DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The Metaphysics of Mental Representation DE-BLACQUIERE-CLARKSON, RICHARD How to cite: DE-BLACQUIERE-CLARKSON, RICHARD (2011) The Metaphysics of Mental Representation, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/833/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Abstract The representational theory of mind (RTM) explains the phenomenon of intentionality in terms of the existence and nature of mental representations. Despite the typical characterisation of mental representations in terms of their semantics, RTM is best understood as a metaphysical – more specifically formal ontological – theory whose primary defining feature is stipulating the existence of a class of mental particulars called representations. In this regard it is false, since mental representations do not exist. My argument is primarily methodological. Using an extended analysis of mereology and its variants as paradigmatic examples of a formal ontological theory, I argue for a ‘synthetic’ approach to ontology which seeks to form a sound descriptive characterisation of the relevant phenomena from empirical data, to which philosophical analysis is applied to produce a rigorous theory. The value and necessity of this method is proved by example in our discussion of mereology which is shown to be defensible given certain assumptions, in particular perdurantism, but still inadequate as an account of parthood without considerable supplementation. We also see that there are viable alternatives which adopt a more synthetic approach and do not require the same assumptions. Having effectively demonstrated the value of a synthetic approach in ontology I critically examine the methodology employed by RTM and find it severely lacking. In the guise of ‘commonsense psychology’ RTM cavalierly imposes a theoretical framework without regard to empirical data, and this results in a severe distortion of the phenomenon of intentionality it purports to explain. RTM is methodologically unsound, and so its commitment to the existence of mental representations is utterly undermined. Furthermore the most attractive aspect of RTM – its semantics – can be separated from any commitment to mental representations existing. Even RTM’s strongest advocates lack motivation to believe that mental representations exist. 1 The Metaphysics of Mental Representation Richard de Blacquière-Clarkson PhD Thesis University of Durham Department of Philosophy 2010 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 2 Contents Preface 8 1. What is Mental Representation? 10 1.1 The Problem of Intentionality 11 1.1.1 Commonsense Psychology and Mental Content 12 1.1.2 Mental Location: Content and Vehicle Externalism 17 1.1.3 Levels of Explanation 22 1.2 Representational Theories of Mind 23 1.2.1 Causal Semantics: Dretske, Millikan, Fodor 24 1.3 Dretske: Natural Information 26 1.3.1 Determining Content 28 1.3.2 Vertical and Horizontal Relations 30 1.3.3 Indeterminacy of Content? 32 1.4 Millikan – Biosemantics 34 1.4.1 Proper Functions 35 1.4.2 Function and Intentionality 36 1.4.3 Horizontal and Vertical Relations 36 1.4.4 Biosemantics and Misrepresentation 39 1.4.5 Problems for Millikan 39 1.5 Fodor – Asymmetric Dependency and the Language of Thought 40 1.5.1 Problems for Asymmetric Dependency 43 1.5.2 Horizontal Relations: Propositional Attitudes and the Language of Thought 44 1.5.3 Computation versus Association 46 3 1.5.4 Vertical Relations 47 1.6 Summary of Causal Theories of Mind 49 2. Metaphysics and Mental Representation 50 2.1 Ontological Commitment 51 2.1.1 Ontological Naturalism 52 2.2 Concerns and Methods in Ontology 54 2.3 Formal Ontology 56 2.3.1 Representation and Formal Ontology 58 2.4 Methods in Ontology, Again 60 3. Parts and Wholes: Classical Mereology 62 3.1 Historical Background 63 3.2 Classical Mereology and Formal Ontology 64 3.2.1 Formulating Classical Mereology 66 3.3 Reflexivity and Antisymmetry 69 3.4 Is Parthood Transitive? 71 3.4.1 The ‘Standard’ Account 73 3.4.2 The Standard Account: Example a 75 3.4.3 The Standard Account: Example b 77 3.5 Johansson on the Arity of Parthood 78 3.5.1 Large Spatial Parts 80 3.5.2 60%-Spatial Parts 82 3.6 The Standard Account Again 83 3.7 (Unrestricted) Parthood is Transitive 84 3.8 Mereological Extensionality: Is Parthood Structured? 