land Article Assessing Climate Smart Agriculture and Its Determinants of Practice in Ghana: A Case of the Cocoa Production System Felix Akrofi-Atitianti 1,2,* ID , Chinwe Ifejika Speranza 1,2,3, Louis Bockel 4 and Richard Asare 5 1 Institute of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
[email protected] 2 Institute for Environment and Human Security, United Nations University, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany 3 Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 4 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
[email protected] 5 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB L56, Legon, Ghana;
[email protected] * Correspondence: felix_akrofi@yahoo.com; Tel.: +49-1737861062 Received: 5 January 2018; Accepted: 27 February 2018; Published: 4 March 2018 Abstract: Agriculture in Africa is not only exposed to climate change impacts but is also a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs). While GHG emissions in Africa are relatively minimal in global dimensions, agriculture in the continent constitutes a major source of GHG emissions. In Ghana, agricultural emissions are accelerating, mainly due to ensuing deforestation of which smallholder cocoa farming is largely associated. The sector is also bedevilled by soil degradation, pests, diseases and poor yields coupled with poor agronomic practices. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) thus offers a way to reduce the sector’s GHG emissions and to adapt the sector to the adverse impacts of climate change. This study assesses the potential of CSA vis-à-vis conventional cocoa systems to enhance production, mitigate and/or remove GHG emissions and build resilience, in addition to understanding key determinants influencing CSA practices.