani 9,03 1.40 SGST 1506/2 Sunyani 6,39 1.45 SGST 1552/4 Sunyani 5,74 1.47 SGST 1522/1 Sunyani 5.89 1.64 JF 70 Cape Coast 5.79 1.16 ?3 26 IF 50 Cape Coast 6.26 1.01 PS 26 Th 230 PS S3 6.01 2.25 CH 54 Cape Coast 5.44 1.28 P3 26 i-rr 126 5.39 3.99

Table 21: Sodium anomalies in the Cape Coast granite. Finally the outer microgranites related to the Cape Coast granite deserve some comments. • A small microgranite vein associated with the

Anoanda pegmatite, studied by Uranerzbergbau-GnbHfshows disseminated n secondary mineralization. This leaves op® the possibility that such a disseminated mineralization be related to vein type "albitite" deposits controlled by the very faults along which some of the eleven micro- granites and granite bosses, mapped on Cape Coast Sheet S3, were intruded (HTJGHSS and FEHR/JTD, 1963). - 98 -

Tsrkwaian System In the past, the Tarkwaian System has been a priority target for uranium exploration. The sold, bearing, pebble conglomerates were suspected to be tine equivalents of the uranium bearing conglomerates of the "Jitwatersand (3-Africa) and Blind River (Canada) mining districts. Host of the Tarkwaian has been covered by the Hunting Survey (area A). Despite this survey and previous ground investigation no significant radioactive anomaly nor uranium occurrence were ever found. However, it has to be pointed out that the I960 airborne survejr was flown with a ground clearance of 7C0 feet with a total count scintillometer having a crystal of only 4 5/8" inches in diameter and 1" in thickness. It can hardly be ezpected that narrow anomalies would have been picked up by this instru- mentation at this altitude* On the other hand detailed radiometric and hydrogeo. chemical surveys of all mine workings have always been negative. It can therefore be concluded that the gold bearing conglomerates are uranium free, at least, in the mining area. An obvious reason is that the Tarkwaian is younger than 2,200 a.y. which is the accepted time for the appearance of oxygenated atmosphere preventing transportation of detrital uraninite (SC3ERTS017, 1977). This is also documented by the fact that the Banket gold bearing conglomerates are pyrite free and slightly oxydiaed.

As a molasse from the ?2burnean orogen the Tarkwaian has the potential for sandstone type deposit. - 99 -

In this respect it hasto be notsd that the Il£"sre Group, the

Banket Csrics and Tarkwa "hyllite are virtually feldspar free i-rliioli

indicates they res-alt frcn: the erosion of the Eirinian System and

feet the erosion level had not yet exposed the 3urnean granites.

Cnly the Eurii Sandstone at the top of the system contains

feldspathic quartzites reflecting a granitic source area, it

therefore has a higher potential than the other members.

A sedimentclogical study would "be necessary for more specific

conclusions to be drawn. It must be recalled that sandstone type

deposits in Jrecambrian terranes are rare; the only economic ore

bodies occur in the Iliddle Troteroaoic Francevillien of Gabon.

Finally it can be observed that the like Tarlrwaian basin

appears to be bordered by taphrogenic N 40°S trending faults. The

Eastern boundary which has not been -thoroughly surveyed in the-past,

defines a line which runs through the Laca Eara uranium occurrences

to the !?orth-Sast (Togo).

In a similar tectonic setting along the v.'estem faulted contact

of the Proterozoic Labrador through in Quebec (Canada) a high grade

albitite occurrence - not yet proven to be economic - has been

recently discovered. Ihis occurrence is located where the through

is intersected by a major transverse lineament.

6. Coastal Basins

The potential for sandstone type uranium deposits of the

Coastal basins is generally rated as low because of the mainly marine

origin of their sediments. - 100 -

Paleozoic Accra and Sekofrdi Series

The Paleozoic Accra and Sekcndi 3eries have been partly . •

investigated by Hunting and Urnersbergbau-GmbE and only one anozaly

was recorded over the carbonaceous, siderite-pyrite bearing

Takorsdi 3-iales. This anomaly nay be caused by a slight syngenetic

uranium enrichment.

Cretaceous and Tertiary Keta and Tano basins

The Cretaceous and Tertiary Zeta and Tano basins have not

revealed surface anomalies but for the sake of completeness it has

to be mentioned that anomalous radioactivity has been measured

ia the Anioga -2 and Atiavi - 1 oil veils drilled in the ICeta basin*

The highest anomaly in Anloga - 2 veil consists in a five times

background increase between 520 m and 620 m, in the Upper Paleocene

sandy limestones, sandstones and shales. I\o reasons for -fee

radioactivity are obvious however, it may be related to a higher

phosphate content of the fossiliferous calcareous beds. Indeed,

in Togo,'similar sediments host the uhosphate deposits of Ea^otoe.

7« Birimjan

The lower flysch and submarine basic volcanics of the

Eirisian System have the lowest uranium potential of all geological

units in Ghana. Despite extensive carbome surveys carried out by

OSTLE and E/J.B and by Uranerzbergbau-GmbH, no anomaly was found

within the Birimian rocks.

The world largest uranium deposits are located within Lower

Proterozoic aetasediaents. They are the unconformity related

deposits of Saskatchewan (Canada) and of the Pine Creek geosyncline

(Australia). - 101 «

These deposits have at least two major criteria in coamon (a) they are located at or near the unconformity between Lower'

Proterozoic- metasediments and Kiddle Proterozoic unmetanorphosed platform sediments and (b) they occur in the vicinity of

?s£creaated Archean basement highs. In addition, in Australia the host rocks of the deposits were laid down in a near shore, shallow water environment, a fact -tviiich is not so obvious in

In Qiana the Birimian consists only of deep water unmeta- norphosed sediments and basic volcanics.

Two unconformities are present:

- the unconformity between Birimian and Tarkwaian

(l,800 m.y.)

- the unconformity between Birimian-Tarkwaian and

Voltaian (1,100 n.y.)'

The Tarkwaian does not represent a platform cover in the true sense as it has been infolded with the Birinian during a late phase of the Sburnean orogeny.

Only the Voltaian represents an epicontinental platform cover similar to those of Canada (Athabasca sandstone) and Australia

(Hombolgie sandstone) however it is much younger.

So far no rejuvenated Archean basement has been described in Ghana.

Taking all these negative criteria in consideration it is concluded that the ezistenee of Lower Proterozoic unconformity related deposits is very unlikely in Ghana although not impossible. - 102 -

SPECULATIVE URANIUM RSSOURCES

The IUHSP Orientation Phase Mission estimates that tne

Speculative Resources* of Ghana fall within the range of 15,000 to 40,000 tonnes uranium. A breakdown of these Speculative

Resources is shown on Table 22.

Geological Units Tonnes Uranium

Kobile Belt (Dahomeyan) 7,000 to 17,000

Voltaian 5,000 to 15,000

Sburnean granites and related intrusions 1,000 to 4,000 Tarkwaian 1,000 to 2,000 Coastal basins 1,000 to 2,000

Total 15,000 to 40,000

Table 22:' Speculative Uranium Resources of Ghana.

* Speculative Resources refers to uranium, in addition to Estimated Additional Resources, that is thought to exist mostly on the basis of indirect evidence and geological extrapolations, in deposits discoverable with existing exploration techniques. The location of deposits envisaged in this category could generally be specified only as being somewhere within a given region or geological trend. As the term implies, i2ie existence and size of such resources are highly speculative. - 1Q3 -

5SCCEIK5NP3D FHOGEAlu-SS K>?> HTTtTBi; EXPLORATION • iw • n ••mi ••• • •—• ' "i i '"*^—'•' •••IIMIH i nil n i ii

1. Introduction

Large scale exploration programmes are proposed only for

the priority ITo.l and lTo.2 targets (Dahoae3ran and Voltaian).

?or the remaining areas with, uranium potential and upon

special request from the Ghanaian authorities, a small scale

programme is. outlined. This programme is conceived in such

a way as to be carried out by the Ghana Geological Survey in

association with tile Ghana Atomic Energy Commission as an

"in-house" survey.

It is the belief of the authors that, to verify in a rapid

and conclusive way the uranium potential of either the Dahomeyan

or the Volta basin, the use of airborne spectrometry is best

suited. This exploration method remains the fastest and cheapest

one in terms of area covered. Both savannah areas with a

gentle relief the Dahomeyan and the Volta basin are indeed well

adapted to fixed wing surveys. Because of the high mobility of

uranium, the use of radiometric methods has sometimes been disputed

over areas exposed to tropical weathering. However, past

exploration either in tropical Africa or in similar climatic areas

elsewhere in the world, has shown that the first discoveries

within new uranium districts have almost always resulted from

ground or airborne radiometrics.

2. Large Scale Programme

Dahomeyan System ;

.The Dahomeyan System in Ghana underlies an area of approximately

10,000 square kilometers. Fig.19 shows the perimeter to be

surveyed. -104 -

Post-Paleozoic Sediments

Muscovite beating quarintes

ol Pan-African Age

Structural Unit of Atacora

rj-J] Unit of Tieie 1 = Buaml

j/S^ Thrust contaci

??ZjGarnbBQa'--\':: •':'•:•>' .

* 19. Areas Hecommended for the Large Scale Exploration Programne. 105 -

The proposed airborne survey should be flown 120 , that is to say normal to the regional strike, with a line spacing of 500 meters. This -sill amount to an approximate 20,000 line kilometers.

A Landsat imagery study should be carried out with the aim to tie the airborne anomalies to regional structures which, as mentioned previously, are known to control albitite deposits. It is estimated that the ground check may require two field seasons. "She first season is expected to be devoted to the evaluation of airborne anomalies through gridding, pitting and trenching. (Hie second season should be dedicated to the study of the mineralization located the previous year by nore detailed work including shallow percussion drilling. The results of this second season should alia;? to lay out a delineation diamond drilling programme* Obosum beds The Obosua beds underlie an area of approximately 55,000 square kilometers (jTig.lg),

As a first step and prior to an airborne survey, a false colour Landsat inagery study is proposed. Its aim is to find out whether or not colour changes (redox interfaces) can be outlined in outcrops and/or soils and also to ascertain the presence of consistent shale horizons.

This study will have to be carried out by a specialised fira as it will require nodera data processing facilities. Simultaneously, a sedimentological study should be carried out with emphasis on the identification of those characteristics generally admitted to control uranium deposits in sandstones. This study should therefore be carried cut by an expert in this field and it is estimated that a 2 months field mission will be required to obtain conclusive results. - 106 -

In case of positive results fron these studies ar. airborne survey should be flown along E-T.,T flight lines with a 10C0 neter spacing. This will ascurit to a m;:iEU2. of 55,000 line kilometers if it then decided to fly the entire area underlain by the Cbosum

It has to be stressed that the survey'should cover the lithological and rodoz boundary between Cbosus and Cti beds.

The ground check can be expected tc be implemented in the sane way tlian in the area underlain by the Dahoaeyan, with the difference that most of the delineation drilling will be percussion and not diamond drilling.

3sall Scale Programme

For the snail scale progracae, the following' targets are recommended: . . •

Kicrogranites of the Cape Coast area

Sodiun anomalies (possible albitite halos) of the Cape

Coast granite cosplez

Huni sandstone

.- "astern margin of the aain Tarkwaian basin.

Ilicr ograni t e_ and_C-rani t e_3oss es

The sicrogranite and granite bosses napped on Held Sheet 26

Cape Coast 53 (l/62,OO0) should be investigated by ground scintilloaetry. Grids should be laid out with lines spaced 100 neters across the trends of the intrusions wherever an apparent trend can be seen. Pleadings should be taken every lo meters along lines and the grid then contoured. Particular care should be taken in those areas where the aicrogranites appear to be bounded by faults naaely ITorth and South of !Isanfu, llorth of Great Kronanki and North of Kate. In outcrops, occurrences of chlcritisaticn or heaatisation should be carefully noted and traced between lines wherever possible. - 107 -

'.."here anomalies occur over soil, pits should be sunk

to bedrock for sampling..

The ancsalcus "a.C values shovm on Table 21 should be

relocated on the ground, i. square 1 km grid with lines 100 n

apart and centered at or near the original sample site should

be radioaetrically surveyed and contoured (readings taken everj

10 m)8 All outcrops within the grid should also be checked.

Anomalies resulting from ifae contouring should be verified by

pitting and the bedrock should be sampled.

A sedimentological study of the Huni_Sandstone_should

outline its depositional environment.

Satellite imagery covering -&e 2astern_ fa£^iI1_o.f Jh£ _

Ax±n - Agogo - Tarkwaian belt should be obtained from the EROS

center in Sioux Jails (U3A). 5rom this imagery, lineaments

transverse to the contact should be mapped. It is estimated

that 2 to 4 oajor lineaments may be defined and that each of

their intersectionsvrith the Eastern Tarkwaian contact will

define a perimeter of approximately 20 square kilometers.

Within each of these perimeters detailed ground scintillometry

should be carried out along all available foot paths and all

of the drainage system. Stream sediments sample should be

taken every 500 m along the creeks surveyed and analysed for

uranium.

4«- Exploration Cost Estimate

Exploration costs for the recommended programmes have

been estimated and broken down in Table 23.

The total expenditure would amount to US $5,000,000 of

which $4,800,000 relate to the large scale programme and

$200,000 to the small scale one. Programme Satellite Sedimentological Airborne Ground Survey Percussion Laboratory Total Imagery Held Study Spectrometer including Drilling Studies Pitting and Trenching

Dahomeyan # 6,000 # 400,000 # 650,000 #350,000 #10,000 #1,416,000

Obosum beds #50,000 5(35,000 #2,000,000 # 800,000 #450,000 ^10,000 #5,345,000

Hicrogranites $ 220,000 $ 1,400 (#80,000) ( #500 ) # 80,500

Sodium rich $ 220,000 $ 1,400 granites (#80,000) ( #500 ) # 80,500

Huni sand stone #15,000 $ 1,400 (#5,500) ( #500 ) # 6,000 5 5O( Tarkwaian #15,000 $ 70,000 fault margin (#1,300) (#25,500) A * \ # 28,800 (# 2,000)

Official exchange rate, December 1982: 1 US dollar = 2.75 Cedis GRAND TOTAL (rounded to) #5,000,000

Table 23: Costs Estimate for Recommended Programmes. - 109 -

It has to be stressed that these costs cover expenditures

only for the first three field seasons,-up to the initial

exploratory drilling on uranium anomalios and occurrences.

Costs for delineation and development drilling until

feasibility study, for one-single deposit, could well exceed

ten tines the total cost quoted above*

5. • Policy Options for the Implementation of Recommendations

To carry out tiie large scale recommended programme ,

Ghana -options would be:

- Rational development with bilateral and/or

multilateral financial and technical assistance

which can be obtained from one or several

international organisations (TUTBP, I ASA, World

Bank, BO1).

Foreign commercial and industrial participation

in exploration'and development, the funds required

for the outlined programme may be raised by

inviting foreign exploration and mining companies

to participate in the exploration effort within

Joint-Venture agreements.

jiny uranium, exploration and development should be

embedded within a well defined National uranium policy.

It is recommended that such a policy be drawn up by the

Ghana authorities concerned in order to facilitate decision

making processes. - 110 -

E. A C K N 0 ? L-E D C E K 35 K 5 The nenbers oi the TUBS? Orientation Phase Mission wish to acknowledge the cooperation given by the Ghanaian authorities and the Ghanaian staff assigned to assist the iaission. Particular thanks are expressed to Dr» &•£. Adjei, Chairman, and Dr. I. Acquah, physicist, Ghana Atonic Energy Commission, for their assistance in organizing the mission. Valuable help was also given by Kr. G«C. Kesse, Director, and Kr. J.IC.A* Banson, Deputy Director of the Ghana Geological Survey Department, Accra and by Kr. S.IC. Brantuoh- of the Eoforidua branch of the Survey who guided the field visit. Special thanks are expressed to Dr. H. Barth, leader of the Ghanaian-German Kineral prospecting Project for providing transport and equipment for. the field visit. - 111

C. HB3B5BTTC55 Adanek, P., 1976. Raw caterial prospecting. Report to the

Government of Ghana. International Atomic Snergy Agency, Vienna (unpublished). Affaton, P., Sougy, J. and Trompette, R., 1990. The Tectonc_ Stratigraphic Relationships between the Upper Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic Volta Basin and the Panafrican Dahomeyide Crogenic Belt (West Africa). Am. Journ. of Science, Vol.280« Anan-Yorke, R. and Cudjoe, J.E., 1S71. Geology of the Voltaian basin (summary of current ideas). Special Bulletin for Oil Exploration. Ghana Geological Survey Department, Accra. Asihene, S.A.B., and Earning, Z., 1975. A contribution to the stratigraphy of the Birinian Systea of Ghana, '.-Jest Africa. Geological Survey of Ghana, Report No. 75/5. 3aer, P., 1977. Seologische Eatwicklung der jungpraekambrisch- • altpalaeozoischen Schichtfolgen in suedlichen Randgebiet des Volta-B'eekens (Ghana, **. Africa). Giessener Geologische Schriften ?Tr.l2, Giessen. Baer, E.P., 1980. Structural Evolution of Precanbrian to lower Paleozoic Fold Belts in T;'est Africa (Ghana) and their Continuation in ITE-Brazil. UITSECC, Abidjan. Baer, P. and Riegel, ;'., 1980. The Lower Sekondi Series of . Ghana/Vest Africa and their relation to the Jtaiai-Burti Poraation of t5i.s Karanhao Basin in ITE-Brazil. Tlie Precanbrian of Uost Africa and its correlation with Eastern Bra ail, TJIC33C. Bans on, J.Z.A., 1974. liha prospecting of uranium and thorium in the Republic of Ghana. Unpublished Report of Ghana Geological Survey. Uranium and tiioriuxn file. • - 112 - Bates, D.A., 1952. Hadionetric survey. Report of the Director of Geological Survey for the year 1951-521 p.8. Beer, K.3. and Taylor, J., 1953. She radioactivity of placer concen- trates from the Gold Coast Geological Survey and Euseum, Atomic Energy Division, Report"No, 135. Bessoles, B. et Troapette, R., I960. La chaine Panafricaine 'Zone Mobile d1 Afrique Centrale (partie slid) et zone Mobile Soudanaise.' Geologie de L*Afrique, Kemoire du Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Kinieres, Orleans. Bonhomme, K., 1962. Contribution a L'etude ge'ochronologique de la plateforine de L' Quest Africain. Univ. Clermont Ferrand, France Fac. Sc. Ann. Ko.5» Geol. Kiner. Fasc. 5. Forman, J.K.JL.» 1982. Uranium in Brazil, in Uranium Institute Seventh Annual Symposium, London, September 1982.

