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Hermas in Arcadia HERMAS IN ARCADIA AND OTHER ESSAYS. i£onbon: C. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE, 6llll5aob!: 263. ARGYLE STREET JLeipJfg: F. A. BROCKHAUS. f)tebJ l/!orl!: MACMILLAN AND CO. HERMAS IN ARCADIA AND OTHER ESSAYS BY J. RENDEL HARRIS, M.A., D.LITT. (DuBL.), FELLOW OF CLI.RE COLLEGE, CAJl'.rBRIDOE, CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1896 [All Rights reserved.] C!ramhn'bge: PRINTED BY J, AND C, F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, PREF.A.OE. JN the following pages I have reprinted two essays which throw some light on critical problems connected with the text and interpretation of that famous early Christian book, known as the Shepherd of Hermas. Each of them has been the starting point for important investigations by the leading scholars of our time ; and I have endeavoured to indicate the accretions or corrections which they have made to my first statements, so that the student may not only have before him the texts of my researches, which are extant, sometimes in very brief form, in journals not very easy of access, but may also be able to bring the investigations up to their latest point of development. Of these two essays the first appeared in June 188'7 in the Journal of the Society for Biblical Literature and Exegesis (Boston, U.S.A.); the second is three years earlier in date; it was first printed in the Circulars of the Johns Hopkins University for April 1884, a publication containing many valuable notes on all branches of science, but not generally accessible, nor easy to handle. If the brief paper in question were estimated by the combat of.giants which it provoked, I think it would be admitted that it was worth reprinting. To these I have added a number of other pieces which may, perhaps, be found useful by the critics. Where they do not permanently instruct, they may transitorily please; and where the matter of them may seem to be unimportant, the method will sometimes be found deserving of consideration, 8672 CONTENTS. PAGES liERMAS IN ARCADIA • 1-20 ON THE ANGELOLOGY OF liERMAS • 21-25 PRESTER JOHN'S LIBRARY • 26-42 PRESBYTER GAIUS AND THE FOURTH GOSPEL 43-59 EuTHALIUS AND EusEBIUS • 60-83 HERMAS IN ARCADIA. HE object of the present paper is to set at rest a critical T difficulty which has been raised concerning the interpretation of the tract of Hermas which goes under the heading of the Ninth Similitude; and to indicate a direction in which further light may be obtained on the vexed question of the date of this remarkable writer. The difficulty is in the first instance one of interpretation: we find in the writings of Hermas a blending of the real experi­ ences of life with imaginary importations from current mythologies which render it hard to decide whether the writer wishes us to take him seriously, or to apply to his works an allegorical inter­ pretation such as was common enough in early times, both in pagan and Jewish and Christian circles. And it is probably this perplexity rather than a mere personal fondness for such interpre­ tations which led Origen to explain even the most strongly defined persi:mal allusions in Hermas, the names of Clement and Grapte, in a spiritual manner. We may at least conclude that the subject invited such treatment. We may easily agree that the allusions to his life in Rome in the first Vision are genuine history, from which the step to the second Vision, which contains a visit to Cumre, seems natural, as does also the account of the walk on the Via Campana in the third Vision. But if we admit these passages to be meant for a literal acceptation, we certainly cannot admit the interview with the Church-Sibyl to be anything but a work of imagination based on popular religious mythology. And we should not find it easy to determine where the literal ends and the allegorical begins. We are thus in much the same case as an interpreter of the Pilgrim's Progress would be who had sufficient knowledge of Bunyan's history to see that the "certain den" with which the book opens is the Bedford prison, and who had sufficient aa 1 2 HERM.A.S IN ARCADIA. insight to determine that the rest of the book was allegorical, but who was wanting both in the historical information and in the intuitive perception by which to detect the traces of Bunyan's personal history which lurk behind the folds of the Allegory. It is however generally held that the mention of places not very remote from Rome ought to be accepted as sufficient evidence that the writer is giving us history rather than romance. The Via Campana, at least, scarcely admits