85 4 3.9 Optical Isomerism as a Counterexample 88 3.9.1 Premise One 90 3.9.2 Premise Two 91 3.9.3 Evaluating the Argument 93 3.10 Endurance versus Perdurance 94 3.11 The Futility of Counterexamples to Extensionality 95 3.12 The 3D/4D Equivalence Thesis 97 3.13 3D/4D Translation 99 3.14 Structure in Composition 100 3.15 Unrestricted Composition 101 3.15.1 Exuberance 102 3.15.2 Extravagance 104 3.15.3 Unwelcome Entailments 107 3.16 Mereology and the Three Problem Cases 110 4. Topology and Non-mereological Composition 112 4.1 Topology for Philosophers 112 4.2 Mereotopology 115 4.2.1 Cairns and Connections 119 4.2.2 Cars, Connections and Misplaced Engines 122 4.2.3 Actual and Potential Parts 128 4.2.4 Fiat versus Bona Fide Boundaries 131 4.3 Countermereotopology 137 4.3.1 Lewis’ Counterpart Theory 138 4.3.2 Cresswell’s Semantic Arguments 141 4.3.3 A Temporal/Modal Analogy 142 4.3.4 Counterparts and Partial Counterparts 145 5 4.3.5 Undetached Parts, Counterparts and Partial Counterparts 148 4.3.6 Undetached Parts, Again 149 4.4 Is Parthood Univocal? 150 4.4.1 The ‘Aggregative’ and ‘Monster’ Objections 152 4.4.2 Intuitions versus Evidence 157 4.4.3 Rigid versus Variable Embodiments 160 4.4.4 Superabundance of Objects 164 4.5 Parts and Wholes: Mereology or Embodiment? 165 4.6 Concerns and Methods of Ontology, Yet Again 168 4.7 Metaphysics and Mental Representation, Again 170 5. Commonsense Psychology 174 5.1 What is ‘Commonsense’? 176 5.2 Are Ordinary People Aware of Commonsense Psychology? 181 5.3 Support for Commonsense Psychology 185 5.3.1 “It is so widely believed it is beyond question” 186 5.3.2 “It is so intuitive or obvious it is beyond question” 186 5.3.3 “It is widely used in cognitive psychology” 191 5.3.4 “It is widely supported by specific empirical studies” 192 5.4 Core Knowledge, Mirror Neurons, Body Image and Body Schema 195 5.4.1 The Core Knowledge Hypothesis 196 5.4.2 Inanimate Objects 198 5.4.3 Agents and Actions 199 5.4.4 Numerical Magnitudes and Geometrical Orientation 202 5.4.5 Core Knowledge: Key Findings 204 5.5 Body Image and Body Schema 204 5.6 Back to Commonsense Psychology 207 6 5.7 Commonsense Psychology and Mental Representation 211 6. Thought without Mental Representations 213 6.1 Biosemantics without Mental Representations 215 6.2 An Identity Theory 219 6.3 Fodorian Semantics without Representations 222 6.3.1 Asymmetric Dependence 223 6.3.2 LoT: Compositionality, Referentialism and Atomism 225 6.4 Thought without Mental Representations, Again 233 6.5 Standard Objections to Identity Theories 235 6.5.1 Multiple Realisability 235 6.5.2 Phenomenal Properties and Qualia 236 6.6 Summary 240 7. Conclusion 241 Bibliography 247 7 Preface This thesis began life several years ago with a vague sense of unease at a particular view of the mind, and no clear idea of what to do about it. It should not be too surprising, then, that a significant proportion of it is concerned with methodology. The overall aim, however, is also substantive. I aim to demonstrate that there are no such things as mental representations, and so a particular school of thought which uses them to explain how we think about things is mistaken. The study of mental representation has hitherto been almost exclusively concerned with their semantics – how these putative entities acquire meaning – so to the best of my knowledge the metaphysical (and, more specifically, ontological) approach I take to evaluating mental representation is both novel and unique. Hopefully this is a good thing. Chapter one characterises and explores the Representational Theory of Mind, using Millikan and Fodor’s varieties as exemplars of the general type. Chapter two diagnoses the theory’s ontological commitment to mental representations, and justifies the necessity of approaching it as an ontological theory. Chapter three begins our methodological discussion, using parthood as an extended example of how ontology should be carried out, while chapter four continues this discussion and draws out two methodological morals. Chapter five applies these to the Representational Theory of Mind, using them to argue that the theory should be rejected. Chapter six salvages Millikan and Fodor’s semantics from the rubble, in doing so demonstrating there never was any good reason to suppose mental representations exist.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Two-Dimensionalism: Semantics and Metasemantics