Hastings, David, A., 1977. Gravity mapping and interpretation in Ghana. Amer. Geophy. Un. Trans. USA. Vol. 58, No.6. Cape Coast and saltpond Districts, Geol. Survey of Ghana. Bull. ITo. 29» Hastings, David A»» 1980. Cn the tectonics and metallogenesis of v,rest Africa. A model influenced by new geophysical data. 26th Int. Geol. Cong, PAHIS. Hughes, C.J. and Parrant, J.R., 1963. The Geology of the -5- Field Sheet Ho. 26. Hunting Surveys Ltd., 1961. Airborne Geophysical Survey of two areas in Ghana. Government of Ghana, Geological Survey Dept., report. Part I: Report of Operation - Area B Part II: Report of Operation - Area A Part III; Interpretation Report- Area B Fart 17: Interpretation Report- Area i, Ilasvky, J., 1972. Un paleoplacer metaaorphise' d 'hematite-rutile uranifere et thorifere dans L'Atacorien (precambrian superieur) du Togo, Afrique c-ccidentale. 1-Iineral Deposita. Berlia 7. - 113 -

Joppich, H., 1973* Uraniun occurrences in the gneisses of the

Dahomeyan formation in iuortherri Togo. TJraniun Deposits in

Africa, IA2A, Vienna, Junner, II.R. et Hirst, ?., 1946. The seolory and'hydrology of the 7cltaian "basin. lies. Gold Coast. Geol. Survey, iTo.S. Kerbison, J.D. and Schandorf, J.R.E., 1966. Chesical analysis of

Ghana rocks, ores and minerals, 1948-1365. G-eological Survej' Bulletin TTo.42 - Ghana. Sesse, G.O., 1969* The Geology of •£ Field Sheet No. 128, Kuaasi 1T.E. Qxaaa-Geological. Survey Bulletin ITo.39, pp.69-7O. Eesse, G.C., 1974. Konasite and xenotime; 2ieet 128; Eumasi IT.E.

Annual report of the Director of Geological Survey for 1966-69, p.56. Eesse, G.C., 1978. The existence of uranium deposits in Ghana. Geological Survey Department Ghana, Accra (unpublished). Kesse, G.C., 1982. The Mineral Resources of Ghana. Geological Survey • Departnent Ghana, Accra (unpublished). Baming, K., 1978. Post Birimian Granites of Ghana. Geological Survey Department, Kumasi (Ghana), Le Pichon, Xo et Hayes, D.E., 1971. Karginal offsets fracture zones and the early opening of the South Atlantic. J. Geoph. Res., 76, pp.6255-6293. ilascle, J., 1977. Le golfe de Guinee (Atlantiq.ue 3ud); un ezeaple d1evolution de marges atlantiques en cisaillemant. Ken. sec. Geol. ?r., 728, 104 p. Kascle, J. et Sibuet, J.C., 1974. New pole for early opening of the

South Atlantic, Uature, 252, pp.464-465. Hurray, R.J., I960. The geology of the "2^iarungu" 4"° Field Sheet, Geol. Survey of Ghana, Bull. No. 25. - 114 -

Nagtegaal, F.J.C., 1977. Depositions! environment,, petrography

and diogenesis of the Precambrian sandstones in Core

115S - 1161, 5 ia, well ?reTmir.3e 1. Ghana. Shell

Ssrpl oration internal report.

Ktiamcah-Agyakwa, Y., 197S. The Tarkvaian Group of Ghana. Kotes on

Stratigraphy, Evolution and Correlation.

4° conference sur la Geologie de LfAfrique et symposium, Lome.

Proga Amuliu, E., 1974. Report on Gravity Survey of Voltaian

Basin, Geol. Survey Department, Ghana.

Robertson, D.S., 1974. Easal Proterozoic Units as fossil time

markers and their use in uranium prospecting* Formation of

Uranium Ore Deposits, IA3A Symposium, Athens.

Sarcia, J., 1980. L'uranium des albitites. 26th Int. Geological

Cong. Paris.

Senger, R.A.', 1976. Selected studies of Birinian metavolcanic

rocks in Western Ghana. Geol. Survey of Ghana, Report No.75/8.

3hackleton,*R.K., 1971. On the South-eastern increase in

deformation and metaaorphism at the margin of the Panafrican

domains in Ghana. 15th Annual Report, Res. Inst. Afr. Geol.

Leeds Univ., U.K., pp.2-7«

Uranerzbergbau-GnibH, 1972. Ihe Prospecting for uranium and thorium

in the Republic of Ghana. Sinai report (unpublished).

T,7att, D.S., 1977. Preauase - 1 tfell Resume. Shell Exploration and

Production of Ghana Internal Reports.

vJilpolt, R.H., and Simc-v, S.D., 1979. Uranium deposits in Africa.

Int. Atomic Energy Agency, 7ienna.

Ivoodfield, F.D., 1966. the Geology of i° Field Sheet lfo.91.

Fumso K.'J. Geological Survey Bulletin lTo.30, Accra. APPBEDIX I

Index of Geological aad topographical Baps

GEOLOGICAL MAPS INDEX

V O L T A LEGEND i IT Fleldwork completed and report awaiting pubii - cation. = TUMU= NAVRONGO Fieldwork completed and published.

setftesw^ra

///////A— ' i i

'' 2 "wtfiff 12 5/-^

Uu nn i uTTn i I i ••* ft ft t 1:250,000 SHEET INDEX- 1: 62,500 SHEET INDEX

,: \ 1 1 y' • N»vr

BOLC.ATAN 3 A 1- »Zuarungu 1 , ( • -3 .Mi ; 1 j * .G^rr.bo

403 ; i ) onfe-0a (, J \ i Wi ewale T»Pr- aEaba 1 401 \ /

-.—•' • • i i ; l.-t „, 1 ..Kara? a j h 'i \ f .Wapuii, \ , Savelilgu \ V -Kalb'a v i i -, A * c : 1 TAMALE Yendi, I \ ) (' . / \ T»male Port; >ndV. (

\ « Wanj as -Turu « Qimbila Bu.p. , \ "Ipaha V Ma'uwe :"' \ • \ 1 c \ Sal. » \ ..' \ \ -• ^ , Nkwartja s* 0 — Oulukpene 1' — Kinlampo Kamompa: S \ A r* Sampa 'Ab.i«r I

KracKi,* / * cAtebubu . ( 0 Ahatnansu Nkorama 1 Worawora 1 • > *ei ISO 183- . 184 if 167 • 171 172 1671 v Nl Sekoo umasu "~'~ qb sum 8 ;'° v .)_.. — . * i= 136 .6. 162 H6S 166 169 170 177. .' 178 Iffl I?S 0 '""i 182 N.. •"" •Mam on| - * / i 124 139 140 1-43'' Honuta n? 20 127 128 131 132 13 s • '136 144 • N i \ m J . mpata^ 142 -7 ja 122 I2S 12* 134 137 138 141 S0 - I2K. HO* )°.T.t' "i

'3 As •ao'" • 8< 87 ad 91 •" si'' 95 99 100 103 '- 104 107 in mbo • )- - \ Wiawsc J 94 _ fObua: 89 Kibi' IQ\ 78 81 • 85 > 90 93 > 98 102 10s 106 ao • Pumso ICOFO UDUA r •AVSV V

4? • 45 50 • 'S3 ' S7 S6 62 '' 6S'' 66 69 70^ 72 cK •anjwa 6 i « Alanl / % S6 60 'u 10 "3 44 SI 52 SS A

0 '% •5 Y IS 24 27 2a 31 32 Hi \ noso i^Tarkw, GHAN^ . -, y \ M ID. / 17 18 22i 29 • \ - y Maps 1 . 3 Topographic

• )r, 1:125,000 SHEET INDEX

i «

•/• I. ^.. —V. . _.Q 1__. _I .-1— — ~ 8,wk7' N.vror^o, umu ^ V BOLGATAN A* .Zj^un^

• y'* ! ^•--••' "•'Gambaga

i '••'

•1 t 4- «Bon(fo-Di •' ! l' N i V. ] •V. J ,T.nin, 1 ,.Karaga .j Duci ,'-" "" ( .W«culi (. ' \ J . Savelu^u

'• I TAMALE / \ ; Zabzugu

Damcnjo T»male Port Bol- r

v Wjngalr-Turu \ • Bimblla &U"p* , \ Mpaha \ -Matuwe \ '- - \ \ \ Kpandai \

I . V- *• • i *Abesii i .1 Ktte Krjchi / Atebubu . ( a / —fnc' AhaTnansu Nkorania 1 Worawora

•' •' Jsifkum* i Sjbuio <• SUNYANI v. Sekodumasw B _ ' "*_ \

.•• • •- • > Hohoe. 0 '• 1 •Mimponf •. .• ^. -• ' Honuta z ' ..• ^ Co»io KUMASI* ,' ' ' 'Abetifj

/ ' . • -, Ham, i 1 \ Asafo, } ,Ako«mbo Oiodit^ ;- • \ \

i • • ; \ • . \ • Fumso KOFO 4 ! • IDUA { /

\ • •^ ...^ / K -^ '•••: J 1- \ y ^— i ( ^^ *N

: \ \ GHANA ! \

v Topographic Haps ^% S> i 1 / Nan- e of sheet jnderlined in red. • r r. T APPEHDIX II

HLnerals Act and Administration of Lands Act

Minerals Act, 1962 Act 126

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Sectiqn 1. Minerals, etc., to be vested in President. 2. President to grant mining licences, etc. 3. Rents and compensation. 4. Account to which revenue paid, etc. 5. President to have the right of pre-emption of minerals, etc. 6. Price to be paid on pre-emption. 7. Right of pre-emption to extend to minerals, etc., already sold. 8. Obstruction of exercise of right of pre-emption. 9. Furnishing of information and documents. 10. Offences by bodies of persons. 11. Regulations. 12. Interpretation. 13. Repeals. Act 126

THE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH ACT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA

ENTITLED THE MINERALS ACT, 1962 AN ACT to provide for the vesting of the ownership and control of minerals throughout Ghana in -the President on behalf of the Republic of Ghana in trust for the People of Ghana, to enable the President to issue prospecting, mining, dredging and water licences, to repeal the Mineral Oil Pre-emption Ordinance (Cap. 154) and certain provisions of the Minerals Ordinance (Cap. 155) and of the Tema Town and Port (Acquisition of Land) Ordinance, 1952 (No. 38) and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

DATE OF ASSENT: 14th June, 1962 Minerals, 1. Subject as hereinafter expressly provided, the entire property etc., to be vested in in and control of all minerals in, under or upon, any lands in Ghana, President all rivers, streams and watercourses throughout Ghana and land covered by territorial waters, are hereby declared to be vested in the President on behalf of the Republic of Ghana in trust for the People of Ghana: Provided that nothing in this Act shall be deemed to affect— (a) the validity of any prospecting, mining, dredging, water or ferry right, lawfully held by any person immediately before the commencement of this Act under any law (customary or otherwise), such person being hereinafter in this Act referred to as an " existing holder"; or Minerals Act, 1962 ' Act 126

(b) any lawful rights or interests in the land in, under or upon which the minerals are situated. The rights or interests referred to in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) immediately preceding, shall continue, subject to the provisions of any other enactment and to such conditions as may be prescribed. 2> (1) The President, subject to this Act and any other enactment, President may after holding such enquiry as may be prescribed— to grant (a) grant, upon payment of the appropriate rents and licences, royalties and compliance with such conditions as may ctc- be prescribed, licences for— (i) prospecting minerals; (ii) dredging rivers, streams or watercourses; (iii) winning or obtaining minerals from any land; and (iv) obtaining, diverting, impounding or conveying water from any river, stream or watercourse for mining or other industrial purposes; and (b) declare that any land is required for the purposes of ^ such licence, subject to such conditions as'may be prescribed, if the holder of such licence is unable to secure the use of such land-by private agreement. (2) Where a declaration has been made in respect of any stool . land under section 2 (I) (b), the provisions-of section 7 of the Administration of Lands Act, 1962 (Act 123) shall mutatis mutandis apply to such land. . (3) Where a declaration has been made in respect of land other than stool land under section 2 (1) (b), the first-mentioned land shall be deemed to be vested in the President on behalf of the Republic of Ghana in trust for the People of Ghana. The President may prescribe, by executive instrument in the form of an order, the terms for the use of land referred to in the preceding provisions of this subsection by the holder of a licence. Moneys obtained under those terms shall be deemed to be revenue under section 4. 3. (1) Every holder of a licence granted under section 2 shall ^^ pay, subject to this Act and any other enactment— tjOn. (a) in respect of stool land— (i) rent for the use of land required for the purposes of such licence; and (ii) compensation for any disturbance or injurious affection to such land; and (b) in respect of land other than stool land— (i) on which there were no improvements during the eight years immediately preceding the decla- ration by the President under section 2 (b), Act 126 Minerals Act, 1962

compensation of not more than twice the value of the consideration paid by the present holder of rights in the land; and (ii) on which there have been improvements which are in existence at the time of the said declara- tion, compensation determined in accordance with the provisions of the State Lands Act, 1962 (Act 125). (2) If there is any disagreement as to the amount of the rent to be paid under paragraph (a) (i) of section 3 (1), such amount shall be fixed by the Minister and his decision thereon shall be final. (3) If there is any disagreement as to the amount of the com- pensation to be paid under paragraph (a) (ii) or (b) (i) of section 3 (1), such amount shall be fixed by the Minister from whose decision there shall be an appeal to the High Court within three months of such decision. Account lo 4. Revenue under this Act shall be paid into the appropriate which • revenue account maintained for the purposes of the Administration of paid, etc. Lands Act, 1962 (Act 123), and shall be disbursed in accordance with the provisions of that Act. President to 5. (1) The President shall, on behalf of the Republic of .have the right of Ghana in trust for the People of Ghana, have the right of pre- pre-emption emption of all minerals raised, won, or gotten in Ghana or from of minerals, lands covered by territorial waters by any existing holder or by any etc. holder of a licence granted under this Act and of products derived from the refining or treatment of such minerals. (2) The President may, by executive instrument in the form of an order, appoint any statutory corporation to act as his agent for the exercise of his right of pre-emption under subsection (1), subject to such conditions as may be specified in the instrument. Price to be 6. The price to be paid for minerals or products taken, in the paid on pre-emption. exercise of the right of pre-emption, under section 5 shall— .(a) if it has been provided for in a written agreement, be the price specified therein; and (b) if it has not been so provided for, be the publicly quoted market rate ruling for such minerals or pro- ducts as delivered at the mine or plant, as the case may be, at which such right of pre-emption in respect of such minerals or products was exercised: Provided that where there is no such written agreement or no such rate, the price shall be decided upon by the High Court. Minerals Act, 1962 Act 126

7. The right of pre-emption provided for by this Act shall extend Right °f to all minerals or products sold to other customers by the person ^e^n against whom such right is exercised, but which have not left the minerals boundaries of Ghana or territorial waters or the air space of Ghana f and the price to be paid for such minerals and products shall be the rate Referred to in section 6 or the actual contract price at which such minerals or products were sold, whichever is less, together with— (a) the actual costs of transport from the mine or plant, as the case may be, to the port, railway station or locality at which such minerals or products were taken in the exercise of such right; and (b) any actual penalties or damages which such person may prove that he has sitffered by reason of the cancellation or alteration of sea. rail, road or air transport or of charters of vessels or planes for the conveyance of such minerals or products; and (c) any actual costs of of such minerals or pro- ducts: Provided that such-penalties or damages shall only be payable on a charter or freight agreement actually entered into for a parti- cular voyage or despatch by sea, air, rail or road and not on any general charter or freight agreement in respect of any prospective voyage or despatch. . . 8. Every person, who upon the President or his agent, making obstruction known his intention of exercising his right of pre-emption in respect of exercise of any minerals or products under this Act prevents or obstructs the ^"fmpUon. exercise of such right shall, on conviction by a court of competent jurisdiction, be guilty of an offence which shall be a misdemeanour, and shall in addition to any other punishment imposed by that Court, be liable to pay an amount equivalent to twice the value of such minerals or products and to the cancellation of any licence held by him under this Act or of any rights mentioned in paragraph (a) of the proviso to section 1 of this Act. 9. d) The Minister may for the purposes of this Act require in Furnishing writing any person to furnish him, within the period specified in f^^T^' his request, such information and documents as may be mentioned documents, therein. Provided that in the case of a person non-resident in Ghana the request shall be made to the attorney appointed in accordance with section 9 of the Concessions Act, 1962 (Act 124). (2) Every person requested to furnish any information or document under subsection (1) shall, within the period specified in the request, furnish such information or document. Act 126 Minerals Act, 1962

