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Note: Page numbers in bold type indicate main entries; those in italics indicate boxes, tables, maps, and illustrations.

abbeys 530, 532, 1546 Africa lxxxviii, 268–9, 1035 Cistercian 558–9 growth in Christianity 826, 1474, 1687, 1786, abbots 772, 2335 2230–1, 2418 abbreviations, early Christian 2093 and Islam 811–12 Abelard, Peter 2, 990, 1158, 1382 megachurches 272, 1474 and atonement 162, 458, 516, 1471 missions to 275, 277, 751–3, 808, 882, 1377 and Bernard of Clairvaux 2, 237, 1815, 2006 and Pentecostalism 10, 16–17, 22, 181–3, 269, and Dionysius 1469 272, 776, 1028, 1786, 1789, 2418 and limbo 1351 see also Central Africa; North Africa; prophet and Peter the Venerable 2, 1815 movement, African; Southern Africa; Abolitionist movement 3, 46, 271, 751–2, 882, West Africa 1349, 2178–9, 2443 African American theology 10–12 and More 1579 African Americans 45, 1692 and Sharpe 3, 564, 985–6 and civil rights movement 19–20, 47, 1098, 1276 and Wesley 3, 2490 and gospel music 1049 and Wilberforce 3, 380, 1579, 2504 and historiography 2498 see also slavery and Methodism c–ci, 268, 882, 1499, 1502, 1664 abortion 3–4, 262, 445, 602, 972, 1027, 1166, new religious movements 1663–4 1397, 2069, 2416, 2439, see also and Pentecostalism 554–5, 1028, 1098, 1331, contraception and family planning 1436 absolution xc, 416, 585, 963, 965, 1449 and praise dance 667 Adam of Saint Victor 1, 1607 and Sunday Schools 2282–3 Adamites 326 see also Haywood, Garfield T.; King, Martin Adams, Jay Edward 4–5, 1908 Luther, Jr.; Lawson, Robert Clarence; Addai 154, 2305 Mason, C. H.; megachurches liturgies xcvii, 53, 157 African Apostolic Church 15, 16, 272, 276, 2226 adiaphora xcviii, 5, 443, 1395, 1401 African Church Fathers 12–14 adoptionism 6–7, 33, 437, 512, 538, 915–16, 1123, see also Augustine of Hippo; Cyprian of 1471, 1544 COPYRIGHTED Carthage;MATERIAL Lactantius; Minucius Felix; and Ebionites 770, 2096 Optatus of Milevi; Tertullian of Carthage see also modalism; monarchianism, dynamic African independent churches 15–17, 752, 753, Advent 535, 1372 776, 1683 Adventist church 7–9, 76 African/Ethiopian 15, 16, 269, 270–1, 1683 see also Miller, William; Seventh-Day Adventism in America 268, 276 Aelred of Rievaulx 1552, 1623 in Europe 275 aesthetics Pentecostal/Charismatic 15, 17, 22, 181–3, 272, black 11 275, 1028–9, 1788 and Gadamer 1002 prophet-healing/Spirit 15, 16–17, 272, 1028–9 and Pentecostalism 9–10 see also Aladura; Babalola, Joseph Ayodele theological 190, 1229, 2119, 2344–6 (Apostle); Kimbangu, Simon see also Balthasar, Hans Urs von; beauty; African Methodist Episcopal Church 268, 1345, music; Romanticism; Shakers 1502, 1692

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afterlife 631, 848, see also heaven; hell; limbo; and resurrection 1970 purgatory see also Antiochene theology; Clement of aggiornamento see Vatican II Alexandria; Cyril of Alexandria; Origen AICs see African independent churches Alexandrine Rite xci, 53, 756–7, 1375, 2532 AIDS Algardi, Alessandro 36, 40, 238 in Central Africa 428, 829 Algeria, and Christianity 2278, see also Lavigerie, Christian responses to 21–2, 649, 2438 Charles Martial Allemand Aladura 18, 22–5, 1683, 2232 All Saints, Feast of 36–7, 2541 characteristics 24–5 Allen, Roland 37–8, 483, 1196 churches 15, 16, 22–4, 269, 272, 276–7 almsgiving 477, 1549, 1550, 1846, 1989, 1991 and women 25, 273 Alopen 38–9, 147, 452, 1655–6, 1810 Albania, Christianity in 25–8 alphabet and communist rule 27 Armenian 113–14, 115, 118, 121, 245, 1067 contemporary 27–8 Coptic 613 history 25–7 Geez/Amharic 865, 866 Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church 760 Glagolitic/Cyrillic xcii, 325, 342, 633, 657, 797, Albanian Orthodox Church 26–8 1696, 2132 Albert the Great 28–9, 295, 706, 719, 970, 1472, 2006 Gothic 797 and Aquinas 28, 101 Slavonic 342, 657 and biblical interpretation 720 Syriac 114 and Bonaventure 285 Alston, William 1819 and indulgences 1200 altar 39, 529, 2047, 2540–1 and science 1221 stripping 1452 and transubstantiation 2402 altarpiece 39–40, 55, 739, 1044, 1857, 2028, 2388, and Virgin Mary 1185 2540 Alberti, Leon Battista 29–30, 105, 303, 530–1, 533 Ghent altarpiece 39–40, 2443 Albertus Magnus see Albert the Great Isenheim altarpiece 40, 1075–6, 2118, 2296 Albigensians see Cathars see also Angelico, Fra; Bellini, Giovanni; alcohol 30–2, see also temperance and prohibition Holbein, Hans; Van Eyck, Jan; Weyden, Alcuinus (Alcuin), Flaccus Albinus 32–3, 1363, Rogier van der 2006 Althusius, Johannes 780 and Charlemagne 32, 437, 798, 1694 Altizer, Thomas J. J. 40–1, 901, 903 and filioque 33, 939 Ambrose of Milan 41, 1215, 1514, 2347 and penitence 585 and Augustine of Hippo 166, 1514, 1701 Alexander of Alexandria 113, 1700, 1739 and baptism 2538–9 and First Council of Nicaea 538, 609, 711, 804, and cardinal virtues 376–7 1675 and divinization 701 Alexander, Archibald 1137, 1409, 1888, 2480 as Doctor of the Church 704, 705 Alexander of Neva 33–4, 2031 and economics 779 Alexandria 34–5, 336, 341 and eschatology 1113, 1974 catechetical school 34–5, 388, 565, 610, 803–4, and faith 909 1118, 2347, 2490 and filioque 339, 940 and Coptic Church xci, 608–9, 614, 802 and forgiveness of sins 1783 and early monasticism 34, 804–5 and Greek philosophy 1834 see also Athanasius; Clement of Alexandria; and hymns 1361, 1597 Cyril of Alexandria; Origen; Septuagint; and just war theory 2476–7 Theophilus of Alexandria and Latin 1302 Alexandrian theology 35–6, 73, 608, 803, 1361, and moral theology 1571 2351, 2371–3 and Priscillianism 1889 and biblical interpretation 243, 659 and relics of martyrs 40, 1443 and christology 432, 712, 863, 1033, 1564, and Theodosius I 1361, 2121, 2344 1699 and universalism 2430 and eschatology 449 and Virgin Mary 2462 and priesthood of believers 1888 and worship 2532, 2533

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America lxxxviii, 43–7, 1035 and poverty 1845 and Adventist church 7–8 and worship 2535 and apocalypticism 76–7 and Yoder 2553 and civil religion 562–3, 2207 see also Amish; Hoffman, Melchior; Hutter, and education 800, 1904 Jacob; Mennonite churches; and faith-based organizations 914, 1893 Schwenckfeld, Caspar; Simons, Menno liberal/conservative dichotomy 627, 671, 1032, anaphora 53, 118–19, 188, 365, 869, 2308, 2533, 1037, 1048, 1209, 1340–5 see also Canon of the Mass; Eucharist; and missions 1535 liturgies new religious movements 1663–4 anchorholds 1254, 1546–7 Orthodox Church 46, 1508, 2075, 2382 Ancient Church of the East 1485, 1489 and politics 47, 313, 484, 1035, 1138, 2229, 2417 Anderson, Rufus 38, 54, 1195, 2241 and Reformed theology 353, 2445 Angela of Foligno 1625–6, 1637 and Religious Right 313, 878, 1116, 2209, 2329, Angelico, Fra 55, 460 2417 angelology 2212 revivals 44, 45 angels 55–6 and secularization 800, 883, 2106 Anglican Communion ciii, civ, 56, 59–60, 577, see also Assemblies of God; Brethren Church; 713, 832, 1030 Charismatic movement; church and state; and baptism 203 Congregational churches; Episcopal and Book of Common Prayer 58 Church of the USA; Great Awakening; and ecumenism 790, 1495 Lutheran churches; megachurches; and Episcopal Church of the USA 59 Mennonite churches; Methodism; Native and Mar Thoma Christian Church 1415 Americans; Pentecostalism; Presbyterian and Methodism 810, 1495 churches; Puritanism; Quakers; Roman and religious orders 233 Catholic Church; Salvation Army stresses within 2233–4, 2265, 2418 American Baptist Charismatic Renewal movement see also Lambeth Conference; Scottish 42 Episcopal Church; Thirty-Nine Articles American Revolution 46, 48–9, 809, 1591 Anglican Consultative Council 60, 1295 and Anglicanism 59, 1501 Anglicanism lxxxvi, lxxxviii, ciii–civ, 56–60, and Baptist churches 1703 831–2, 2600 and Locke 809 and amillennialism 450 and Methodism 144, 1498, 1501 and Anointing of the Sick 1299 and slavery 985 apologetics 58 Americanism 1779, 2007, 2191 Broad Church civ, 832, 2089 amillennialism 4, 451, 592, 845, 847, 1516, 1935, and church buildings 395, 2451 1974, 2100 on contraception 601 and Calvin 1975 countries/regions and Lutheranism 7, 450, 1975 America 45, 48, 56, 59, 1056, 1501 Amish 52, 1478–9, 1902, 2476 Australia 168–9, 171, 172 Old Order 49–51, 1169, 1480 Canada 60, 360–1 Anabaptists xcviii, 51–2, 70, 774, 1946, 2126, Caribbean 379, 380–2, 1221, 1222 2291–2, 2600 East Africa 752, 753 and congregationalism 590, 713 England 1023, 1031 and evangelism 880, 1057 India 1415, 1420 and freedom 1902 Iran 1810 and infant baptism 51, 202, 934 Latin America 448, 1761, 1813 and leadership 485 New Zealand 60, 1668–70 and Luther cii, 525, 845–6, 2081, 2083 Oceania 1713–14, 1715 and millenarianism 845, 850 Palestine 1751 origins 1478–9 Southeast Asia 2219 and pacifism 51, 2476 Southern Africa 60, 570, 2222–6 and persecution cii, 51, 174, 1012, 1433–4, Wales 2487 1479, 1803, 1806, 1902 West Africa 60, 1682, 1683

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Anglicanism (cont’d) and substitutionary atonement 161, 457, 458, and doctrine ciii, 58–9 516, 1471, 1686, 1998, 2064, 2271 and drama 734 and time and eternity 856 and Eastern Orthodox Church 769 Ansgar/Anskar 669, 1696, 2286 and ecumenism 2417 anthem 64–5, see also Byrd, William; Gibbons, and episcopacy ciii, 57, 225, 546, 775, 1295 Orlando; motet; Purcell, Henry; Tallis, and Eucharist 1948 Thomas; Tomkins, Thomas and evangelicalism ciii, 832, 1378 Anthony of Egypt, St. 34, 65–6, 614, 768, 1546, High Church ciii–civ, 37, 832, 1268 1843 Low Church 832 and Didymus the Blind 804 and marriage and divorce 702 as founder of eremitic monasticism 542, 683, and Methodism 1496–7, 1498, 1500, 1983 806, 973, 1086, 1648, 1827, 2004, 2375 and mission xcviii, 59, 752, 1193 and healing 1100 and music 64, 1018–19, 1583, 2392 and imitation of Christ 1184 and Newman 1672 Life 610, 804–5, 806, 974, 1085, 1086, 1558, and ordination of women civ, 832, 1295, 1886, 1699–700, 2028 2234 see also Desert Fathers origins xcviii, 57, 525, 831 Anthony of Padua, St. 66, 417, 706 polity 57 anthropology, Christian 35, 67–8, 78, 786, 837, and priesthood 1886 2359, 2529 and saints 2052 and missiology 1531 and worship ciii–civ, 57–8, 832, 2535–6, 2540, monism and dualism 67–8, 288–9, 1889, 2541, 2593 2216–17 see also anthem; Baxter, Richard; Berkeley, and Ruusbroec 2444 George; Book of Common Prayer; Church spiritual 1867 Mission Society; Cranmer, Thomas; and systematic theology 2312 episcopacy; Law, William; Oxford and technology 1667 Movement; Temple, William; Thirty- see also body; creationism; hamartiology; image Nine Articles; United Society of the of God; soul Propagation of the Gospel Antichrist 69–70, 76, 1758, 1929–30, 2063, 2494, Anglo-Catholicism civ, 37, 276, 832, 1154, 1340, see also dispensationalism; eschatology 1439, 1913, see also Neale, John Mason; anticlericalism 359, 942 Oxford Movement; Pusey, Edward France 1292 Bouverie; Radical Orthodoxy Latin and Central America 110, 307, 429, 446, Anglo-Saxons 1312–13, 1760, 2420, 2432 art and architecture 61, 1353–4 New Zealand 1669 literature 1363, 1365–6 Portugal 1894 missions 173, 297, 811, 813, 830, 1011, 2173 Serbia 2137 see also Bede antilegomena 70–2, 2494 Angola 427 Antioch xcv, xcvi, 72–3, 336, 341, 519, 948 annihilationism 583, 592, 1187, 2151, 2202 and Syriac Orthodox Church 2306 Annunciation 62, 2461 Antioch, Council (268) 15, 512 Anointing of the Sick 62–3, 416, 1101, 1298, Antiochene Rite xc–xci, 53, 72–3, 756, 1375, 1449, 2043, see also Last Rites 1426, 2532 Anselm of Canterbury 63–4, 374, 706, 1470, Antiochene theology xcvii, 35, 73, 73, 112, 2351 1870, 2347 and biblical interpretation 156, 243, 341, 2307 as apologist 79, 85 and christology 73, 155, 341, 432, 540, 659, and beauty 219 838, 1564 and divine impassibility 699 see also Chrysostom, St. John; Diodore of and filioque 939 Tarsus; Ephrem the Syrian; Nestorius; and freedom 983 Theodore of Mopsuestia; Theodoret of and incarnation 1934 Cyrrhus and ontological argument 631, 1471, 1828 antiphonaries 1370, 2593 and satisfaction 2064 anti-revivalism 1482

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anti-Semitism 74, 481–2, 1712, 2262, see also Apostolic Constitutions Christian–Jewish relations and clergy and laity 523 antislavery movement see Abolitionist movement and diaconate 1821 apartheid 1917, 2222, 2233, 2411, 2525 and healing 1100 Aphrahat 75 and Kyrie Eleison 1290 Apocalypse of St. John see Revelation, book of and worship 72, 756, 1375, 2532 apocalypticism 70, 75–7, 848, 1557, 1776, 1974 Apostolic Fathers 98–100, 100, 1358, 2095–6 see also eschatology; Kingdom of God, modern African 12–14 interpretations; millenarianism; Miller, see also Apologists; Church Fathers; Clement of William; Revelation Rome; Didache; Polycarp; Shepherd of Apocrisarius 772 Hermas Apocrypha 77–8, 246, 740, 2494 apostolic succession lxxxviii, 524, 773 and canonicity 240–1, 368, 371, 443, 868, and creeds 624, 625 1083–4 and Eastern Orthodoxy 335–6 see also New Testament Apocrypha and episcopacy 547, 1026, 1420 Apollinarianism 73, 78, 432, 511, 513, 540, 838, and Old Catholics 1721 1123, 1173 and Oxford Movement ciii, 1690 and Council of Constantinople (381) 540, 594, and papacy 177, 524, 545, 775, 932, 1757 973, 2338, 2344 and priesthood 1885–6 apologetics 83–4, 1804–5, 2312 apostolicity 370–1, 527 apologetic worldviews 79–82 Aquinas, Thomas 28, 101–2, 117, 692, 719, 970, in Arabic 611, 1355, 2307, 2343 1367, 1382, 1799, 2008, 2143 classical 13, 14, 79–80, 83, 84–6, 87, 89 and angels 56 cumulative case 81–2, 86–8 as apologist 79, 85, 89–90, 101 evidential 80, 83–4, 85, 87, 89, 1925–6, 1958, and Aristotle 101, 799, 1472, 1939, 2076, 2313 2068 and Assumption of Mary 153 fideist 81 and beauty 219 and fundamental theology 1000 and biblical interpretation 243, 2077 postmodern 82 and body and soul 2216–17 presuppositional 80–1, 83, 89–90, 1115, 2068, and Church and state 484 2446 and conversion 1204 reformed 81 and cosmological argument 85, 616, 629, 1650 see also Anselm of Canterbury; Aquinas, and creation 709, 1244 Thomas; Chesterton, Gilbert Keith; and divine providence 699, 1615, 1878 Lewis, C. S.; Schaeffer, Francis August as Doctor of the Church 706 IV economic ideas 779–80, 782 Apologists 90–1, 469, 796, 1360, 2098, see also and eschatology 850 Athenagoras; Augustine of Hippo; Justin and eternity 855 Martyr; Lactantius; Minucius Felix; and Eucharist 283, 286, 1439, 2402 Tertullian; Theophilus of Antioch and evidentialism 1958 apophatic theology 53, 92, 568, 764, 970, 1388–9, and faith and reason 101, 102, 688, 912, 1022 1484, 1620, 2338 and freedom 886, 983, 984, 2342 and Dionysius the Areopagite 92, 692, 1868, and glossolalia 1039 2351 and grace 474, 1053, 1383 apostasy 14, 93, 352, 585, 854 and hell 1113 apostle 93–8, 771 and Holy Spirit 940 duties 97–8, 547 and hope 1153 Jesus as 96, 98 and hypocrisy 1172 origin and meaning of term 95–7 and indulgences 1200 Paul as 96, 97–8 and John of Damascus 1251 twelve disciples as 94, 97, 544, 694, 1237 and just war theory 1262, 2439, 2476, 2479 Apostles’ Creed 451, 523, 624, 773, 1045, 1566, and law 177, 402, 1075, 1324, 1327, 2438 2052, 2597 and Manichaeism 1120 and Virgin Birth 2462 and mercy 1483

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Aquinas, Thomas (cont’d) Romanesque 61, 104, 392–3, 394, 530, 1051, and moral theology 1571 1394, 2487 and mysticism 1624 modern 107–8 and natural law 984, 1324, 1646, 1844–5, 2258, monastic 817, 2015 2323 neoclassical 106–7, 531 and natural theology 101–2, 1647 post-Renaissance 106 and nature 1650 postmodern 108 and original sin 1185 and proportion 106, 559 and predestination 1878 Renaissance 179-80, 468, 604-5, 1510, see also and private property 1846 Alberti, Leon Battista; Bramante, Donato; and psychology 1908 Brunelleschi, Filippo; Palladio, Andrea and purgatory 1911 and sculpture 138, 140–1, 212, 530 and saints 2049 see also church architecture and Satan 2063 Areopagus speech 109 and scholasticism 2358 Argentina, Christianity in 110–11 and social justice 2195 megachurches 1474 and suffering 893, 1614–15 Pentecostalism 1788 and systematic theology 1378, 2312–13 Protestantism 111, 1480 and teleology 2323 Roman Catholicism 110–11, 1306, 1310, 1311, and virtue 376, 996, 2440, 2467 1313, 2411 and women 2520 see also church and state; Croatto, José see also Scholasticism Severino Arabic, Christian literature in 157, 611, 805, Arianism 13, 35, 65, 73, 115, 512–13, 1119–20, 1355, 2307–8, 2343 1123, 1173, 1566 Arabs, Christian 1426 and Cappadocian Fathers 215, 539–40, 728, Aramaic 102–3, 247, 680, 1107–8, 1485, 1489 1068, 1069, 1120 see also Hebrew; Syriac and Council of Constantinople (381) 1120, archaeology 1739, 2344 in Asia Minor and Greece 467–8, 1292, 1927 and Council of Nicaea (325) 112, 337, 512, 516, and the Bible 249–55, 2550 538–40, 593, 609, 624, 711, 796, 804, 972, and biblical sites 251–4, 634 1120, 1190 and historical evidence 249 and depiction of Christ 460, 461–2, 1176 and life of Jesus 254–5 in Germany 113, 173, 1010, 1700, 2173, 2236 and New Testament manuscripts 250–1 and Jehovah’s Witnesses 113, 512, 513, 515–16, role 250 2406 Archbishops 771 and Newton 1673 Archimandrites 683, 771 and trinity 2406 architecture 103–8 and Unitarianism 2427 Anglo-Saxon 61 Aristides 90, 511, 1360, 2098 Armenian 118 Aristotle Baroque 106–7, 174, 211–12, 395, 531, 950–2, and beauty 218 2007, 2540, see also Bernini, Gianlorenzo; economic ideas 783, 786 Borromini, Francesco; Guarini, Guarino; impact on learning 29, 101, 287, 470, 798–9, Wren, Christopher 1472, 2313, 2348 Byzantine 104, 333–4, 1265–6 and law 177 Cistercian 530, 558–60 and natural theology 1647 early Christian 103–4, 749–50 and psychology 1908 Ethiopian 861, 867 and scholasticism 1939, 2076 Gothic Revival 384–5, 531, 2089–90 and scientific method 186, 187, 504, 2085 Indian Christian 1414 and slavery 2178 medieval 104–5 and social justice 2195 Gothic 104–5, 393–4, 530, 968, 990, 1051–2, and the soul 2216 1394–5, 1445, 2257, 2463, 2534, see also and teleology 2322–4, 2326 Chartres Cathedral; stained glass and time and eternity 855

