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Problemas Entomológicos En El Cultivo De Los Algodones Tangüis Y Pima En El Perü

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Problemas Entomológicos En El Cultivo De Los Algodones Tangüis Y Pima En El Perü Problemas Entomológicos en el Cultivo de los Algodones Tangüis y Pima en el Perü. Medidas de Control y su Organización JUAN M. HERRERA ARATNÍGUENA 2 SUMARIO En el Perú, el algodonero es atacado por más de de los insectos dañinos que afectan al algodonero en el 60 especies de insectos, cuyos daños en el año 1960 Perú. causaron una pérdida del 22% de la cosecha, pérdida De acuerdo a esta política, actualmente se da ma­ valorizada en 710 millones de soles. Siguiendo el orden yor importancia a los métodos culturales (reglamenta­ de su importancia económica, destacan las siguientes ción del cultivo); a los métodos mecánicos (recojes a especies: mano); a los métodos biológicos (cría y fomento de insectos útiles); y en los métodos químicos, al empleo 1) "Arrebiatado" (Dysdercus peruvianas Guerin), restringido y reglamentado —en algunos valles—, de 2) "Picudo peruano" (Anthonomus vesíitus Boheman), les insecticidas orgánicos sintéticos, siendo los insecti­ 3) "Perforador pequeño de la bellota" (Mescinia pe- cidas orgánicos de origen vegetal e insecticidas mine­ ruella Schauss), 4) "Perforador grande de la bellota" rales —aríenicales—. los de uso más generalizado. (Helioíhis virescens Fabricius), 5) "Gusanos de la Para el control de las plagas, es muy importante en hoja" (Anomis texana Riley y Alabama argillacea Rüb- el Perú, la evaluación de la población de insectos en ner, 6) "Pulgón del algodonero" (Aphis gossypii los campos de algodón ("contadas entomológicas"); de Glover), 7 "Gusanos perforadores de la hoja" (Bucea- este modo, se controlan las plagas en su debida opor­ latrix thurberíella Busk y B. gossypiella Morril), 8) tunidad, utilizando el insecticida más apropiado. Además, "Cigarrita verde" (Empoasca kraemeri Roes & Moore), al tomarse en cuenta en las observaciones no sólo a los 9) "Gorgojo de la chupadera" (Eutinobothtus gossypii insectos dañinos, sino también a la población de insec- Pierce) y 10) "Gu~anos de tierra" (diferentes espe­ los útiles y otros animales benéficos se puede determi­ cies de orugas de la familia Noctuidae). nar si los agentes de control natural pueden ser apro­ El control de las plagas insectiles del algodonero vechados eficazmente para un control adecuado de las en el Perú, hasta el año 1956, estuvo basado principal­ plagas. mente en el uso de los insecticidas orgánicos sintéticos, ., La evaluación de la población de infectos, es po­ pero debido al surgimiento' de problemas de resistencia sible, gracias a la existencia de una. adecuada organi­ de los infectos a dichos insecticidas y a la aparición de zación técnica, pues, la mayoría de los valles algodo­ nuevas plagas, en los últimos años se ha operado un neros cuentan con un servicio' entomológico, a cargo de cambio radical en los métodos de control. Muchos valles uno o varios ingenieros agrónomos especializados, con algodoneros han abandonado el uso de los insecticidas los que colaboran alumnos de la Universidad Agraria orgánicos sintéticos., por considerarse al control bioló­ (prácticas vacacionales) y técenicos egresados de los gico como el medio más efectivo y económico que la Institutos Agropecuarios, existentes en las distintas zo­ naturaleza ofrece para la represión de la mayor parte nas algodoneras del país. S U M M A R Y In Perú, the cotton plant is attacked by more than According to this philosophy, a mayor importance .60 insect species. In 1960 they cauíed a loss of 22% is ncwadays being given to: cultural methods (regla- of the crop; and the damages were evaluated at 26 million mentaticn of field operations); mechanic methods (hand dolíais. In decreasing order of importance, the following picking of injured squares, bolls, etc.); biological me­ species mi'st be mentioned: thods (propagation and protection of beneficial infecís); 1) "Red stainer bug" (D'jsdercus peruvianas and m the chemical methods, the use of organic insec­ Guerin), 2) "Square weevil" (Anthonomus vestitus ticides of vegetal origen and of mineral -insecticides like Br'ieman), 3) "Lesser perforator cotton bolrworm" arsenicals, is widespread. The use of synthetic organic (Mescinia perueüa SCHAUSS). 4 "Tobacco budworm" (Hel.'othis virescens Fabricius), 5) "Cotton leaf insecticides however, has been restricted and strictly worms" (Anomis texana Rilev and Alabama argillacea regiamented in many valleys. Hübner), 6) "Cotton aphid" (Aphis gossypii Glo­ ver) 7) "Cotton leaf perforators" (Bucculatrix thur- Great importance is given in Perú to periodical bedelía Busk and B. gosstjpiella Morril), 8) "Le.af- scouting of the fields in order to evalúate the insect hopper" (Empzosca kraemeri Ross & MOORE). 