(3) Every person contravening the preceding provisions of this section shall, on conviction by a court of competent jurisdiction, be guilty of an offence which shall be a misdemeanour, and shall in addition to any other punishment imposed by that Court, be liable to a fine of £GIOO for every day in which he has been in default, such default to be deemed to commence one week after the date of i the receipt of the request of the Minister referred to in subsection (1). Offences by 10. In the case of an offence under this Act committed by a bodies of persons. body of persons— (a) where the body of persons is a body corporate, every director and officer of that body corporate shall be guilty of that offence; and (/?) where the body of persons is a firm, every partner of that firm shall be deemed to be guilty of that offence. Provided that no such person shall .be deemed to be guilty oC that offence if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of the offence. Regulations. 11. (1) The President may by legislative instrument, make regula- tions prescribing the form and terms of licences under this Act. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (1), the Minister may by legislative instrument make such regulations as may be necessary for giving effect to the purposes and provisions of this Act. Interpre- 12. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requiresf- tation. " minerals " include minerals and ores of all kinds including precious stones, coal, mineral oil and gases; " Minister" means the Minister to whom functions under this Act are assigned by the President; " port " includes an airport; " rivers " include the tidal waters and estuaries of rivers; " stool land " shall have the same meaning as in the Adminis- tration of Lands Act, 1962 (Act 123); " territorial waters " means the territorial waters of Ghana below low water mark; " watercourses" include lakes with visible inlets or outlets but do not include lakes the inlets or outlets to which are not visible. Repeals. 13. The provisions of the Mineral Oil Pre-emption Ordinance (Cap. 154), of section 3 (1), 29, 45, 48, 55 and 86 of the Minerals Ordinance (Cap. 155) and of section 5 of the Tema Town and Port (Acquisition of Land) Ordinance, 1952 (No. 38) are hereby repealed: Provided that any statutory instrument made under those provisions and -in force immediately before the commencement Minerals Act, 1962 • Act 126 of this Act, shall, until such instrument is altered, revoked or other- wise modified under this Act, continue in force as if such instrument had been made under this Act.

Administration of Lands Act, 1962 Act 123

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

PART I—ADMINISTRATION

Stool Land Section \ 1. Management. 2. Proceedings relating to Stool land. 3. Determination of questions on extent of a traditional area. 4. Declaration of interest in lands.

Kwnasi Town Lands 5. Grant of .lease of land in Kumasi: - ' 6. Rent to be charged.

Lands Generally 7. Vesting of land in President in trust. 8. Disposal of lands. 9. Appeal Tribunal. 10. Use of land for public purposes. 11. Disposition of Stool lands. 12. Limitation on grant of mining and timber rights. 13. Duty to give information relating to land. 14. Custody of documents, seals and stamps. 15. Layout plans, etc. 16. Unlawful occupation of land. Revenue 17. Collection of revenue. IS. Stool Lands Accounts. 19. Payment to local authorities. 20. Payments to traditional authorities and others. Act 123 Administration of Lands Act, 1962

Section , 21. Scheme for application of Stool revenue. 22. Payments to be made in accordance with scheme. 23. Capital payments.

PART II—MISCELLANEOUS 24. Delegation of functions. 25. Accounts. 26. Boundary Books. 27. Offences. 28. Expenses. 29. Regulations. 30. Transitional provisions. 31. Interpretation. 32. Repeals. SCHEDULE—Boundaries of Kumasi town lands. Act 123

THE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THIRD ACT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA

ENTITLED

THE ADMINISTRATION OF LANDS ACT, 1962

AN ACT to consolidate with amendments the enactments relating to the administration of Stool and other lands.

DATE OF ASSENT: 14th June, 1962

BE IT ENACTED by the President and the National Assembly in this present Parliament assembled as follows:—

PART I—ADMINISTRATION Stool Land 1. The management of Stool lands shall be exercised by the Manage- Minister. ment- 2. The President may direct the institution or defence of, or Proceedings intervention in, any proceedings relating to any Stool land in the stooUand. name of the Republic, on behalf, and to the exclusion, of any Stool concerned, and may compromise or settle any such proceedings. Act 123 Administration of-Lands Act, 1962

Determina- 3. (1) Any question arising under this Act as to whether any tion of questions on lands are in a particular traditional area shall be referred to the extent of a Minister who shall, after consulting the Traditional Council, deter- traditional . mine the question for the purposes of this Act. area. (2) A decision of the Minister under this section shall be final. Declaration i 4. (1) The President may at any time require a Stool to declare of interest in lands. his interest in any land and the Stool shall, within three months of being notified in writing of such requirement, send full particulars thereof to the Minister. (2) In the event of any failure to declare an interest in any land within the period prescribed by subsection (1) of this section or of any question arising as to the existence or extent of any interest of the Stool in any land, the Minister may determine the existence or extent of any interest of the Stool in the land. (3) A decision of the Minister under this section shall be final.

Kumasi Town Lands Grant of 5. (1) The President may, subject to the provisions of this Act, lease of land grant to any person owing allegiance to the Asantehene one lease, in Kumasi. at a nominal rent of one shilling per annum, of one vacant plot of land for residential purposes only, in any area within the boundaries Schedule. of the Kumasi town lands described in the Schedule to this Act, and comprising land held in trust for the Golden Stool and the Kumasi traditional area. Any such plot, including a plot granted under an enactment repealed by this. Act, is called a " free plot". (2) The lessee may, with the previous consent in writing of the Minister, assign his free plot to any other person owing such allegiance but shall not, except as provided in subsection (3) of this section assign it to any other person. (3) The lessee may, with the previous consent in writing of the Minister, mortgage or sub-let his free plot to any person. (4) The lessee shall not assign or mortgage a part only of his free plot. (5) Any assignment, transfer, sub-letting or mortgage made in contravention of subsections (2), (3) or (4) of this section shall be void. (6) Any contravention of this section by the holder of a free plot or any unauthorised dealing with the same shall entail its forfeiture, and thereupon the holder's right to the plot may be determined by the Minister by a notice in writing. (7) The number of free plots held under the provisions of this section shall not exceed ten per centum of the plots available in any approved lay-out. Administration of Lands Act, 1962 Act 123

. (8) For the purposes of this Act, a person shall be regarded as owing allegiance to the Asantehene if he owes such allegiance by customary law, either directly or through the Chief of one of the Kumasi clans, including a Divisional Chief of Ashanti and a Kumasi Subordinate Stool, but not any person serving or owing allegiance to such Divisional Chief. (9) A certificate under the hand of the Asantehene or of some person nominated by him in writing in that behalf certifying either that a specified person does or does not owe allegiance to the Asante- hene shall be conclusive evidence of the fact so certified. (10) The President may, subject to the provisions of this Act, grant a lease to any person other than a person owing allegiance 10 the Asantehene. 6. (1) The rent to be charged in respect of any lease shall, Rent to be subject to section 5 of this Act and to this section, be in accordance c arge • with a prescribed scale. (2) The President may grant a lease of any Kumasi town land for any religious, educational, recreational or charitable purpose either free of rent or" at a rent lower than the appropriate rent- according to the prescribed scale. . (3) Where the lease of a free plot becomes vested in a person not owing allegiance to the Asantehene or in a person who already holds a free plot the lease shall thereupon become subject to the payment of rent in accordance with a prescribed scale.

Lands Generally 7. (1) Where it appears to the President that it is in the public Vesting of interest so to do he may, by executive instrument, declare any Stool pr^j^ land to be vested in him in trust and accordingly it shall be lawful trust, for the President, on the publication of the instrument, to execute any deed or do any act as a trustee in respect of the land specified in the instrument. (2) Any moneys accruing as a result of any deed executed or act done by the President under subsection (1) shall be paid into the appropriate account for the purposes of this Act. i 8. (1) Any disposal of any land which involves the payment of Disposal of any valuable consideration or which would, by reason of its being lands- to a person not entitled by customary law to the free use of land, involve the payment of any such consideration, and which is made, Act 123 Administration of Lands Act, 1962

(a) by a Stool; (b) by any person who, by reason of his being so entitled under customary law, has acquired possession of such land either without payment of any consideration or in exchange for a nominal consideration, ' shall be subject to the concurrence of the Minister and shall be of no effect unless such concurrence is granted. (2) Any person aggrieved by the refusal of the Minister to approve the disposal of any land under subsection (1) of this section or by the failure of the Minister to notify his decision regarding such disposal within three months of the date on which the application for concurrence was made, may appeal to an appeal tribunal which may, if it thinks fit, approve such disposal in writing, and such approval shall have the same effect as the concurrence of the Minister. (3) Nothing in this section shall confer upon any person any right to dispose of any land which such person is not entitled to exercise by virtue of customary law or any other law for the time being in force. . . (4) An appeal under subsection (2) of this section shall -be lodged with the Minister for transmission to the tribunal within three months of the refusal or, in the case of a failure to notify a decision, within six months after the date on which the application for con- currence was made. (5) It shall not be lawful without the concurrence of the Minister to make any transaction affecting land which is a Stool •property as defined in section 52 of the Chieftaincy Act, 1961 (Act 81). (6) Any transaction entered into in contravention of the provisions of this section shall be void.

Appeal 9. (1) The President may, after consultation with the Chief Tribunal. justice, by executive instrument appoint a tribunal to hear appeals under this Act. (2) The tribunal shall consist of three members, one of whom shall be appointed as chairman and each of whom shall be a Judge of the Supreme Court, the High Court or the Circuit Court or a lawyer of at least five years' standing within the meaning of section 8 of the Judicial Service Act, 1960 (C.A.10). Administration of Lands Act, 1962 Act 123

(3) The decision of the tribunal on any appeal shall be final as to fact but the tribunal may reserve for the consideration of the Supreme Court any question of law and section 11 of the Courts Act, 1960 (C.A.9) shall apply accordingly. 10. (1) The President may authorise the occupation and use of Use of land any land to which this Act applies for any purpose which, in his r0 opinion, is conducive to the public welfare or the interests of the State, and may pay into the appropriate account out of moneys granted by vote of the National Assembly such annual sums as appear to him, having regard on the one hand to the value of the land and, on the other hand, to the benefits derived by the people of the area in which the land is situated from the use of the land, to be proper payments to be made for the land; and the money so paid into the account shall be applied in the same way as other revenues collected under this Act. (2) Where the President authorises the occupation and use of any land under this section, he shall publish a notice in the Gazette giving particulars of the land, of the use to which it is intended to be put, and of any payments which it is intended to make under this section in respect of that-use of the land. (3) Where any person suffers special loss by reason of dis- turbance as the result of an authorisation under this- section he shall, out of moneys granted by the National Assembly, be paid such compensation as the Minister or, on appeal, an appeal tribunal, may determine. (4) Any person dissatisfied with the failure of the Minister to grant compensation or with the amount of such compensation may appeal to the appeal tribunal. (5) An appeal shall be lodged with the Minister for trans- mission to the tribunal within three months of publication of the notice referred to in subsection (2) of this section. 11. No instrument executed before or after the commencement Disposition f of this Act shall have the effect of granting or demising any right, 5t ool lands title or interest in or to land in respect of minerals, timber, rubber or other products of the soil in or growing on that land or option of acquiring any such right, title or interest except in so far as-such grant or demise shall contain express words granting or demising such right, title or interest or option thereon. 12. (1) A grant of any mining or timber rights in any land subject Limitation to this Act shall not exceed a term of sixty years for mining and billing and thirty years for timber notwithstanding anything to the contrary timber contained in any other enactment. rights. Act 123 Administration of Lands Act, 1962

(2) No grant of any Stool land to any one person and no aggregate of such grants shall exceed the following limits, that is to say, (a) mining rights, twenty square miles for any grant or, in the aggregate, sixty square miles, (b) timber rights, forty square miles for any grant or, in 1 the aggregate, two hundred and forty square miles, (c) rights to collect rubber, to cultivate products of the soil (other than timber) or relating to the pursuit of animal husbandry, twenty-five square miles for any grant or, in the aggregate, one hundred square miles. Duty to 13. (1) It shall be the duty of, give infor- mation (a) every public officer; and relating to land. (b) all officers of local authorities which formerly collected revenue of any land to which any provision of this Act applies; and (c) all present and past members of a Traditional Council and all present or past officers of a Traditional Council; and (d) all persons who are of have been concerned with or responsible for the administration of any such land; and (e) all persons who hold or have held any such land, to afford to the Minister all information at their disposal respecting the land and its revenues and all reasonable facilities for inspecting • and taking copies of records and other documents relating to the land or revenues. (2) If any person fails or refuses to give to the Minister any information at his disposal which it is his duty to give under this section, or gives information which he knows to be false, he shall be guilty of a disdemeanour. Custody of documents, 14. (1) The Minister shall keep in his custody all deeds, records, seals and registers, accounts and other documents and all seals and stamps stamps. relating to any land to which any provision of this Act applies. (2) All documents, seals and stamps in the custody of the Minister under this section shall be made available by the Minister as and when required for the purposes of the management and disposition of the land concerned. (3) It shall be the duty of every person having the custody or control of any document, seal or stamp to which subsection (1) of this section applies to take all necessary steps to deliver them to the Minister.

8 Administration of Lands Act, 1962 Act 123

(4) A person who destroys or conceals any documents, seals, or stamps which it is his duty to deliver under this section, or who fails to comply with subsection (3) of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour. 15. Plans of all approved lay-outs of land to which this Act applies Lay-out showing lay-out of plots and specifying any zonal restrictions of Plans>elc- user shall be deposited with the Minister. 16. (1) If any person is found in unlawful occupation of land Unlawful to which this Act applies the Minister .may order him to surrender ^f'101 the land within such period and upon such terms, if any, as to the removal of buildings, the reaping of growing produce, and other matters, as the Minister thinks proper. (2) Any person who continues in occupation of any land after the date on which he is to surrender it under this section, or who, having surrendered it, renews his unlawful occupation thereof, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and, in the case of a continuing offence, shall be liable in addition to any fine imposed for the original offence, to an additional fine not exceeding ten pounds for every day during which the offence is continued. (3) In proceedings against any person under this section, the proof that his'occupation was lawful shall lie upon the defendant; and the averment that any land is land to which this Act applies shall be sufficient without proof of such fact, unless the defendant proves the contrary.

Revenue 17. (1) All revenue from lands subject to this Act shall be collected Collection by the Minister and for that purpose all rights to receive and all ofrevenuc- remedies to recover that revenue shall vest in him and, subject to the exercise of any power of delegation conferred by this Act, no other person shall have power to give a good discharge for any liability in respect of the revenue or to exercise any such right or remedy. (2) Revenue for the purposes of this Act includes all rents, dues, fees, royalties, revenues, levies, tributes and other payments, whether in the nature of income or capital, from or in connection i with lands subject to this Act. (3) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply to revenue. . from forest produce, within the meaning of section 2 (excluding subsection (5)) of the Forests Ordinance (Cap. 157), which shall continue to be collected by the Chief Conservator of Forests. Act 123 Administration of Lands Act, 1962

(4) Any moneys in the Forests Improvement Fund in excess of authorised expenses in connection with exploitation and silvicul- tural work shall be transferred from that Fund to the Stool Lands Account. Stool Lands 18. All sums collected by or transferred to the Minister under this Accounts. Act shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be paid into a Stool Lands Account. i Payment to local 19. (1) Out of the moneys standing to the credit of the Stool Lands authorities. Account there shall, subject to subsection (2) of this section be paid, to the local authorities in whose areas the lands are situated from which those moneys are derived such amounts as the Minister may by order determine. (2) There shall be paid to the Kumasi City Council out of the Stool Lands Account annually in half-yearly instalments on or before the 30th day of September and the 31st day of March a sum representing one-third of the net rents derived from land Schedule. within the boundaries defined in the Schedule to this Act, or the sum of six thousand pounds, whichever is the greater. (3) In making an order under this section the Minister shall have regard to the purpose for which the money standing to the credit of the Stool Lands Account which is not paid out under this section will be applied. (4) An order under this section may fix the amounts to "be paid under this section to the respective local authorities, or may determine those amounts as proportions of the total amount of money standing to the credit of the Stool Lands Account or by any other method. Payments to 20. Moneys in any Stool Lands Account remaining after payment traditional authorities of the sums due under section 19 of this Act shall be applied in and others. accordance with this Act for the benefit of the people in the areas in which the particular lands are situated and in particular, (a) in the maintenance of the Stool or other traditional authority including a Traditional Council; and (b) in the making of grants for projects (including scholar- ships) for the benefit of the people of the area. Scheme for 21. (1) The Minister shall, for each prescribed accounting period, application and after consultation with the appropriate Traditional Council, of Stool revenue. prepare a scheme for the application of revenue in accordance with the provisions of this Part of this Act. (2) A scheme under this section shall include estimates of the expenses of the Traditional Council, prepared by the Traditional Council after consultation with the Minister.