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and transubstantiation 2402–3 and Socinianism 2202 and virtue ethics 377, 858, 860, 2440, 2466–7 see also Dort, Synod; Remonstrants and women 4, 2520 Arminius, Jacobus 129–30, 350–1, 353, 885, 1091, Arius 112–13, 538, 711, 916, 972, 1119, 1675, 1562, 2144, 2303 1700, 1739, 2072 Armstrongism 9 ark of the covenant 1186 Arndt, Johann 1822, 1981, 2241 Arles, Council (314) 275, 754, 830, 990, 1701 Arnold, Eberhard 536 Armenia 120–4 Arnold, Matthew 420, 1690 distinctive identity 118, 121–2, 125, 188, 470 Arnold, Thomas 1997 and diversity 122–3 art lxxxvi Evangelical Church of Armenia 122, 123 Anglo-Saxon 61, 1353–4 and Muslim rule 116–17, 122, 128, 189, 494, Celtic 423–4 853, 2147 Ethiopian 861–2, 865 origins 114–15, 120–1, 2375 see also aesthetics; Christ in art; icons; painting; and Persia 113, 115–16, 121, 128, 2152–3 sculpture and political independence 123–4, 127, 129 Asbury, Francis c–ci, 143–4, 882, 1496–7, 1498, and Protestantism 122–3 1501–2, 1984 and Russian rule xcv, 117–18, 123, 129, 853 Ascension Day 145, 346, 535 see also alphabet, Armenian; Bible translations, ascetical theology 145, 2351 Armenian; Etchmiadzin; Gregory the asceticism see Desert Fathers; fasting; Illuminator; monasticism and asceticism, monasticism and asceticism; Priscillianism; Armenian; Shahapivan, Council Protestant ethic Armenian Apostolic Church xcv, 114–19, 120–1, Ash Wednesday 535 123, 225, 713, 1033, 1034 Asia lxxxv, lxxxviii, 146–9, 776, 1027 architecture 118 and Arab conquests 812 in Cyprus 656 church music 149–50, 1286 hierarchy 119 and education 147 history and doctrine xcv, 114–18, 1066 and Islam 1035 in Iran 1811 liberation theology 1918 liturgy and calendar 118–19, 188–9, 509, 2532, megachurches 487, 1474 2594–5 Nestorian missions in 48, 147–8, 526, 812, and miaphysitism 121, 207, 1509 1285, 1655–7 and monasticism 128–9, 1559 and Pentecostalism 1786, 1789 and Monophysitism xcv, 121, 1009 and persecution 147 see also Badarak; Gregory the Illuminator and theology 828 Armenian Catholic Church xci, 122, 123, 656, and trade 146–7, 451, 2217 756, 760, 1811 see also Bardaisan; China; Mesopotamia; Persia; Armenian Genocide 118, 124–7, 129, 156, 495, Southeast Asia 760, 853, 1802 Asia Minor, archaeology 467–8, 1292, 1927 aftermath 126–7, 2507 Assemblies of God xcviii, 150–2, 1793 background 124–5 in America 151, 738–9, 1437, 2417 immediate causes 125, 2306 beliefs and values 151–2 Arminianism 129–30, 434, 801, 944, 998, 1056, in Iran 1810, 1811 1075 in Latin America 309, 1761, 1788, 2434, 2452 and apostasy 93, 352 and mission 151, 152, 1217 and assurance 153 in Oceania 1713, 1714 and Calvinism 129–30, 351–3, 2215 in Southern Africa 2222, 2224, 2225 and Congregationalism 589, 1342 in West Africa 1684 and eternal security 854 and women 2519–20 and Methodism c, 810, 1090–1, 1497–8, 1501, World Assemblies of God Fellowship 150–1 1983, 2303 see also du Plessis, David Johannes and openness theology 1727 Assumption of the Virgin Mary xci, 152–3, 157, and predestination 349, 699–700, 816, 1878–9, 1119, 1202, 1584, 1585, 1758, 2465, see 2144 also Virgin Mary

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assurance 153, 202, 1055, 1141, 1500, 1743, 1823, atonement 160–4, 346 1983, 2488, see also salvation accident theory 163–4 Assyrian Apostolic Church of the East xcv, xcvii, biblical data 161, 640–4 53, 154–8, 757–8, 1033, 1034, 1485, 2147, Christus Victor/classic theory 161–2, 457–8, 2271 2599 and Church Fathers 542 and Chaldean Catholic Church xcvii, 154, 1485 example theories 162–3 in China 38, 147–8, 451–2, 1285, 1810 and healing 1104 and christology 154–5, 157, 181, 1565 limited 346, 351, 352, 1286, 2144–5 church life 157–8 moral government theory 163, 516, 1766, 2202, early history 154–5, 764 2271 in India 154, 158, 757, 1033, 1413–14, 2306 moral influence theory 162–3, 516, 1471, 1766, in Indonesia 1197 2271 in Iran 154–5, 1809, 1811 ransom theory 161, 162, 457, 643, 1766, 2271, 2373 in Iraq 154–6, 757, 1003, 1485–9, 2278 substitutionary 161, 224, 1077, 1237, 1346, liturgical books xcvii, 2595–6 1497, 1766, 2047, 2149, 2271 and mission xcvii, 147–8, 757, 1285, 1655–7, 1810 and Anselm of Canterbury 161, 457, 458, modern history 155–6 516, 1471, 1686, 1998, 2064 and Muslim rule xcvii, 155 see also cross; justification; redemption; and persecution 154, 495, 1486–7, 1802 satisfaction theology 156–7 Augsburg Confession 165–6, 670, 1060, 1397, 2113 see also Alopen; Babai the Great; Isaac the and amillennialism 7 Syrian; Narsai Apology xcviii, 166, 908, 1399, 1476 Assyrian Jacobite Apostolic Church xcvii and Charles V 165, 439, 625, 1401 Athanasian Creed 624, 2597–8 and the church 524–5, 774 Athanasius 34, 78, 625, 746, 872 and Eucharist 1398 and Anthony of Egypt 65, 610, 974, 1085, and faith 908, 909 1086, 1546, 1558, 1700, 2028 in Hungary 1167 as apologist 79 influence 621, 625 and Arianism 35, 112, 516, 538–9, 609, 614, and Melanchthon 165–6, 625, 979, 1399, 1476 707, 711, 804, 972, 1120, 1700 and Moravians 1574, 2557 and atonement 542 and saints 2051 and canon of Scripture 71, 242, 371, 614, 711, in Sweden 2287 2004, 2158 see also Formula of Concord and divinization 701, 804 Augsburg Interim 439, 442, 1297, 1400–1, 1476, as Doctor of the Church 704, 705 2455 and Ethiopia 863 Augustine of Canterbury 57, 230, 231, 373, 421, and forgiveness of sins 1783 830, 1066, 2005, 2175–6 and freedom 981, 982 Augustine of Hippo 14, 101, 166–7, 541–2, 1364, Liturgy of 53, 119, 189 1440, 1771, 2143 and miaphysitism 1509 as apologist 79, 83, 628–9 and monasticism 974 and baptism 201, 541 and Nicene Creed 1676 and beauty 218, 1649–50 and theosis 2370 and the Bible 243, 371, 1202 atheism and body and soul 2216 Cuba 651 and Calvinism 349 humanist 474, 632 and the church 14, 167, 228–9, 545, 1723 new 897 and church and state 484, 936, 1262, 2122 and persecution 1802–3 City of God 83, 105–6, 166, 484, 541, 627, 688, see also communism 748, 779, 849, 984, 1262, 1361–2, 1614, Athenagoras 34, 90, 159, 511, 1360, 2098 1702, 1844, 2362, 2476–7 Athos, Mount xci, xciii, 160, 160, 338, 768, 814, and civil authority 177, 984 1128, 2065 and communion of saints 577 Great Lavra 1548, 1560 Confessions 166, 541, 688, 1361, 1483, 1649–50, see also Gregory Palamas; Hesychasm 1702

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and creation 1649–50 and wealth 1991 and dance 666 and women 2520 and divinization 701 and worship 1605, 2532, 2533 as Doctor of the Church 704, 705 see also Donatism; just war theory; and drama 729, 734 Manichaeism; Pelagianism; Pelagius; economic ideas 779 predestination; rules, monastic and education and learning 167, 796–7, 1696 Augustinian Order 66, 686, 942, 1073, 2006 and eschatology 845, 849, 1107, 1153, 1974, 1975 in Southeast Asia 2218 and eternity 855 see also Erasmus, Desiderius; Luther, Martin; and Eucharist 415, 1725 Mendel, Gregor and evil 69, 167, 632, 885, 889, 892, 2342 Aulén, Gustaf 161, 1723, 1724 and faith and reason 167, 295–6, 912 Australia 168–72 and filioque 339, 940, 1146–7 and Anglicanism 168–9, 171, 172 and free will 349, 886, 982–3, 1053, 1351, 1782, Asian and South Pacific missions 171, 172 2166 and education 168 and grace 167, 541, 712, 816, 1053, 1473, 1702, indigenous missions 168, 171–2 1782, 2166 Orthodox churches 172, 2425 and healing 1100 outback missions 170–1 and heresy 2005 and Pentecostalism 172 and hermeneutics 1126 and Protestantism 169, 172 and history 76, 1245, 2362 and Roman Catholicism 169–70, 171, 172 and incarnation 509 Austria 173–6 influence 1030, 1085, 1588, 1799 church architecture 531 and Jerome 1230 and Habsburg rule 174–5, 992 and Jews 481 and Orthodox Church 175, 176 and John Chrysostom 518 and Ostmark 173–4 and Latin 13, 1302 and Ottoman Empire 174, 175, 647, 2133, 2141 and marriage 476, 1450 and politics 175, 490 and martyrdom 748 and Protestantism 174–6, 1949 and miracles 1100, 2162 and Roman Catholicism 174–6 and mission 1057 authority 176–8 and monasticism 1184, 1843, 2005, 2029 of the believer 178–9 and Montanism 1567 of the Bible 225, 240, 475, 591–2, 600–1, 625, and moral theology 1571 1031, 1201, 1346, 1473, 1592, 1831, 1947, and mysticism 1621, 1635 1954 and natural law 1646 of the church 47, 177–8, 179, 225, 523, 543, and New Testament canon 242 985, 1463, 2420, 2544 and order 1553 civil 176–7, 484 and philosophy 1815 and Reformation 1946–7 and prayer 1862, 1870 see also infallibility; leadership, Christian; and prophecy 1898 Magisterium and providence 699 Authorized Version of the Bible see King James and psychology 1908 Bible and purgatory 1911 Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 2076 and Rome 935, 2362 aviation, missionary 1536–8 and scholasticism 2358 Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 101, 2076 and sin 779, 934, 1091, 1733, 1781–2, 1783, Avignon, and papacy 777, 990–1, 1169, 1757–8, 2174, 2273, 2462 2006, 2020, 2123, 2420 and slavery 2178 and Catherine of Siena 400 and soteriology 2215 and conciliarism 581, 1942 and suffering 1614 criticisms of 1942 and systematic theology 2312 and Gregory XI 968, 991 and Trinity 746 and neglect of Rome 394 and virtue 377, 2440, 2467 see also Great Western schism

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Azusa Street revival xcviii, 1028, 1787–8, 1795–6, and regeneracy 964 1985–6, 2417 and repentance 585, 964, 1248 and Church of the Nazarene 553 Trinitarian formula 198, 202, 711, 728, 747 and Haywood 1098 water rite 190–1, 192, 194–7, 200–1, 203, 586, and Seymour 1436–7, 1792–3, 1796 747, 1449 and snake handling 2182 see also Anabaptists; confirmation; fonts; John the Baptist Babai the Great xcvii, 181, 2147, see also Assyrian baptism in the Spirit 191, 192–4, 195–6, 434, Apostolic Church 1985 Babalola, Joseph Ayodele (Apostle) 23, 181–3 at Pentecost 194, 1785 Babylon as metaphor 183–4 in Charismatic movement xc, 42, 191, 233, 436, Babylonian Captivity see Avignon 1794–5, 2393 Bach, Johann Sebastian 185, 185–6, 2045, 2146, in Pentecostalism xcviii, 152, 191, 193, 554, 2464 1028, 1791–3, 1796, 1986, 2393 and Buxtehude 332 and Third Wave 2376 cantatas 185, 373 see also glossolalia; Second Blessing; tongues and Frescobaldi 995 Baptist churches cii, 546, 774, 2600 and Lutheranism 1396, 1601–2, 2082, 2535 church government 548 Magnificat 2461 countries/regions and Mendelssohn 1478, 1765 America cii, 116, 120, 342, 453, 880-1, 1056, Passions 185, 1764–5 1342, 1347, 1806, see also Northern see also Schweitzer, Albert Baptist Convention; Southern Baptist Bacon, Francis 186–7, 418, 504, 721–2, 2086, Convention 2142, 2323 Canada 360–3 Bacon, Roger 186, 187, 504 Cuba 650, 651 Badarak (Patarag) 188–9 Denmark 672 Balthasar, Hans Urs von 189–90, 1405, 2118, 2470 Eastern Europe cii and eschatology 851 England 832–3, 2182 and de Lubac 190, 229, 677 Italy 1216 and Maximus the Confessor 1454 Jamaica 380, 1221, 1349 and nouvelle théologie 1708 Latin America 111, 307, 309, 449, 1761, and suffering 894, 1046 2452 and theological aesthetics 190, 219, 2346 Russia 2033, 2425 and Vatican II 190, 2008 Southeast Asia 943, 2219 baptism lxxxviii, 190–205, 415, 2041–2, 2538–9 Southern Africa 2222, 2226 and anointing 200, 202, 747, 2042 West Africa 1682 antecedents 191 and liturgy cii, 2594 by immersion xci, cii, 152, 199–200, 205, 310, Reformed Baptists 1950 554, 556, 611, 2041, 2149, 2159, 2539 Baptist Confession of Faith 353, 1949, 2145, 2495 and catechumenate 200, 747, 754, 1321, 1322, Baptist theology cii, 202, 206 1553, 2374 and ecclesiology 206 and creeds 624 and Hyper-Calvinism 998, 1021 in early church 200–1, 747, 1724 and mission cii, 378, 426, 882 of infants 201, 310, 445–6, 499, 586, 611, 654, and postmillennialism 450 934, 2042, 2182, 2374, 2462 see also Conner, Walter Thomas; Gill, John C.; and Anabaptists 51, 202, 934 McClendon, James William, Jr.; Mullins, and New Testament 203–5, 586 E. Y.; Ramm, Bernard L.; into Christ 197–8 Rauschenbusch, Walter; Robertson, A. T.; into the name of Christ 197–8 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon; Strong, A. H. of Jesus 194 baptistery 334, 529 and Lutheranism xcix, 1402, 2113 Bar Ebroyo, Gregory see Bar-Hebraeus, Gregory and Mandaeans 1417 Bar Salibi, Dionysius xcvi, 207, 210, 2307 meaning 191–2 Bar-Hebraeus, Gregory xcvi, 207, 209–10, 2305, and Moravian Brethren 1575 2307

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Baradeus, Jacob xcv, xcvi, 207–8, 2305, 2384 and monasticism 128, 160, 215, 232, 806, 1559, Bardaisan 146, 181, 209, 2375 1843, 2029 Bardaisanism 1123 and nature 1649 Barmen Declaration (1834) ci and penance 747 Barmen Declaration (1936) 213, 625, 691, 2421 and revelation 767 Barnabas, St. 99, 655 and suffering 1614 Barnhouse, Donald Grey 210–11, 2151, 2571 and worship 1605, 2432 Baroque 211–12, 238, see also architecture; see also Gregory of Nazianzus; Gregory of Counter-Reformation; music; painting Nyssa; rules, monastic Barth, Karl 81, 190, 212–13, 726, 816, 989, 2073, Basilides of Alexandria 1042, 2096 2293, 2361, 2470 Basle, Council (1433) 931, 1677 and Bonhoeffer 296 Baur, F. C. 707, 725, 1093, 1127, 1542, 1772 and Brunner 318, 690, 1655 Baxter, Richard 216, 1102, 1749, 1981 and doctrine and dogma 717, 718 Bea, Augustin Cardinal 217–18 and eschatology 851, 1107 and ecumenism 217–18, 738 and existentialism 903 and Vatican II 217 and freedom 986–7 beauty 218–20, 780, 1649–50 and Hauerwas 1095 and theological aesthetics 2119, 2344, 2345 and hermeneutics 1127 see also Romanticism and historical Jesus 1134, 1970 Beckett, Thomas 374, 737, 830–1, 2124 and image of God 1183 Bede, the Venerable 220–1, 421, 422, 705, 830, influence 823–4, 1045, 1228, 1754, 1853, 1353, 2006, 2148, 2485 1925–6, 1951 and the Bible 243, 1833 and kerygmatic theology 1271–2 and Caedmon 1364, 1598 and Kierkegaard 1274, 1691 and Easter 755 and liberalism 671, 690, 1348, 1655 and hagiography 1086 and Lord’s Prayer 1870 and history 220, 2362 and narrative theology 1642 and miracles 1101, 2162 and natural theology 213, 318, 1646, 1655 Beguines 221, 1461, 1550, 1626, 1637, 1803, and neo-orthodox theology 282, 1654–5, 2087, see also Eckhart, Meister; Hadewijch; 2313, 2352, 2358 Mechthild of Magdeburg and pacifism 1262 Belarus, Greek Catholics 760 and proclamation 1896–7 Belgic Confession (1561) 129, 352, 1202, and Ritschl 1998 2144–5 and social justice 1846 beliefs, Christian 222–5 and soteriology 2215 and the church 224–5 and Troeltsch 2407 and divinity 222–3 and universalism 2430 early 745–8 and wrath of God 2542 and humanity 223–4 base communities 288, 308, 776, 1307, 1313, 1858 material 1441–8 Basel Mission 170, 213–14, 808, 1714, 2293 apostolic period 1441–2 Basil the Great 40, 201, 214–15, 513 and Counter-Reformation 1446 and Arianism 215, 539–40, 728 early church 1442–3 and beauty 218 late antiquity 1443–4 and the church 2004 medieval 1444–5 and creation 708 in modern age 1446–8 as Doctor of the Church 704, 705 and Reformation 1445–7 and doxology 728 and salvation 224 and Greek culture 2078 see also baptism; beliefs, Christian, material; and healing 1104 catechism; creeds; doctrine, and dogma; and Holy Spirit 215, 940, 1147, 2117 epistemology, religious; Eucharist; faith; and imitation of Christ 1184 kerygma; martyrdom; saints Liturgy of xci, xcv, 53, 118, 188, 524, 611, 614, believer, authority of 178–9 756, 758, 1062 Bell, George Kennedy Allen 226