9) populations. This operation aids in deciding on the "Cotton stalk borer" (Eatinoborthrus gossypii Pierce) proper insecticide and on the correct timing of the appli- and 10) "Cutworms" (Laphygma frugiperda, Feltia cations. Furthermore, since both, the populations of sp. etc.). harmful and of useful inseets are considered in these Until 1956, the control of cotton insect pests :n surveys, it can be determined if the natural contiol Perú was bared mainly on the use of synthetic organic agents can be effectively exploited to obtain an adequa- insecticides. During the last few years however, the te control of the insect pests. inseets developed resistances to these insecticides; at The correct evaluation of insect populations can •the same time, new insect pests appeared. Consequently, some radical chanpes in the control methods have taken place. In many valleys the use of synthetic organic in­ 1 Trabajo presentado a la V Reunión Latinoamericana secticides has been replaced by the use of biological de Fitotecnia realizada en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argen­ control methods, which are believed to be the most effec- tina 5-1S de >íovÍ£mbre de 1961. tive and economic way to control most of the harmful 2 Jefe del Dpto. de Entomología de la Estación Experi­ inseets that attacks the cotton plant in Perú. mental Agrícola de Cañete. 58 Diciembre 1961 HERRERA: INSECTOS DEL ALGODONERO EN EL PERÚ 59 only be perfomed by adequate technical organizations. dents of the University of Agriculture (Summer jobs) Entomological services exist in most of the cotton grow- and by technicians graduates from Agricultural Insti- ing areas in Perú. These are in charge of one o f-'tes that exist in the several cotton growing areas in more specialized entomologists who are aided by stu- Perú. o INSECTOS QUE ATACAN AL ALGODONERO EN EL PERÚ Anomis ataca mayormente al algodón Tangüis y Alaba­ ma al algodón Pima. Probablemente, no hay otra planta cultivada que 6) Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae); insecto cos­ tenga tantas plagas entomológicas como el algodonero. mopolita, pica y chupa la savia de las yemas terminales En el Perú, tenemos más de 60 especies de insectos que y cara inferior de las hojas, debilitando a las plantas atacan a este cultivo; sus daños, en el año 1960 causa­ ¿e algodón, /«demás, debido al liquido meloso que ex­ ron una pérdida del 22% de la cosecha (13), pérdida creta y que cae a las hojas y bellotas abiertas al final valorizada en 710 millones de soles oro (26 millones de la estacicin, secundariamente se forma la "fumagi- de dólares) . Afortunadamente, el Perú está aun libre na" (espera de un hongo negro), la que mancha la fi­ de la plaga del "gusano rosado de la India" (Pectino- bra, pudiendo en cases de fuerte ataque bajar el "gra­ phora gossypieüa Saunders) y del "picudo mejicano" do" comercial de la fibra. {Anthoncmus granáis Boheman), que son las dos peo­ 7) Bucculatrix thurberiella Busk y B. gossypiella res plagas del algodonero en el mundo (14) . MORRIL (Lycnetidae), "gusanos perforadores de las ho­ Daremos a continuación, una breve descripción de jas del algodonero". B. gossypiella, además mina y co­ las plagas entomológicas que afectan al algodonero en me en ¡a corteza del tallo y ramas, en la epidermis de el Perú, siguiendo el orden de su importancia económica: les pedúnculos de las hojas y de las bellotas verdes. Es­ tos insectos son, plagas de importancia en el algodón Pi­ 1) Dysdercus peruvianus Guerin (Pyrrhocoridae.; ma, que se cultiva en el Norte del Perú. es la plaga más importante del algodonero en el Perú. 8) Empoasca kraemeri Ross 6 Moore (Jassidae); Del total de las pérdidas, un 50% son debidas a este conocido comúnmente como "cigarrita verde", se ha con­ insecto, principalmente en los valles situados al Norte vertido en un insecto peligroso y muy dañino desde el de Lima. año 1938, especialmente en los valles algodoneros de la Los daños que este chinche provoca en el algodo­ costa central. Todos los estados de la Empoasca pican nero son causados por las picaduras a las bellotas, por. y chupan la savia de las hojas produciendo un fuerte que su alimento predilecto son las semillas. Debido a encrespamiento de ellas, con los bordes encurvados ha­ las picaduras, la fibra no desarrolla en forma franca ni cia abajo. se realiza una normal dehiscencia de la cápsula, pues, 9) "Gusanos cortadores" {Laphygma ftugiperda el insecto inocula microorganismos tales como hongos y J. E. Smith, Xylomyges snnis Guen., X. eridania Cram., levaduras que ocasionan su pudrición o desecamiento. Feltia sp., Agrciis sp. etc. Noctuidae), atacan a las plantitas recién nacidas y también a las mayores; todas 2) Anthoncmus vestitus Boheman (Curculionidae); éstas son comidas o cortadas en el "cuello" de la raíz es el "picudo peruano", a diferencia del "picudo meji­ al nivel del suelo. Comen también en el follaje de las cano" no ataca a las bellotas. Así, sus picaduras afec­ plantas grandes pero siempre durante las noches. tan únicamente a los botones florales. En determinados 10) Eutinobothrus gossypii Pierce (O'robitidae); es años, debido a factores climáticos favorables este insec­ un gorgojo peligroso que ataca al "cuello" de la raíz y to suele desarrollarse en forma severa, causando serias a la parte baja del tallo del algodonero, en donde las bajas en las cosechas.
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