10 Administration of Lands Act, 1962 Act 123

(3) A scheme under this section shall be based on estimates of the moneys available, and shall provide for the adjustments which are to be made if the money available falls short of or exceeds the amount so estimated. (4) A scheme under this section shall be submitted for the approval of the President and shall be published in the Gazette. 22. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, no money shall be Payments to applied under this Act except in accordance with a scheme prepared aL'ordance and approved under section 21 of this Act. with scheme. (2) In the period of two years from the commencement of this Act, the Minister may make payments under this Part before the approval of the relevant scheme if it appears to him that it is required immediately. 23. Any part of the moneys received by the Minister under this Capital Act which, in his opinion, is of a capital nature shall not be applied P*ym(ia under this Part of this Act except to defray expenditure which is designated by the Minister in a scheme under this Part of this Act as being of a capital nature, and in case there is no such expenditure or in any other case the money may be invested in such manner as the Minister responsible for finance may direct.

PART II—MISCELLANEOUS 24. (1) The Minister may delegate to a local authority or public officer the duty of collecting any revenue or any other of the functions conferred on him by this Act or delegated to him under this section. (2) Any delegation under this section may be made either with or without any conditions or limitations. 25. (1) Accounts of all moneys received by the President under Accounts. this Act shall be kept in a prescribed form. (2) The accounts shall be audited by the Auditor-General not less than once a year and the Minister shall present a copy of all accounts so audited, together with any report of the Auditor- General on the accounts, to the National Assembly and shall also cause those accounts together with any report thereon to be published in the Gazette. 26. (1) The Boundary Books kept under the Boundary, Land, Boundary Tribute, and Fishery Disputes Ordinance (Cap. 144), repealed by1 books- this Act, shall be transferred to and kept by the Chief Registrar of Lands appointed under the Land Registry Act, 1962. (Act 122). (2) The Chief Registrar of Lands shall give reasonable facilities for the search and inspection of any Boundary Book and for the issue of certified copies of executive decisions officially recorded therein.

11 Act 123 Administration of Lands Act, 1962

(3) Fees may be prescribed for the purposes of this section. (4) A certified copy of an entry in a Boundary Book issued by a registrar shall be conclusive evidence of the executive decision to which it relates. Offences. 27. A person who is a party to any transaction entered into in 'contravention of any provision of this Act shall be guilty of a mis- demeanour. • Expenses. 28. All expenses incurred by the Minister in the exercise of his functions under this Act shall be defrayed from moneys granted by vote of the National Assembly but there shall from time to time be paid to the Consolidated Fund out of revenue collected under this Act such sums as in the opinion of the Minister represent the costs of the exercise of his functions; provided that such payments shall for each prescribed accounting period, be in the case of lands vested in the President in trust, not less than seven and one-half per centum of the gross revenue derived from the lands for that year, and, in the case of other lands subject to this Act, not less than two and one-half per centum of the gross revenue derived from the lands for that year. Regulations. 29. (1) The President may, by legislative instrument, make. Regula- tions— (a) for any matter (including fees) which is to be pre- scribed; (b) defining the boundaries of, or otherwise, describing, any land to which this Act applies, of altering or amending any such boundary or description; (c) for giving full effect to the provisions of this Act. (2) Every statutory instrument made under an enactment repealed by this Act and in force immediately before the commence- ment of this Act shall continue in force and forms in use under the repealed enactment may, with necessary modifications, continue to be used until provision is otherwise made by regulations under this Act. (3) Subject to the terms of any instrument under subsection (I), the descriptions and boundaries set out in the Schedule to the Kumasi Lands Ordinance (Cap. 145), shall be conclusive as to the extent and limits of the lands to which they refer, notwithstanding the repeal of that Ordinance. Transitional 30. (1) A right of occupancy granted under any enactment provisions, repealed by this Act and in force immediately before the commence- ment of this Act shall be deemed to be a lease determinable by six months notice by either party and shall be subject to the provisions of this Act.

12 Administration of Lands Act, 1962 Act 123

(2) A title to land in the Northern and Upper Regions other than land vested in the President acquired between the first day of July, I960, and the commencement of this Act by any person shall be void if it is not proved to the satisfaction of the President within one year from such commencement. 31. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:— interpreta- " appeal tribunal " means a tribunal under section 18 of this tion- Act; " minerals " means minerals of all kinds including mineral oil; " Minister " means the Minister to whom functions under this Act are assigned by the President; " Stool land " includes land controlled by any person for the benefit of the subjects or members of a Stool, clan, com- pany or community, as the case may be and all land in the Upper and Northern Regions other than land vested in the President and accordingly " Stool" means the person exercising such control; • • • " traditional area " has the meaning given to it by the Chief- taincy Act, 1961 (Act 81); 32. (1) Each of the following enactments is repealed:"— Repeals Accra Town (Lands) Ordinance (Cap. 87). and nvi Stool Lands Boundaries Settlement Ordinance (Cap. 139). Takoradi Harbour and Town (Acquisition of Lands) Ordi- nance (Cap. 140). Boundaries Ascertainment Ordinance (Cap. 142). Boundary^ Land, Tribute, and Fishery Disputes Ordinance (Cap. 144). Kumasi Lands Ordinance (Cap. 145). Stool Lands Boundaries Settlement (Amendment) Act, 1957 (No. 26). Akim Abuakwa (Stool Revenue) Act, 1958 (No. 8). Ashanti Stool Lands Act, 1958 (No. 28). Stool Lands (Validation of Legislation) Act, 1959 (No. 30). Stool Lands Control Act, 1959 (No. 79). Forests Improvement Fund Act, 1960 (No. 12), section 8. Stool Lands Act, 1960 (Act 27). (2) Section 19 of the State Property and Contracts Act, 1960 (C.A. 6) is amended by the deletion of " and in particular for " and paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d). (3) Notwithstanding the repeal of the Stool Lands Boundaries Settlement Ordinance (Cap. 139), the Minister may by executive instrument revoke or amend any order or declaration made under the repealed Ordinance. 13 Act 123 Administration of Lands Act, 1962

SCHEDULE {Section 5) Commencing at a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 1 situated on an approximate bearing of three hundred and fifteen degrees nought minutes twenty-three seconds and distant on the said bearing approximately eleven thousand two hundred and eighty-eight decimal seven seven feet from G.C.S. pillar marked C.T.S. 884 which is situated in the centre of the Fort at Kumasi; thence on a i bearing of ninety-one degrees thirty-two minutes seventeen seconds for a distance of one thousand six hundred and sixty-two decimal seven one feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 2; thence on a bearing of ninety degrees two minutes twenty-one seconds for a distance of five thousand one hundred and thirteen decimal nought seven feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 3 situated approxi- mately thirteen feet West from the centre of the main Kumasi-Ofinso motor road; thence on a bearing of ninety degrees fourteen minutes forty-one seconds for a distance of six hundred and thirty-nine decimal five three feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 4 situated approximately twenty-six feet South-east from the centre of the Kumasi-Mampong motor road; thence on a bearing of ninety degrees fourteen minutes nineteen seconds for a distance of one thousand two hundred and sixty-five decimal two nought feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 5 situated approximately seventeen feet North-west from a footpath leading from Kumasi to Tafo; thence on a bearing of eighty-six degrees fifty- seven minutes fifty-two seconds for a distance of five thousand four hundred and eighty-seven, decimal two one feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 6 situated approximately thirteen feet West from a footpath leading from Tafo to Dichemso; thence on a bearing of eighty-nine degrees twenty-one minutes twenty-two seconds for a distance of five hundred and eighty-five decimal five seven feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 7 situated approximately three feet South-east from a footpath leading from Dichemso to Apamprem; thence on a bearing of ninety degrees eleven minutes thirty-two seconds for a distance of one thousand three hundred and nineteen decimal seven eight feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 8; thence on a bearing of one hundred and seventy-eight degrees thirty minutes twenty seconds for a distance of two thousand and eighty-five decimal six seven feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 9 situated approximately one hundred and thirty feet South from the centre of the Kumasi- motor road; thence on a bearing of one hundred and eighty-one degrees forty-eight minutes fifty-two seconds for a distance of three thousand six hundred and eight decimal nought three feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 10 situated approximately six hundred feet North from the Kumasi-Accra Railway Line; thence on a bearing of one hundred and eighty-seven degrees fifty-seven minutes seventeen seconds for a distance of three thousand six hundred and twenty-five decimal one nine feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 11 situated approximately twenty-two feet from the centre of the Kumasi- motor road; thence on a bearing of one hundred and eighty degrees thirty-seven minutes thirty-one seconds for a distance of two thousand four hundred and sixty-five decimal one four feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 12 situated approximately eight feet South-west from a footpath leading from Kumasi to Ahinsai Village; thence on a bearing of one hundred and seventy-five degrees fifty-three minutes four seconds for a distance of four thousand four hundred and seventy-seven decimal nine nought feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 13; thence on a bearing of two hundred and seventy degrees twenty-two minutes thirty seconds for a distance of one thousand two hundred and five decimal nine four feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 14 situated approximately thirteen feet West from the centre of the Kumasi-Lake Bosumtwi motor road; thence on a bearing of two hundred and seventy degrees twenty-nine minutes five

14 Administration of Lands Act, 1962 Act 123 seconds for a distance of two thousand and one decimal seven one feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 15 situated approximately twenty feet West from the centre of the Kumasi-Sekondi Railway Line; thence on a bearing of two hundred and seventy degrees twenty-seven minutes twenty-one seconds for a distance of one thousand eight hundred and one decimal five eight feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 16 situated approximately one hundred and fifty- eight feet East from the centre of the old Kumasi-Cape Coast road; thence on a bearing of two hundred and seventy-one degrees thirty minutes seventeen seconds for a distance of five hundred and eighty-eight decimal five two feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 25 situated approximately seventeen feet South-east from the centre of the main Kumasi-Bekwai motor road; thence on a bearing of two hundred and seventy degrees twenty-nine minutes twenty- nine seconds for a distance of two thousand seven hundred and fifty-two decimal nought five feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 17; thence on a bearing of two hundred and seventy-one degrees twenty-seven minutes one second for a distance of four thousand three hundred and thirty-four decimal one two feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 18; thence on a bearing of two hundred and sixty-eight degrees twenty-eight minutes thirteen seconds for a distance of one thousand one hundred and ninety-six decimal seven seven feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 19; thence on a bearing of two hundred and seventy-one degrees twenty-nine minutes four seconds for a distance of one thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight decimal three three feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 20; thence on a bearing of nought degrees fifty minutes twenty-nine seconds for a distance of two thousand two hundred and seventy-eight nought four feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 21 situated approximately eleven' feet North from the centre of the -Kumasi road; thence on a bearing of nought degrees fifty-nine minutes thirty-two seconds for a distance of three thousand and ninety-two decimal five nought feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 22; thence on a bearing of nought degrees twenty-five minutes forty-seven seconds for a distance of three thousand eight hundred and six decimal seven nine feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 23; thence on a bearing of nought degrees thirteen minutes twelve seconds for a distance of two thousand one hundred.and forty- one decimal nought three feet to a pillar marked G.C.G. B.M. 24 situated approximately seventy-nine feet North from the centre of the Nkawe-Kumasi main motor road; and thence on a bearing of three hundred and fifty-eight degrees fifty-four minutes even seconds for a distance of four thousand four hundred and fifty-two decimal nought feet to the point of commencement, the same being more particularly delineated on a plan numbered X599 signed by the Officer-in-Charge, Cadastral Branch, Gold Coast Survey, on the 2nd day of February, 1928, and thereon edged with pink colour.

All the above bearings are referred to Meridian one degree West.

Dated this day of , 19 .

15

in

Oriiasaess BsgnlatLng QnsLm Proapwfcia*

GOLD COAST.

No. 4 OF 1946.

AN ORDINANCE to regulate and control prospecting and mining for radio-active minerals and the export thereof and for purposes connected therewith. Date of ' [30th March, 1946.] commence- ment. Short title. 1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Radio-Active Minerals" Ordinance, 1946. Interpreta- 2. In 'this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires— " Gold Coast " includes Togoland under British Mandate and the territorial waters of the Gold Coast; "licence" means a licence issued under the provisions of section 3 of this Ordinance; " mine ", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, includes all operations for the intentional winning or obtaining of any radio-active mineral; " permit " means a permit issued under the provisions of section 5 of this. Ordinance; Tint k&xii»-AcUvc Minerals Ordinance, 1946. No. 4 of 1946.

" jrwpect ", with its grammatical variations and cognate - expressions, means to search for any radio-active mineral, and includes such working as is reasonably necessary to enable the prospector to test the radio-active mineral- bearing qualities of the area concerned; * radio-active mineral " means any substance specified in the Schedule to (his Ordinance.

*" 3. Nojwichstanding anything- in the Concessions Ordinance, Prospecting 1939, the Minerals Ordinance or any other enactment, no person ^stricted!6 j. shall within the Gold Coasf prospect for or mine, or attempt to 19 of 1939. """ prospect for or mine, any radio-active mineral except under and in CaP- I3I- accordant e with a licence granted by the Governor. ; 4. Every holder of a licence shall within the first week of every Holder of ''month furnish the Colonial Secretary with a true report in writing ^^^is of ihe prospecting and mining operations conducted by him in operations. the immediately preceding month with respect to radio-active minerals, and shall at the same time furnish the Chief Inspector of Mines and the Director of Geological Survey with a copy, of such report. • *— • 5. Notwithstanding anything in the Customs Ordinance or any Export - other enactment, no person shall export, or attempt to export, from ^f*"^' ihe Gold Const ;my radio-active mineral except under and in accord- ' ance with a permit granted by the Governor in that behalf. 6. The grant of a licence or a permit shall be in the absolute dis- Grant of cretion of the Governor who shall be under no obligation to assign £££&t^s. any reason for refusing the grant thereof. cretionary. , 7. Every licence and permit shall be in such form and for such Form of period and be subject to the payment of such fee as the Governor p"mit.a"d may determine, and shall contain such terms and conditions as he may think fit to impose.

8. (1) Every person who—• Offences. (a) prospects for or mines, or attempts to prospect for or mine, any radio-active mineral within the Goid Coast without a licence; or (b) being the holder of a licence, prospects for or mines, or attempts to prospect for or mine, any radio-active mineral within the Gold Coast otherwise than in accordance with any term or condition of his licence; or (c) being the holder of a licence, fails to comply with the requirements of section 4 of this Ordinance; or i8 No. 4 of The Radio-Aclive Mineral.1; Ordinance, 1946. 1946.

(rf) exports, or attempts to export, from the Gold Coast any radio-active mineral without a permit; or (e) being the holder of a permit, exports, or attempts to export, from the Gold Coast any radio-active mineral otherwise than in accordance with any term or condition of his permit; or (/) obtains, or attempts to obtain, a licence or permit by . i means of any false statement or representation, shall, upon summary conviction, be liable to imprisonment for • twelve months or to a fine of five hundred pounds or to both such imprisonment and fine. : (2) The Court before which any person is convicted of an offence under subsection (1) of this section shall order the forfeiture - to His Majesty of any radio-active mineral or prospecting or : mining apparatus derived from, or employed in the commission of, i any act in respect of which sucli person was convicted.

Powers of 9. (1) Any police officer not below the rank of sergeant, any i examination. senjor officer of the Mines Department, any senior officer of the ; Geological Survey Department and any other officer or class of < officers authorised in writing by the Governor in that behalf, may, .: for the purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Ordinance, :._ without warrant or other legal process— * ' I (a) enter and search any place where he has reasonable '4 grounds for suspecting that an offence under this Ordi-4 nance has been, or is about to be,'committed; '•£ (£>) search any person whom he has reasonable grounds for| suspecting to have committed, or to be about to commit, >• an offence under this Ordinance; (c) arrest any person whom he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to have committed, or to be about to commit an offence under this Ordinance; (d) seize any radio-active mineral or prospecting or mining,! apparatus connected therewith which he has reasonable . grounds to suspect to be, or to be about to be, derived from, or employed in, the commission of any offence under this Ordinance. i (2) Where any person is arrested, or any radio-active mineral;, or prospecting or mining apparatus is seized, under the provisions'.p of subsection (1) of this section, such person, mineral and apparatus A shall, as soon as practicable, be brought before the nearest Magis- trate. fir-" , ' I The Radio-Adive Minerals Ordinance, 1946. No. 4 of V; • 1946.

r <3) Every person who obstructs, or attempts to obstruct, -r activelv or passively, any officer in -the execution, or pur- rvcution, of his dtities under this section, shall be liable, .nummary conviction, lo imprisonment for six months or to a i foe of one hundred pounds or to both such imprisonment and fine.