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Bellarmine, Robert 227, 706, 1016, 1234, 2142–3, and mysticism 1619, 1623, 2006, 2359–60 2446 see also Cistercians Bellini, Giovanni 228, 1420, 2464 Bernini, Gianlorenzo 238, 2020 bells see campanile as architect 211, 238, 531 Benedict of Aniane 232, 813 as sculptor 36, 40, 107, 142, 212, 238, 302, 392, Benedict of Nursia 230, 232, 486, 688, 1086, 465 1215, 1544 Bérulle, Pierre de 992, 1569–70, 1630–1, 1637 economic ideas 779 Beza, Theodore 129–30, 350, 992, 1951, 2342 and education 230, 797, 2005 Bible 239–44 and healing 913, 1100 Armenian version see Bible translations, and imitation of Christ 1184 Armenian and monastic poverty 1843–4, 2174 in Eastern Orthodox Church xcii, 765–6 and virtue 2440 influence and importance 239 Benedict XVI, Pope 157, 228–9, 1756, 1757, message 244 2008 and poetry 1831 and biblical criticism 229 transmission 247, 250 and Boff 288 see also archaeology; authority; biblical and contextualization 1027 criticism; commentaries, biblical; Deus Caritas Est 413 Hagiographa; inerrancy; infallibility; and Eastern Orthodox Church 760 inspiration; interpretation; literalism; New and liberation theology 1348–9 Testament; Old Testament; sola scriptura and liturgy 229 principle and de Lubac 229, 1708 Bible Conference movement 1674, 1975, 2089, 2505 and Tübingen School 2413 Bible schools 1220, 2089, 2394–5 see also nouvelle théologie Bible translations lxxxvi, xcii, 239, 247–8, 378, Benedictine Order 232–3, 913, 1470–1, 1553, 570, 752, 820, 828–9, 863, 1040 1554, 2174, see also Jaki, Stanley L. Armenian xcv, 114, 115, 121, 123, 245–6, 1067 Benedictine Rule 231, 232–3, 699, 1549–50, 2004, Chinese 454 2174 Coptic 613 and Augustine of Canterbury 231 and dynamic equivalence 1532 and Cassian 230, 231, 232, 614 English 57, 239, 247–8, 715, 2419, 2569–70 and Christian leadership 486 and global Christianity 1532 and Cistercians 233, 559, 560, 561 Gothic 797 and Cluny 230, 233, 569, 991 Latin see Vulgate and compassionate care 1550, 2275 and Luther 239, 247, 1393, 1464–5 spread 813, 1559, 1696, 2029 major issues 248 and study 2347 Marathi 378 Bennett, Dennis 510, 307–8, 1793, 2154, see also nineteenth-century 1692 Charismatic Movement recent 248, 1504 Bentham, Jeremy 858, 1326, 1894, 2197 Slavonic 342, 657, 1040, 1166, 2032 Berdyaev, Nikolai Alexandrovich xciii, 234–5, Syriac 71, 156, 2304, 2309–10 322, 414, 903, 955, 2111, 2185, 2351, 2470 see also Judson, Adoniram; King James Bible; Berengar of Tours 63, 285–6, 871 Luther, Martin; Metzger, Bruce; Moffat, Bergson, Henri 1424 Robert; Septuagint; Summer Institute of Berkeley, George 235–6, 1816, 1956 Linguistics; Townsend, William Cameron; Berlioz, Hector 236, 1730 Tyndale, William; Vulgate; Wyclif, John Bernard of Clairvaux 237, 559, 561, 577, 673, biblical criticism 256–60, 315, 555, 570, 671, 706, 991, 1184, 2464 1342–3 and Abelard 2, 237, 1815, 2006 canonical 368–9, 1127 and Crusades 646 features 257–8 and healing 1101 form criticism 329, 369 and hymns 1367, 1600 gender 924 and Immaculate Conception 1185 historical 229, 243–4, 257–60, 361, 472, 851, and Knights Templar 1282 1093, 1127, 1292, 2256, 2358

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literary 259 body, theology of 1441–8, 2353–5 narrative 261, 924 ethical significance 2355 principles 257 monism and dualism 67–8, 288–9, 2353, 2529 reader-response 260, 599, 924 resurrection 2353–4 redaction-criticism 369 value 2354–5 rhetorical 261, 924 see also Gnosticism; Manichaeism; soul source-criticism 369, 1049 Boesak, Alan 1918, 2233 textual 251, 257, 369, 1504, 2084–5 Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus 286–7, 401, biblical theology 260–1, 368, 2311, 2359, 2542–3, 892–3, 1364, 2173–4 see also biblical criticism, canonical; and Aquinas 101–2 dogmatic theology and music 1605, 1650 biblicism 877 and Neoplatonism 892–3 bioethics 262–6, 1666, 2087 translations of 856, 1551 and Christianity 264–6, 1344 Boff, Leonardo 287–8, 651, 1348, 1870, 2185, definition 262 2233, see also liberation theology methods 263–4 Bogomilism 288–9, 325, 389, 819, 916, 1123, need for 262–3 1148, 1419 birth control see contraception and family Bohemia 76, 283, 661, 2335, see also Hus, John planning Böhme, Jakob 289–90, 1244, 1323, 1585, 2213 bishops see episcopacy Bolivia 290–3 Black Christianity 266–73 missions 292–3 and contextualization 267, 268 and Protestantism 290, 292–3 in Europe 274–9 and religious tolerance 291–2 and women 272–3, 278 and Roman Catholicism 290–1, 292, 1311, 1313 see also African independent churches Bollandists 294–5 Black monks see Benedictine Order Bonaventure, St. 295–6, 464, 706, 970, 977, 1022, black theology 10–12, 20, 267, 1532, 1918, 2315, 1184, 1472 2351, 2359 and beauty 219 contributions 12, 276, 1349 and drama 1366 development 10–11, 267–8 and faith and reason 295–6 sources and methods 11–12 and hierarchy 984 see also liberation theology; Liele, George; race and history 229, 296 Blake, William 135, 280, 290, 1243, 1244, 1588, and Immaculate Conception 1185 2016, 2285 and just war 2479 Blannbekin, Agnes 1626 and mysticism 296, 688, 692, 1624–5, 1637, blasphemy 281 2076, 2117–18 Blasphemy of Sirmium 539 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 226, 296–7, 903, 1576, 1588, Bloesch, Donald G. 281–2, 603, 1896–7 2129, 2416, 2421 Blondel, Maurice 2007 and Barth 296 blood of Christ xc, 282–4, 337, 366, 597, 870, and Niebuhr (Reinhold) 296 1449 and suffering 1616 devotions to 283–4 Boniface of Mainz 173, 297–8, 813, 830, 880, blood of Christ lxxxviiv 282–4, 337, 366, 597, 870 1011, 1440 Blumhardt, Christian G. 214 Bonner, Bishop William Lee 298–9, 555, see also Blumhardt, Johannes 1101, 1102, 2165 Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Boardman, William Edwin 284–5, 1102, 1141, Apostolic Faith 1272, 2164 Book of Common Prayer ciii, 59, 389, 688, 1290, body of Christ 285–6 1869, 2593 church as 285–6, 366, 415, 748, 773, 1388, Black Rubric 1283, 1297 1441, 1482, 1722, 1724–5, 1777, 2043, and Cranmer 57, 621, 831, 1283, 1370, 1375, 2532 1945 devotion to 286 translation 570 and Eucharist xc, 285–6, 337, 366, 597, 870, Book of Concord xcviii, 166, 2051, 2113, 2288 1449, 2043 Book of Hours 299, 299–300, 1371

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Book of Kells 300 Brunner, Emil 318, 1951, 2293 books, early 2094–5 and mission 318, 1530 books, liturgical 1369–71, 2593–6, see also Book of and natural theology 318, 690, 1646, 1655 Common Prayer and neo-orthodox theology 318, 1654, 2313, Booth, William 300–1, 833, 914, 1692, 1893, 2358 2058–9, 2507, see also Salvation Army and wrath of God 2542 born again 301–2, 1562, 2417, see also conversion Bruno of Cologne 385–6 Borromini, Francesco 212, 302–3, 952, 2020 Bryan, William Jennings 318–19, 896, 2192, see Borrow, George 2238 also evolution Bosch, Hieronymus 303, 2295 Buber, Martin 2027 Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 928–9, 1080, 1223, Bucer, Martin 319–21, 327–8, 1823, 2455 2446 and Ausberg Interim 320 Botswana 829, 2223 and baptism 202 Botticelli, Sandro 303–4, 2066, 2168 and Calvin 320, 1718, 1949, 1950, 1951 Boyle, Robert 507, 2086, 2143 and Cranmer 320 Braaten, Carl E. 304–5, 1229, see also ecumenism; and Eucharist 2561 Jenson, Robert; Pannenberg, Wolfhart and Marburg Colloquy 320, 1951 Brahe, Tycho 506, 1270 and marriage 601 Brahms, Johannes 306 and worship 2535 Braide, Garrick Sokari 15, 18 Buchman, Franklin Nathan Daniel (Frank) 321–2 Bramante, Donato 307, 394, 530, 533, 1515, 1928 Buddhism Branch Davidians 8 and human rights 1164 Brazil lxxxviii, 307–9, 1035, 2230 and meditation 1864 and AIDS 21 and relics 1965 church and state 307, 309, 1306, 1664 and suffering 2272 and indigenous rights 2457–8 Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolaevich 234, 322–3, 955, megachurches 1474 1508, 2185, 2358 new religious movements 1664–5 and sophiology 2211, 2213 and Pentecostalism 308, 1788, 2231 Bulgaria xcii, 323–7 and Protestantism 307, 309, 2231 and communist rule 326, 1407 and Roman Catholicism xc, 307, 308–9, early Christianity 323–4, 343, 524, 1406, 1697 1310–12, 1313–14, 2411 first patriarchate 324–5, 1405–6 Brethren Church 310–11, 833, 1481 and Romania 2013 core values 310 second patriarchate 325–6 divisions 311 and Serbia 2132–4 history 310–11 third patriarchate 326–7 and mission 311 see also Bogomilism Brethren of the Common Life 312, 685–6, 843, Bulgarian Catholic Church xci, 759 970, 1072, 1184, 1940, 2380, see also Bullinger, Heinrich 327–8, 1283, 1949, 2455 Devotio Moderna; Groote, Gerard and covenant theology 327, 328, 1951 breviaries xc, 1370, 1465, 2593 and Zwingli 1951, 2171, 2291, 2561 Bright, Bill 312–13, 883 Bultmann, Rudolf 328–9, 671, 1347, 2073 Brigittine order 1554, 2287 and biblical criticism 257, 329, 1655 Britten, Benjamin 314, 1730 and biblical theology 261, 318 Broadus, John Albert 314–15, 2000, see also and existentialism 261, 329, 652, 671, 904, Robertson, A. T. 1279, 1410, 2351 Browne, Robert cii, 546, 588, 590 and faith 84, 907–8 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie 315–16, 370, 1830, 1997 and Gnosticism 2549 Bruckner, Josef Anton 316–17, 2459 and Heidegger 261, 329, 894, 1111 Bruderhof see Church Communities and hermeneutics 1125, 2111 International and historicity 84, 329, 1134, 1754, 1970 Brunelleschi, Filippo 30, 105, 317, 392, 394, and kerygmatic theology 1271–2 530–1, 533, 723, 968, 1610 and Kingdom of God 1279 and Donatello 464, 723 see also Heidegger, Martin

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Bunyan, John cii, 329–30, 998 call, missionary 1538–9 Pilgrim’s Progress 330, 1140, 1378, 1826–7, calling 419, see also priesthood, of believers; 2146, 2210, 2295 vocations Burakumin theology 2351 Calvary Chapel 346–7, 1241, 1242, 1920, Burma 2218, 2219, 2220–1, see also Judson, 2179–80, see also Jesus People; Smith, Adoniram Charles Ward Butler, Joseph 79, 90, 330–1, 809, 1647 Calvin, John xcvii, 81, 348, 991, 1158, 1951 and Deism 90, 331, 1970 and amillenialism 1975 and ethics 331 and baptism 202 Buxtehude, Dietrich 331–2, 995 and Bullinger 2291, 2561 Byrd, William 64, 332–3, 1583, 1601, 2318 and care for the sick 1299 Byzantine Christianity 335–40, 658, 817 catechism 389 and Armenia 115–16, 119, 2152 and cessationism 2162 art and architecture 333–5, 461–2, 530, see also and christology 1191 Hagia Sophia; Iconoclastic Controversy; and church governance 485, 545–6, 1884 icons and iconography and church and state 850, 1283, 1845 and church and state 335, 336–7, 340–1 and dance 667 and drama 730 and devotionalism 688 foundations 335–7 dissemination of writings 1464 and Franks 466, 811, 812–13, 939 economic ideas 780, 784, 1992 mission 338 and eternity 856, 1107 monasticism xci, 338, 342, 767–8, 813–14, 817, and Eucharist 327, 648, 1947, 2561 1130, 1559–60 and free will 985 and North Africa 1702 and grace 1053, 1952 and Palestine 1750 and hermeneutics 1126–7 and Roman Catholicism 338–9 and Holy Spirit 1149 and sacraments 337 and humanism 474 see also Constantinople; filioque; Greek and iconoclasm 1175 Christianity; iconoclasm; icons; John of and imitation of Christ 1184 Damascus; Maximus the Confessor; Institutes 202, 348, 349, 350, 1719, 1902, 1951, Nicaea, Council 2171 Byzantine Orthodoxy 340–3 and law and gospel 1329–30 and church government 337, 341 and liturgy 1376, 2535 and church and state 335, 336–7, 340–1, and natural law 1646 2121–2 and ordination 1731 mission to the Slavs xcii, 338, 342–3 and preaching 880, 1440, 1876 and Muslim conquest 122, 342, 494, 495, 819, and predestination 202, 320, 349, 350, 679, 1426, 1470, 1802 699, 850, 1878, 2144, 2494 status of Constantinople 104, 341 and presuppositional apologetics 80, 90 and Turkish conquest xcii, 117, 340 and Reformed epistemology 1954 see also Divine Office; divinization; Great and Reformed tradition 1954–6 Schism; Greece; Iconoclastic Controversy; and sacraments 5, 774 icons; theosis and saints 2052, 2053 Byzantine Rite 337, 1062, 1166 and the senses 2118 Byzantine Rite churches xci–xcii, 756, 758–80 and sin 885, 1908 and systematic theology 2313 Caedmon 1364, 1598, 2148 and women 2520 caesaropapism 337, 341, 342, 872, 2121–2 and work 1899–900 calendar 417, 535–6, 614, 746, 2420, 2536, 2587–91 see also Bucer, Martin; Farel, Guillaume; Armenian 119 Zwingli, Ulrich Coptic 608, 688 Calvinism 349–53, 1880 Ethiopian 869 in America 48, 801, 1341–2, 1912 Gregorian/Julian xcvii, 119, 689, 1064–5, 2128 and apostasy 93, 352 and martyrologies 1432–4, 2532 and Arminianism 129–30, 351–3, 2215

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Calvinism (cont’d) Roman Catholic 400–5, 831, 1472, 1550 and Augustine of Hippo 349 1917 Code 281, 364, 372, 402, 403 and capitalism 785, 1882, 1899–900, 1992 1983 Code 281, 403–4, 899, 1758, 1885 and church and state 2126 and blasphemy 281 and Cyril Lucaris 660–1, 1061 and divorce 702 and eternal security 854 interpretation 404–5 Five Points 352 for Oriental churches 400–1, 404, 756, 1885 and Kuyper 1289, 1882 and papacy 1758–9 in Poland 1837 see also law and science 505 Canon of the Mass 365–6, 1303 in Scotland 2091 see also anaphora; Eucharist and Virgin Mary 1584 canon of Scripture 247, 366–8, 746, 765, 2004, 2007 see also Congregational churches; Dort, Synod; and Didache 368 Edwards, Jonathan; eternity, eternal and feminism 2515 security; Huguenots; Netherlands; and liturgy 1089 predestination; Reformed tradition; and Marcion 1423, 1739, 2096–7 Remonstrants see also Apocrypha; Hagiographa; New Camara, Dom Helder 308, 309, 571 Testament; Old Testament Cambridge Platform 588, 590 canonical criticism see biblical criticism Cambridge Platonists ciii, 354–5 canonicity 369–71, 1840, 1979 camp meetings c–ci, 46, 268, 355–6, 1048, 1056, see also Apocrypha; inspiration 1376, 1440, 1502, 2408 canonization xc, 371–2, 398, 665, 676, 697, 2049, antecedents 355, 1982 2463, see also saints and Holiness movement 356, 1141–2 canons 771 see also Cane Ridge revival; evangelism, mass; cantata 185, 331–2, 372–3, 383, 2322 Stone, Barton W. Canterbury 373, 373–4, 530, 737, 2148, see also campanile 357, 357–8 Anselm of Canterbury; Augustine of Campbell, Alexander 359–60, 468, 555, 1392, Canterbury; Lanfranc 1692, 1967, see also Christian Church Canterbury Tales see Chaucer, Geoffrey (Disciples of Christ); Stone, Barton W. capital punishment 226, 374–5, 997, 1961, 2274 Campus Crusade for Christ 312–13, 487, 557, capitalism 883, 1810, see also Bright, Bill and Calvinism 785, 1882, 1899–900, 1992 Canada 360–3 and Catholic social teaching 407–8, 413, 1846 and Anglicanism 60, 360–1 and Christian socialism 781, 1919 black-initiated churches 361 inclusive 482 and Charismatic Renewal 363 medieval 799 church union movements 362–3, 1497, 2417 and Protestantism 785, 874, 1031, 1899–900 and Doukhobors 728 and Social Darwinism 2187 and Hutterites 1169 see also economics, market economy and Lutheranism xcix, 360, 1396 Cappadocian Fathers megachurches 1474 and apophatic theology 92 and New France 360 see also Basil the Great; Gregory of Nazianzus; and Presbyterianism 360–2 Gregory of Nyssa and Protestantism 360–2 Capuchins 174, 617, 977, 2144, 2451 and Roman Catholicism 360–1, 363 Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da 135, 375, see also Lonergan, Bernard; Lutheranism; 375–6, 2146 Methodist churches; Presbyterian cardinal virtues see virtue churches; Roman Catholic Church Cardinals, College of 771, 818, 1143, 1942, 2123, Candomblé 1664–5 2168, 2431 Cane Ridge revival 46, 355–6, 359, 877, 1967, Carey, William 377–8, 485, 881, 882, 1529, 1703, 1984 1950 canon law 72, 364–5, 1327 and Bible translations 378, 1193 Anglican 834 and Fuller 998 and Luther 364 and Great Commission 377, 1057, 1539

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Caribbean 268, 276, 378–82, 1035 rock-cut 861, 864, 1294 and Anglicanism 379, 380–2, 2429 and sculpture 138, 140–1, 530 and Native Baptist movement 380, 381 Catherine of Genoa 395–8, 1629 and Pentecostalism 1788 Catherine of Siena 400, 414, 721, 970, 1619, and Protestantism 379 1627–8, 1637 Revivalism 382 as Doctor of the Church 704, 706, 2337 and Roman Catholicism 379 and eucharistic devotion 1087 see also Cuba; Jamaica and healing 1101 Carissimi, Giacomo 383–4 and papacy 400 Carmelites 384, 757, 1554 and prison ministry 1891 and John of the Cross 384, 688, 1630, 2006 Catholic Action 308, 429–30, 448, 1216, 1305, 1313 and Teresa of Ávila 384, 688, 1630, 2006, 2337 Catholic Evangelicalism 304–5 see also Lawrence, Brother; Stein, Edith; Catholic Worker Movement 413–14, 675, 1858, Thérèse of Lisieux 2191, 2433 carols 1367, 1598–9 catholicity 527, 1482 Carpenter Gothic 384–5 Catholicos 771, 852, 1009, 1030, 2153 Carthage, councils CELAM (Latin American Bishops’ Council) 447, 251 2374 571, 1079, 1145, 1313, 1858, 2433 397 370, 371, 729, 754 celebrations and festivals 714, 746, 2005, 2045, 418 1090 2169, 2432, 2433 Carthusians 385–7, 568, 1073, 1547, 1554, 2029 Celestial Church of Christ 24, 277, 1683 Cassian, John 683, 806, 1748 celibacy 217, 419–20, 476, 1230 monastic rule 230, 231, 232, 614, 1215, 1843, priestly xc, xcii, 119, 345, 419, 776, 1721, 1886, 2013, 2029 1963, 2236, 2416 and mysticism 1621, 1635 and Shakers 2155, 2156 and prayer 1863 see also chastity; marriage; sexuality and repentance 585 Celsus see Origen, Against Celsus and Semi-Pelagianism 1053, 1782 Celtic Christianity 420–3, 830, 1603, 2173, 2533, Cassiodorus 1215, 1605, 1833, 1834, 2078, 2174 see also Columba, St.; Lindisfarne catacombs 133, 387, 390, 459–60, 749, 1442–3, Gospels; Wales 2019–20 Celtic cross 423, 423–4 catechetical schools 388 censorship 424–5, 1465, 1466, see also Index of Alexandria 565, 803–4, 1118, 2347, 2490 Prohibited Books and Clement 388, 565, 614, 803 Centesimus Annus 412–13, 781, 2438 and Origen 34–5, 388, 614, 803, 2078 Central Africa 425–8 Antioch 388 postindependence period 427–8 catechisms 388–9 and Protestantism 426 and Calvin 389 and Roman Catholicism 417, 426 and Luther 388–9, 670, 1167, 1394, 1399–400, twentieth-century growth 426–7 1562, 2113 Central America 428–31 Roman Catholic 406, 1351, 1729, 2050 ethnic groups 429, 429 see also Heidelberg Catechism and Pentecostalism 430, 1507, 1788 catechumenate 200, 747, 754, 1321, 1322, 1553, and Protestantism 429, 430–1 2374 religious demographics 430 Cathars 66, 389, 718, 845, 871, 916, 1087, 1120, and Roman Catholicism 428–9 2348, 2402, 2474 see also Guatemala; Romero, Oscar Arnulfo and Bogomils 289, 325 cessationism 347, 1019, 1099, 1101–2, 2162 crusade against 1203, 1204, 1806, 2377, 2378 Chalcedon, Council (451) xcv, 34, 72, 432–3, 595, and Holy Spirit 1148 934 and Inquisition 1122, 1472, 1803 and Armenian Church xcv, 115–16, 121, 712 cathedral and church buildings 390, 390–5, 533 and Assyrian Church 155, 1565 architecture 391–2, 530, 1051–2 background 432 early 390–1, 1443 and Christology 342, 364, 432–3, 513, 514–15, and education 798, 2006 541, 1190, 1755