    Two-Dimensionalism: Semantics and Metasemantics YEUNG, \y,ang -C-hun ...:' . '",~ ... ~ .. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy In Philosophy The Chinese University of Hong Kong January 2010 Abstract of thesis entitled: Two-Dimensionalism: Semantics and Metasemantics Submitted by YEUNG, Wang Chun for the degree of Master of Philosophy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in July 2009 This ,thesis investigates problems surrounding the lively debate about how Kripke's examples of necessary a posteriori truths and contingent a priori truths should be explained. Two-dimensionalism is a recent development that offers a non-reductive analysis of such truths. The semantic interpretation of two-dimensionalism, proposed by Jackson and Chalmers, has certain 'descriptive' elements, which can be articulated in terms of the following three claims: (a) names and natural kind terms are reference-fixed by some associated properties, (b) these properties are known a priori by every competent speaker, and (c) these properties reflect the cognitive significance of sentences containing such terms. In this thesis, I argue against two arguments directed at such 'descriptive' elements, namely, The Argument from Ignorance and Error ('AlE'), and The Argument from Variability ('AV'). I thereby suggest that reference-fixing properties belong to the semantics of names and natural kind terms, and not to their metasemantics. Chapter 1 is a survey of some central notions related to the debate between descriptivism and direct reference theory, e.g. sense, reference, and rigidity. Chapter 2 outlines the two-dimensional approach and introduces the va~ieties of interpretations 11 of the two-dimensional framework.
    [Show full text]
  • You and I Some Puzzles About ‘Mutual Recognition’
    You and I Some puzzles about ‘mutual recognition’ Michael Thompson University of Pittsburgh Slide 0 Predicating “ξ has a bruised nose” in speech NOMINALLY: “Hannah has a bruised nose” DEMONSTRATIVELY: “This girl has a bruised nose” FIRST PERSONALLY: “I have a bruised nose” Slide 1 Where these are made true by the same bruised nose, the first might be said by anyone, the second by anyone present, and the third by the injured party herself, Hannah. In particular, if Hannah is given to her own senses – in a mirror, for example – she herself might employ any of these three forms of predication. The inner basis of outward speech Outward Speech Hannah said “Hannah has a bruised nose” Hannah said “This girl has bruised nose” Hannah said “I have a bruised nose” Belief Knowlege Hannah believed she had a bruised nose Hannah knew that she had a bruised nose Hannah believed she had a bruised nose Hannah knew that she had a bruised nose Hannah believed she had a bruised nose Hannah knew that she had a bruised nose Slide 2 When Hannah does employ one of these sentences, she is not just saying words, but saying something,orclaiming something; she is perhaps also expressing a belief; and perhaps also manifesting knowledge and imparting knowledge to her hearers. co But whatever she says, it’s the same bruised nose that’s in question: her own, not Martha’s or Solomon’s. There is, as we might say, just one fact in question, one content available, and it pertains to her. We might thus represent the more intellectual states of affairs as follows.
    [Show full text]
  • Frege: “On Sense and Denotation”
    Frege: “On Sense and Denotation” TERMIOLOGY • ‘On Sense and Nominatum’ is a quirky translation of ‘ Über Sinn und Bedeutung’. ‘On Sense and Denotation’ is the usual translation. • ‘Sameness’ is misleading in stating the initial puzzle. As Frege’s n.1 makes clear, the puzzle is about identity . THE PUZZLE What is identity? Is it a relation? If it is a relation, what are the relata? Frege considers two possibilities: 1. A relation between objects. 2. A relation between names (signs). (1) leads to a puzzle; (2) is the alternative Frege once preferred, but now rejects. The puzzle is this: if identity is a relation between objects, it must be a relation between a thing and itself . But everything is identical to itself, and so it is trivial to assert that a thing is identical to itself. Hence, every statement of identity should be analytic and knowable a priori . The “cognitive significance” of ‘ a = b ’ would thus turn out to be the same as that of ‘a = a’. In both cases one is asserting, of a single object, that it is identical to itself. Yet, it seems intuitively clear that these statements have different cognitive significance: “… sentences of the form a = b often contain very valuable extensions of our knowledge and cannot always be justified in an a priori manner” (p. 217). METALIGUISTIC SOLUTIO REJECTED In his Begriffschrift (1879), Frege proposed a metalinguistic solution: identity is a relation between signs. ‘ a = b’ thus asserts a relation between the signs ‘ a’ and ‘ b’. Presumably, the relation asserted would be being co-referential .
