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“CUBANS VOTE CUBAN”: LOCAL POLITICS and LATINO IDENTITY in MIAMI, FLORIDA, 1965 – 1985. Jeanine Navarrete a Dissertation

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“CUBANS VOTE CUBAN”: LOCAL POLITICS and LATINO IDENTITY in MIAMI, FLORIDA, 1965 – 1985. Jeanine Navarrete a Dissertation “CUBANS VOTE CUBAN”: LOCAL POLITICS AND LATINO IDENTITY IN MIAMI, FLORIDA, 1965 – 1985. Jeanine Navarrete A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Zaragosa Vargas Benjamin Waterhouse Nancy MacLean William Sturkey Katherine Turk © 2016 Jeanine Navarrete ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Jeanine Navarrete: “Cubans Vote Cuban”: Local Politics and Latino Identity in Miami, Florida, 1965 – 1985. (Under the direction of Zaragosa Vargas) Miami as a global city in the South provides an important window into understanding the intersection of immigration, civil rights, and Latino political identity during the demographic and political rise of the Sunbelt in the 1960s and 1970s. Local politics in Miami functioned as a microcosm where Latinos vied for power and recognition and as the first institutional point of contact for Cubans becoming new citizens. Focusing primarily on Cuban and other Latino involvement with local government in this critical period, I argue that both as voters and politicians, Cubans in Miami articulated a unique construction of American citizenship that accommodated their biculturalism. Emboldened by the Cuban Adjustment Act, which allowed them to maintain dual citizenship, Miami Cubans not only demanded language accommodations in county services, but expected local political candidates to be well versed in foreign affairs and sensitive to the geopolitics of the Caribbean. Far from the inevitability of demographic change, this dissertation argues that in Miami, Latino political power on Latino terms evolved through the work of Cuban and Puerto Rican civic leaders, progressive diversity policies at the municipal and county level, and widespread voter mobilization enabled by the Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1975. Cubans became adept at strategic alliance building with white and African American politicians and at iii successfully lobbying the progressive and internationally oriented county government for services catering to immigrants and Spanish-speakers. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would have not have been possible without my adviser and mentor on this intellectual journey, Zaragosa Vargas. Without Zaragosa’s patience and guidance, I am certain I would not have made it this far. Likewise, I would like to thank Ben Waterhouse for all of his writing advice and his sense of humor in the face of the inanities of academia. I am especially indebted to Joel Hebert and fellow Floridian Sarah McNamara for their editorial feedback and thoughtful commentary on this work. Perhaps a local study of municipal government is a strange love letter to my hometown, but here it is. After finishing this project, I find myself more appreciative than ever for the sacrifices my grandparents and parents made to survive el exilio and for the trick of fate that dropped us in America’s ethnic boiling pot. This work is for them. My research took me on an incredibly rich foray into the archives that was made possible by the University of Miami Cuban Heritage Graduate Fellowship, the Wellesley College Katherine Preyer Fellowship in History and an Institute for the Study of the Americas Mellon Dissertation Grant. More so, I am greatly indebted to former Mayor Maurice Ferré who gave me unrestricted access to his personal collection of correspondence and papers, and many hours of his time discussing campaign strategy and county politics with me. Maria Estorino Dooling served as my mentor and intellectual sounding board while I was in residence at the University of Miami, and she graciously introduced me to Dr. Aida Levitan, Demetrio Perez Jr., and Commissioner Xavier Suárez for the purposes of collecting interviews. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF IMAGES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ ix INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Where Havana Vanities Come to Dust ........................................................................ 1 American Riviera or Gateway to the Americas? ......................................................... 5 Government (Reform) in the Sunshine ...................................................................... 16 CHAPTER I: THE ROAD TO CITY HALL ................................................................... 24 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 24 Creating Temporary American Citizens .................................................................... 26 “Elections? What for?” .............................................................................................. 36 The Road to City Hall ................................................................................................ 44 The Only Hispanic Politician of any Consequence in Miami ................................... 51 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER II: THE COUNTY THAT SPEAKS YOUR LANGUAGE .......................... 66 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 66 The Voting Rights Act Comes to Dade County ........................................................ 68 Bernardo Benes and the Development of Municipal – Federal Political Networks .................................................................................................................... 77 Ferré for County Mayor 1970 .................................................................................... 84 The County That Speaks Your Language .................................................................. 89 The Implementation of a Bilingual and Bicultural Dade County ............................ 100 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 109 vi CHAPTER III: A CITY UNDER SIEGE ....................................................................... 112 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 112 County Question #2: Emmy Shafer and Citizens of Dade United .......................... 118 Enforcing English .................................................................................................... 133 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 151 CHAPTER IV: EPILOGUE ........................................................................................... 153 AFTERWORD ................................................................................................................ 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 165 vii LIST OF IMAGES Image 1. Zig Zag Libre Cover Image – August 10, 1968. ............................................... 40 Image 2. Cosas de Nuestro Exilio Cartoon ....................................................................... 41 Image 3. Full Page Advertisement for Maule Industries in Patria. .................................. 59 Image 4. Miami News front page features Ferré Campaign Billboard with Misspelling. ....................................................................................................................... 60 Image 5. Bernardo Benes featured in Continental National Bank of Miami Flyer, 1977. ....................................................................................................................... 85 Image 6. Caricature of 1972-1973 Metro-Dade Board of County Commissioners ................................................................................................................. 98 Image 7. Aida Levitan, Director of the Metro Dade Office of Latin Affairs. ................ 107 Image 8. The Miami Herald’s Tropic Magazine 1980 Year in Review ......................... 115 Image 9. Full Text of the Anti-Bilingual Referendum. ................................................. 123 Image 10. Emmy Shafer Serves Champagne on Election Night. ................................... 125 Image 11. Spanish Language Mosquito Abatement Flyer. ............................................ 128 Image 12. DCPS Bilingual School Walking Route Map. .............................................. 137 Image 13. Patricia Keller and Rita Mason Attend Metro-Dade Commission Meeting. .......................................................................................................................... 147 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAA Cuban Adjustment Act CAMACOL Latin Chamber of Commerce CCC Cuban Coordinating Committee CDU Citizens of Dade United CETA Comprehensive Education and Training Act CRB Community Relations Board CRC Cuban Refugee Center CRP Cuban Refugee Program FLIC Florida Legislative Investigative Committee HEW Health, Education, and Welfare ILGWU International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union INCA Information Council of the Americas INS Immigration and Naturalization Service NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NEDA
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