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Chalcedon, Council (451) (cont’d) and the state 1843, 1844–5, 2438 and Coptic Church 609, 614, 804 see also almsgiving; hope and Docetism 515, 704 Charlemagne 343, 437–8, 990 and Ethiopian Orthodox Church 866 and Alcuin 32, 437, 798, 1694 and Eutychianism 432–3, 541, 609, 711–12, and the Bible 1833 916, 1565, 1739, 2338 and Byzantine Orthodoxy 813 and hypostatic union 121, 514, 515, 1172 and canon law 364, 401 and Nestorianism 541, 624, 659, 1564 and church and state 437–8, 2122 and Syriac Orthodox Church xcv, 2305 and education and learning 437, 797–8, 1464, see also Leo I, Pope, Tome; Monophysitism 1694–6 Chalcedonian Definition 476, 542, 934–5, 1033–4, empire 438 1219 and filioque clause 939 and miaphysitism 1509, 1821 and Islam 581, 1848 and Monophysitism 432, 609, 935, 1509, 1564–5 and liturgy 1606, 1697, 2533 Chaldean Catholic Church xci, xcvii, 154, 757, and monasticism 231, 232, 2347 1413, 1485, 1487–90, 2278 and Ostmark 173 Chaldean Rite churches xci and papacy 437, 466, 764, 1064, 1471, 1757 Chambers, Oswald 433–4, 1104, 1142, 1406 Charles Martel 297, 437, 811, 812, 813, 1848, chant 33, 435, 698, 1298, 1596–7, 1697 2148–9 Byzantine 435, 1608–9, 2045 Charles V, Emperor 439, 620, 1903 Gregorian 435, 990, 1064, 1066, 1597, 1606–9, and Anabaptists 5, 2163 2005, 2045, 2533 and Counter Reformation 2237 chapels 533 and Diet of Augsburg 165, 439, 625, 1399 chaplains 771, 1894 and Diet of Worms 165, 439, 978, 1393, 1398, Chapman, J. Wilbur 356, 435–6 1901, 2169 Charismatic Movement ciii, 436–7, 1028–30, 2417 and Knights of Malta 1282 and art 135–6 and Latin America 1309 countries/regions and Lutheranism 1399–401, 1946, 2404 Africa 15, 17, 22, 181–3, 272, 276, 753, 776, Chartres Cathedral 140, 394, 440, 990, 1052, 1684–5, 1788 2128, 2463 America 1663, 1787, 1793 stained glass 393, 440, 581, 2257 Canada 363 chastity 440–1, 476, see also celibacy; sexuality Central America 1507, 1788 Chaucer, Geoffrey 441–2, 969, 1364, 1368, 1371, Europe 994 1940, 1942, 2541 Iran 1810 Chemnitz, Martin 442–3, 443, 1401 the south 293, 776, 1786–90 Chenu, Marie-Dominique 587, 1079, 1707, 2008 development 1149–50, 1793–5, 2160 Cherubim and Seraphim Society 23, 269, 276, and ecumenism 790 1683, 2232 and five-fold ministry 1520, 1795 Chesterton, Gilbert Keith 443–4, 1339, 1405 and gifts of the Spirit 1019, 1020, 1150, 2376 Chi-Rho 2093 and glossolalia 1039, 1793 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978) 625 and healing 276, 436, 1103 children 444–6, 1351, see also baptism, of infants; and mission 883 confirmation; youth ministry in Roman Catholicism xc, xcviii, 172, 436, Children’s Crusade (1212) 646 1028, 1103, 1589, 1789, 1794, 2417 Chile 446–9 and women 2521–2 Christianity and politics 490, 491, 1306 and worship 1376, 2537 and church and state 446–7, 449 see also American Baptist Charismatic Renewal and Pentecostalism civ, 1788, 1795 movement; Bennett, Dennis; Latter Rain and Protestantism 448–9 movement; Pentecostalism; prophecy and and Roman Catholicism 446–8, 1311, 1313–14, prophets; Roberts, Granville Oral; Third 2411 Wave movement; tongues see also folk Christianity charity lxxxvi, 477, 913–14, 973, 1991, 2098 chiliasm 74, 449–51, 1974, see also amillennialism; monastic 1844 postmillennialism; premillennialism

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China lxxxviii, 451–5, 471, 526 and secularization 2102 and Assyrian Apostolic Church 38, 147–8, see also civilization 451–2, 812, 1033, 1810 Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 359–60, and communism 454–5, 526, 629, 1802, 2231, 361, 468–9, 526, 555–6, 846, 1663, 1692, 2278, 2416, 2418 2600 and foot binding 886 and infant baptism 202 house churches 454, 526, 776 liturgical books 2594 missions to 37, 148, 452–4, 526, 882, 883, 938, and mission 1456–7, 1761 1219–20, 1655–6, 1692, 1803 and restorationism 1967 and Pentecostal-Charismatic movement 1788, and social gospel 469 1803, 2284 see also Campbell, Alexander; Stone, Barton W. and persecution 454, 526, 829, 1697, 1807 Christian Churches see Churches of Christ and Protestantism 453–4, 455, 526, 1479, 1519, Christian Democratic parties 1582, 2319–20 in Europe 490–1, 1014, 1216 and Roman Catholicism 148, 417–18, 452–3, in Latin America 447–8, 490, 491, 1306, 1313, 455, 526, 1196, 1849 2433 and Three-Self Movement 454, 526, 1519, and Rerum Novarum 408, 490 1653 Christian and Missionary Alliance 488–9, 572, see also Allen, Roland; Jaffray, Robert; 788, 1103, 1536, 1537, 1813, 2164, 2396, Mingdao, Wang; Morrison, Robert; Nee, see also Graham, Billy; Jaffray, Robert Watchman; Ricci, Matteo; Sung, John; Alexander; Simpson, A. B.; Tozer, A. W. Taylor, James Hudson; Uighurs; Christian Realism 1276, 1681 Xiuquan, Hong Christian Science 512, 886, 1104, 1106, 1663, China Inland Mission 453, 882, 1582, 1692, 2342, 2434 2319–20 Christian socialism 492–3, 781, 1689–90, 1846, Chinese rites controversy 417–18, 453, 1234, 1858, 1919, 2191, see also liberation 1849, 1988 theology; social gospel Ching-ching (Adam) 39, 148, 452, 456, 1656 Christian year see calendar chivalry Christianity and Virgin Mary 2463 Black 266–73 and warfare 2479 and civilization lxxxvi, 343, 764, 1321–2, 1880 choirs xci, 1597, 2539 global see global Christianity chrismation xci, 747 growth lxxxiii, 523, 879, 881, 883, 972, 1285–6, Christ see Christ in art; Christ as redeemer; Jesus 1786 Christ; Messiah material see beliefs, Christian, material Christ Apostolic Church 16, 23, 181–3, 269, 1683, roots 2022–6 1788 in Hellenistic culture 2023–5 Christ in art 131–2, 458–65 in Judaism 2022–3 devotional images 133–4, 463–5, 687–8, in Roman Empire 2025–6 1075–6, 1585 see also Josephus, Flavius; Judaism; Roman early Middle Ages 462–3, 723 Empire early Roman Christian art 133, 459–61 spread lxxxi, lxxxvii, lxxxvii, 882 orthodoxy and Arianism 460, 461–2, 1176 statistics lxxxv–lxxxvii, 1024, 2601–6 Christ as redeemer 457–8 Christians, born-again see born again and Anselm of Canterbury 457, 458 Christian–Jewish relations 75, 218, 480–2 and doctrine of the Trinity 458 and blood libel 481 in New Testament 457 and Holocaust 481 Christadelphianism 8 in Spain 481, 2236 Christendom 466–7, 468–9, 477, 479, 526, 763, and supersessionism 481–2, 815, 1495, 1765 1057 see also anti-Semitism; Aphrahat; Judaism and the church 520–1, 817 Christina of Stommeln 1626 and global Christianity 1036 Christmas xcv, 508–10, 535, 976, 1190, see also and Kierkegaard 671 carols and medieval church 1470, 2347 Christmas tree 509–10

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christology ontology 1722–6 controversies 510–15, 915–16, 1564–5 as people of God 1724 cults see cults, christological persecuted 526, 829, 1804–8 functional 653, 745 and sect 525–6, 1661–2, 2207–8 Lutheran xcix as temple of the Spirit 1725 ontological 711, 745 and the Trinity 773, 1723 and systematic theology 2311 and true church 524–5, 695, 773, 2083, 2182, see also adoptionism; Apollinarianism; Arianism; 2544, 2553 Chalcedon, council; Eutychianism; unity 527, 654, 766–7, 772, 923, 1026, 2374 Gnosticism; kenosis; miaphysitism; universal 14, 476, 521 monarchianism; Monophysitism; see also ecclesiology; Great Schism; sobornost Nestorianism; tertium quid church architecture 61, 528–34 chronos see time basilicas 333, 391–2, 468, 523, 529, 533, 612, Chrysostom, St. John 188, 342, 388, 518–20, 594 1051, 2540 and alcohol 2331 centralized plan 530, 531, 532–3 anaphora 53, 366 cross-in-square plan 530, 533, 2296 and Antioch 72, 73, 519 early church 132–3, 749–50 and atonement 542 Lutheran 1394–5 and baptism 199 nineteenth-century 1652 and beauty 218 and Reformation 394–5, 531, 2007 and dance 666 stave churches 2260–1 and deaconesses 689 and symbolism 2296 as Doctor of the Church 704, 705 twentieth-century 531–2 and drama 734 see also architecture; campanile; cathedral and economic ideas 779 church buildings; Chartres Cathedral; and fasting 917 Lalibala; megachurches; Palladio, Andrea; and Jews 481 Wren, Christopher Liturgy of xci, 53, 189, 524, 758, 759, 1062, church buildings 1290, 2532 auditory 531, 532 and miracles 1528 hall-church 530, 533, 2539–40 and moral theology 1571 see also cathedral and church buildings; church and original sin 2166 architecture and Paul 1773 church calendar see calendar and preaching 243, 518–19, 1361, 1440, 1876, 2539 Church Communities International (Bruderhof ) and slavery 2178 536, 1433 and suffering 1614 Church of the East see Assyrian Apostolic Church and wealth and poverty 519, 1843 of the East and worship 1605, 2532 Church of England see Anglicanism; Book of church 224–5, 520–7 Common Prayer; Cranmer, Thomas; biblical terms for 521, 527 Henry VIII; Thirty-Nine Articles as body of Christ 285–6, 366, 415, 748, 773, 1388, Church Fathers 537–42, 707, 930 1441, 1482, 1722, 1724–5, 1777, 2043, 2532 ante-Nicene 537–8, 1358, 1359–61 early see early church and the church 545, 2004–5 electronic 882, 1467, 2327–8, 2571–2 and economics 778–9 growth lxxxii, 523, 879, 881, 883, 1024, 1032 and freedom 981–2 historical developments 522–4 and healing 1099–100, 1104 historical statistics 2601–6 Nicene 538–40 and Kingdom of God 520, 1280–1 polemicists 1360–1, 2339 local 53, 1195, 1219, see also indigenous post-Nicene 540–1, 1361–2 churches; Local Church movement as saints 2049 medieval see medieval church see also Apostolic Fathers; Augustine of Hippo; missional 1534–6, 1535 Ignatius of Antioch; Irenaeus of Lyons and modernity 526–7, 1661 Church of God civ, 276, 1221, 1753, 1788, 1793, in New Testament 521–2, 789 2434, 2519

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Church of God in Christ civ, 277, 1345, 1436, in Brazil 307, 309, 1306, 1664 1793, 2519 in Byzantine Christianity 335, 336–7, 340–1, Church of God General Conference 8 2121–2 Church of God of Prophecy 2183 in Central America 1505–6 Church of God (Seventh Day) 8 and Charlemagne 437–8, 2122 church government 476, 543–50, 775–6 and Constantine 336–7, 484, 592–4, 1890–1, Anglicanism 832 2020, 2121 Baptist churches 548 in Croatia 634 and Calvin 485, 545–6, 1884 in Czechoslovakia 661–2 and church leaders 485 in Denmark 669, 670, 671–2 congregational 545, 546–7, 548–50, 588, 589, and early Christianity 2121 590–1, 775, 1031–2, 1947, 1951 in England 830–1, 833–4, 1023, 1939 and early church 544, 545, 775, 1179, 1463, 2026 fifth century 936–7 episcopacy 225, 546–7, 546, 775, 841–2, 1295, 1947 in Finland 947 Lutheran 545, 1395 in France 491, 992–4, 1321, 1802, 1939, 2128 Methodism 546, 1499 in Georgia 1009 Moravian 1573–4 in Germany 1011, 1012–13 Moses model 347 in Iceland 497, 499 and New Testament 543–5 in Italy 1215–16, 2128 Orthodox churches 337, 341 in Latin America 110, 111, 291–2, 446–7, 449, Presbyterianism ci, 225, 546, 547–8, 547, 775, 571, 787, 1307–8, 1312, 1761, 1812–13, 1879 2451, 2452–3 and Reformation 327, 545–6, 775 and Mennonites 1478, 1480–1 see also authority; papacy Middle Ages 2123–5 Church Growth Movement 489, 551–2, 883, in Netherlands 501–2 1457, 1474, 1530, see also megachurches in Norway 1705–6 church history 2070, see also historiography in Poland 1839 Church of Jesus Christ on Earth (Kimbanguist) and Presbyterianism 1882, 1884, 2126 15, 16, 269, 272, 427, 1275 and Reformation 524–5, 850, 2125–7 Church of the Lord 23–4, 1683, 2232 in Romania 2023–4 Church Mission Society 54, 552–3, 564, 831, 2429 in Russia 1255, 2030, 2034, 2129 in Africa 23, 214, 751, 1682, 2492 and secularization 994, 2102–3, 2107 in Australia 170 in Serbia 2136, 2137 in Iran 1810 in Spain 2236, 2238–9 in New Zealand 1669 in Sweden 2287–9 in Oceania 1713 in Switzerland 327, 2292, 2293 see also Venn, Henry and Theodosius the Great 212, 391, 1466–7, church music see music 1597, 1806 Church of the Nazarene 130, 553–4, 1140, 1503, in Uruguay 2432, 2433 1753, 1813 see also civil religion, Christianity as; concordat Church of North India 1194, 1421 churches Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic collegiate 533 Faith 554–5, 1331, see also Bonner, Bishop double 533 William Lee; Lawson, Robert Clarence types 532–3 Church of Scotland see Presbyterian churches, Churches of Christ 555–6, 1392, 1663 countries/regions, Scotland in Australia 172 Church of South India 226, 526, 1193, 1421, and baptism 202, 556 1671, 2417 and Campbell 360, 555 church and state 168, 478, 774, 1030–1, 1337, and church government 548 1594, 2120–9 and Disciples of Christ 469, 555, 1967 in America 46, 48, 281, 896, 914, 1663, 2120, in Oceania 1715 2127–8, 2494, 2510 and radio evangelism 1920 in Armenia 123, 1066 in Southern Africa 2224 in Austria 174–5 cinema, Christian 557–8, 1466

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Cistercians 560–1, 569, 831, 991, 1550, 1553–4, and universalism 2430 2006 and wealth 779, 1843, 1991 and Benedictine Rule 233, 559, 560, 561 see also Alexandrian theology and church architecture 530, 558–60 Clement of Rome 565–6, 1202 female 1017 1 Clement 71, 99, 565–6, 1358, 1375, 1842, and La Trappe 561, 676, 1554 1972, 2004, 2095 in Sweden 2287 2 Clement 99, 566, 585, 1358, 1675, 2095 in Switzerland 2291 Anaphora 53 in Wales 2486 and diaconate 690 see also architecture, Cistercian; Bernard of and ministry 545 Clairvaux and New Testament 242, 566, 1359 Cîteaux Abbey 230, 237, 560–1, 991 and orders 1552 civil religion, Christianity as 562–3, 2207 and resurrection of Christ 1969 critique 563 and tradition 2400 varieties 562–3 and worship 2532 see also church and state; parties, political; clergy politics African-American 20 civil rights movement 19–20, 47, 263, 1098, 1276, corruption 1939, 1941–2, see also pluralism, 2186, 2191, 2228, 2416 clerical; simony civilization marriage 441, 818, 1300, 1886, 1946, 1963 Christian 469–71 see also celibacy; education and training, contribution of Christian leadership 485 theological; ordination effects on lxxxvi, 343, 714, 764, 1880 clinical theology 567 and evangelism 54, 214, 469–71, 751–2, 820, Cloud of Unknowing, The 567–8, 1140, 1628, 1195, 1321–2, 1918, 2188, 2320, 2455 1863, 1868, 2002 see also Christendom Clovis, king of the Franks 880, 990, 1010, 2005, Clapham Sect 3, 168, 552, 564, 1924, 2178, 2454, 2124, 2172 2504, see also Church Mission Society; Cluny 569, 569, 991, 1550, 1814–15, 2029 Sunday Schools; Venn, Henry; and Benedictine Rule 230, 233, 569, 991, 2335 Wilberforce, William and church architecture 530 Clare of Assisi 975, 976, 1624, 1637 and intercessory prayer 1911 Clarke, Adam c, 1497 and monastic reform 174, 569, 817–18, 1471, Clarke, Samuel 629–30 2335, 2534 Clement of Alexandria 4, 34, 197, 564–5, 803, 2099 Cobb, John B., Jr. 1498, 1895–6 and allegorical interpretation 242–3 codex/codices 2094 and apologetics 538, 796 Coke, Thomas c, 144, 1497, 1498, 1501, 2488 and asceticism 1557 Colenso, John W. 570, 1295, see also South Africa and catechetical school 388, 565, 614, 2347 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 330, 1688, 1689, 1831, and dance 666 2016 economic ideas 779 collegiality 582, 1143, 2459 and Epiphany 841 Colombia 571–2 and Gnosticism 1042 and liberation theology 571 and Greek learning 1364, 1834, 2078, 2371 Protestantism 572 and hermeneutics 1126 Roman Catholicism 571, 1311 and inclusivism 2366 see also church and state and literacy 1463 colonialism 47, 553, 1007–8, 1025, 1036, 1196–7, and Marcion 1422 1531, 1664, 1925, 2172 and music 1604–5 Latin America 1007, 1035, 1664, 2349 and New Testament 71, 1356, 2342 Southeast Asia 2218–19, 2349–50 and Peter 184 West Africa 2492 and prayer 1868 colors, liturgical 535, 1372 and Shepherd of Hermas 2158 colporteurs 2238 and symbols 749, 2295 Columba, St. 300, 421, 422, 573, 830, 952, 1085, and theosis 701 2090–1, 2176