    [Show full text]
  • Frege's Theory of Sense
    Frege’s theory of sense Jeff Speaks August 25, 2011 1. Three arguments that there must be more to meaning than reference ............................1 1.1. Frege’s puzzle about identity sentences 1.2. Understanding and knowledge of reference 1.3. Opaque contexts 2. The theoretical roles of senses .........................................................................................4 2.1. Frege’s criterion for distinctness of sense 2.2. Sense determines reference, but not the reverse 2.3. Indirect reference 2.4. Sense, force, and the theory of speech acts 3. What are senses? .............................................................................................................6 We have now seen how a theory of reference — a theory that assigns to each expression of the language a reference, which is what it contributes to determining the truth or falsity of sentences in which it occurs — might look for a fragment of English. (The fragment of English includes proper names, n-place predicates, and quantifiers.) We now turn to Frege’s reasons for thinking that a theory of reference must be supplemented with a theory of sense. 1. THREE ARGUMENTS THAT THERE MUST BE MORE TO MEANING THAN REFERENCE 1.1. Frege’s puzzle about identity sentences As Frege says at the outset of “On sense and reference,” identity “gives rise to challenging questions which are not altogether easy to answer.” The puzzle raised by identity sentences is that, if, even though “the morning star” and “the evening star” have the same reference — the planet Venus — the sentences [1] The morning star is the morning star. [2] The morning star is the evening star. seem quite different. They seem, as Frege says, to differ in “cognitive value.” [1] is trivial and a priori; whereas [2] seems a posteriori, and could express a valuable extension of knowledge — it, unlike [1], seems to express an astronomical discovery which took substantial empirical work to make.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexical Meaning and Propositional Representation
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of East Anglia digital repository LEXICAL MEANING AND PROPOSITIONAL REPRESENTATION AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROBLEM OF THE UNITY OF THE PROPOSITION Simon Summers Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Philosophy University of East Anglia School of Philosophy (PHI) October 2012 Word Count: 66, 585 © This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that any use of the information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. 1 Abstract In this thesis, I offer a novel account of how best to reorient our semantic and conceptual inquiries into lexical meaning and propositional representation. I achieve this by means of a partly historical investigation into the problem of the unity of the proposition; this is the problem of distinguishing a proposition - the bearer of truth, the complex object or content of a belief or other propositional attitude, and the meaning of a true/false statement - from an „aggregate‟ of its constituent parts. In chapter 1, I assess Bertrand Russell‟s first attempt at a solution, and give a detailed account of why his proposed analysis of a proposition and the sentence expressing it generates a viciously regressive analysis. In chapter 2, I assess Frege‟s approach to the problem, and show that he offers a fundamental insight by way of his approach to analysis which draws an absolute distinction between functions and their argument, and treats concepts as functions to truth-values.
