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A Case Study of Pursat Province, Cambodia

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A Case Study of Pursat Province, Cambodia Examining Adaptations to Changing Fish Populations of Tonlé Sap Lake in Cambodia: A Case Study of Pursat Province, Cambodia By Natachia Bond A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Natachia Bond, September, 2015 ABSTRACT EXAMINING ADAPTATIONS TO CHANGING FISH POPULATIONS OF TONLÉ SAP LAKE IN CAMBODIA: A CASE STUDY OF PURSAT PROVINCE, CAMBODIA Natachia Bond Advisor: University of Guelph, 2015 Professor E. Fraser Cambodia is a poverty-stricken country whose rural residents rely heavily on natural resources from Southeast Asia’s largest freshwater lake, the Tonlé Sap. Some experts are concerned anthropogenic and climate changes threaten this resource. The purpose of this research is to explore livelihoods and the extent to which fishers perceive their livelihoods to be changing in order to better understand strategies for managing the Tonlé Sap. This research is based on a household survey (N=181) in Pursat Province, a fishery dependent province on the southwest shore of the lake, to understand: 1) current livelihood strategies; 2) household demographics; and 3) how fishers perceive changes to fish populations. The results suggest: 1) there is a broad perception that fish catches have remained stable but that there has been a decrease in fish size and species diversity; and 2) most fishing households are resistant to change their livelihood strategies and “locked” into fishing. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Evan Fraser, for all his guidance, support, and patience with my eccentric ideas. I am very thankful to have had the opportunity to be part of the Cambodia project with the funding of the larger research project through the Belmont Forum and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for my own research. The project allowed me to meet a lot of amazing and passionate people, and be part of something bigger than a master's thesis. Throughout the project, I had the constant guidance and support of my Cambodia-based mentor and friend, Dr. Vittoria Elliott; her support helped me throughout my field season and ensured it was incredibly successful. Also, Dr. Krishna KC was instrumental in the development of the socioeconomic survey that was used in this research project. I would also like to thank my committee member, Dr. John Lindsay and resident GIS expert, Adam Bonnycastle for their GIS advice. As well, Marie Publisher deserves credit for creating a beautiful study site map for me from my data. Also, a big thanks to my other committee member, Dr. Neil Rooney, and the food-web biology team for all of their support and taking me in while my advisor was on sabbatical. I have to pay my gratitude to Dr. Alex Legwegoh for his feedback and advice on the development of my wealth category, and the diligent and meticulous proof-reading of Marion Davies. Finally, Nance Grieve has been a pillar of support throughout my master's career; without her academic and emotional support, I would not have been nearly as successful as I have been. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Equations .......................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vii Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Background Context .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Structure of the Thesis ........................................................................................................... 4 Chapter Two: Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Background ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Impacts on the Biophysical System ....................................................................................... 8 2.1.0 Impact of Dams ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Impact of Deforestation ................................................................................................ 11 2.1.2 Impact of Climate Change ............................................................................................ 13 2.1.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Fishery Policy Changes ....................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Fishers in Cambodia ............................................................................................................ 19 2.4 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter Three: Methodology ........................................................................................................ 21 3.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Study Design ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.1.0 Survey Questionnaire .................................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Participatory Mapping ................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Site Selection ....................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.0 Province Description ..................................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 Selecting Villages ......................................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 Selecting Participants .................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................................... 31 3.4 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 33 3.4.0 New Variables ............................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) of Villages .............................................................. 44 3.4.2 Mapping Fishing Locations in ArcGIS ......................................................................... 45 3.4.3 Mean Centre Analysis in ArcGIS ................................................................................. 49 v 3.4.4 Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact Test in SPSS ................................................................ 55 3.5 Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 56 3.6 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 57 Chapter Four: An Analysis of Fishing Locations and Techniques Employed by Pursat Fishers . 59 4.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 59 4.1 Fishing Locations................................................................................................................. 59 4.1.0 Household Ethnicity ...................................................................................................... 59 4.1.1 Family Occupation ........................................................................................................ 60 4.1.2 Education ...................................................................................................................... 61 4.1.3 Gender in Fishing .......................................................................................................... 63 4.1.4 Wealth Level ................................................................................................................. 64 4.1.5 Dependency Score ......................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Fishing Gear Used ............................................................................................................... 66 4.2.0 Bamboo Trap ................................................................................................................
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