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Columbanus, St. 421, 573, 1011, 2029, 2148, 2176 Congar, Yves 587–8, 1079, 1541, 1708, 2008 Columbus, Christopher 43, 48, 573–4, 648, 931, and ecumenism 587, 1388, 1707 1006–7, 1295, 1309 and Holy Spirit 587–8 Comenius, Jan Amos 574–6, 1318–19, 1823, 2428 and ordination 1730 coming-of-age ceremonies 2044 and Vatican II 587, 1707, 1708 commentaries, biblical 242, 244–5, 659, 1050, 1361 see also nouvelle théologie communicatio idiomatum 659, 746, 1564 Congo 15, 18, 269, 426–7, 1479, 1788 Communion 650–1, see also Eucharist; Mass Congregational churches 225, 588–90, 1950 Communion of Saints 417, 577, 577–8, 712, countries/regions 1206–7, 1846–7, 1912, 2052–3 America 45, 48, 353, 588–9, 590, 1056, 1341, communism 1034 1342, 1347, 1806, 2128 in Albania 27 Canada 360, 362 in Bulgaria 326, 1407 Caribbean 379, 1221 in China 454–5, 526, 629, 1802, 1807, 2231, England 588, 591, 831, 833, 2495 2278, 2316, 2418 Iran 1810 collapse 118, 413, 479, 1252, 2418 Oceania 1713, 1714, 1715 in Cuba 629, 651, 1802 Southeast Asia 2219 in Czechoslovakia 662–3 Southern Africa 2222, 2223, 2224 in Ethiopia 864 West Africa 1682 in Hungary 1167–8 and Presbyterian churches 1880 in Latin America 1312–13 service books 2594 and persecution 27, 118, 326, 629, 760, 954, theology 589, 1342, 1347 1285, 1802–3, 2278, 2416, 2420–1 and worship 2535–6 in Poland 1837 see also mission in Romania 2013–14 congregationalism cii–ciii, 51, 545, 546–7, 548–50, in Russia xciii, 629, 954, 1802, 1807, 2033, 590–1, 775, 1031–2, 1951, 2599–600 2382, 2421 and Calvinism 589 in Serbia 1407, 2134, 2138 and ecumenism 590, 591 comparative theology 578–9, 1287–8, 1360, 2351 history 588–9 compassion 975, 1858 and Lutheranism 1395 and responses to AIDS 2438 see also Edwards, Jonathan see also charity; hospice movement; mercy; Conner, Walter Thomas 591–2, 1591, 2267 social justice conservatism and liberalism compatibilism 699, 891, 979–80 in America 627, 671, 1032, 1037, 1048, 1209, Compostela, Santiago de 580–1, 688, 1445, 1469, 1340–5, 1409–10, 2481 1825, 2235, see also pilgrimage in Latin America 1312, 1313–14 Comte, Auguste 735, 2103, 2203 conservatism, political conciliarism 581–2, 669, 968, 1016, 1284, 1472, in America 2001, 2229, 2329 1677, 1721, 1758 and self and society 1345 and Council of Constance 581–2, 712, 1942, and Ultramontanism 2007 2446 Constance, Council of (1414–1418) 1016, 2171 Concordat of Worms (1122) 582, 1011 and conciliarism 581–2, 712, 1942, 2446 concordats 249, 365, 645, 656, 751, 991, 993, see condemnation of Hus 661, 712, 932, 1016, also church and state 1168–9, 1572, 2169 concubinage 818, 1073, 1164 condemnation of Wyclif 2544 Condren, Charles de 1631 and papacy 968 Cone, James 11, 272, 1498, 1918 Constantine the Great 103–4, 201, 592–4 confession and repentance 524, 584–5 and Addai 2305–6 auricular lxxxviii, 415, 963 and church architecture 333 public 2043 and church and state 336–7, 484, 592–4, confessions of faith see creeds and confessions of 1890–1, 2020, 2121 faith and Donatism 594, 1701 confirmation 203, 320, 415, 445, 586–7, 747, 964, empire 593, 2025 1449, 2042, see also baptism and Eusebius 242, 592, 872

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Constantine the Great (cont’d) enforced 1204, 1328 and Jews 74 as event 603–4, 606 and prisons 1890–1 imperceptible 604–5 and slavery 2440 and miraculous intervention 605, 606 see also Edict of Milan; Nicaea, First Council (325) of Muslims to Christianity 1213–14, 1251 Constantinople 594–5 of Paul 605, 629, 948 Crusader sack (1204) 339, 343, 466, 496, 646, as process 302, 603, 606 756, 939, 1444, 1826, 2377 and repentance 1966 and monasticism 338, 1559 and revivals 880, 882, 1981–2 as new Rome 104, 341, 592 and sanctification 1792 Ottoman conquest (1453) xcii, 117, 340, 465, second 284 494, 495, 594, 647, 931, 1059, 1426, 1472, see also born again; monergism; synergism 1802, 1825 Copernicus, Nicholas 227, 505, 607, 1270, 1344, as pilgrimage site 1825 1837, 2142 see also Cyril Lucaris; Hagia Sophia Coptic Catholic/Uniate Church xci, 756–7 Constantinople, councils 595–6 Coptic Church xciv, 608–12, 1033, 2278 of 381 154, 215, 341, 519, 594, 595, 1069 and Alexandria xciv, 608–9, 614, 804 and Apollinarianism 78, 513, 540, 594, 973 and Arab conquest xciv, 608, 610–11, 615, 812, and Arianism 1120, 1739, 2344 1702 and Holy Spirit 1146, 2270 and art 611–12 and Montanism 1567 and ecumenical councils 609–10 and Nicene Creed 112, 121, 594, 609, 624, foundation 608, 1699 711, 939, 1068, 1122 liturgy and music 611, 613, 614, 2532, 2595 and Sabellianism 1068 and mission 610 and subordinationism 2270 modern history 612, 1489 of 553 514, 594–5, 712, 1732, 1739, 2174, 2430 and monasticism xciv, 65, 610, 612, 614 of 680 515, 1188 and Monophysitism xciv, 609, 614, 935, 1509 and Monothelitism 596, 610, 1121, 1333, and persecution xciv, 608, 614, 2335 1739, 2147 and sacraments 614 of 787 72, 437 see also miaphysitism; Shenute of Atripe of 1341 xci, 1070, 1129 Coptic language 613, 615, 684, 1042, 1355, 1639, of 1351 xci, 1070, 1129 1771, 2158, 2375 consubstantiation 597, 870, 1402, see also Copts in Christian history 614–15, see also Lutheranism; transubstantiation Athanasius; Cyril of Alexandria contemplation 688, 1132, 1255, 1319, 1570, 1863, Corpus Christi 286, 2043 1988–9, 2214 Cosmas Indicopleustes 146, 147, 1414 contemplative life 597–8, 676, 686, see also cosmology 615–16, 2321–2, see also creation, monasticism and asceticism doctrine of; Jaki, Stanley L.; Teilhard de contextual theology 276, 598–9, 2351 Chardin, Pierre contextualization 17, 25, 1287, 2525 Costa Rica 429, 491 and Black Christianity 267, 268 councils, ecumenical and church music 150 and defense of orthodoxy lxxxviii, xci, 496, and Emerging Church 824–5 707, 716, 763, 940 and global Christianity 479, 1027, 1037, 1510, 1532 and papacy 1758–9 and missiology 1531–2, 2219 and unity of the church 2005 and de Nobili 678, 1196 see also Chalcedon, Council; Constantinople, and syncretism 599–601, 1656 councils; Ephesus, Council; Nicaea, First see also Church Growth Movement Council contraception and family planning 601–2, 1027, 1341, counselling 4–5, 1766–7, 1908 2106, 2416, 2448, see also abortion; marriage Counter-Reformation 174–5, 616–17, 1012, 1803, conversion 206, 282, 820, 877, 1115, 2361 2006–7, 2171–2 and baptism in the Spirit 191, 193 and Catherine of Genoa 398 biblical analysis 602–6 and church architecture 106, 211–12, 531 definitions 602–3 and clerical education 2172, 2349, 2404

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and Greek Christianity 765 Reformation 58, 625, 712, 1949 and material beliefs 1446 and Virgin Birth 2461–2 and music 1752 see also Apostles’ Creed; Augsburg Confession; and painting 815, 1572, 2028 Nicene Creed; orthodoxy; Thirty-Nine and papacy 1758, 2020 Articles; Westminster Confession and Spain 2237 crisis theology see dialectical theology and state of nature 2258 Criswell, W. A. 626–7 see also Baroque; Bellarmine, Robert; criticism see biblical criticism Inquisition; Jesuit Order; Trent, Council critics and enemies of Christianity 627–32, 1328 counterpoint 1600–1, 2506 and communism 27, 629, 1802–3 Couperin, François 617–18 and Islam 629 covenant 261, 618–19, 1106, 1489–90, 1724 and Judaism 629 definition 366–8, 618 objections to Christian faith 632 and dispensationalism 696 philosophical critique 629–31 and Hahn 1088 see also persecution; Roman Empire Half-Way 880, 2145 Croatia 633–4 in Judaism 618, 1777 church and state 634 legal 619 Orthodox Church 633 marriage as 702, 1449, 1450 Protestantism 633–4 in Paul 1777–8 Roman Catholicism 633, 634, 2136 types 618–19 see also Marulus, Marcus see also election Croatto, José Severino 634–5 covenant theology 90, 589, 1104, 1158, 1955, 2561 Crosby, Frances Jane 635–6, 1603 and Bullinger 327, 328, 1951 cross 637–44 Coverdale, Miles 247–8, 621 in art 132, 140, 460–1, 460, 463, 750, 865, Cowper, William 619–20 2045, 2463 Cranmer, Thomas 366, 374, 620–1, 1297, 2052 and atonement 637, 640–4 and Book of Common Prayer 57, 137, 831, in 1 Corinthians 637–8, 2356 1283, 1375, 1945, 2535 and evangelicalism 877 and Bucer 320 and feminist theology 1046–7 and Henry VIII 374, 620–1 in Galatians 638–40, 2358 and patristics 1772 as means of salvation 2357–8 and Vermigli 2455–6 in Romans 2357 see also Anglicanism; Book of Common Prayer and suffering 265, 1045, 2357 creation, doctrine of 295, 592, 708–9 theology of 1046, 1402–3, 1542, 1777, 2356–8 and the church 711, 1722–3 see also Good Friday; resurrection creatio ex nihilo 56, 112, 512, 615, 708–9, 919, cross, sign of xcvi, 865, 2044 1525, 2083–4, 2528 Crowther, Samuel Ajayi 269, 553, 2454–5, 2492 and environmental ethics 721–2, 837–8 crucifixion see cross; Good Friday in Kabbalah 1243 Crusades 237, 335, 463, 645–7, 712, 1471, and values 2436 1750–1, 1757, 2006 see also cosmology; evolution and attacks on Jews 481 creation spirituality 322, 835 and Byzantine Christianity 1426, 1803 creationism 80, 621–3, 896–7, 1344–5 and exploration and discovery 1005 and intelligent design theory 87, 622, 896, and Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1315–16, 1345, 2087, 2322, 2326 1751–2 and Newton 1673 and Maronites 655, 1333 progressive 622–3 and millenarianism 845, 850, 1515 and theistic science 1926 as response to persecution 496 young earth 622–3 and sack of Constantinople 339–40, 343, 466, 2377 creeds and confessions of faith 206, 623–6, 1030, and Syriac Orthodox Church 2305 2597–8, 2599–600 and Urban II 339, 484, 496, 646, 817, 819, contemporary 625–6 1750, 2431 early 222, 624–5, 711, 1676, 1968, 1970, 2099, 2375 see also Cathars; Innocent III

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crusades, evangelistic see evangelism, mass and Monophysitism 433, 513–14, 609, 866–7, crypto-Calvinism 648, 1401 1564–5 crypto-Christians lxxxviii, 26 and Nestorius 432, 540, 609, 614, 659, 838–9, Cuba 629, 648–52, 1802, 2278 1121, 1657–8 growth of Christianity 651–2 sermons 659 house churches 651 and Shenute 2157, 2158 and Protestantism 650, 651–2 and Syriac Orthodox Church 2307 Revolution 650–1 and Trinity 1509 Roman Catholicism 648–52, 2045 Cyril of Jerusalem 53, 705, 708, 1423, 1750 and Santería 649 Cyril Lucaris 496, 660–1, 1060, 1061 see also Las Casas, Bartolomé de; liberation Cyril and Methodius 657, 1464 theology and Bulgaria 325 Cudworth, Ralph 354 evangelization of the Slavs xcii, 338, 342–3, Cugoano, Ottobah 3 657, 1696 cuius regio, cuius religio principle 439, 712–13, 714, and Glagolitic/Cyrillic alphabet xcii, 325, 657, 1012, 1401, 1901, 2126 797 Cullmann, Oscar 258, 652–3, 2358 and Hungary 1166 cults and Romania 2013 christological 515–16, 2151, see also Jehovah’s and Serbia xcii, 2135–6 Witnesses; Mormonism and sobornost 2184 and sects 1662, 2208 Czechoslovakia 661–3 curates 771 Bohemia 76, 283, 575, 661 Cuthbert, St. 61, 220–1, 1106, 1353, 2148 Orthodox Church 662 Cyprian of Carthage 653–4 Protestantism 575, 662 and baptism 199, 201, 654, 2374 Roman Catholicism 661–2 and the church 523, 773, 1700, 2003 see also church and state; Hus, John; Moravian and church government 545 Brethren economic ideas 779 and episcopacy 483, 523, 545, 1146 Dali, Salvador 135 and Eucharist 654 Dalit theology 2351, 2418 and healing 1100, 1106 Daly, Mary 903, 924, 927, 1585 and Holy Spirit 1146 Damien, Father 665 and Latin 1302 dance 136, 666, 1869, 2539 and Lord’s Prayer 1870 biblical views 666, 668, 1595 and persecution and martyrdom 13, 653, 1430, in Christian history 666–7 2374 in folk Christianity 960 and repentance 585 praise dance 667 and satisfaction 2064 dancing in the spirit 668 and suffering 1614, 2276 Daniélou, Jean 677, 1708, 2008, 2075 and testimonia collections 2340 Dante Alighieri 672–3, 799 and wealth 1991 and allegory 243, 1834–5 Cyprus 655–6 and Antichrist 70 Armenian Apostolic Church 656 Divine Comedy 304, 672–3, 850, 969, 1022, Maronites 655, 656, 1333–4 1246, 1359, 1367–8, 1371, 1832, 1939, Orthodox Church xcii, 656 1941, 2067, 2543 Roman Catholicism 656 and history 2362 Cyril of Alexandria 34, 657, 705, 804 and purgatory 850, 1911 Anaphora xci, 53 and Virgin Mary 2464 and Arianism 35, 659, 805 Vita Nuova 1367 and Communion of Saints 577 Darby, John Nelson 76, 362, 673–4, 833, 1691 and forgiveness of sins 1783 and dispensationalism 70, 362, 673, 695–6, 845, and Holy Spirit 940 846–7, 1516, 1975 liturgy of 611 and premillennialism 362, 674, 696, 851 and miaphysitism 121, 1509, 2305, 2307 and rapture of the saints 674, 695, 847, 1975

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Darwin, Charles 632, 801, 851, 1816, 2086–7 and aesthetics 219, 2344 and design argument 2086, 2324 epistemology 682–3, 1740, 1816, 1851, 1855 and liberal theology 895, 1342, 1344 and mind and body 1908, 2143, 2216–17 opposition to 319, 895–6, 1344, 2256 and science 682, 809, 2007, 2086, 2324 Dated Creed 539 see also faith, and reason David, Johann Nepomuk 674–5 Desert Fathers 34, 610, 683–4, 806, 1559, 1648, Dawkins, Richard 897 1699–700, 1963, 2004, see also Anthony of Day, Dorothy 413–14, 675–6, 1799, 1858, 1870, Egypt; monasticism and asceticism; 2191 Pachomius de Foucauld, Charles Eugene 676–7, 1632 desire, and Lewis 1338–9 de Lubac, Henri 190, 677–8, 1388, 2498 determinism see free will and nouvelle théologie 1707–8 Deus Caritas Est 413 and Ratzinger 229, 1708 devil 684, see also Satan and Vatican II 677, 994, 1708, 2008 Devotio Moderna 465, 685–6, 970, 1072, 1435, and von Balthasar 190, 229, 677 2445, see also Brethren of the Common De Nobili, Robert 678, 1196 Life; Groote, Gerard; Imitation of Christ de Sales, Francis 398, 679–80, 706, 992, 1016, devotionalism and devotional literature 687–9 1630, 1637, 1652, 2145 images of Christ 463–4, 687 deacon see diaconate medieval 688, 2534 Dead Sea Scrolls 250, 680–1, 795, 1109, 1237, Protestant 688–9 1492, 2340 Roman Catholic 416–17, 617, 688 deans 771 see also blood of Christ; Christ in art; Divine death of God theology 40, 901, 903, 1655 Mercy devotion; Imitation of Christ; death penalty see capital punishment Lawrence, Brother; Sacred Heart Dedication Creed 539 devotion; Virgin Mary deification see divinization; theosis diaconate 543, 544–5, 546, 550, 689–90, 771, 774, Deism 355, 589, 681–2, 807–9, 1517, 1647 1731 in America 45–6, 48, 681 permanent 2449 and Berkeley 236 and the poor 1842, 1845 and Butler 90, 331 and women 690, 1821 and Darwinism 2086–7 dialectical theology 318, 690–1, 1654, 1998, 2351, in France 992, 993 2407, see also Barth, Karl; neo-orthodox rejection of miracles 682, 1425–6, 1970, 2528 theology see also natural theology diaspora see migration, diaspora and identity deliverance ministry 1103 Diatessaron 1264, 1360, 2098, 2307, 2309–10, democracy 490, 1902 2319 demographics, religious, and southernization of Didache 4, 98, 99, 523, 691, 1358, 1360, 2095, 2439 Christianity 826–9, 827, 2230–4 and baptism 199, 200, 2538 demonology 2312 and church government 545, 547 Denmark 498, 668–72 and Eucharist 746 and liberalism 671 and Lord’s Prayer 1384 medieval 669, 2335 and New Testament canon 71, 368, 371, 1357 orthodoxy and Pietism 670, 671 and poverty 184 and Reformation 498, 669–70, 1945 and Second Coming 2100 revival movements 671 and worship 1375, 2532 see also church and state; Kierkegaard, Søren Didascalia Apostolorum 483, 585, 614, 868, 2538 Aabye; Willibrord Didymus the Blind 34, 803, 804, 2430 denominations lxxxvi, 546, 1031, 1340–2, 1680, Dies Irae 2543 2208, 2599–600 Diet of Augsburg (1530) 165, 439, 625, 742 black churches 276 Diet of Worms (1521) 165, 424, 439, 670, 978, Pentecostal xcviii, 1318, 1792–3 1393, 1398, 1901, 1944, 2169 post-denominationalism 277–8 Dignitatis Humanae 291, 587–8, 1252, 1594, 2438 Protestant lxxxviii, 45–6, 625 Diodore of Tarsus 72, 73, 78, 181, 388, 518, Descartes, René 682–3, 992, 1001–2, 2143 1643, 2383

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Dionysius of Alexandria 803, 1540, 2373 and dogma 707, 710–14, 717, 1117–19 Dionysius the Areopagite 56, 101, 691–3, 844, false 915–17 1364–5, 1388 and Hellenism 713 and apophatic theology 92, 692, 1868, 2351 and postliberalism 1352, 1853 and beauty 219, 1649 and worship 1373, 2536 and divinization 693, 701 see also dogma; heresies and hierarchy 984, 1552, 2175 Dodd, Charles Harold (C. H.) 715, 1271, 1279, and mysticism 398, 691, 701, 1069, 1129, 1618, 2340, 2542 1621, 1635, 2175 dogma 707, 716–17, 1412 Dionysius of Zakynthos 693–4 and heresy 716, 1117–19, 2004 Dioscorus of Alexandria xcvi, 34, 432, 614, 804, see also doctrine, and dogma 1121, 2158 dogmatic theology/dogmatics 261, 717–18, 1352, Disciples of Christ see Christian Church 1571, 2311, 2351, 2358–9, see also (Disciples of Christ) systematic theology discipleship 694, 2380 Döllinger, Joseph Ignaz 1720, 2413, 2446–7 and Foster 966–7 Dominic, St. 718–19, 845, 991, 1101, 2348 and Law 1322–3 and rosary 1122 and riches 1989 Dominican Order xc, 688, 719–21, 1203, 1461, and spiritual formation 2242–3 1471, 2006, 2379 and Yoder 2553 countries/regions Discipleship Movement see Shepherding Armenia 117, 122 Movement China 453 dispensationalism 210, 695–6, 844, 846–7, 1098, East Africa 751 1329, 1674, 2100–1 Latin America 1309, 2451 and Brethren Church 311 Philippines 942 and Darby 70, 362, 673, 695–6, 845, 846, 1975 Southeast Asia 2218 and Hoffmann 2163 Sweden 2287 and Plymouth Brethren 315, 846, 1828–9 and Devotio Moderna 686 and premillennialism 674, 695–6, 1516, 1975 and heresies 1204 and Scofield 674, 696, 845, 846–7, 1516, and Inquisition 1204–5, 2379 1828–9, 1898, 1975, 2089 reforms 2066 see also Ryrie, Charles Caldwell and worship 2534 divination/deification 474, 1147, 1380, 1508, see also Albert the Great; Angelico, Fra; 1565, 1627 Aquinas, Thomas; Congar, Yves; Divine Mercy devotion 697, 921, 1632–3 Eckhart, Meister; Lagrange, Marie-Joseph; Divine Office 299, 698–9, 1869, 2044, 2573, 2593 Las Casas, Bartolomé de; Savonarola, Divine Providence see Providence Girolamo; Schillebeeckx, Edward divinization 693, 701, 804 dominion/ecological ethics 721–2 divorce 702–3, 1563 Donatello (Donato di Niccolò Bardi) 66, 141–2, Docetism 537, 594, 703–4, 916, 1123, 1173, 2083 461, 464, 723–4, 1366, 1436, see also and Gnosticism 209, 510, 515, 703, 2096 Brunelleschi, Filippo; Masaccio and Ignatius of Antioch 537, 703, 1359 Donation of Constantine 1469, 1471, 2122–3 and Marcionism 1423 Donatism 13, 14, 51, 201, 724, 1123, 1700–1, and Menno 2164 1806 Doctors of the Church 704, 705–6, see also Albert and Augustine of Hippo 167, 541, 724, 936, the Great; Ambrose; Anthony of Padua; 1121, 1362, 1702 Bellarmine, Robert; Bonaventure, St.; and Constantine the Great 594, 1701 Catherine of Siena; Gregory I; Jerome; Donne, John 397, 724–5, 822, 873, 1116, 2146 John of the Cross; Liguori, Alphonsus; Dormition of Mary see Assumption Newman, John Henry; Suárez, Francisco; Dorner, Isaak August 725–6, see also Barth, Karl Teresa of Ávila; Thérèse of Lisieux Dort, Synod of (1618/1619) 130, 350, 351–3, 501, doctrine 854, 1952, 2144–5 and Anglicanism ciii, 58–9 Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich xciii, 726–7, development 707–8, 1672, 1690 1273, 2211