(V? 10. The Governor may from time to time by Order alter, vary Power of f.or in any manner amend the. Schedule to this Ordinance. to°vary°r f~." Schedule. if'.1 11- Nothing in this Ordinance shall be deemed to absolve any Saving. -person from compliance with the provisions and requirements of «tbe Concessions Ordinance, 1939, the Minerals Ordinance, the 19of 1939. ^ Mining Rights Regulation Ordinance and the Customs laws as Cap- r3*- < tfat expression is defined in section 3 of the Customs Ordinance. Cap. 132.

)[.' 12. The Governor in Council may make such regulations for Regulations. .giving better effect to the provisions of this Ordinance as he may :'•' deem to be necessary or expedient.

SCHEDULE. (1) Minerals of the pitchblende group, including pitchblende, uraninite, ulrichite, broggerite, cleveite,- and related mineral species. (2) Torbernite and autunite. (3) Secondary uranium minerals other than torbernite and autunite, including rutherfordine, uranite, uranophane, gummite, thorogummite, uranocircite, kasolite, becque- relite, and other silicates, hydrates, carbonates, phos- phates or arsenates of uranium. (4) Carnotite and tyuyamunite. (5) Uranium-bearing niobate-titanate-tantalate ores, includ- ing euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, priorite, samar- skite, fergusonite, betafite, plumboniobite, and related mineral species containing over one per cent uranium oxide. • (6) Monazite, thorite, thorianite and radio-active zircon. The Radio-Active Minerals (Amendment) Ordinance, 1947.

GOLD COAST.

No. 32 OF 1947.

AN ORDINANCE to amend the ' Radio-Active Minerals Ordinance, 1946. • Ualeoi [8th November, 1947.] commence- ment. Short tiUe. 1. Tins Ordinance may he cited as the Radio-Active Minerals (Amendment) Ordinance, 1947, and shall be read as one with the No. 4 o£ Radio-Active Minerals Ordinance, 1946 (hereinafter referred to 1946. as the principal Ordinance).

Insertion of 2. The principal Ordinance is hereby amended by the insertion section 3A in the therein, immediately following section 3 thereof, of the following principal new section as section 3A : — Ordinance. " Discovery 3A. (1) If any radio-active mineral is dis- to be notified. covered in the course of prospecting, or on any concession, the holder of the prospecting licence or concession shall immediately notify the Chief Inspector of Mines and the Director of Geological Survey of such discovery. (2) If any radio-active mineral is discovered on any other lands, the owners of the lands' shall immediately notify the Chief Inspector of Mines and the Director of Geological Survey of. such discovery, and no such mineral shall be moved from such lands without the consent of the Chief Inspector of Mines."

APPB8BII 17

Investment God*

Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

PART I—ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GHANA INVESTMENTS CENTRE Section 1. Establishment of the Centre 2. The Board 3. Procedure of Board 4. Chief Executive 5. Secretary 6. Staff of Centre 7. Organisation of Centre 8. Committees of Board 9. Certain financial provisions relating to Centre.

PART II—FUNCTIONS OF CENTRE 10. Functions of Centre 11. Criteria for approvals

PART III—RESERVED AREAS OF INVESTMENT AND PARTICIPATION BY NON-GHANAIANS IN BUSINESS, ETC. IN GHANA— {Enterprises required to be owned wholly or partly by the State or by Ghanaians) 12. Reserved areas of investment 13. Special provisions relating to minerals and oil

PART IV—PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS AND INCENTIVES FOR INVESTORS 14. Investment guarantees 15. Approved enterprises to keep proper accounts, etc. 16. Transfer of capital, profits and approved fees 17. Dispute settlement procedure 18. Benefits attached to approved investments 19. Capital allowances 20. Deduction for scientific research 21. Avoidance of monopolies Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

PART V—REGISTRATION OF ENTERPRISES, PROCEDURE FOR GRANT AND CANCELLATION OF LICENCES AND APPROVALS AND OBLIGATIONS OF INVESTORS Section 22. Records of enterprises and investments in Ghana 23. Applications for approval to enjoy benefits 24. Annual returns 25. Training Schemes and employees facilities 26. Assignability of licences and approvals 27. Grounds for suspension or cancellation of licence or approval 28. Taxes to be paid in certain circumstances

PART VI—APPROVAL AND REGISTRATION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CONTRACTS 29. Approval and registration of technology transfer contracts

PART VII—IMPLEMENTATION OF RESERVED CAPITAL PROVISIONS AND ENFORCEMENT 30. Vesting of reserved capital and valuation 31. Residence of Ghanaians for purposes of acquisition capital, etc. 32. Penalties for contravention of section 30 33. Valuation of capital to be held by the State 34. Acquisition of Ghanaian citizenship not to affect character of capital. 35. Section 25 to apply to enterprises in Second Schedule 36. Penalty for Ghanaians used by non-Ghanaians as fronts in areas reserved for Ghanaians. 37. Penalty for unauthorised merger of enterprises

PART VIII—SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 38. Exemptions 39. Inspectors 40. Power of Centre to request information 41. Regulations 42. General penalties 43. Officia^Secrecy Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

Section 44. Abetment of offences 45. Offences by bodies of persons 46. Capital holding by statutory corporations to qualify as Ghanaian holding. 47. Interpretation 48. Provisions of Code to override existing legislation 49. Manufacturing Industries Act, 1971 amended 50. Repeals and savings, etc.

FIRST SCHEDULE ENTERPRISES WHOLLY RESERVED FOR GHANAIANS

PART A—COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES PART B—INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES (INCLUDING SERVICE INDUSTRIES)

SECOND SCHEDULE

PART A—ENTERPRISES PART OF WHOSE CAPITAL IS REQUIRED TO BE OWNED BY THE STATE PART B—ENTERPRISES PART OF WHOSE CAPITAL IS REQUIRED TO BE OWNED BY GHANAIANS AS DEFINED IN SECTION 47 OF THIS CODE

THIRD SCHEDULE PRIORITY AREAS OF INVESTMENT AND BENEFITS

PART I —ACTIVITIES PART II—BENEFITS Sub-part A—GENERAL BENEFITS Sub-part B—SPECIAL BENEFITS Act 437

THE FOUR HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVENTH ACT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA

ENTITLED THE INVESTMENT CODE, 1981 . AN ACT to consolidate andiamend the law relating to investment, to encourage foreign investments in Ghana by the provision of incentives, to promote the" development of Ghanaian entre- preneurs, to indicate enterprises in which the State and Ghanaians are required to participate in any investment and the extent of such participation, to make provision for the regis- tration of technology transfer contracts and for other matters relating to the foregoing. DATE OF ASSENT: 11th August, 1981 WHEREAS it is considered vital to attract foreign investments in Ghana and also to encourage investments in Ghana by Ghanaian entrepreneurs to contribute to an increase in fixed capital formation for the exploitation of the resources of Ghana for an increased production and creation of wealth, employment and improvement in skills and the social conditions of the citizens of Ghana; AND WHEREAS having regard to the experience obtained in the operation of previous laws in Ghana relating to investment it has been recognised that one of the most important steps necessary to be taken in order to achieve the foregoing is to operate a policy of liberalization and an open economy and assure to the foreign and Ghanaian investor protection of his investment and a fair return therefrom; Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

AND WHEREAS it is the policy of Ghana to operate a mixed economy;

AND WHEREAS in furtherance of the foregoing it is considered necessary to redefine the areas of investment in which non- Ghanaians are encouraged to invest, to indicate the areas in which the State and Ghanaians are required to participate in enterprises in which such foreign investments are made and to set out the incen- tives available to investors in the various fields of investment con- sidered to fall within the priority areas of investment;

AND WHEREAS it is deemed to be in the best interests of Ghana to promote large-scale investments aimed at the exploration, exploita- tion and processing of the mineral resources of Ghana;

AND WHEREAS it is considered desirable to provide for the registration of technology transfer contracts;

Now THEREFORE BE IT ENACTED by Parliament as follows:—

PART I—ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GHANA INVESTMENTS CENTRE

1. (1) There is hereby established a body corporate to be known Establish- as the "Ghana Investments Centre", in this Code referred to as c!nt£ "the Centre". (2) The Centre shall have perpetual succession and a common seal and may sue and be sued in its own name. (3) The Centre shall have power, for the discharge of any of its functions, to acquire and to hold any movable and immovable property, to dispose of such property and to enter into any contract or other transaction. 2. (1) The governing body of the Centre shall be the Board which The Board, shall be responsible for the discharge of the business and functions of the Centre. (2) The Board shall consist of (a) the Vice-President who shall be the Chairman; (b) the Minister responsible for Finance and Economic Planning who shall be the Vice-Chairman; (c) the Minister responsible for Industries; (d) the Minister responsible for Agriculture; Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

(e) the Minister responsible for Lands and Natural Resources; (f) the Minister responsible for Fuel and Power; (g) the Attorney-General; (h) the Governor of the Bank of Ghana; (0 the Chairman of the Lands Commission (j) the Chief Executive appointed under section 4 of this Code; and (k) three other persons each of whom shall be a person who has sound practical experience in business, finance or investments appointed by the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Council of State. (3) A member of the Board other than persons referred to in paragraphs (a) to (/) of subsection (2) of this section may at anytime resign his office by writing addressed to the President and may be removed from office by the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Council of State.

Procedure 3. (1) The Chairman shall preside at any meeting of the Board at of Board. which he is present, and in bis absence the Vice-Chairman shall preside, and in the absence of the Vice-Chairman the Minister responsible for Industries shall preside. (2) In the absence at any meeting of the Board cf the Chairman, the Vice-Chairman and the Minister responsible for Industries any member of the Board elected by the members present and voting shall preside at that meeting. (3) The quorum at any meeting of the Board shall be five except that there shall be deemed to be no quorum unless at least three of the persons referred to in paragraphs (a) to (g) of subsection (2) of section 2 of this Act are present. (4) The Board may co-opt any person or persons to act as adviser or advisers at any meeting of the Board so however that no person so co-opted shall have the right to vote on any matter coming before the Board for decision. (5) Except as otherwise expressly provided under this section, the Board shall prescribe the procedure for its meetings.

Chief 4. (1) The Centre shall have an officer to be designated the Executive. "Chief Executive". (2) The Chief Executive shall be appointed by the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Board given in consulta- tion with the Public Services Commission. Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(3) The Chief Executive shall hold office upon such terms and conditions as the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Board given in consultation with the Public Services Com- mission shall determine. (4) Subject to such general directions as the Board may give on matters of policy, the Chief Executive shall be responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Centre and the implementa- tion of the decisions of the Board. 5. There shall be an officer of the Centre to be designated "the Secretary. Secretary" who shall act as Secretary to the Board and shall per- form such other functions as the Chief Executive may from time to time assign to him. 6. (1) The Centre may from time to time engage such employees staff of as may be necessary for the proper and efficient conduct of the Centre- business and functions of the Centre. (2) The Centre may also engage the services of such con- sultants and advisers as the Board may, upon the recommendations of the Chief Executive determine. • (3) The Staff of the Centre shall be appointed in accordance .with the provisions of article 157 of the Constitution. (4) The employees, consultants and advisers of the Centre, shall be appointed upon such terms and conditions as the Board may, on the recommendations of the Chief Executive determine. 7. The Board may create such departments in the Centre as the Organisation Board may consider necessary for the efficient discharge of the of Centre. functions of the Centre under this Code. 8. (1) The Board may for the discharge of the functions of the Committees Centre appoint Committees of the Board comprising members of the of Board- Board or non-members or both and may assign to them such functions as the Board may determine. (2) The Board may in particular cause to be established in any Ministry whose functions relate to the functions of the Centre a technical committee to process any aspect of any application before the Centre and to advise the relevant Minister thereon. 9. (1) The Centre may open and operate bank accounts. certain (2) The Government shall provide to the Centre out of moneys provisions approved by Parliament, such sums as may be necessary for the relating to efficient discharge of its functions under this Code. Centre. (3) All fees and charges received by the Centre under this Code shall be paid into the Consolidated Fund. Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

PART II—FUNCTIONS OF CENTRE 10. (1) The functions of the Centre shall be the promotion and regulation of investments in all sectors of the . (2) Without prejudice to the general effect of subsection (1) of this section, the Centre is empowered under that subsection to carry out the following functions:— (a) advise on the priority sectors into which Government may wish to attract and direct investments; (b) carry out inspection for the purpose of ensuring full compliance with the provisions of this Code; (c) grant approvals which will qualify investors or invest- ments for the benefits specified under this Code; (d) ensure the due compliance with any enactment for the time being in force relating to investments in Ghana; (e) determine and approve the quota of expatriate emplo- yees required from time to time in respect of any approved investment or enterprise under this Code, and advise the immigration authorities for the neces- sary visas entry and work permits to be issued for them; (f) monitor arrangements for training schemes instituted in pursuance of section 25 of this Code and ensure compliance generally with that section; Of) monitor the results of benefits granted to investors or in respect of investments under this Code and advise on improvements in the investment climate; (Ji) maintain liaison between investors and Ministries, Government departments, agencies, institutional lenders, and other authorities concerned with invest- ment; (i) collect, collate, analyse and disseminate information about investment opportunities and sources of invest- ment capital, and advise, upon request, on the avail- ability, choice or suitability of partners in joint venture projects; (j) initiate and organize activities such as exhibitions, con- ferences and seminars for the stimulation of invest- ments; (k) approve and register all technology transfer contracts relating to investments in Ghana;

S Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(0 recommend legislation to encourage investments and where necessary recommend the simplification of pro- cedures relating to immigration, licensing industrial sites and land acquisition, customs clearance and other related matters; (m) do all other acts as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the purposes of this Code. (3) The Centre shall, subject to the provisions of the Con- stitution, secure all licences, authorities, approvals and permits required to be granted by any Government agency, department or authority to enable any approval granted by the Centre to have full effect. (4) Approval granted under this section shall be in the form of a document issued by the Centre to the enterprise concerned, not being inconsistent with the provisions of this Code, setting out the conditions of the approval and the benefits if any, conferred by the document. 11. (1) Approval for investments under this Code shall have Criteria for regard to the ability of the investment to contribute to the follow- aPProvals* ing:— • . • . (a) the development of the productive sectors of the national economy through the eificient utilisation of its resour- ces and economic potential; (b) the full and efficient utilisation and expansion of the productive capacity of existing enterprises; (c) the efficient saving on imports, the increase of exports and the creation and improvement of services which will assist in strengthening the balance of payments position of Ghana; (d) the encouragement of a fair country-wide distribution of investments bearing in mind the need to develop the rural areas, and to avoid undue concentration of investments in the urban areas; (e) a high level of employment; (/) the importation at reasonable cost, and transfer of technology and technical skills to and absorption thereof by persons who a re citizens of Ghana. (2) In addition to the criteria specified in subsection (1) of this section, the Centre in granting any approval, shall have regard to the effect that the project in question is likely to have on the environment. Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

PART III—RESERVED AREAS OF INVESTMENT AND PARTICIPATION BY NON-GHANAIANS IN BUSINESS IN GHANA (Enterprises required to be owned wholly or partly by the State or by Ghanaians) Swutf 12* M The enterPrises specified in the First Schedule to this Code investment, shall be reserved exclusively for Ghanaians. (2) The enterprises specified in the Second Schedule to this Code shall be reserved for the State and for Ghanaians in accordance with the provisions of that Schedule. (3) After the commencement of this Code— (i) no non-Ghanaian shall own, operate or participate in the operation of any enterprise specified in the First Schedule to this Code; (ii) no non-Ghanaian shall own, operate or participate in the operation of an enterprise specified in the Second Schedule to this Code unless permitted to do so under a licence issued by the Centre certifying that the provi- • sions of subsections (1) -and (2) of this section have been complied with. (4) An application for a licence under paragraph (ii) of subsec- tion (3) of this section shall be made to the Centre and shall contain such particulars and be accompanied by such fees as may be pres- cribed under this Code. (5) Subject to the provisions of any enactment for the time being in force, the foregoing provisions of this section other than paragraph (ii) of subsection (3) and subsection (4) shall not apply to any enterprise which was in existence immediately before the commencement of this Code which has duly complied with the provisions of the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329). (6) Where any enterprise in existence immediately before the commencement of this Code has duly complied with the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329) or any other enactment requiring such enterprise to be wholly or partly owned by the State or Ghana- ians or both, such enterprise shall be deemed to have duly complied with this section and the First and Second Schedules to this Code but this Code shall otherwise apply to such enterprise. (7) Subject to subsection (9) of this section where any such existing enterprise has not complied with any such enactment in respect of any requirement to sell the whole or part of its capital to the State or Ghanaians the Centre shall have the right to take all 10 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437 measures in respect of such compliance as the Investment Policy Implementation Committee could have taken immediately before the commencement of this Code and may also employ any of its powers under this Code for the purpose or any of the powers of the said Committee under the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329) as if the said Decree had not been repealed. (8) Any licence issued to an enterprise under section 17 of the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329) and in force imme- diately before the commencement of this Code shall, subject to the provisions of any enactment for the time being in force continue in force as if issued under subsection (3) of this section. (9) Except where otherwise expressly stated in this Code, where an enterprise of a type, which is required by this Code to be wholly or partly owned by the State or by Ghanaians or both, no ownership by the State or further ownership by other Ghanaians is required if the enterprise is already wholly owned by Ghanaians or if it is already owned by Ghanaians to the extent to which the State or Ghanaians are required to own the enterprise it shall not be necessary for the State or other Ghanaians to own any .part of the capital or such enterprise. (10) Where an enterprise which has complied with this Code or with any enactment referred to in subsection (6) of this.section so far as ownership by the State or Ghanaians is concerned, undertakes any investment in respect of which a different level of such ownership applies it shall comply with such other level in respect of that investment. 13. (1) Where the Second Schedule to this Code requires the State Special to own part of the capital of any mineral enterprise or of any enter- provisions prise engaged in the production of mineral oil, any part of the said to'minerals capital which the foreign or other investor in that enterprise wishes and oil. to sell or otherwise dispose of shall first be offered for sale to the State. (2) All gold, diamond and uranium produced in Ghana by any such enterprise shall be sold to the State or to any agency of the State designated by the Presdient and the State or such agency shall have the sole right to sell such minerals whether by export or otherwise.