    [Show full text]
  • Propositional Attitudes As Speech Acts1
    Propositional attitudes as speech acts1 0. In speaking about propositional attitudes philosophers habitually refer to sentences in one way or another reducible to the following form: (PA) S ϕ s that p where S is a person, p is a descriptive sentence, and ϕ is a verb used to describe an intentional mental state like 'to believe', 'to hope', 'to fear', 'to wish', etc. The object of the mental state is said to be the propositional content of p. So, when we say, for instance, 'Mary believes that it is raining outside', we ascribe to Mary the belief that it is raining outside. Mary's belief that it is raining outside, is said, is a propositional attitude, while the sentences of the (PA) kind are to be called 'propositional attitude ascriptions', or 'propositional attitude reports'. Speech acts, on the other hand, are actions a speaker does in uttering a sentence, besides making noises and pronouncing words in a certain language. The paradigm of a speech act, according to Austin2, would be an utterance of this sort: (SA) I ϕ that..., I ϕ to..., or I ϕ . where ϕ is a particular performative verb in the active voice, first person singular present tense. One criteria for identifying performative verbs is this: if it makes sense to say 'I hereby ϕ that...' instead of 'I ϕ that...', then ϕ is a performative verb. For instance, when I utter 'I promise to come to you tomorrow' I perform the action of promising you to come to you tomorrow, and instead of 'I promise to come to you tomorrow, I could have said 'I hereby promise to come to you tomorrow.' Now, it would come out straightforwardly that a propositional attitude report is a speech act, only not an explicit one, since we could always substitute 'I report (or claim, affirm, maintain, 1 This paper is based on 'Propositional Attitudes as Speach Acts', invited conference at the Third International Symposium for Analytical Philosophy, Bucharest, 29-30 May, 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Not All Attitudes Are Propositional Alex Grzankowski Abstract Most
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PhilPapers Not All Attitudes Are Propositional! Alex Grzankowski! ! Abstract! !Most contemporary philosophical discussions of intentionality start and end with a treatment of the propositional attitudes. In fact, many theorists hold (tacitly if not explicitly) that all attitudes are propositional attitudes. Our folk-psychological ascriptions suggest, however, that there are non-propositional attitudes: I like Sally, my brother fears snakes, everyone loves my grandmother, and Rush Limbaugh hates Obama. I argue that things are as they appear: there are non-propositional attitudes. More specifically, I argue that there are attitudes that relate individuals to non-propositional objects and do so not in virtue of relating them to propositions. I reach this conclusion by not only showing that attempted analyses of apparently non-propositional attitudes in terms of the propositional fail, but that some non-propositional attitudes don’t even supervene on propositional attitudes. If this is correct, then the common discussions of intentionality that address only propositional attitudes are incomplete and those who hold that all intentional states are propositional are mistaken.! ! No doubt, the flora and fauna of psychology have proliferated vastly, and surprising mental processes are postulated right and left. Nevertheless, at the heart of the picture, the fundamental explicandum, is the organism and its propositional attitudes: what it believes, what it learns, what it wants and fears, what it perceives to be the case. ! !Fodor (1975: 198)! ! Propositionalism! !Philosophers have paid a great deal of attention to propositional attitudes. In fact, theorists interested in intentional states have focused almost exclusively on them, some even explicitly maintaining that all intentional states are propositional attitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • Recursive Complements and Propositional Attitudes Jill De Villiers Smith College, [email protected]
    Masthead Logo Smith ScholarWorks Philosophy: Faculty Publications Philosophy 2014 Recursive Complements and Propositional Attitudes Jill de Villiers Smith College, [email protected] Kathryn Hobbs Harvard University Bart Hollebrandse University of Groningen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/phi_facpubs Part of the Philosophy Commons, and the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation de Villiers, Jill; Hobbs, Kathryn; and Hollebrandse, Bart, "Recursive Complements and Propositional Attitudes" (2014). Philosophy: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/phi_facpubs/29 This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected] Recursive Complements and Propositional Attitudes Jill de Villiers, Kathryn Hobbs, and Bart Hollebrandse Abstract The focus of this chapter is in what role syntactic recursion might play in the representation of propositional attitudes. Syntactic complements under mental and communication verbs are recursive, and so also are the propositional attitudes. There is strong evidence that children take some time to master the first order syntactic complementation typical of verbs of communication. When they do acquire these structures, the evidence suggests that this helps children reason about propositional attitudes such as false beliefs. In this chapter we seek to deepen our understanding of the crucial property of sentential and attitude embedding. Is the crucial aspect that the truth value of the complement differs from that of the embedded clause, or is it that both the sentence forms and the propositional attitudes are recursive? We show that new insight can be gained by examining higher order levels of both sentence embedding and propositional attitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Language of Thought Hypothesis (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) 10-09-18 7:49 PM