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Crime and Punishment 902 early church and existentialism 900, 902 art and architecture 132–3, 749–50 influence 414, 1273, 1588, 1690, 1799 authority structures 1463 The Brothers Karamazov 557, 727, 811, 892, beliefs and traditions 745–8, 1442–3 1211 and communication 1463, 2025 Douceline of Digne 1624 and education 796 Doukhobors 727–8, 2425 and eschatology 35, 849–50 doxology 728–9, 1384, 2533 and freedom 981–2 drama, Christian and healing 1099–100, 2162 early and medieval 729–33, 1607, 2044 and heresy 915–16 and evangelism 734–5, 737 and Holy Spirit 1146 modern 226, 733–7, 2145–6 and Judaism 2003–4 see also Eliot, T. S.; mystery plays; Sayers, and material Christianity 1442–3 Dorothy L. and ministry 1962–3 dread theology 2351 and music 1604–5 dreams and nature 1647–51 in folk Christianity 960 and the poor 1842–3 in medieval literature 1368 and prayer 1870 Drey, Johann Sebastian 1541, 2412–13 and prison ministry 1890 du Plessis, David Johannes 42, 738–9, 1797, 2154 and slavery 2178, 2439–40 dualism and suffering 1613–15 and Lactantius 1291 and wealth 779, 1842–3, 2098 medieval 916–17 and women 477, 775, 839, 924–5, 1463, 1568, and theology of the body 67–8, 288–9, 1148, 1771, 1800–1, 2514–18 1648, 1889, 2143, 2216–17, 2353, 2529 and worship 2531–2 see also Cathars; Gnosticism; Mandaeans; see also Apostolic Fathers; catacombs; Roman Manichaeism Empire Duccio di Buoninsegna 39, 739, 958 East Africa, Christianity in 750–4 Dudley-Smith, Timothy 739–40, see also hymns African independent churches 15, 752 and hymnology; Stott, John R. W. African prophet movement 18 Dufay, Guillaume 740 early contacts 750–1 Dunant, Henry 2275, 2293 and independence 753–4 Duns Scotus, John 977, 983–4, 1154, 1185, 1473, missions 750, 751–3 1919, 1922, 2091, 2402–3 Easter 535, 746, 754–5, 1150 Dunstable (Dunstaple), John 741 carols 1599 Dunstan of Canterbury 830, 1610, 2336 date 119, 421, 755, 1840, 2099, 2176, 2485 Dura-Europos see also resurrection font 2539 Eastern Catholic churches 756–60, 1193 house-church 103, 199, 459, 460, 529, 746, 749, and canon law 400–1, 404, 756, 1885 1156, 2374 see also Syro-Malabar Catholic Church; Syro- Dürer, Albrecht 76, 741–2, 1420 Malankara Catholic Church Durkheim, Emile 2103, 2108, 2204–5 Eastern Orthodox Church 761–9, 1122 Durufle, Maurice 743 adherents 776, 1032 Dutch Christianity see Netherlands and amillennialism 450 Dutch Reformed Church 351, 353, 738, 1197, and Apocrypha 78 1199, 1949 and communism 1034 in Southeast Asia 2218, 2221 and confirmation 586 in Southern Africa 270, 1918, 2222, 2224, and crusades 1426 2233, 2411 in Cyprus xcii, 656 Dvin and deaconesses 689 Council of 506 1009 and doctrinal development 707 Council of 554–555 121–2 and ecumenical councils 596, 763, 1033 Council of 719 116, 1009 and ecumenism 768–9, 790 dyophysitism 116, 155, 1009, 1564, 2305 and fasting 917

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Eastern Orthodox Church (cont’d) and monetarism 786 in fourteenth century 970–1 and planned economies 781–2, 786 Great Doctors 704, 705 realism 786 history 763–5 and reconstructionism 1935 and Last Rites 1298, 1299 Renaissance and Reformation 780, 783–4 liturgical books 2593 see also capitalism; liberalism, and liturgy 337, 1033, 1373 political/economic; politics; poverty; and monasticism 160, 215, 767–8, 1033 wealth; work and mysticism 1679 Ecuador 787–8 and original sin 1091 and missionary aviation 1537 Orthodox Communion 225, 762–3 Protestantism 788 and papal primacy 764 Roman Catholicism 787–8, 1311 and priesthood 1885–6 ecumenism xc, 526, 789–94, 1036–7, 1671, and revelation 767 2416–17 and Roman Catholic Church xcii, 760, 769, in Africa 753 774, 1033 and Bell 226 and sacraments xci, 337, 768 and Bonhoeffer 296 and saints 372, 2051 and Bucer 320 and salvation 224 and Congar 587, 1388, 1707 and spirituality 2252, 2253 and congregationalism 590, 591 theology 762, 765–9 and Cullmann 653 and tradition 341, 767, 1508 definition 791–2 and trinity xcvi, 767, 1034 and dialogue 791–3 and unity of the church 766–7 and doctrine and dogma 476, 713, 790 and women 1033, 1886, 1995 and Eastern Orthodox Church 768–9, 790 and worship 2532–3 in England 834 see also Albania; apophatic theology; Byzantine and evangelicalism 713, 1037, 1586 Christianity; Byzantine Orthodoxy; history 789–91 filioque; Great Schism; Romania in India 226, 526 Ebionites 516, 770, 1123, 1173, 1494, 2072, 2462 and Lindbeck 1352 and adoptionism 770, 2096 and nouvelle théologie 1707 ecclesiastical law see canon law and patristics 1772 ecclesiology 772–7, 2312, 2359 and Pentecostalism 738, 1030, 1036–7, 1797, and Baptist theology 206 1999 biblical perspectives 772–3 praxis 793–4 Eastern Orthodox 582 and Presbyterian churches 1880 historical developments 773–5 and Roman Catholic Church xc, 217–18, 418, liberationist 776 774, 1026, 1036, 1779 missional church 1534–6, 1535 in Sweden 2289 modern movements 776–7 and Temple 2332 Reformed tradition 774 and worship 2536 Roman Catholic 773–4, 1541–2 see also Braaten, Carl E.; koinonia; Kraemer, and women 776 Hendrik; liturgical theology; Newbigin, see also church government; Emerging Church Lesslie; Schaff, Philip; World Council of movement; ontology of the church Churches Eckhart, Meister 221, 398, 777–8, 835, 1388, Edict of Milan (313) 133, 173, 324, 391, 509, 592, 1461, 1473, 1619, 1626, 1637 750, 971–2, 1514, 1806 eco-theology 1111, 2351 and Christendom 466 ecofeminism 835, 851 and church and state 628, 763 economics 409, 778–86 Edict of Nantes (1598) 928, 992, 1080, 1159, and Church Fathers 778–9 1903, 2141, 2292 market economy 781, 782–3, 786 Edict of Toleration (311) 971 medieval 779–80 Edinburgh conference see World Missionary modern 780–2, 785–6, 1919 Conference

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education and training lxxxvi, 45, 471–3, 472, eighteenth century 807–11 795–801, 1166 and mysticism 1632 and Augustine of Hippo 167 and revivals 45, 810, 832, 846, 1055–7, 1502, in early church 388, 796–7, 2077 1982–3, 2350 goal 471–2 see also Deism; Enlightenment; Great in Greek Christianity 1059–60 Awakening, First; Methodism; Newton, medieval 797–8, 1694–6 Isaac; Wesley, John; Whitefield, George and mission 752 eighth century 811–14 modern 472–3, 800–1 and Arab conquests 811–12 and monasteries 32–3, 2078, 2347 Einstein, Albert 517, 2416 in New Testament world 795–6 El Greco 40, 814–15 and Protestantism 499, 929–30, 1904 El Salvador 429, 431, 490, 491, 1313, 1474, 2411, and Renaissance 799–800 see also Romero, Oscar Arnulfo; Sobrino, and Roman Catholicism 418, 448, 572, 993, Jon 1310–11, 2171, 2404, 2451 elders and the state 175, 2129 and Calvin 545–6, 1879 theological 487, 828, 1014, 1015, 1472, 2078, in Congregationalism 548–9, 1032, 1951 2292, 2346–51, 2459 in early church 523, 775, 841 for women 388, 928 in Moravian Brethren 1574 see also catechetical schools; schools and in New Testament 483, 486, 522, 543, 544–5, schooling; universities 546, 547–8, 550 Edward VI in Presbyterianism ci, 225, 546, 547–8, 772, and Anglicanism 57, 58, 621, 831, 1114, 1432, 1286, 1879, 1881, 1885, 1950 1945, 2456 election xcix, 130, 349–50, 352, 815–16, 1048, and Knox 1283 1655, 1878, 2144, 2430, 2544, see also Edwards, Jonathan 590, 801–2, 807, 809, 1341, covenant; predestination 1908 eleventh century 817–20 and aesthetics 219, 1229, 2119, 2345 and heresy 819 and cessationism 2162 and monasticism 817–18, 819 and free will 1984 and papacy 818–19 and Great Awakening 45, 353, 801, 810, 846, see also Crusades 877, 881, 944, 1056, 1983, 2177 Eliot, John 820–1 and halfway covenant 880, 2145 Eliot, T. S. 226, 725, 736, 737, 821–2, 1369, influence 998, 1951, 2187 1406, 1831 and postmillenialism 450, 1975 Elizabeth of the Trinity 1832 and preaching 1876–7 Elizabethan Settlement 57, 58, 395, 1743, and race 1917 1912 and revivals 45, 1377, 1982–3 Elizondo, Virgilio 822–3, 1045 and Turretin 2415 Ellul, Jacques 823–4, 1667 and wrath of God 2542 Embury, Philip c, 1501 Egeria 119, 698, 1605, 1771, 1825, 2005, 2260, Emerging Church movement 527, 532, 667, 2532 776–7, 824–5, 2417 Egypt 267, 802–6 emerging global church see global Christianity, and ecumenical councils 804–5 emerging and Islam 610–11, 805–6, 1802, 2147, 2278, Emerson, Ralph Waldo 46, 1660, 1663, 1688, 2335 1689, 1778 and miaphysitism 610 England 830–4 and monasticism xciv, 65, 610, 614, 806, 1546 and ecumenism 834 origins 802–3 history 830–2 see also Alexandria; Alexandrian theology; indigenous ethnic churches 833, 2232 Clement of Alexandria; Coptic Church; and missions 831, 881 Cyril of Alexandria; Gnosticism; mystical tradition see Cloud of Unknowing, The; miaphysitism; Pachomius; Shenute of Hilton, Walter; Julian of Norwich; Rolle Atripe de Hampole, Richard

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England (cont’d) Episcopal Church of the USA lxxxvi, ciii, 56, 59, and papacy 2124 233, 1340, 1347, 2233–4 Pentecostalism xcviii epistemology 726, 1816–17, 2528 Protestantism 831, 832–3, 1031, 1904 holistic 1855 Roman Catholicism 831, 832, 833, 1806 nonfoundational 1852 see also Anglicanism; church and state; Reformed 89, 913, 1819–20, 1828–9, 1953–4, Methodism 1958 Enlightenment 45–6, 76, 175, 406, 851, 1032 religious 79, 1957–8 and education 499, 1529 and Wittgenstein 2512 and ethics 859 see also Aquinas, Thomas; Descartes, René and human autonomy 986 Epistle of Barnabas 71, 90, 99, 199, 1358, and miracles 807–9 1359–60, 2095, 2159, 2340, 2439 and missiology 1531 Epistle to Diognetus 90, 98, 99, 767, 2095, 2439 and nature 1648, 1651, 2086 Equatorial Guinea 428 and rationalism 80, 1341–2, 2086, 2288 Equiano, Olaudah 3 Scottish 1882 Erasmus, Desiderius 237, 312, 843, 1139, 1296 environment, crisis of 834–6, 1648 and free will 350, 1562 and activism 837–8 and humanism 474, 843, 1940–1, 2171 biblical teaching 835 and Latin 1303 environmental ethics see ethics, environmental and Luther 843 Ephesus, Council (431) 432, 838–9, 934–5, 940, and More 1580 2047 and New Testament 243, 1717, 2419 and Armenian Church 115, 121, 245 and reform 1435, 2169, 2465 and Cyprus 655 and textus receptus 2341, 2386 and miaphysitism 805, 2305 and Zwingli 2561 and Nestorius 147, 155, 432, 513, 540, 596, Eriugena, John Scotus 692, 844, 1454, 1552, 609, 614, 659, 764, 838–9, 916, 1121, 1650 1190, 1657, 1739, 1809, 2157 eschatology 69, 282, 848–51, 1974, 2312 and Pelagianism 350, 712, 1782, 1783 and Theotokos 432, 609, 711, 838, 1147, 1190, biblical roots 69, 848–9 1809, 2462 and Cullman 652–3 Ephesus, Council (449; Robber Council) 540 in early church 35, 849–50 Ephrem of Nisibis see Ephrem the Syrian and Enlightenment 851 Ephrem the Syrian xcvi, 75, 157, 209, 705, and environmental ethics 837 839–40, 1171, 1642 inaugurated 848 and Diatessaron 2307, 2309, 2319 individual 850, 851 and Holy Spirit 1147–8 medieval thought 850 and hymns 1605 and Montanism 1569 and Marcion 181, 1422 movements 845–7, 851 Epiclesis 53 and Pentecostalism 1030, 1797 Epiphanius of Salamis 6, 53, 189, 770, 915, 1042, and Plymouth Brethren 1829 1130–1, 1540, 1567 realized 715, 1102, 1279, 1975, 2100 Epiphany xcv, 535, 840–1 and Reformation 850 episcopacy lxxviii, xci, xcviii, xcix, 546–7, 546, twentieth-century 851 771, 841–2, 2026, 2126–7, 2599–600 see also amillennialism; Antichrist; Augustine and Anglicanism ciii, 57, 225, 546, 775, 1947 of Hippo; dispensationalism; heaven; hell; and Cyprian 483, 523, 545, 1146 hope; Kingdom of God, biblical in Eastern Orthodox Church 766, 775, 842 perspectives; limbo; postmillennialism; and Ignatius 483, 523, 766, 841–2, 1179 premillennialism; purgatory; Second and Luther 545, 1395 Coming; time and ordination 1731 Escrivá, Josemaria 1728 and Reformation 1947 Essenes 680, 795, 1117, 2023 as sign of unity 2003, 2374 Etchmiadzin xcv, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, and women 59 852–3

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eternity 517, 855–6, 1107, 1113, 1726 and Luther xcix, 286, 327, 596, 648, 1187, eternal security 854 1402, 2171 see also heaven in Orthodox churches xci–xcii, 337, 524, 766, ethics 856–61, 2529–30 1033–4, 2075 applied 856–7 in popular devotion 1087 consequentialist 858, 859, 860 and Reformation 870, 871, 1947–8 deontologist 858–9, 901, 1095, 2438–40 in Roman Catholic Church 870 divine command theory 858, 860–1, 1646 as sacrifice lxxxviiii 870–1, 922, 1438–9, 2047, dominion/ecological ethics 721–2 2175, 2533 environmental 836–8, 1780 and Schmemann 2075 and Kingdom of God 1279, 1280–1 theology of 871, 2351 meta-ethics 857, 860 and Wyclif 2403, 2544, 1947 and natural law 860, 1324–5, 1645, 2323, 2326 and Zwingli 366, 596, 648, 1947, 2171, 2535, nonfoundational 1094–5 2561 normative 857–60 see also anaphora; blood of Christ; Canon of the relativist 857–8, 886, 1324–5, 2529 Mass; consubstantiation; impanation; subjective/objective 631, 857–8, 1324 Mass; Real Presence; transubstantiation teleological 857, 859, 860, 1095, 2437–8 Eudes, John 1631 Two Ways 99 Europe virtue theory 377, 858, 859, 1094, 2440–1, and Black Christianity 274–9 2467–8 Christian Democratic parties 490–1, 1014 see also bioethics; moral theology; values, evangelization 2333 Christian numbers of Christians 1035–6 Ethiopia 267, 471, 862–6, 2230 post-Reformation 1938 art 861–2, 865 and secularization 713, 1027–8, 1035–6, 1215, and communism 864 2108–10, 2232, 2289, 2416 and education 865 spread of Christianity xcviii history 610, 862–5 Eusebius of Caesarea (Eusebius Pamphili) 100, and Islam 812, 863, 864 795, 872, 1750 and literature 865 and adoptionism 6 and monasticism 863, 865 and Alexandria 34, 388, 802 and spirituality 865 and canon 1358, 1359 see also Lalibala and Clement of Alexandria 184, 565 Ethiopian Catholic/Uniate Church xci, 757 and Clement of Rome 566 Ethiopian Orthodox Church xcvi–xcvii, 276, 382, and Constantine the Great 242, 592, 872 863, 866, 866–9, 1033 and creation 709 ark of the covenant 867, 868 and Didache 691 and canon of Scripture 868 and Easter 754 christological controversy 867–8 and eschatology 449, 849, 1974 Five Pillars of Mystery 868 as historian 1361 and Garveyism 276, 382 and Ignatius of Antioch 1179 Judaic elements 867 and images of Christ 1177 liturgy and calendar 869, 1375, 2532, 2595 and Jerusalem 1751 and Monophysitism xcvi, 863, 866–7, 1509 and Mandylion 1418 and Virgin Mary 1170–1 and martyrs 1431, 2097 see also hyperdulia; Shenute of Atripe and monasticism 1557 ethnicity see nationalism and ethnicity; race and Montanism 1567 ethnotheology 1532 and New Testament 242, 872 Eucharist 869–71, 2042–3, 2540–1 and Nicene Creed 539, 1676 in Armenian Apostolic Church 188–9 and Polycarp 2097 and Calvin 327, 648, 2561 and Tatian 2319 and Didache 746, 1947 and Theophilus of Antioch 2369 in early church 746–7 and Virgin Mary 2461 and fellowship 922–3 Eusebius of Nicomedia 113, 538, 539