PART IV—PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS AND INCENTIVES FOR INVESTORS 14. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Code— investment (a) no enterprise approved under this Code shall be sub- guarantees- ject to expropriation by the Government;

11 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

(b) no person who owns, whether wholly or in part, the capital of an enterprise approved under this Code shall be compelled by law during the period the enterprise continues to enjoy benefits under this Code to cede his interest in the capital to any other person; (c) benefits attached to an approved enterprise at the time of approval shall not, except under section 27 or 28 of this Code, be altered subsequently to its disadvantage. (2) Where, however, in exceptional circumstances an approved enterprise is taken over or the capital in it is by law ceded to another in the public interest, the Government shall pay adequate, fair and prompt compensation or ensure that adequate, fair and prompt comp- ensation is paid, as the case may be, for the take-over or cession. (3) Where there is a dispute as to the amount of compensa- tion payable under this section the matter shall, where applicable, be dealt with in the manner specified in section 17 of this Code and for that purpose any application for the approval of investment under this Code shall state that the investor shall consent to the settlement of dispute in the manner specified and an approval of the application by the Centre shall constitute the consent of the Government or any agency thereof to submit to the form of settlement.

* - • • Approved 15. An approved enterprise shall keep its accounts in such a enterprises to manner as toiprovide such information regarding disposal of profits T d payments of dividends as the Centre may direct.

Transfer of 16. Notwithstanding the provisions of any other enactment— capital, profits and (a) there shall be no restriction on— (i) the remittance of capital, to the country of origin of an investment approved under this Code, in the event of sale or the liquidation of the approved enterprise; (ii) the transfer of profits to the country of origin of the investment after adequate provision has been made for maintenance and replacement of assets, and after payment of any tax due in respect of the investment; (iii) the transfer of payment in respect of principal, interest and other financial charges where a loan has been granted to an approved enterprise by a non-resident for its purposes in accordance with the approved conditions of the loan;

12 Investment Codet 1981 Act 437

(iv) the transfer out of Ghana of fees and charges prescribed by regulations made under section 41 of this Code; (v) the entry into Ghana of the requisite foreign managerial and technical personnel for employ- ment or engagement in the approved enterprise; (b) facilities shall be provided by the Bank of Ghana to expatriate personnel employed or engaged in an approved enterprise under this Code for making remittances abroad in respect of the maintenance of their families and other contractual obligations such as insurance premiums and all contributions to provident and pension funds. 17. (1) Where any dispute arises between any non-Ghanaian Dispute investor and the Government in respect of any approved investment, se«lenient the Government shall take all necessary steps to ensure amicable pro "" settlement of the dispute. (2) Where it has proved impossible to achieve such amicable settlement then the dispute shall be settled as follows— (a) in accordance with the laid down procedure for con- ciliation or. arbitration— (i) within the framework of any bilateral or multi- lateral agreement on investment protection to which the Government and the country of which the investor is a national are parties, or (ii) within the framework of the International Con- vention for the Settlement of Investment Dis- putes between States and Nationals of other states and under the auspices of the Interna- tional Centre thereunder established; or (b) by any other international machinery for the settlement of investment disputes agreed to by the parties. 18. Upon the grant of approval by the Centre under subsection Benefits (2) (c) of section 10 of this Code in respect of any new investment !"?J*2Lt0 in any of the activities specified in Part I of the Third Schedule to investments. this Code, the investor shall or may, as the case may be^be entitled to the benefits prescribed in that Schedule in respect of the activity to which the investment relates. 19. Notwithstanding the provisions of any other enactment other Capital than the Constitution the Centre, may, in respect of building, plant, a110**" machinery, structures, roads, furniture, fixtures and fittings used for 13 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

the purposes of an approved enterprise, grant capital allowances at rates additional to the rates provided under the Income Tax Decree, 1975 (S.M.C.D. 5). Deduction 20. In determining the chargeable income of a person who has for scientific research. incurred a capital expenditure on scientific research for the purposes of the development or advancement of an approved jenterprise, there shall be deducted from that income every year for four years begin- ning with the year in which, he incurred the said expenditure, an amount equal to twenty-five per centum of such expenditure: Provided that no deductions shall be made under this section for an expenditure invested in property in respect of which capital allowances are granted under the Income Tax Decree, 1975 (S.M.C.D. 5). Avoidance 21. Approval for investments under this Code shall be given in of mono- polies. such manner as will not create privileges in the competitive position of similar investments nor tend to the establishment of monopolies.

PART V—REGISTRATION OF ENTERPRISES, PROCEDURE FOR GRANT AND CANCELLATION OF LICENCES AND APPROVALS AND OBLIGATIONS OF INVESTORS Records of 22. The Centre shall maintain such records relating to such enterprises and invest- enterprises and investments in Ghana as may be prescribed by ments in regulations made under section 41 of this Code and containing such Ghana. particulars as may be so prescribed. Applications 23. (1) Any person who intends to invest in any sector of the for approval to enjoy Ghanaian economy, and desires to enjoy any benefits conferred by benefits. Part IV of this Code, shall submit to the Centre particulars contain- ing a detailed description of the enterprise intended to be carried on. (2) The particulars required under subsection (1) of this section shall where applicable, include a detailed description of the follow- ing— (a) the industry to be established and the product to be produced; (b) the investment and financial plan showing the amount of investment in external and Ghana currencies; (e) a production scheme indicating the annual volume and value of production; {d) the day on or before which it is expected to make the services available or to commence production in commercial quantities of the product specified;

14 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(e) the locality in which it is proposed to carry on the industry; (/) the effects which the activities to be carried on by or in relation to the enterprise are likely to have on the environment (including natural resources) and the measures which the investor proposes to undertake for combating any adverse effects; (g) a services scheme, indicating the services intended to be created or to be rendered; (h) an import and export scheme indicating the anticipated volume of imports and exports; (7) inputs originating in Ghana indicating the anticipated volume of raw materials to be used; (j) an employment scheme showing a programme of train- ing for Ghanaians to acquire the requisite skills in the particular enterprise; (k) the nature of investment activity for which the appli- cant claims to qualify for benefit; (/) such other information as the Centre may from time to time determine or as may be prescribed by regula- . tions made under section 41 of this Code. (3) Upon receipt of an application under this section the Centre may call for any further particulars that appear to it necessary. (4) The Centre may then consult the concerned industries and agencies on the merits of the application. (5) The Board shall take a decision whether or not the appli- cation is approved within three months after the application has been received in good order by the Centre and shall forthwith cause the applicant to be notified of its decision. (6) An approval under this Code shall contain such conditions as the Centre may deem fit. (7) Regulations made under section 41 of this Code may also prescribe conditions to which approvals are to be subject the breach of which shall render payable any fees, taxes, duties and other charges in respect of which any benefits have been granted or enjoyed. 24. (1) Any person to whom a licence or approval has been granted Annual under this Code shall submit an annual return to the Centre in such returns, manner and form as the Centre may determine or as may be pre- scribed by regulations made under section 41 of this Code. 15 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

(2) Any person to whom a licence or approval has been granted under this Code shall furnish the Centre, on demand, with any information, document or any other evidence relating to the fulfil- ment of conditions of the licence or approval, the conditions of any permit and the determination of the extent of any benefits granted. Training 25. Any person to whom a licence or approval has been granted Schemes and employees under this Code shall:— facilities. (a) within six months from the commencement of opera- tion, institute arrangements for the training of persons who are citizens of Ghana in administrative, technical, managerial and other skills, with a view to securing the benefit of their knowledge and experience in the conduct of the enterprises concerned; (b) provide adequate facilities for the benefit and welfare of employees; and (c) submit to the Centre an annual report on the training scheme and provision of facilities under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. Assign- 26. A licence or approval given under this Code may be assigned ability of licences and only with the prior written consent of the Centre. approvals. Grounds for 27. (1) .The Centre may cause the suspension or cancellation of suspension a licence or an approval if any of the provisions of this Code or of or cancel- lation of regulations made thereunder, or if any of the conditions of the licence or approval, is not complied with and upon it doing so, the Centre may approval. decide that all or any of the fees> taxes, duties and other charges in respect of which benefits were granted shall be paid at such times as it may prescribe. (2) Where the Centre is satisfied that a licence or an approval has been obtained on the basis of fraudulent, false or knowingly misleading acts or statements, it shall cause the cancellation of the licence or approval with effect from the day on which it was granted, and all the fees, taxes, duties and other charges specified in sub- section (1) of this section shall thereupon be paid within ninety days from the date of the notice of cancellation or such longer period as the Centre may prescribe. (3) The Centre may cause the cancellation of a licence or an approval for any of the following reasons:— (a) improper use of any article imported free of duty pursuant to any customs duty exemption under this Code, such as the sale or transfer to an unauthorised person or use for any activity not directly related to the approved enterprise in respect of which the exemption was granted; 16 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(b) improper use of any benefit conferred by or under this Code; (c) liquidation of the licensed industry or approved enter- prise; (d) failure without reasonable cause stated in writing to submit a report required under this Code after sixty days' written notice of such default has been given; (e) failure without reasonable cause stated in writing to commence operations within the time stipulated in the licence or approval. 28. Where an investor relinquishes his interest in or closes down Taxes to be any enterprise within a prescribed period after he has enjoyed any ^^ benefits under an approval granted under this Code in respect of circum- that enterprise the fees, taxes, duties and other charges in respect of which benefits have been enjoyed or so much of them as the Centre may determine shall be paid at such times as the Centre may determine. . '

PART VI—APPROVAL AND REGISTRATION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CONTRACTS 29. (1) The Centre shall have power to approve' and shall also Approval maintain a register of all technology transfer contracts in Ghana. anc! •^ registration (2) Regulations made under section 41 of this Code may prescribe— contracts. (a) that a technology transfer contract is invalid if not registered under this section; (b) the form of application for approval and registration under this section and the particulars and documents to be submitted with each application; (c) the fees to be paid in respect of any application, approval or registration; (d) the circumstances in which an application must be refused; (e) appeals from the refusal of an\application; (f) any other matter that appears to the Centre to be reasonably necessary to be prescribed in relation thereto. 17 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

PART VII—IMPLEMENTATION OF RESERVED CAPITAL PROVISIONS AND ENFORCEMENT Vesting of reserved 30. (1) Where the provisions of this Code reserve any part of the capital capital of any enterprise to Ghanaians or prohibit the engagement and valuation of a non-Ghanaian in an enterprise:— (a) the price to be paid for the capital of the enterprise to be transferred to Ghanaians in order to comply with this Code shall be subject to the approval of the Centre; (b) the Centre may in such cases as it thinks fit, in writing, direct that an affected enterprise should dispose of such capital by invitation to the public in accordance with the Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179) and the enterprise shall comply with such direction; (c) in all cases to which paragraph (b) of this subsection does not apply, the sale of such capital by the enterprise concerned may be by direct negotiation or by the issue of a prospectus or by any other lawful means but such sale shall in all cases be subject to the approval of the Centre; (d) no sale shall be made at a price other than that approved by the Centre; (e) all such capital remaining unsold twelve months after the commencement of this Code or six months after the occurrence of the event which mandates the transfer of the capital to Ghanaians, whichever date is the later, shall on the expiration of that period vest in the Centre. (2) The Centre, in consultation with such financialinstitution s as shall be designated by the Minister in that behalf shall take steps to ensure that Ghanaians required to hold capital under this Code, are given every assistance, including financial assistance in the purchase of the capital. (3) Regulations may provide for the conditions under which any assistance may be granted under subsection (2) of this section. (4) Where twelve months after any capital has become vested in the Centre under subsection (1) (e) of this section the Centre has, after all reasonable efforts to that end not been able to dispose of the capital to Ghanaians as required by the Code, the Centre shall dispose of the capital in such manner as it may consider reasonable and shall after negotiation with the enterprise concerned, pay in respect of such capital such compensation as the Centre may deter- mine to be fair. 18 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

31. (1) For the purposes of the acquisition by or a subsequent Ghanaians °f transfer to any Ghanaian outside Ghana of any part of the capital for of any enterprise affected by this Code, such a Ghanaian shall be purposes of deemed to be a Ghanaian resident within the meaning of the ^jf^ Exchange Control Act, 1961 (Act 71) and that Act shall be deemed to be modified accordingly. . (2) Any Ghanaian resident outside Ghana who invests in Ghana in external currency shall be allowed to repatriate his profits, dividends and capital notwithstanding anything in the Exchange Control Act, 1961 (Act 71). 32. (1) Any person who sells or causes to be sold the capital of any Penalties enterprise directly without complying with the provisions of sub- travention of section (1) of section 30 of this Code shall be guilty of an offence and section 30. liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding fivetime s the value of the capital so sold or to imprisonment not exceeding five years or to both. (2) Any Ghanaian who buys any capital in any enterprise under this Code without complying with the provisions of section 30 . of this Code shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five times the value of the capital so bought or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding five years or both. 33. The valuation of any capital required by this Code to be held valuation of by the State shall be carried out by such body and subject to such j^jdb' e conditions as the parties may agree. state. 34. Where the owner of any capital in any enterprise affected by Acquisition Part III of this Code acquires Ghanaian citizenship after that Part °^l^ian of the Code has become applicable to him the acquisition of such nOt to^affect citizenship shall not affect the operation of section 30 in respect of character of any capital owned by him. capital. 35. The provisions of section 25 of this Code shall also apply to Section zs to every enterprise referred to in the Second Schedule to this Code and enterprises in in the case of the requirement for the institution of the training second scheme, the enterprise shall comply with the requirement within six Schedule, months from the commencement of this Code or from the date when it becomes affected by the Code whichever date is applicable. 36. (1) Any Ghanaian who allows himself to be used as a front penalty for for the purposes of defeating the objects of Part III of this Code, G^n£ians that is to say, who operates an enterprise for or on behalf of any non-Ghana- non-Ghanaian who is under Part HI of this Code not permitted to ians as operate or is disqualified from operating or is not permitted to own *°°*s in reserved for 19 Ghanaians. Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

or be part owner of any such enterprise shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a term of imprisonment not exceeding five years without the option of a fine. (2) Unless the Centre approves in writing and subject to any conditions determined by the Centre, it shall be unlawful for any Ghanaian to employ whether full time or part time, and whether directly or indirectly, any non-Ghanaian in the opeiation of any enterprise previously owned by that non-Ghanaian which the non- Ghanaian has disposed of or has purported to dispose of under section 30 of this Code or in pursuance of the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329).

Penalty for 37. (1) Notwithstanding any provision of the Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179), a person who is not a Ghanaian shall not, without merger of enterprises. the prior consent in writing of the Centre, be concerned in a merger or take-over of any enterprise the owning or part-owning by a non-Ghanaian of which is prohibited or restricted by any of the provisions in Part III of this Code. (2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) of this section shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fineno t exceeding £10,000.00 or to imprisonment not exceeding one year or to both.

PART VIII—GENERAL PROVISIONS Exemptions. 38. (1) The Centre may, with the prior approval of Parliament signified by a resolution in that behalf exempt any person or enter- prise affected by section 12 of this Code from all or any of the pro- visions of Part III of this Code and may impose in relation to such exemption such conditions as the Centre may think fit. (2) An exemption may in particular be granted under sub- section (1) of this section in respect of any person being a citizen of any country which is a member country of the Organisation of African Unity and who continues to reside and carry on business in Ghana, if the country of which he is a national also permits Ghanaians to establish and operate businesses or enterprises in that country. 39. (1) For the purposes of this Code, the Board may in writing appoint inspectors. (2) An inspector appointed under this Code shall carry out such functions for the purpose of giving full effect to this Code as the Board may determine.