of being allegorized, nor the mile-stones which Hermas passes on the road: with Cumre the question is a little more involved, but even here the general opinion has been, and probably will remain in favour of the positive geographical acceptation of Hermas' words. Such being the case, it is not a little surprising that, when we have so many Italian allusions in the book of Visions, we should find ourselves transported in the Ninth Similitude into Arcadia, and there regaled with an allegorical account of the building of the Church, which outdoes in fantastic detail the whole of the previous accounts. Are we to assume that, as in the case quoted from the Pilgrim's Progress, the initial note of place is to be accepted literally, and that from that point we plunge into allegory ; or is the whole a work of imagination from the start 1 In the latter case, how can we explain the change of literary method involved in the comparison between a real Rome, Cumre, Via Campana, and a poetic Arcadia 1 In the former case, how did the Roman Hermas find his way into the most inaccessible part of Greece ? It was no doubt through some such questioning that Zahn was led to propose an emendation in the text of Hermas so that instead of reading Kal a7NJ"fary6v µ,e ek •ApKaUav we should put •ApiK{av for 'Ap"aSlav. The advantage of this correction was that it transferred the scene again to the neighbour­ hood of Rome, and restored the literary parallelism between the Ninth Similitude and the book of Visions. To support this conjecture, Zahn first brought forward a case where the word 'ApiKlav had been corrupted in transcription, viz.: a passage in the Acts of Peter and Paul, c. 20, where the scribe has in error given •Apa/3lav. If Arabia, why not Arcadia? Then he proceeds to shew that the country around Aricia corresponds to the description given by Hermas of Arcadian HERMAS IN ARCADIA. 3 scenery, and, in particular, he identifies the " rounded hill" ( lJpoc; µau'TwiiEc;) to which Hermas was transported, with the Italian Monte Gentile. I do not know whether this suggestion of Zahn has met with any great favour, although it is ingenious, and not outside the bounds of possibility. The objection to it is chiefly that which falls to the lot of the majority of conjectural emenda­ tions, viz.: that it is not necessary; for, as I shall shew presently, the whole description of the country visited by Hermas, corresponds closely with the current accounts of Arcadian scenery, and is probably based upon them. So that if I do not discuss Zahn's hypothesis di.J.-ectly, it is because it is a last resort of criticism to which one must not look until the normal methods of interpretation have broken down. Let us then examine the scene into which Hermas introduces us; and the interpretation which he puts upon what he sees. We are told in the first place that his guide led him away into Arcadia and there seated him upon the top of a rounded hill from whence he had a view of a wide plain surrounded by mountains of diverse character and appearance. We will indicate the description of these mountains by the following diagram, in which the successive eminences are ranged in a circular form, and attached to each is the leading characteristic which is noted by Hermas :- X £lX£ uxurp.wv 6AOV ly£P,£V f3o-rava<; txapas .. £lxov 8E f3orava.s ai Ka,' 1rav~ y(Vo<;, uxurp.al KTT/VWV Kal opvlwv 8' oXovIll Ep1111.w8£s• .,. X lxov /30Tava-. • tp1r(Ta 0avaTllf8-r, x>..wpa<; Ka.l Tpax;, DV 0 L £lX£ 8lv8pa p.lyurra x XS' /30Tava., lxov • • • Kal 1rpo/3aTa. .,;p.,t~pov<; , a.Kav0wv KCI.L O(Vopa"'" KaTaKap1ra, LO.x xi Tpt{30AWV 11'AijpfS <lXov AWKOV xP' y.r,Jwv, (3orrf.vas p.~ lxov X a: p.l>..av w,;; ri.u/36},,'Y/ 1-2 4 HERMAS IN ARCADIA. Now before we begin to look for identifications with the scenery of any particular country or neighbourhood, we should try to subtract from the description those details which are artistically inserted by Hennas in order to bring certain views of his own before the minds of his reader under the cover of his allegory. The matter of the Ninth Similitude so far as it concerns the building of the tower and the shaping of the various stones is already present in the third Vision ; and there is much in the description that is parallel to the account given of the various stones which are brought from the twelve mountains. For ex­ ample, just as in the third Vision we find stones brought for building that are wbite, and some that are speckled ( eymp,a1eo-rE,;) ; some that are squared, and some that are round; some that are sound, and some that have cracks in them.
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