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euthanasia 262, 873, 1166, 2069 Torrey Maynard; Lausanne; Manila; Eutychianism xcvi, 540–1, 1123, 1173 Moody, Dwight Lyman; Mott, John R.; and Chalcedon 432–3, 541, 609, 711–12, 1190, radio evangelism; televangelism; Wilder, 1565, 1739, 2338 Robert Parmelee and Monophysitism 432–3, 513–14, 916, 1190, evangelists 771 1509 women as 997 Evagrius Ponticus 34, 181, 1129, 1620–1, 1635, evil 885–7 1649, 2430 and free will 167, 389, 886, 891, 893, 1818, Evangelical Alliance 276, 834, 1378, 2070 1828–9, 2272–3, 2342 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in Hume 890–1 304, 1152, 1228, 1284, 1341, 1395, in Mackie 891, 893, 1818 1397–8, 1575, 1681 metaphysical 889 evangelicalism ciii, 877–8, 1904–5, 2350, 2417 moral 885, 886, 888, 1614–15 and conservatism 313, 877–8, 895–6, 1341–4 natural 885, 888, 1614–15, 2087, 2274 and ecumenism 713, 1037, 1586 in Old Testament 889–90 Evangelical Revival 47, 753, 881 and pain 891 and evolution 895 as privation 889 and feminism 923, 925, 927 problem of 632, 886, 887–94, 1518, 2272 in global Christianity 1030–2 reality of 2342 and healing 1101–2 and relativism 886 in Latin America 293, 1789 in Voltaire 890 and missiology 1530 see also Antichrist; sin; suffering; theodicy and orthodoxy 1741 evolution 47, 592, 632, 801, 895–7, 1342, 2256 and theological education 2350 and creationism 622, 1344 and worship 1376, 2536 theistic 2267, 2321, 2481 see also Adventist church; America, see also Bryan, William Jennings; Darwin, Charles liberal/conservative dichotomy; born Exclusive Brethren 1830, 2594 again; camp meetings; fundamentalism; exclusivism 898–9, 2365, 2366 Graham, Billy; Great Awakening; excommunication 585, 594, 899–900, 964, 1301, megachurches; More, Hannah; Packer, 2123, 2169 James I.; Pietism; postconservative existence of God 629–31, 1000 theology; poverty, evangelical; Stott, John consensus gentium arguments 631 R. W.; wealth, evangelical contingency argument 85, 1647 evangelism lxxxi, 879–84 cosmological arguments 79, 81, 85, 615–16, and civilization 54, 214, 469–71, 751–2, 820, 629–30, 1650 1195, 1321–2, 1918, 2455 moral arguments 85, 631 and drama 734–5, 737 ontological argument 63–4, 79, 81, 85, 631, and Hyper-Calvinism 998, 1021 1471, 1828–9 lifestyle 884 teleological/design arguments 79, 80, 81, 85, mass 302, 999, 1439–41 630–1, 2086, 2323, 2324, 2326 and Graham 47, 356, 877, 1054–5, 1254, existential theology 671, 903–4, 1410–11, 2315, 2351 1285, 1440, 1986 and Bultmann 261, 329, 652, 671, 904, 1279 and media and communications 882, 1461–7, existentialism, Christian 900–3, 1022, 1274, 1410, 2025 1819 and missions 879, 882–3 definition 900–1 and monasticism 878 exomologesis 2374 nineteenth-century 355, 1531 exorcism xciv, 829, 904–5, 1236–7, 1524, see also power evangelism 2163 healing and Reformation xcviii, 1440 experience, religious 1958–60 servant 884 in folk Christianity 957–8 see also camp meetings; Chapman, J. Wilbur; and liberal theology 1346, 1347, 1352 Church Growth Movement; Graham, and Quakers 974–5, 1960 Billy; Great Awakening; Great and rationality 1959–60 Commission; Ham, Mordecai; Johnson, and Reinhold Niebuhr 1681

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and Schleiermacher 707, 1138, 1347, 1592, 1823 early 924, 2507 see also existentialism, Christian; Pietism ecofeminism 835, 851 exploration and discovery lxxxviii, 573–4, 750, evangelical/biblical 923, 925, 927, 2513 929, 1003–8, 1004 radical 923, 924, 927, 2513 early 1004–6 reformist/liberationalist 923, 924–5, 927, fifteenth-century 929, 1004 2513 seventeenth-century 2144 second wave 924 and trade 1006, 1007 third wave 924 Extreme Unction see Anointing of the Sick; Last and Virgin Mary 2466, 2512 Rites and womanism 272–3, 926 feminist theology 261, 398, 926–8, 1995, 2009, faith 907–11, 996 2352, 2359, 2513 and fact 907–9 in Canada 363 and grace 909 complementarian 927 and law 13 and contextualization 2315 and obedience 1387, 1711 and divine providence 700 and reason 79, 80, 91, 504, 911–13, 1815–20, and motherhood of God 1585 1996–7 radical 903, 927 and Aquinas 101, 102, 688, 1022 and sin 2166, 2198 and Augustine of Hippo 167, 295 and suffering 1617 and Bonaventure 295–6 Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe 398, and Cambridge Platonists 354 928–9, 1080, 1632, 1915 and Descartes 912, 1740 Ferrar, Nicholas 1369 and John Paul II 1252, 1424–5 Ferrara-Florence, Council see Florence, Council religion as 910–11 Feuerbach, Ludwig 632, 1244, 1688, 1689, 2470 and repentance 1966 fideism 908, 1754–5, 1958 and theology 2358–9 and apologetics 81 and works 224, 785, 909–10, 985, 1184, 1401, fifteenth century 929–33 1900, 1943, 2303 and exploration 929, 1004 see also healing; hope; justification; organizations, and printing 932 faith-based; sola fide principle and Reformation 932–3, 2169 Faith Movement 1106–7 see also Erasmus, Desiderius; Luther, Martin; Faith and Order movement 661, 1586, 2417, 2525 Renaissance; Wyclif, John Farel, Guillaume (William Farrell) 348, 350, fifth century 711–12, 934–7 1296, 1718, 1951, 2171, 2291 and church and state 936–7 fasting 917–18 and mission 937, 2005 in Bible 917 and papacy 545, 712, 935–6, 2005 in Christian traditions xcii, xciv, xcvii, 119, see also Chalcedonian Definition; Ephesus, 154, 158, 535, 917–18 Council; Pelagianism in early church 746 Figourovsky, Innocent 938–9 purposes 918 Fiji 171, 1713 in world religions 917 Filaret, Metropolitan xciii fatherhood of God 918–20 filioque xcii, 33, 437, 712, 939–40, 1739 and creation 919 history of controversy 339, 764–5, 939–40, and the Trinity 919–20 1122, 1697 Fathers, early church see Apostolic Fathers; legitimacy 940 Church Fathers; Desert Fathers theological issues 940, 1146–7, 1471 Fatima, apparitions at 395, 417, 688, 1446, 1850, Filipino Christianity see Philippines 2466 Finland 945–7 Faustina, Maria (Helena Kowalska) 697, 920–1, and Eastern Orthodoxy 946 1632–3 and evangelicalism 947 fellowship 922–3, see also koinonia and Lutheranism xcix, 946–7 feminism and Roman Catholicism 946 and biblical interpretation 261, 923–6 see also church and state

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Finney, Charles Grandison 881, 944–5, 1691 in Old Testament 2245 and atonement 163 and sanctification 2242 and church building 2540 Formula of Concord xcviii, 365, 442–3, 597, 659, and conversion 882 1187, 1400–1, 1402, 2113, 2313 influence 436, 945, 1138, 1141 Fosdick, Harry Emerson 211, 965–6 and revivalism 46, 353, 356, 846, 882, 944, Foster, Richard J. 966–7 1054, 1440, 1984–5, 2177, 2187 Foursquare Gospel Church xcviii, 346, 572, 788, first century 948–50, see also early church; Paul, St. 1103, 1106, 1458–9, 1684, 1793, 2452, Fischer, Johann Michael 303, 531, 950–1 2519, see also McPherson, Aimee Semple; Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard 531, 951–2 Smith, Charles Ward “Chuck” flagellation 952–3, see also penance fourteenth century 967–71 Fletcher, John William c, 1497 architecture 968 Flew, Robert Newton c, 1497 Eastern Christianity 970–1 Florence, Council (1438–1439) xcv, 709, 760, 931, literature 969 970 music 969 and Armenian Apostolic Church 117 painting 968–9 and Armenian Catholic Church 760 politics 967–8 and Byzantine Orthodoxy 343, 594, 756, 764, theology and philosophy 970 1677, 2013 fourth century 711, 971–4, see also and conciliarism 712 Constantinople, councils, of 381; and Coptic Catholic Church 756 monasticism; Nicaea, First Council; and filioque clause 712, 764, 939–40 persecution, under Roman Empire and Holy Roman Empire 341 Fox, George 290, 974–5, 1960, 2145, 2360, see and purgatory 1912 also Quakers Florensky, Pavel Alexandrovich 954–5, 1211, Foxe, John 1273, 2185 Book of Martyrs 1087, 1432–4 and sophiology 2211, 2213 and Wyclif 2544 florilegia 1771 France 989–94 Florovsky, Georges 323, 767, 955–6, 1389, 1508 Black Christianity 277 folk Christianity 308, 422, 448, 572, 788, 956–61, church architecture 531, 990 2396 and Crusades 990 and Coptic Church 615 and drama 734 expression 958–60 early Christianity in 421, 989–90 and formal Christianity 956–7 and Marian revival 1569–70 and religious experience 957–8 in Middle Ages 990–1 and syncretism 290, 960–1, 1506, 1812 under Napoleon 993, 2128 fonts, baptismal 199, 747, 2538–9, 2540 and papacy 967–8, 990–1, 993, 1945–6, forgiveness of sins 584, 694, 894, 962–3, 963–5, 2124–5, 2420, see also Avignon 1200, 1783 Protestantism 991–2, 993, 994, 1149, 1803, in New Testament 963–4, 1385–6 1902–3, see also Huguenots in Old Testament 963 Reformation and wars of religion 348, 928, see also confession and repentance; indulgences; 991–2, 1158–9 justification Roman Catholicism 259–60, 990–4, 2231 form criticism see biblical criticism Ultramontanism 993, 1283, 1321, 2007 formation, spiritual 2242–8, 2249 and Vatican II 994 characteristics 2243–5 see also Calvin, John; Chartres cathedral; church definition 2243 and state; Cluny; de Sales, Francis; Franks; and Foster 966–7 Gallicanism; Huguenots; Jansenism; historical development 747, 2246 Martin of Tours; Vincent de Paul holistic 2243 Francis of Assisi, St. 66, 414, 835, 845, 975–6, and Holy Spirit 2243–4 1203, 2348 interpretations 2247–8 and healing 1101, 1106, 2162 inward and outward life 2246–7 and hymns 1600 in New Testament 2243, 2245–6 and imitation of Christ 1184

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and Islam 976, 1214 and problem of evil 167, 389, 886, 891, 893, and literacy 1464 1818, 1828–9, 2272–3, 2342 and mysticism 1624, 1637, 1940 and sin 980, 1091, 1984, 2166 and nativity scenes 463–4, 976 see also Arminianism and nature 1648 freedom, Christian 265, 980–7 and pilgrimage 1825 and Augustine 982–3, 1053 and poverty 913–14, 1086, 1844 and Berdyaev 234–5 and preaching 1440 biblical understanding 980–1 and stigmata 976, 1184, 1624, 2264 in Church Fathers 981–2 Franciscans lxxxviii, 463, 688, 914, 976–8, 1471, in medieval theology 983–4 2006, 2379 in modern theology 985–7, 1594 countries/regions and obedience 982 America 45 and Reformation 984–5, 1902–4 Armenia 117 see also liberation theology Asia 1005 freedom of religion 45–6, 275, 478, 774–5, 947, China 452, 453 1594, 2182 Croatia 633 in America 46, 48, 1663, 1894, 2127–8, Latin America 110, 288, 1309–10, 1311, 2509–10 1759–60, 2432, 2451 in China 526 Mexico 1506 in Cuba 651 North Africa 756, 757 in Czechoslovakia 662 Philippines 942 in Hungary 1167 Russia 2032 in Russia 2032–3, 2034 Sweden 2287 in Spain 2239 first order 975, 976–7 in Sweden 2288 second order 975, 976, 977–8 and Vatican II 291, 2009, 2450 third order 975, 976, 978, 1626 see also church and state; Edict of Milan and worship 1366, 2534 Freeman, Thomas Birch 269, 987–8 see also Anthony of Padua; Bacon, Roger; Boff, Frei, Hans 988–9, 1094, 1095, 1641–2, 1680, Leonardo; Bonaventure; Serra, Junípero 1853–4, 2512 Francke, Augustus Hermann 877, 880, 1396, 1529 French Polynesia 1714 and Pietism 1823, 1982, 2242 French Reformed Church 824, 1949 and Zinzendorf 877, 1590, 2557 French Revolution 1, 283, 490, 569, 809, 1012, Franco, Francisco 2236, 2239, 2420 1292, 2420 Franke, John R. 1852–3 and church and state 992–3, 2128 Frankfurt, Synod (794) 33, 437, 813, 939 and millenarianism 76, 1515 Franks 990, 1036 and persecution of Christians 1802 and Byzantine Empire 466, 811, 812–13, 939 Frescobaldi, Girolamo 995 Empire 173, 232, 500, 1010, 2122, 2172 frescoes 1022–3, 2168, see also Angelico, Fra; and missions 297–8, 1011, 2149 Botticelli, Sandro; Giotto di Bondone; and papacy 342, 1011, 1757, 2123, 2124 Lippi, Fra Filippo; Mantegna, Andrea; see also Charlemagne; Charles Martel; Clovis; Martini, Simone; Perugino, Pietro; Piero Holy Roman Empire; Pippin della Francesca; Tiepolo, Giambattista; Frederick III the Wise 439, 978–9, 1393, 1398, Veronese 1901, 2169 Fresh Expressions of church see Emerging Frederick V 575, 661 Church movement Free churches 774–5, 776, 1030 Freud, Sigmund 4–5, 567, 632, 735, 1689, 1907, 2103 free will 78, 354, 979–80, 981, 1141 Friends, Religious Society of see Quakers and divine providence 699–700 fruit of the Spirit 995–6, 1789, see also gifts of the and Jansenism 1222–3, 1350 Spirit and openness theology 700, 980, 1207, 1727 Frumentius, St. xcvi, 863, 867 and Pelagianism 167–8, 349–50, 712, 983, Fry, Elizabeth 997, 1892 1053, 1781, 1782 Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship 1289, and predestination 349–50, 352, 353, 1878, 2270 1793, 1999, 2154, 2160

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Fuller, Andrew 377, 998 secularization 1014 Fuller, Charles Edward 883, 999–1000, 1457, see also Boniface of Mainz; church and state; 1920, 2571 Holy Roman Empire; Selbständige fundamental theology 1000, 2352, 2359, 2398 Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche fundamentalism 346, 2209 Gerson, Jean de Charlier de 1016, 1184, 2446 American 47, 311, 591, 810, 847, 851, 877–8, Gertrude of Helfta 1017, 1459–60, 1625 1254, 2329, 2417 Ghana 15, 269, 276, 1788, 2491–2 Canadian 362 Ghiberti, Lorenzo 723, 1018 and eschatology 70, 76, 847, 851, 2187 Gibbons, Orlando 65, 1018–19 and evolution 896 gifts of the Spirit cii, 10, 42, 489, 1019–20, 1106, and gospel music 356 1150, 1568, 1785, 2376 irenic 1209 and cessationism 347, 1019, 1099, 2417 and Modernism 210–11, 967–8, 1032, 1343–4, manifestation/motivational 1020 1591–2, 1692, 1740 see also fruit of the Spirit; tongues and Niagara Bible Conferences 1674 Giles of Assisi 1624 and social gospel 2191–2 Gill, John C. 1020–1 see also Jones, Bob Sr.; Norris, John Franklyn Gilson, Étienne 325, 1021–2, 1388, 1815, 2362 funeral services 2043, 2541 Giotto di Bondone 672, 968, 1022–3, 1366 Gladstone, William Ewart 1023–4 Gabrieli, Giovanni 1001, 2506 glass see stained glass Gadamer, Hans-Georg 82, 1001–2, 1111, 1125, global Christianity 599, 1024–37, 2172, 2496–7 1897, 2027 and contextualization 479, 1027, 1037, 1532 Gaelic language, hymnody 1002–3 and diaspora 1511, 1533 Galgani, Gemma 1632 emerging 826–30 Galileo Galilei 227, 682, 1344, 2007, 2142–3, 2324 evangelization 552 Gallicanism growth 150, 479, 776, 879 and Council of Constance 1016 languages of 826, 827, 828–9 Gallican Rite 33, 435, 1064, 1375, 1606, 1697, 2533 numbers of Christians 1024 and nationalism 991, 992, 1234, 1946, 2122 and Orthodox tradition 1032–4 and Ultramontanism 360, 993, 1321, 2446 Pentecostal and Charismatic tradition 1028–30, Garveyism 268, 276, 382, 1664 1149–50, 1532, 1795 Gaudium et Spes 410, 474, 1252, 1305 and persecution 829 gay and lesbian theology 2352 and poverty 829 General Superintendant 771 Protestant and evangelical tradition 1030–2 Geneva Bible 248 regional configurations 1034–6 geography see exploration and discovery Roman Catholic tradition 418, 776, 1025–8 George of Cappadocia 1008 globalization 275, 1037, 1512, 2209, 2280 Georgian Catholics 760 of the Christian church xcviii, 957 Georgian Orthodox Church cii, 116, 122, 1008–10 and media technologies 1467 liturgy 1009 see also megachurches and Russia 1009–10 glossolalia civ, 436, 554, 1038–9, 1986, 2392–4 Germany 1010–15 in New Testament 1038, 2392–3 and Arianism 113, 173, 1010, 1700, 2173, 2236 see also baptism in the Spirit; tongues and Black Christianity 277 Gloukharev, Macarius 1040 and Christian Democracy 490–1 Gnosticism 250, 371, 476, 510–12, 711, 1041–3, church architecture 531 2024 Confessing Church 297, 2129, 2421 characteristics 1042, 2096 early missions to 813, 1010–11, 2173 and divine motherhood 1584 and liberal theology 329, 1014 and Docetism 209, 510, 515, 703, 2096 and Lutheran churches xcix, 1012–15, 2231 and early Christianity 34, 537, 713, 916, 1043, medieval 1011 1738, 2549 and Reformation 319–20, 1011–13 and evil 886 and Reformed churches 1014 and Irenaeus of Lyons 495, 537, 745, 796, Roman Catholicism 616, 1011–15 1208–9, 1542, 1642, 2098, 2116

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and Mormonism 515 and Pelagianism 541, 712, 1053, 2166 origins 1041–2 and prayer 1861 and sanctification of the senses 2116 prevenient 130, 816, 1497, 1501 and Sophia 2213 sanctifying 1501 and Swedenborg 1660 Graham, Billy cii, 847, 1054–5, 1090, 1343, 1741, teachers 1042 2265 Valentinian 1042, 1639, 2096 and born again 302, 2417 see also docetism; Manichaeism; Marcion; and Christian and Missionary Alliance 489 Mormonism and cinema 557 God the Father see fatherhood of God and gospel music 1048 Goes, Hugo van der 1044 and mass evangelism 47, 356, 877, 1054–5, Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 364, 370, 1478, 1254, 1285, 1440, 1670, 1984, 1986 1688, 2168, 2469–70 and neo-evangelicalism 878 Gold Coast 987–8 and radio evangelism 1054, 2571 Golden Legend (Jacob of Voragine) 372, 1085, and synergism 2303 1366, 1469, 2235 and televangelism 1054, 2327, 2329, 2330, 2571 Golden Rule 476, 1645, 2193 and Youth for Christ 47, 883, 1253 Gonzalez, Justo Luis 1044–5 Gratian, Decretum 364, 402, 952, 1552, 2149, Good Friday 535, 1045–7, 1336, 1765 2478 and Holy Week 1046, 1150 Great Awakening, First (1735–1743) c, cii, 45–6, and kenosis 1046 810, 846, 880, 1055–7, 2187 theology 1046–7 and Edwards 45, 353, 801, 810, 877, 944, 1056 see also cross; Holy Week and Pietism 1824 good works, and faith 224, 785, 909–10, 985, and Whitefield 45, 48, 353, 355, 810, 877, 1184, 1401, 1900 1056, 1983, 2502 Gordon, George Angier 1047–8 see also conversion; revivals Gore, Charles 781, 1046 Great Awakening, Second (1797–1835) 46, 353, gospel music 356, 1048–9, 1920 360, 636, 877, 881–2, 944, 1135, 1440, Gospel of Thomas 99, 614, 1134, 1358, 1359, 1663, 1984–5 1639–41, 1736, 2380 and Baptist churches 1703 Gospels 1049–50, 1356–7, 1462, 1689, 1969 and camp meetings 355–6, 2187 and orthodoxy 1736 and Holiness movement 1141 non-canonical 1351, 1358, 1359, 1584, 1639, and Jehovah’s Witnesses 1227 2095–6, 2461, see also Gospel of Thomas Great Commission lxxxvii, 377, 450, 879, 884, see also Synoptic Gospels 1057–8, 1196, 2405 Gothic architecture see architecture, Gothic Great Schism (1054) 26, 166, 343, 386, 524, 594, Gothic Revival 458–9, 605, 2089–90, see also 764–5, 831, 2006 Carpenter Gothic and Crusades 343, 655, 765 Gottschalk, and double predestination 844, 1471, and filioque clause 339, 764–5, 1471, 1739 1697 and papacy 756, 764 grace 282, 330, 816, 1053 Great Western Schism (1378–1415) 386, 581, and anonymous Christians 1922 831, 931–2, 991, 1300, 1472, 2123 in Aquinas 474, 1053, 1383 Greece 1059–62 common grace 345, 1955 and Calvinism 1061 congruent 2270 Christian archaeology in 467–8 created/uncreated 1723 and Hellenistic culture 956, 2023–5 efficacious 1387 and martyrdom 1060, 1061–2 and faith 909 and monasticism 1061, 2302 and forgiveness 963, 1263 and Ottoman rule 1034, 1059–61, 1472 irresistible 130, 346, 351–2, 1498, 2144–5 post-Byzantine period 1059–60 justifying 1263, 1446, 1501 Reformation and Counter-Reformation 1060–1 and law 695 see also Byzantine Christianity; Cyril Lucaris; in Luther 330, 909, 1053, 1401, 1446, 1943 Dionysius of Zakynthos; Eastern and nature 835, 1722 Orthodox Church; Greece