20 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(3) An inspector appointed under this Code may at all reasonable times enter any premises which he reasonably suspects to be used for any purpose to which this Code applies to inspect the premises or generally to carry out any function imposed upon him under this Code or for ensuring that the provisions of this Code are complied with. 40. The Centre may request any person to supply any estimates, ^.g returns or any other information whatsoever within his knowledge request as may be specified or prescribed by the Centre which the Centre is information, satisfied to be necessary for ensuring due compliance with the pro- visions of this Code and the Centre may specify the time, the manner and form in which any such estimates, returns or any other informa- tion are to be supplied and it shall be the duty of any such person to comply with the request. 41. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Minister may, Regulations, by legislative instrument and after consultation with the Centre, make regulations— (a) providing for any matters relating to the form of applications for approval or licences under this Code; (b) regulating the registration of enterprises under this Code; (c) providing for the licensing of enterprises and granting of approval; (d) prescribing any conditions he may deem necessary for the grant of financial assistance under subsection (2) of section 30 of this Code for the purchase of capital by Ghanaians; (e) providing for anything required to be prescribed or specified under this Code; (/) prescribing fees for any approval, licence or any matter required or authorised to be done under this Code; and (g) generally for carrying out the principles and objects of this Code. (2) Regulations made under this section may prescribe in respect of any contravention of such regulations a penalty of a fine not exceeding £10,000.00 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or both; and may, for continuing offences, prescribe an additional penalty not exceeding JZ 100.00 in respect of each day on which the offence continues. 21 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

General 42. Any person who— penalties. (a) makes a statement which he knows to be false or has no reason to believe to be true in any application under this Code or in response to a reasonable request for information made by an inspector for the purposes of this Code or in. any estimates, returns, or other infor- mation required under this Code, or requested by the Centre under section 40 of this Code; or (b) refuses or neglects to give any information which an inspector may reasonably request for the purposes of this Code; or (c) refuses or neglects to supply any estimates, returns, or other information requested by the Centre under section 40 of this Code; or (d) without lawful excuse refuses to admit an inspector into his premises or otherwise obstructs an inspector's entry into his premises, or otherwise obstructs the Centre or an inspector in the carrying out of any inspection under this Code; or (e) contravenes any provision of this" Code in respect of which an offence has not been prescribed, shall be guilty of an offence and- liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding 010,000.00 or to imprisonment not exceeding five years or both; and, in the case of a continuing offence, to an additional fine not exceeding jZlOO.OO in respect of each day on which the offence continues. Official 43. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 136 of the Constitution, Secrecy. any person who in the course of his official duties in the administra- tion of this Code has possession of or control over any document or information obtained under this Code and who communicates such document or information or any part thereof to any other person to whom he is not authorised to communicate it by any enactment or by the Board shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding €10,000.00 or to imprisonment not exceeding twelve months or to both. (2) The provisions of this section shall be without prejudice to the right of the Auditor-General or any officer duly authorised by Vn'tn to have access to any records or documents for the performance of his duties under the Constitution or any enactment. Abetment 44. Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of section of offences. 5 of the Criminal Code, 1960 (Act 29) the provisions of that Code relating to abetment of an offence and to conspiracy to commit or abet an offence shall apply mutatis mutandis to every offence under this Code as they apply to offences under that Code.

22 Investment Code, 1981 . Act 437

45. Where an offence is committed under this Code or under Offences by regulations made thereunder by a body of persons then— persons? (a) in the case of a body corporate, other than a partnership, every director or officer of the body shall be deemed also to be guilty of the offence, and (b) in the case of a partnership every partner or officer of. that body shall be deemed to be guilty of that offence: Provided that no person shall be deemed to be guilty of an offence by virtue of this section if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or connivance and that he exer- cised all due care and diligence to prevent the commission of the offence having regard to all the circumstances. 46. For the avoidance of doubt, any capital owned in any enter- Pa#.tal. prise affected by Part III of this Code by a statutory corporation or sututorycor- by any other body prescribed by regulations made under section porations to 41 of this Code shall be considered as of Ghanaian ownership, State gj^f or private as the case may be. holding.

47. (1) In this Code unless the context otherwise requires— interpreta- tion. " approved enterprise " means an enterprise approved by the Centre under subsection (2) (c) cf section 10 of this Code as qualifying for any of the benefits specified in Part IV of or the Third Schedule to this Code; " approved " means approved under subsection (2) (c) of section 10 of this Code; " base minerals " means all minerals and mineral sub- stances, other than precious metals; precious stones, mineral oils, natural gases and coal, and includes all such slimes, concentrates, slags, tailings and residues as are valuable and contain base minerals as defined in this subsection; " beer " includes stout; " benefits " includes facilities and exemptions conferred on approved enterprises under the Third Schedule to this Code; " capital" means all cash contributions, plant, machi- nery, equipment, buildings, spare parts, raw materials and other business assets other than goodwill; " company " means a company registered under the Com- panies Code, 1963 (Act 179); 23 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

"crude oil" means all substances composed principally of hydrocarbons which occur naturally in the sub-soil, and which at standard temperature and pressure are in a liquid state; " employed capital" in relation to an enterprise, means the net current assets plus net fixedasset s of the enterprise as reflected in the accounts or statement of that enter- prise submitted to the Central Revenue Department for the purpose of income tax returns for the year of assessment next following the year of assessment in which, the enterprise was established; '* enterprise " means an industry, project, undertaking or business or an enlargement of any such industry, undertaking, project, or business, or any part of any such industry, undertaking, project or business; "exploration" means intentionally conducting detailed evaluation by means of excavations, boring, drilling required for the purpose on a mineral deposit, so as to determine the size, shape, volume, quantity, quality for mining and extraction of the mineral and mineral substances; " external currency " has the same meaning as it has under the Exchange Control Act, 1961 (Act 71); " Ghanaian " means any citizen of Ghana or any company, partnership or association or body (whether corporate or unincorporate) the entire capital or financial interest in which is owned by citizens of Ghana, and includes the State and a statutory corporation; " Government" means the Government of Ghana; "market" means a public or open place established by local custom or by the appropriate local government council for the purpose of buying and selling and any other public place used substantially for the said purpose; "mine" means any place, excavation or working whether underground or open, whereon, wherein, or whereby any operation in connexion with mining purposes is carried on; "mine", when used as a verb, means to carry on any operation with the object of winning precious metals, base minerals, or mineral oil or natural gas from the earth;

24 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

" minerals " means all minerals and mineral substances otherthan—* (a) mineral oils and natural gases; (b) sand, clay and stone, including limestone; " mineral enterprise " means an enterprise engaged in the extraction or processing of mineral raw materials other than oil, natural gas or salt; " Minister " means the Minister responsible for Finance and Economic Planning; " natural gas " means all substances composed principally of hydrocarbons which occur naturally in the sub- soil, and which at standard temperature and pressure are in a gaseous state; " non-Ghanaian " means a person other than a Ghanaian; " ore " means all forms of mineral or mineral aggregates which in the abstract are of economic value; " overseas business representation" means the carrying on of business in Ghana by any person as an agent for the sale or promotion of the sale of a product or group of proudcts of a principal not resident in Ghana in consideration for remuneration or other financial reward from the principal; " own " in relation to any enterprise, includes the holding of any proprietary interest in the enterprise beneficially; " participation " means hi relation to an enterprise, owner- ship of the capital or proprietary interest in the enter- prise to the extent (if any) specified; " petroleum" means all liquid or gaseous substances composed principally of hydrocarbons which occur naturally in the sub-soil, and includes natural gas, crude oil, oil shales, oil sands and substances com- monly known in the petroleum industry as gas condensate and liquified petroleum gas; " precious metals " means— (a) the metals gold, silver, platinum, indium and platinoid metals in an unmanufactured state, and includes all such slimes, concentrates, slags, tailings, residues and amalgams as are valuable and contain such precious metals; 25 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

(b) any other metals which the President has, on the advice of the Centre, declared in the Gazette to be precious metals for the purposes of this Code, and the ores of any such metals; " precious stones" means rough or uncut diamonds, emeralds, rubies and sapphires and any other sub- stances which the President has on the advice of the Centre, declared in the Gazette to be precious stones for the purposes of this Code, and the ores of any such stones; " prescribed " means prescribed by regulations made under section 41 of this code; " prospecting " means intentionally searching for precious metals, gem stones, base minerals or mineral oil by means which disturb the surface of the earth, and includes all excavations necessary for the purpose, whether by underground or open working or otherwise, as well as boring and all work necessary for or inciden- tal to such searching, but does not include mining. " technology transfer contract ."• means any contract by which a person transfers technological knowledge to another person, or grants permission to another person, whether or not a party to the contract, to do any act otherwise prohibited under a patent or trade mark or other industrial property right registered in the United Kingdom or registered in a member state of the International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property or registered in accordance with the role of international registration contained in the international conventions concluded in this respect and held by persons resident outside Ghana and per- taining to the project to which the transfer relates; " timber enterprise " means any enterprise engaged in the production, felling or processing of trees for building and other commercial purposes including the manufac- ture of plywood and veneer; " year of assessment" has the same meaning as in the Income Tax Decree, 1975 (S.M.C.D. 5). (2) In the case of a new enterprise to which the definition of " employed capital" does not apply, any reference in this Code to " employed capital" shall be deemed to be a reference to the capital of that enterprise. 26 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(3) In this Code " Ghanaian " includes any company incor- porated in Ghana to the extent to which the capital of that company is owned by Ghanaians as defined in subsection (1) of this section. 48. (1) The provisions of this Code shall have effect notwith- v standing any enactment to the contrary other than the Constitution override ° whether relating to exchange control, taxation or otherwise and existing any enactment in force immediately before the commencement of lesisiation. this Code shall have effect with such modifications as may be neces- sary to give effect to the provisions of this Code. (2) Without prejudice to subsection (1) and notwithstanding the provisions of section 294 of the Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179) it shall be lawful for the regulations of any company to impose in respect of any share or debenture of that company a restriction to the effect that such share or debenture shall be transferable only to Ghanaians. 49. The Manufacturing Industries Act, 1971 (Act 356) is hereby Manufac- amended as follows:— '™ns . Industries (a) by the insertion immediately after subsection (2) of Act> 1971 section 1, of the following new subsection— amended. " (3) The Minister shall issue a licence under this section to a manufacturing enterprise approved by the Ghana Investments Centre. ", and (b) by the substitution for section 11 thereof of the follow- ing new section— "Exemptions 11. The Minister may, after con- sultation with the Ghana Investments Centre, exempt any person or industry from all or any of the provisions of this Act". 50. (1) The following enactments are hereby repealed—• Repeals and (i) Section 7 of the Insurance (Amendment) Decree, 3avinss'etc- 1972(N.R.C.D.95); (ii) Capital Investments Decree, 1973 (N.R.C.D. 141); (iii) Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329); (iv) Investment Policy (Amendment) Decree, 1975 (S.M.C.D. 6); (v) Investment Policy (Amendment) Decree, 1976 (S.M.C.D. 30); (vi) Insurance (Amendment) Decree* 1976 (S.M.C.D. 31); (vii) Investment Policy (Amendment) (No. 2) Decree, 1976 (S.M.C.D. 34);

27 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

(viii) Investment Policy (Amendment) (No. 3) Decree, 1976 (S.M.C.D. 37); and (ix) Capital Investments (Amendment) Decree, 1977 (S.M.C.D. 123). (2) Notwithstanding the repeal of the Capital Investments Decree, 1973 (N.R.C.D. 141) any agreement executed thereunder and in force immediately before the commencement of this Code shall continue in force as if made under this Code and applications pending before the Capital Investments Board shall be deemed to have been made to the Centre: Provided that agreements continued in force by this subsection shall, unless modified by any new agreement entered into with the Centre confer only the benefits previously enjoyed under the said agreements before the commencement of this Code. (3) Notwithstanding the repeal by this section of any enact- ment any statutory instruments made thereunder and in force immediately before the commencement of this Code shall continue in force as if they were regulations made under section 41 of this Code. . (4) All property and rights vested in the Investment Policy Implementation Committee established under the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329) immediately before the commence- ment of this Code shall vest in the Centre. (5) All matters pending before the said Committee imme- diately before the commencement of this Code shall be taken over and completed by the Centre and for that purpose the Centre shall have in addition to its powers under this Code all the powers of the said Committee. (6) The Ghanaian Enterprises Development Commission shall continue in existence and shall be charged with the implementation of this Code in relation to the enterprises described in the First Schedule to this Code; and accordingly, without prejudice to the general effect of section 6 of the Interpretation Act, 1960 (C.A. 4) all the powers of the Commission in relation to the enterprises specified in the First Schedule to the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329) shall apply to the enterprises specified in the First Schedule to this Code. (7) The Ghanaian Enterprises Development Commission shall, each year, submit to the Centre at such time as the Centre may prescribe, an annual report on the performance of the functions referred to in subsection (6) of this section, and shall also submit from time to time such other reports as the Centre may request in writing in respect of those functions.

28 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

FIRST SCHEDULE ENTERPRISES WHOLLY RESERVED FOR GHANAIANS

PART A—COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES 1. Any enterprise concerned with retail or wholesale trade, unless such business is carried on by or within a department store or a supermarket whion has an employed capital of not less than (22,000,000.00. 2. The sale of anything whatsoever in any market, petty trading, hawking or selling from a kiosk at any place. 3. Overseas business representation unless the enterprise has an employed capital of not less than $22,000,000.00. 4. Operation of taxi service and car hire service. 5. The sale under hire-purchase contract of motor vehicles including taxis or vehicles intended to be used in the operation of taxi service or a car hire service. 6. Produce brokerage. 7. Advertising agencies and public relations business. 8. All aspects of pool betting business and lotteries. 9. Estate agency. 10. Travel agency. 11. Lighterage services unless the enterprise has an employed capital of not less than £2,000,000.00. 12. Commercial transportation of passengers by land.

PART B—INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES (INCLUDING SERVICE INDUSTRIES) 1. Bakery; 2. Manufacture of foam materials; 3. Operation of beauty salons and barbers' shops; 4. Manufacture of cement blooks for sale; 5. Ordinary manufacture or tailoring or both of garments such as joromi, shirts, blouses, ladies dresses, children's wear; 6. Textile screen hand printing (including tie and dye); 7. Tyre retreading; 8. Manufacture of suitcases, briefcases, portfolios, handbags, shopping bags, purses, wallets.

29 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

SECOND SCHEDULE

PART A—ENTERPRISES PART OF WHOSE CAPITAL IS REQUIRED TO BE OWNED BY THE STATE 1. In the case of mineral enterprises and enterprises engaged in the produc- tion of mineral oil or natural gas, the State, shall participate in accordance with the terms agreed between the Centre and the foreign investor. 2. The State shall be entitled to participate in any enterprise to which para- graph 1 of this Part relates whether or not the capital of that enterprise is already wholly or partly owned by Ghanaians.

PART B—ENTERPRISES PART OF WHOSE CAPITAL IS REQUIRED TO BE OWNED BY GHANAIANS AS DEFINED IN SECTION 47 OF THIS CODE 1. Enterprises not less than sixty per centum of whose capital is required to be owned by Ghanaians— Any enterprise carrying on in Ghana insurance business as defined in the Insurance Act, 1965 (Act 288). 2. In enterprises engaged in banking business, Ghanaians shall own not less than forty per centum of the capital. 3. In the following enterprises Ghanaians shall participate in accordance with the terms agreed between the Ghanaian and foreign investor and approved by the Centre:— Commercial Enterprises (i) Department stores and supermarkets being enterprises exemp- ted administratively or by executive instrument from the provi- sions of section 11 of the Ghanaian Business (Promotion) Act, 1970 (Act 334) or exempted under section 38 of this Code from the minimum requirements of capital prescribed or the mini- mum Ghanaian ownership of its capital required by this Code; (ii) Distribution and servicing of motor vehicles and tractors, and spare parts thereof or other similar objects; (iii) Distribution agencies for machines and technical equipment; (iv) Operation of industrial laundry and dry cleaning; (v) Shipping; (vi) Distribution of petroleum products and lubricants; (vii) Commercial transportation of goods including the operation of tankers; (viii) Casinos;

30 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(Ix) Clearing and fprwarding agencies; (x) Operation of cold stores and ice making; (xi) Any enterprise engaged in retail or wholesale trade where the business is carried on within a department store or a super- market the employed capital of which enterprise is not less than £2,000,000.00; (xii) Overseas business representation where the employed capital of the enterprise is not less than 02,000,000.00; (xiii) Lighterage services where the employed capital of the enter- prise is not less than 02,000,000,00.

Industrial Enterprises (Including Service Industries) (i) Laundry and dry cleaning; (ii) Manufacture of charcoal; (iii) Manufacture of furniture (including knock-down furniture for export); (iv) Terrazzo work; (v) Manufacture of confectionery; (vi) Slaughtering of animals for human consumption and storage, processing and distribution of meat; (vii) Operation of cinemas; (viii) Motor workshops; (ix) Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and perfumery; (x) Sawmilling; (xi) Manufacture of insecticides, pesticides and fungicides; (xii) Assembly of motor vehicles and cycles; (xiii) Manufacture of plastic, metal and paper containers; (xiv) Manufacture of paints, varnishes or other similar products; (xv) Manufacture of packaging materials; (xvi) Manufacture of wire, nails, washers, bolts, nuts, rivets and other similar articles; (xvii) Printing of books and stationery (including publishing); (xviii) Manufacture of mosquito coil; (xix) Manufacture of metal products; (xx) Paper conversion; (xxi) Assembly of household electrical equipment and appliances; (xxii) Manufacture of jewellery and related articles; 31 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

(xxiii) Manufacture of candles; (xxiv) Fish processing; (xxv) Manufacture of footwear; (xxvi) Blending and bottling of alcoholic drinks; (xxvii) Manufacture of plastic products; (xxviii) Estate development (including building contracting work); (xxix) Manufacture of ball-point pens, lead pencils and coloured pencils; (xxx) Manufacture of glass, mirrors and optical equipment; (xxxi) Manufacture of gramophone records; (xxxii) Manufacture of chalk and writing ink; (xxxiii) Manufacture of biscuits; (xxxiv) Ceramics; (xxxv) Any enterprise which is engaged in the production of the follow- ing— (a) Sugar, salt, soap, detergents; (b) Fertilizers, petroleum products, lubricants; (c) Matchets, hoes and all agricultural implements; • . (d) Animal feed, milk and baby food; (e) Textiles (by all forms of processes other than textiles screen hand printing tie and dye); (/) Matches, cement, rubber and products and flour; (xxxvi) Any enterprise engaged in the brewing of beer; (xxxvii) Any enterprise engaged in the production or preparation of tobacco or the manufacture of tobacco products; (xxxviii) Any timber enterprise.