    The Language of Thought Hypothesis (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) 10-09-18 7:49 PM Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The Language of Thought Hypothesis First published Thu May 28, 1998; substantive revision Fri Sep 17, 2010 The Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH) postulates that thought and thinking take place in a mental language. This language consists of a system of representations that is physically realized in the brain of thinkers and has a combinatorial syntax (and semantics) such that operations on representations are causally sensitive only to the syntactic properties of representations. According to LOTH, thought is, roughly, the tokening of a representation that has a syntactic (constituent) structure with an appropriate semantics. Thinking thus consists in syntactic operations defined over such representations. Most of the arguments for LOTH derive their strength from their ability to explain certain empirical phenomena like productivity and systematicity of thought and thinking. 1. What is the Language of Thought Hypothesis? 2. Status of LOTH 3. Scope of LOTH 4. Nativism and LOTH 5. Naturalism and LOTH 5.1 The Problem of Thinking 5.2 Syntactic Engine Driving a Semantic Engine: Computation 5.3 Intentionality and LOTH 6. Arguments for LOTH 6.1 Argument from Contemporary Cognitive Psychology 6.2 Argument from the Productivity of Thought 6.3 Argument from the Systematicity and Compositionality of Thought 6.4 Argument from the Systematicity of Thinking (Inferential Coherence) 7. Objections to LOTH 7.1 Regress Arguments against LOTH 7.2 Propositional Attitudes without Explicit Representations 7.3 Explicit Representations without Propositional Attitudes 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Role and Reference Grammar
    Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session Volume 37 Article 5 1993 Role and reference grammar Robert D. Van Valin Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (1993) "Role and reference grammar," Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session: Vol. 37 , Article 5. DOI: 10.31356/silwp.vol37.05 Available at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers/vol37/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. State University of New York at Buffalo 1 Introduction 2 Historical background 3 Central concepts of the theory 3. I Clause structure 3.2 Semantic structure 3 .3 FOCUS structure 3. 4 Grammatical relations and linking 4 Some implications of RRG 1 Introduction* Role and Reference Grammar [RRG] (Van Valin 1993a) may be termed a "structural-functionalist theory of grammar"; this locates it on a range of perspectives from extreme formalist at one end to radical functionalist at the other. RRG falls between these two extremes, differing markedly from each. In contrast to the extreme formalist view, RRG views language as a system of communicative social action, and consequently, analyzing the communicative functions of morphosyntactic structures has a vital role in grammatical description and theory from this perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Soames's Argument 1 Against Strong Two-Dimensionalism
    Philos Stud (2012) 161:403–420 DOI 10.1007/s11098-011-9746-x Soames’s argument 1 against strong two-dimensionalism Robert Michels Published online: 22 May 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract This paper criticizes Soames’s main argument against a variant of two-dimensionalism that he calls strong two-dimensionalism. The idea of Soames’s argument is to show that the strong two-dimensionalist’s semantics for belief ascriptions delivers wrong semantic verdicts about certain complex modal sentences that contain both such ascriptions and claims about the truth of the ascribed beliefs. A closer look at the formal semantics underlying strong two-dimensionalism reveals that there are two feasible ways of specifying the truth conditions for claims of the latter sort. Only one of the two yields the problematic semantic verdicts, so strong two-dimensionalists can avoid Soames’s argument by settling for the other way. Keywords Belief ascriptions Á Propositional attitude ascriptions Á Soames Á Two-dimensionalism Á Two-dimensional semantics 1 Introduction Scott Soames’s book Reference and Description. The Case Against Two-Dimen- sionalism delivers the most thorough critique of two-dimensionalism to date. This paper focuses on Soames’s Argument 1, which targets one specific variety of the theory, strong two-dimensionalism.1 Argument 1 is of central importance to Soames’s critique of strong two-dimensionalism, as it provides the basic structure for his further arguments.2 Soames coins the term strong two-dimensionalism to 1 See Soames (2005b) for the original formulation of the argument. The argument is reproduced in Soames (2006) and, in a notational variant, in Soames (2005a).
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifiers and Propositional Attitudes'
    Journal of Philosophy, Inc. !"#$%&'&()*+#$,+-)./.*&%&.$#0+1%%&%",(* 1"%2.)3*45+67+87+!"&$( 9."):(5+;2(+<.")$#0+.'+-2&0.*./2=>+8.07+?@>+A.7+?+3B#)7+C>+CD?E4>+//7+CFFGCHF -"I0&*2(,+I=5+<.")$#0+.'+-2&0.*./2=>+J$:7 9%#I0(+KLM5+http://www.jstor.org/stable/2022451 1::(**(,5+N?ONHOPNCN+C?5QN Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=jphil. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Philosophy, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Philosophy. http://www.jstor.org VOLUMELIII, No.
    [Show full text]