THIRD SCHEDULE PRIORITY AREAS OF INVESTMENT AND BENEFITS PART I—ACTIVITIES 1. Agriculture (a) Production of the following:— (i) crops-cereals, vegetables, fruits, industrial crops or crops for vegetable oils; (if) livestock-ruminants, non-ruminants and poultry; (iii) fish, whether from the sea or from inland sources; (iv) decorative flowersfo r export; 32 investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(b) Processing or preservation of agricultural produce from the enterprise's own farm; (c) Back-stopping projects involving the provision of services; (d) Any other agricultural activities that may be prescribed by regula- tions made under section 41 of this Code. 2. Mining Industry (a) Mineral prospecting, exploration, and mining; (b) Large-scale processing, beneficiation and extraction of mineral and mineral substances and products; (c) Mineral oils, natural gas, mining, extraction and processing of crude oil, natural gas, petroleum, and petroleum products; (d) Quarrying for building and construction stone, ornamental stone, road metal, limestone, clays, sands, and for soils containing sub- stance of commercial value; (e) Well-drilling or boring for water, for industrial and domestic consumption; (/) Any other similar activity that may be prescribed by regulations made under section 41 of this Code. 3. Manufacturing Industries (a) Agro-based industries; (b) Pharmaceuticals such as drugs, vaccines, antibiotics and serums, veterinary preparations, pesticides and herbicides; (c) Processing of raw materials originating in Ghana and production of intermediates; (d) Fish processing; (e) Production of animal feed and fertilizer; (f) Manufacture of replacement parts and machine tools; (g) Manufacture of agricultural equipment and spare parts, fishing boats and gear; (h) Large-scale lime-based industries such as clinker; (j) Industries of strategic importance such as manufacture of pulp and paper, caustic soda, alumina, aluminium, petrochemicals, iron and steel. . , (j) Any other similar activity as may be prescribed by regulations made under section 41 of this Code. 33 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

4; Exports (a) New Enterprises Manufacture or processing by industries established after the commence- ment of this Code of products for export of which at least fifty per centum of the total cost of production originates in Ghana and if at least seventy- five per centum of the enterprise's total production is exported; (b) Existing Enterprises Manufacture or processing by enterprises existing at the commence- ment of this Code of products for export utilising idle capacity if the manufacturer does not employ for the purpose any import licences and also satisfies such other conditions as the Centre may determine.

5. Tourism Enterprises concerned with the development of the tourist industry:— (a) establishment of hotels and other tourist accommodation; (b) any other activity related to tourism as may be prescribed by regula- tions made under section 41 of this Code.

6. Construction and Building Industries (a) Construction of roads, railways, bridges and real estate; (b) Large-scale processing of wood products; (c) Metal products; .. . (d) Ceramic products; (e) Brick and tile making; (f) Builder's hardware mainly from raw materials derived from Ghana; (g) Any other products for the construction and building industries as . may be prescribed by regulations made under section 41 of this Code.

7. Non-Metropolitan Industries Any enterprise not carrying on any of the activities specified in para- graphs 1-6 of this Part of this Schedule but which has as its principal object the operation of an approved manufacturing industry which has its principal place of operation situated in a place outside the area of authority of the Accra City Council and the Tema District Council. 34 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

PART II—BENEFITS

Sub-part A—GENERAL BENEFITS Ail enterprises approved under this Code shall be entitled to the foEowing benefits— " 1. Complete exemption from the payment of customs duties on machinery, equipment and accessories imported specially and exclusively for the establishment of the approved enterprise for the first five years; 2. Complete exemption from the payment of customs duties on spare parts and other imports other than raw materials, imported specially and exclusively for the approved enterprise for ths first three years after the establishment of the enterprise; 3. Guaranteed manufacturing or establishment licence; 4. Guaranteed immigration quota for necessary expatriate personnel; 5. Exemption from selective alien employment tax under the Selective Alien Employment Tax Decree, 1973 (N.R.C.D. 201) for the first five years; 6. Guaranteed personal remittance quota for expatriate personnel and exemption of such expatriate personnel in respect of any external currency transferred in pursuance of such quota from any tax imposed by any enactment in respect of the transfer of external currency out of Ghana.

Sub-part 3—SPECIAL BENEFITS The following enterprises shall be entitled to, or as the case may be, may be granted by the Centre the special benefits as specified in relation thereto in this Sub-part in addition to those specified in Sub-part A of this Part:— 1. Agriculture (a) All approved agricultural enterprises shall be entitled to complete exemption from payment of company income tax for the first five years but shall not be entitled to declare or pay dividends until after the benefit conferred by this sub-paragraph has terminated; (b) All foreign companies which invest blocked funds of repatriable status being held in Ghana in any approved enterprise in agricul- ture, shall be entitled to the following facilities— (i) special import licence for bringing in essential machinery and equipment required for the enterprise; (ti) for every cedi invested, permission for the immediate transfer of thirty-five pesewas out of the blocked funds; 35 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

(iii) for every one cedi profit from the agricultural enterprise that could have been repatriated that is reinvested, permission for the transfer of fifty pesewas out of the investor's accumulated blocked funds; (iv) where the investment has a gestation period of more than one year, the investor shall, after the year, be granted permission to transfer in respect of each year (including the first year), out of blocked funds fifteen pesewas per one cedi invested. This facility applies also to any addi- tional investment made for the expansion of the enter- prise. For cattle rearing, oil palm, rubber, citrus and cashew-nut plantations, the rate of transfer shall be twenty: pesewas per cedi of investment. For the avoidance of doubt " blocked funds of repatriable status " in this sub-paragraph means accumulated dividends or profits or pre-1972 import credits or proceeds of foreign-owned capital sold to Ghanaians under the Investment Policy Decree, 1975 (N.R.C.D. 329) held by the Bank of Ghana awaiting transfer or any other funds certified as such by the Minister. (c) The Centre may grant to each approved agricultural enterprise all or any of the following benefits depending on the area of activity— (i) in the special case of livestock and tree crops with a gestation period over four years, exemption from pay- ment of company income tax and customs duties for up to ten years: Provided that such an enterprise shall not be entitled to declare or pay dividends until the exemption from the payment of company income tax has terminated; (ii) in the case of every agricultural enterprise, exemption of management staff from income tax relating to furnished accommodation at farm site; (iii) in the case of every agricultural enterprise in which there is foreign participation, guaranteed management control for the foreign investor for such period as the Centre may determine. 2. Mining Industry (a) All mining enterprises engaged in any of the activities specified in paragraph 2 of Part I of this Schedule shall, in relation to such activity, be entitled to the following benefits— (i) complete exemption from the payment of company income tax for as long as the company has not recovered the whole of its initial development expenditure; but shall not be entitled to declare dividends until after the benefit conferred by this sub-paragraph has terminated; 36 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

(ii) guaranteed management control for the foreign investor in enterprises with foreign participation for as long as the company has not recovered the whole of its initial development expenditure. (b)\ In the case of mineral exploration and exploitation the Centre may grant to an approved enterprise all or any of the following benefits:— (i) exemption from payment of turnover tax:— (ii) payment of royalty on gold produced to be based on mill- head grade of ore mined on a sliding scale from a mini- mum of two per centum to a maximum of six per centum on the gross value of minerals won; (iii) payment of company income tax to be limited to a maximum of forty-five per centum; (iv) exemption of management staff from income tax relating to furnished accommodation on mine camp.

3. Manufacturing Industries (a) All manufacturing industries engaged in any activity specified in paragraph 3 of Part I of this Schedule may be granted by the Centre in respect of that activity complete exemption from the payment of company income tax for such period not exceeding five years as^the Centre may determine: Provided that the enterprise shall not be entitled to declare or pay dividends until after the benefit conferred under this sub- paragraph has terminated; (b) Where any activity specified in paragraph 3 of Part I of this Sche- dule continues to be performed outside the area of authority of the Accra City Council and the Tema District Council at the expiration of the enjoyment of the benefits specified in paragraph 1 of Sub-part A of this Part of this Schedule and sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph the Centre may grant to such enterprise the following benefits— (i) a reduction of twenty-five per centum in the company income tax payable; (ii) a remission of twenty-five per centum of customs duties in respect of all its machinery, equipment and spare parts imported specifically and exclusively for the approved enterprise.

37 Act 437 Investment Code, 1981

4, Exports (a) All export enterprises engaged in any activity specified in para- graph 4 of Part I of this Schedule may be granted by the Centre in respect of that activity complete exemption from the payment of company income tax for such period as the Centre may deter- mine: Provided that the enterprise shall not be entitled to declare or pay dividends until after the benefit conferred under this sub- paragraph has terminated; (b) Any such export enterprise may be granted by the Centre the following benefits:— (i) a special duty drawback of twenty-five per centum on all raw materials imported and exclusively used for export orders and on which customs duties have been paid; (ii) a percentage of the proceeds of sale may be held in a foreign exchange account to meet repayment of initial suppliers' or other credit under the control of the Bank of Ghana, and may only be utilized by the manufacturer for purposes authorised by the Bank of Ghana.

5. Tourism (a) All tourist enterprises engaged in any activity specified in para- graph 5 of Part 1 of this Schedule may be granted by the Centre complete exemption from the payment of company income tax for such period not exceeding five years as the Centre may deter- mine: Provided that the enterprise shall not be entitled to declare or pay dividends until after the benefit conferred under this sub- paragraph has terminated. (b) The Centre may grant to any such enterprise all or any of the following benefits:— (i) complete exemption from customs duties on items determined by the Centre as needed for the establishment, construction and efficient operation of the approved enterprise where such goods are certified by the Centre as not being immediately available in Ghana; (ii) capital allowances at rates additional to the rates provided under the Income Tax Decree, 1975 (S.M.C.D. 5) as determined by the Centre. 38 Investment Code, 1981 Act 437

Construction and Building Industries All construction and building enterprises engaged in any activity specified in paragraph 6 of Part I of this Schedule may be granted by the Centre in respect of that activity the following benefits— (a) Complete exemption from payment of company income tax for such period not exceeding five years as the Centre may determine but shall not be entitled to declare or pay dividends until after the benefit conferred by this sub-paragraph has terminated: Provided that the benefit conferred by this sub-paragraph shall not apply in respect of specific construction and building contracts; (6) Exemption of the management staff from income tax relating to furnished accommodation on construction or building site.

7. Non-Metropolitan Industries (a) All enterprises described in paragraph 7 of Part I of this Schedule may be granted by the Centre complete exemption from payment of company income tax for such period not exceeding five years as the Centre may determine: Provided that such enterprise shall not be entitled to declare or pay dividends until the benefit conferred by this sub-paragraph has terminated; (b) Any such enterprise may be granted by the Centre the following benefits— (i) for enterprises situated within the area of authority of a District Council responsible for any Regional capital:— (a) a reduction of thirty per centum in the company tax payable; (b) a remission of thirty per centum of customs duties in respect of all machinery, equipment and spare parts imported specifically and exclusively for the approved enterprise; (ii) For any enterprise outside the area of authority of any of the District Councils responsible for any Regional capital:— (a) a reduction of forty per centum in the company tax payable; (£) a remission of forty per centum of customs import duty in respect of all machinery, equipment and spare parts imported specifically and exclusively for the approved enterprise. 39 PR1N.BD BV THE GHANA PUBLISHING CORPORATION (HUNTING DIVISION) ACCRA-TEMA. GHANA GPC/A«J7f5,000/9/81 Price €1(5.00 APPENPII 7

Geological Log of SHELL SfaKiase - 1 Well

Geological Log of SHELL Premuase - 1

0 - 11m i Loose sand and grarel 11 - 24m : Sandstone, brick red to chocolate coloured; fine to rery fine, angular to sub-rounded; hard, well cemented with argillaceous material* occasionally ferruginous with traces of pyrite, mica and chloritic material* 24 - 33m : Shale, red, moderately hard, very silty to sandy with traces of mica and pyrite; grading to silts tone. 33 - 36m ; Siltstone, light grey, moderately hard with carbonaceous specks; occasionally sandy and slightly calcareous* 36 . 54a t Sandstone, reddish-brown occasional grains of anhydrite (?). 54 - 78m : Shale/Clays tone, greenish grey, slightly to rery silty, moderately hard, occasionally slightly calcareous with, traces of pyrite and carbonaceous specks*. 78 - 237m s Predominantly sandstone, light greenish grey, hard, very fine with argillaceous cement and containing pyritic nodules; alternating with bands of shale/daystone, green-grey, silty, sometimes with well laminated reddish bands; grading to siltstone and finally to clays tone. 237 - 273m t Claystone, light grey, fairly soft with carbonaceous specks, sometimes sandy to silty and only occasionally slightly calcareous* 273 * 399m : Siltstone, greenish grey, moderately hard, sandy to very sandy, occasionally slightly calcareous and pyritic, in±erbedded with very fine grey-green sandstone and silty to sandy shale and light grey days tone. 399 - 504a : Shale, grey green,moderately hard, very silty with thin bands of ailtstone and sandstone. Braces of pyrite -throughout and occasionally slightly calcareous* 504 - 602m : Silts tone, grey green, moderately hard, sandy, occasionally slightly calcareous. 602 - 654a 1 Shales, chocolate brown and grey, moderately hard, non-calcareous and slightly silty with stringers of grey linestone and brownish white muds tone with chalky streaks towards bottom, 654 - 672a t Dark brown to dark red silts tone with bands of dark brown strongly calcareous shale at 660 • 663a* 672 - 777a. s Shale,- variegated light brown and green, moderately hard, with bands of brownish white argillaceous limesto- ne. 777 - 870m t Mainly silts tone dark, brown to light green, fine to very fine, occasionally calcareous with interbedded shales, sandstones and limestones of variegated brown- ish white, green and occasionally orange colours* 870 - 909a : Alternating silts tone/shale dark brown to light green with limestone bands. 9P9 - 927m : Silts tone, greenish grey grading to dark brown sands tone• 927 - 1132a s Predominantly shaly section with characteristically bright variegated colours of light green through chocolate and reddish fcroircts bands of silts-tone clay stone aad saastetoneL but with lines tones absent towards bottom and little or no calcareous material in the shales and. silts tones, 1132 - 1167.5m i Light greenish-grey fine grained argillaceous sandstone with, thin shaly laminae.t very hard and with only slight traces of. calcareous matter in the cement*

APPENDIX 71

Possible Input of the Gfcrariastric Map Interpretation to the Definition of BroapectiTe A£aas

FCSSZ3IS IITFTJT OF THS GRA7IK5TRIC I-I/.F HTT35F5ETATIOIT TO TED D35TITITIQIT 0? FP.03F5CTI7I: AICA:? (1/1000.000 30U3IJ33 •.'JTQE.'.IY KAP BY r3CC&, 1974) In the central part of ihe Yolta basin, the gravimetric configuration is that of a lT3-~-," (IT. 60 n) trending system made of two parallel "branches of minima sandt-n.ch.ed between maxima (Fig.l) The minima 'branches each approxinatively 30 km. vri.de could, be related to a thickening of Upper 7cltaian sediments. The Northern branch runs through Acibo, tfuli Falari, Nianta, Yala, Tuluwe and Bkaiasndei. The Southern branch runs through "ulasi, Kulupi^ Kakongo, Longasi, and Abeasi. This two branched pattern interpret®^ in terns of paleogeography features, may delineate a potential target for uranium exploration: a major drainage system originating from the uraniferous Dahoneyan to the 2ast. This interpretation is in agreement vrith the results of -file drilling carried out by the Soviet Geological Survey Team. It is indeed of interest to observe that the tectonic trend so outlined (ll 60 E) can be further traced JTortheastwards up to Nigeria through an alignement of gravity lows. On the other hand, Southvestvrards, this trend appears to coincide with the continental, extension of the • oceanic fracture that runs ITorth of the Somanche fracture (EASCLE 1977) (Fig.2). This coincidence suggests that it has been an active fracture system much prior to the initiation of the Hesozoic rifting and that its origin can. be traced back to Froterosoic times. In turn, such a suggestion which underlines a taphrogenic origin of the trend, is in agreement with recent interpretation of geophysical data regarding kimberlite emplace- ment (EA3TUTGS .1980). Indeed the distribution of diamond occurrences in southern Ghana is compatible dth a IT 50° to IT 60° kinberlite trend.

This observation is of particular interest as it has been noticed in various uraniferous provinces that, irrespective cf typologies and ares, uranium ere bodies tend to line up along taphregsnic structures t.-hich bear evidence of recurring activity throu.~hout. geological times. Minima axis

Fig. 1. Schematic Bouguer Anomaly Hap of Ghana; contour interval lomGal. (modified after HASTXBGS, 1980). ra

JfflBir J to