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Greek Gregory of Nyssa 201, 215, 844, 1068–9, 1086, Koine 72, 247, 691, 758, 759, 1058–9, 1109, 1771 2000, 2024–5 and Apollinarianism 78, 513 as lingua franca 2024 and Arianism 540, 1069 see also Septuagint and atonement 162 Greek Catholic Church xci, 524, 656, 759 and baptism 199 Greene, Graham 1063–4, 1799, 2420 and beauty 218 Greenland 2335 and christology 1069, 2338 Gregorian/Julian calendar xcv, xcvii, 119, 763, and the church 2004 1064–5 and divinization 701 Gregory I (Gregory the Great), Pope 422, and eschatology 849, 1113 1065–6, 1771, 1835, 2175–6 and freedom 981, 982 and Augustine of Canterbury 373, 2005, 2175 and healing 1100 and Benedict of Nursia 230, 231, 232, 1066, and Holy Spirit 940, 1147 1086, 1559, 2175 and hope 1153 Commentary on Job 243, 1066 and moral theology 1571 and deadly sins 2440 and mysticism 1069, 1129, 1620, 1635 as Doctor of the Church 704, 705, 2175 and prayer 1868, 1870 and eschatology 849 and sin 2166 and healing 1100 and trinity 1067 and Jews 481 and universalism 2430 and Kyrie Eleison 1290 see also Basil the Great; Gregory of Nazianzus and missions 500 Gregory Palamas 767, 1059–70, 1062, 1388, 1454, and monasticism 1065, 1066, 2347 1679, 1771 and mysticism 1621–2, 1635 and Hesychasm 325, 701, 970, 1070, 1129, and papacy 484, 619, 1471, 1739, 1757 1560 and purgatory 1911, 2175 and Holy Spirit 1148 and Rome 2020 and Meyendorff 1508 and worship 2533 and theosis 701, 1627, 2370 see also chant, Gregorian see also Athos, Mount Gregory the Illuminator xcv, 115, 120–1, 188, Gregory Thaumaturgos (the Wonderworker) 852, 1066–7, 2375 1100, 1106, 2347, 2373 Gregory of Nazianzus 215, 342, 1067–8 Gregory the Theologian see Gregory of Nazianzus Anaphora 53 Gregory of Tours 153, 1085, 1365, 1428, 1444, and Apollinarianism 78 2176 and Arianism 539–40, 1068, 1120 Gregory VII, Pope 339, 545, 830, 931, 1731, and atonement 542 1757, 2004, 2431 and christology 513, 540, 704, 1068 and clergy marriage 818, 1300, 1946 and the church 2004 and investiture crisis 1300, 2124, 2376 and creation 708 Grenz, Stanley J. 1852–3 and dance 666 grief and mourning 1071–2, see also pastoral care as Doctor of the Church 704, 705 Groote, Gerard 312, 465, 685, 970, 1072–4, 1940, and eschatology 849 2445 and healing 1100 apostolate 1073 and Holy Spirit 1068, 1147 spiritual formation 1072–3 Liturgy of 189, 611, 614, 756 writings 1073–4, 1184 and monasticism 598, 1067, 1559 see also Brethren of the Common Life; Devotio and moral theology 1571 Moderna and sin 2166 Grosseteste, Robert 186, 187, 503, 831 and Trinity 746, 1068 Grotius, Hugo 80, 1074–5 and universalism 2430 and atonement 163, 516, 2271 and virtue ethics 2467 and international law 1074, 1075, 1327, 1646, see also Basil the Great; Constantinople, 2143 councils, of 381 and just war theory 1075, 1327, 2477

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Grundtvig, N. F. S. 671 Hauerwas, Stanley 472, 1094–5, 1262, 1642, 2468, Grünewald, Mathis 40, 465, 1075–6, 2296 2512 Guarini, Guarino 1076–7 and McClendon 1455 Guatemala and nonviolence 1094–5, 1854 Christianity and politics 430–1, 490, 491 and postliberalism 1094, 1680, 1853, 1854 and megachurches 1474 and Yoder 1095, 2553 and Pentecostalism 1035 Haydn, Franz Joseph 1096, 1730, 2458 and Roman Catholicism 429, 430, 1313, 2411 Haydn, Johann Michael 1097, 2458 Guigo II 1623 Haywood, Garfield T. 1098, 1331, 1793 guilt 1077 healing 829, 1099–105, 2541 Gunton, Colin Ewart 709, 1078 and Aladura 16, 18, 23, 24–5 Gutiérrez Merino, Gustavo 700, 1079, 1313, and atonement 1104 1918, 2009, 2233 in Charismatic Movement xc, 276, 436 influence 1045, 1348–9 in early church 1099–100, 2162 and option for the poor 781, 1079, 1858 and folk Christianity 308 and suffering 1617 and Holiness movements 1101, 1106 see also liberation theology; poor, the; Segundo, and medicine lxxxvi, 266, 1103, 1104–5 Juan Luis in Middle Ages 1100–1, 2162 Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte 398, and nursing 1104 928–9, 1080, 1101, 1632, 1637, 1915 in Pentecostalism xcviii, 182, 553, 1028, 1103, 1106, 1999 Hadewijch (of Antwerp) 221, 1081, 1625, 1637, and prayer 1105, 1872 see also van Ruusbroec, Jan and prosperity 1106–7, 1448, 1466 Hagia Sophia 341–2, 391, 1082–3, 1825, 2213 and Reformation 1101–2 and Byzantine architecture 104, 334, 530, 1082, and Shakarian 2154 1266, 2174 see also anointing of the sick; exorcism; influence on Russian Christianity 1082 Kuhlman, Kathryn Johanna; Lourdes; as mosque 495, 594 miracles; Simpson, A. B. hagiographa 1083–4, see also Apocrypha heart theology 2359–61, see also mysticism hagiography 65–6, 688, 1008–9, 1084–7 heaven 1107–8, see also eternity and martyrdom 1085–6, 1429 Hebrew 247, 680, 1108–9, 1976 medieval 1365–6, 1469 and poetry 1833–4, 2018 and monasticism 1086 see also Aramaic and religious orders 1086 Hecker, Isaac Thomas 398, 1778–9 and royalty 1086 Hefele, Karl Josef 2412, 2413, 2446 and women 1086–7 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 1109–10, 1688, see also martyrs and martyrology 1998, 2345 Hahn, Scott 1088–9 and Böhme 290, 1244 Ham, Mordecai Fowler, Jr. 356, 1089–90 and divine immutability 700, 726 hamartiology 1090–2, 2312 and history 986, 2362 and Orthodoxy 1091 and Kierkegaard 903–4, 1274, 1691 and Pelagianism 1090–1 and Marx/Marxism 1689, 1839 and Roman Catholicism 1091 and process theology 700, 892, 1896 see also original sin; sin and Schelling 2469–70 Hammarskjøld, Dag 487, 1633 Heidegger, Martin 1110–12, 1855, 1921 Handel, George Frederick 1092–3, 1096, 1396, and aesthetics 2345 1602, 1730, 1945, 2146, 2536 and Bultmann 261, 329, 894, 1111 Harnack, Adolph von 1093–4, 1136, 1347, 1998, and existentialism 901, 903–4, 1410–11 2073, 2188, 2365, 2407 and Gadamer 1002 and doctrine 707–8, 713–14, 1093–4, 1690 and Kierkegaard 1274, 1690 and Hellenism 713, 956, 1041, 1094, 1772 Heidelberg Catechism ci, 128, 351, 352, 389, 899, and modalism 1539, 1543 1167, 1949, 2145 Harris, Howell 810, 2487 hell 389, 583–4, 849, 856, 893, 1112–13, 1200, Harris, William Wade 15, 18, 269, 272, 2492 1211, 2274, see also heaven; purgatory

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Hellenism 713, 803, 956, 1094, 1291, 1409, 1463, hierarchy, ecclesiastical 545, 771–2, 775, 1026, 1772, 1927, 2023–5 1246, 1463, 1551–3, 1757, 2099, 2175 and Gnosticism 1041, 2116 and freedom 984, 985 Helvetic Confession Hilarion, St. 1100, 1130–1 First 327 Hilary of Poitiers 6–7, 539, 701, 705, 940, 1039, 1302 Second ci, 327, 328, 1167, 1898, 2291 and Martin of Tours 990, 1428 Henry, Carl F. H. 781, 878, 1000, 1115–16, 1852 Hildegard of Bingen 418, 835, 1101, 1131–2, Henry VIII, King 1114, 1139, 1435, 1903 1149, 1552, 1607, 1623, 2162 and canon law 364 Hilton, Walter 1132–3, 1628, 2002 and Church of England 57, 525, 880 Hinduism 1035, 1193, 1194, 1196 and Cranmer 374, 620–1, 880 and fasting 917 and papacy 831, 1114, 1901, 1945, 2126 and human rights 1164 and Thomas More 1579 in Indonesia 1197 see also Anglicanism and mysticism 1863 Heraclius, Emperor xciii, 324, 2132, 2135 and pantheism 1756 and Monothelitism 341, 610, 1121, 1333, 1453, and prayer 1862, 1864 2147 and relics 1965 Herbert, George 725, 1116–17, 1140, 1633, 2345, Hippolytus of Rome 2483 Against Noëtus 6, 1540 heresies and heretics 401, 476, 1117–23, 1123 and Antichrist 69 and dogma 716, 1117–19, 2004 Apostolic Tradition 201, 1375, 1675, 2003, 2371, and Dominicans 719, 1204 2375, 2532 eleventh-century 819 and baptism 2538 germ theory 915 and canon 71 Macedonianism 1120, 1566 Eucharistic canon 366 nature and origin 1117–19 and Gnosticism 1042 see also Arianism; Cathars; docetism; doctrine, and healing 1100 false; Donatism; Gnosticism; Inquisition; and logos theology 1540, 1543 Jansenism; Manichaeism; Monophysitism; and Marcion 1422 monothelitism; Nestorianism; orthodoxy; and Montanism 538 Pelagianism and New Testament text 2341–2 Herman of Alaska 1124–5 and typological interpretation 242 hermeneutical theology 1125–6, 2352 and worship 2532 hermeneutics 1126–8, 1897 Hirscher, Johann Baptist 2412, 2413 feminist 923–6, 923–6, 2513 Hispanic theology see Elizondo, Virgilio; and Gadamer 1002, 1125, 1897 Gonzalez, Justo Luis history 1126–7 historical Jesus 1133–4, 1970 and liberation theology 2111, 2196 and Bultmann 329, 904 modern issues in 988–9, 1127–8 First Quest 244, 329, 1127, 1133 postmodern 1855 and Jesus Seminar 1242 of suspicion 82, 925, 1859 New Quest 904, 1970 see also Barth, Karl; Croatto, José Severino; and Schweitzer 244, 1133–4, 2082 Gonzalez, Justo Luis; Origen Third Quest 1970–1 Herrnhut (Germany) 1057, 1573, 1574, 1576–7, historical theology 229, 588, 1926, 1998, 2311, 2359 1823, 2428, 2557–8 historiography, Christian 1135–7, 2496–9 Hesychasm xciii, 325–6, 701, 970, 1128–30, African American 2498 1558 cultural turn 1138 and Byzantine monasticism xci, 160, 1070, and global Christianity 2496–7 1130, 1560 lived religion approach 2496, 2498 and Romanian monasticism 2015 and mission 2496–7 and Russian Orthodoxy 1040, 1255, 1508, 2214 mysticism 2498 see also apophatic theology; mystical tradition and Pentecostalism 2498 Hick, John 892, 1818, 2342, 2364 and Reformation 2497–8, 2499 Hidden Christians 1225 and women 2497

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History of Religions School 109, 328, 1041, 1127, see also Charlemagne; Charles V, Emperor; 2407 Germany history, theology of 2361–3 Holy Saturday 1046 and Augustine of Hippo 76, 1245, 2362 Holy See 1142–5, 1215, see also papacy and Bede 220, 2362 Holy Spirit 1145–50 and Berdyaev 235 and the church 587–8, 773, 790, 1725 and Bonaventure 229, 296 and confirmation 586 history as revelation 1754 and Congar 587–8 and Joachim of Fiore 1245–6, 2362 in early church 1146 and time 516–17 in Eastern Christianity 919–20, 1147–8 see also apocalypticism; dispensationalism; and ecumenical councils 1146–7 salvation history and enthusiasm 1149–50, 2081 Hobbes, Thomas as feminine 1577, 1584, 1585, 2558 and ethics 331, 631, 858, 1325–6, 2324, 2401, and medieval women 1149 2440 and radical dualism 1148 and materialism 2216 and Reformation 1149 and natural theology 681, 2086 and salvation 1229 and social contract 177, 1163, 2143, 2258 and sanctification of intuition 2061–2 and state of nature 735, 1162, 1919, 2143, and sanctification of the senses 2119 2258–9 and spiritual formation 2243–4 Hodge, Charles 896, 1137–8, 1409, 1482, 1888, and subordinationism 2270 1917, 1951, 2415, 2481, see also Princeton and time 518, 1148 theology see also baptism in the Spirit; Basil the Great; Hoffman (Hoffmann), Melchior 51, 1127, Charismatic Movement; filioque; fruit of 1138–9, 2163, see also Anabaptists; the Spirit; gifts of the Spirit; glossolalia; Eucharist monergism; Mühlen, Heribert; Pentecost; Holbach, Baron d’ 632 Pentecostalism; Second Blessing; slain in Holbein, Hans (the Younger) 1139 the Spirit holiness 527, 1137–41, 1272, see also holy war 2477, 2478, 2479 sanctification Holy Week 688, 1046, 1150, 1336, 1765, see also Holiness movement 276, 774, 1141–2, 1286 Easter; Maundy Thursday; Palm Sunday; and camp meetings 356, 1141–2 passion and healing 1101, 1106 Holy Year 1200 Higher Life 184, 1102–3 homoiousios 112, 539, 1120, 1700 and Methodism c, ci, 284, 553, 1055, 1101, homoousios 6, 112, 514, 538–9, 614, 954, 1068, 1140–1, 1141–2, 1149, 1503, 1753–4, 1120, 1676, 1700 1985 homosexuality civ, 59, 314, 1032, 1114, 1151–2 and Pentecostalism xcviii, 1028, 1141, 1684, and Anglican Communion 1295, 2234 1787, 1792–3, 1999 disputes concerning 374, 469, 1027, 2110, 2129 and sanctification 434, 1792, 1961 and early Christianity 47, 886, 973 see also Boardman, William Edwin; Church of and Lutheran churches 1398 the Nazarene; Palmer, Phoebe and reconstructionism 1935 Holland see Kuyper, Abraham; Netherlands and Roman Catholicism 1151, 1721, 2416 Holocaust 481, 815, 892, 1611, 1615–16 see also gay and lesbian theology Holy Communion xci, 576, see also Eucharist; Honduras 429 Mass Honorius III, Pope xciii, 844, 2377 Holy Roman Empire and Dominicans 718, 719 and Austria 174 and Franciscans 975–6 and French Revolution 1012 hope 1152–3, 1542, see also charity; faith and papacy 76, 174, 437, 582, 764, 818–19, Hopkins, Gerard Manley 1153–4 1203, 1300, 1757, 2124, 2126, 2335, 2377, hospice movement 579–80, 1104, 1154–5, 1166, 2404 1858 and Reformation 165, 1901, 1946–7 hospitals 1858, 2437 tenth century 2334, 2335 and monasteries 1549, 1550, 2275

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house churches 532, 1032, 1156 Hungary 1166–8, 1802, 2335 Africa 17 Catholic Church xci, 759, 1167 and Charismatic Movement 436 Ottoman conquest 1167 China 454, 526, 776 Reformed churches 1167, 1168, 1949, 1951 Cuba 651 see also Cyril and Methodius Dura-Europos 103, 199, 459, 460, 529, 746, Huntingdon, Selina see Selina Hastings, Countess 749, 1156 of Huntingdon early 103, 390, 459, 522–3, 528–9, 746, 750, Hus, John 283, 1168–9, 1283, 1473, 1803, 1940, 1156 2169 and Pietism 1823 and Council of Constance 661, 712, 932, 1016, Howells, Herbert 1157, 2257 1168–9, 1572 Hrotsvit of Gandersheim 730–1 and Moravian Brethren 1572, 2428 Hsian-Fu monument 38–9, 147, 452, 456 Husserl, Edmund 902, 1002, 1111, 1633, 1855–6, Hügel, Friedrich von 395–6, 398, 2007 2261 Hugh of Saint Victor 1, 1157–8, 2041 Hussites, and pacifism 2476 Huguenots 76, 174, 351, 360, 991, 1158–60, Hutter, Jacob 51, 1169–70, 1433 1902–3, 2141, 2292 Hutterites 51, 536, 846, 1169, 1433, 1478–9, 1664 human rights 11, 275, 984, 1160–6, 2233 Huxley, T. H. 2087 in Christianity 309, 402, 404, 407, 409–10, hymns and hymnology lxxxvi, 620 1165–6, 1313, 1994–6 Armenian 189 and Marxism 411, 1162 Asian 149–50 and natural law 1161–2, 1325–6, 2323 Assyrian 157 nature 1161 early Christian 745, 840, 1596–7, 1835, 2531 in non-Christian religions 1163–5, 1995 folk 1603 philosophical justifications 1161–3, 1819 Gaelic 1002–3 of women 486, 1925, 1994–5, 2153, 2281 Lutheran cxciii, 1393, 1395–6, 2045, 2345 humanism 474, 931, 1126, 1244, 1310, 1472, medieval 1367, 1600, 1607 1708, 1976 Moody and Sankey 1571 and aesthetics 106, 219 Moravian 1576 atheistic 474, 632 Protestant 635–6, 1601–2, 1603 black 11 Syriac 209, 1605 and classicism 1303 Welsh 2487 and drama 734, 735 see also Crosby, Frances Jane; Dudley-Smith, and Erasmus 474, 843, 1940–1, 2171 Timothy; Mason, Lowell; Neale, John and More 1580, 2171 Mason; Pratt Green, Fred; Vaughan and Reformation 931, 1939–41 Williams, Ralph; Watts, Isaac; Wesley, and scholasticism 1, 474, 799–800, 831, Charles 1939–40, 2077 Hyper-Calvinism 998, 1021 scientific 1799 hyperdulia 1170–1 see also Marulus, Marcus; More, Thomas; hypocrisy 1171–2 Oecolampadius, Johannes hypostatic union 121, 514, 515, 746, 1172–3 Humbert of Silva Candida 69, 594, 819, 939, 1553 and impeccability 1188–9 Hume, David 1816, 2086 and Butler 331 Ibas of Edessa 596, 1821 and design argument 85, 630–1, 2324, 2326 Iceland 497–9, 1945 and justice 2197 iconoclasm 56, 1175–6, 1177, 2066 and miracles 80, 807, 810, 1526–7, 1970, 1997 and Protestantism 1175–6, 1178, 1446, 1464 and problem of evil 890–1, 1829, 2342 theological issues 1176 and Reid 1956 Iconoclastic Controversy 134, 139, 333, 337–8, and secularization 2103 341, 342, 814, 1464, 1471, 2044–5 and slavery 2440 and influence of Islam 338, 812 and suicide 873 and John of Damascus 334, 338, 2533 and virtue 2467 and Second Council of Nicaea 56, 334, 338, 342, Hungarian Catholic Church xci, 759 811, 813, 1172, 1175, 1697, 2345, 2533

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iconodules 334, 337–8, 813, 1175 imitation of Christ 218, 676, 680, 1183–4 iconography 612 and martyrdom 1184, 1429 iconostasis xci, 333, 2533, 2540 Imitation of Christ 685, 688, 1073–4, 1185, 1435, icons and iconography xci, 133–4, 334, 337–8, 1500, 1940, 2380 437, 1177–8 Immaculate Conception xcii, 1016, 1170, 1184–6, as aids to prayer 1869, 2117, 2317 1390, 1585, 1593, 2083 history 1177–8 and Council of Trent 1185 influence on art 1445 and Old Catholics 1721 theology 1178 and Pius IX 1185, 1692, 2007, 2465 and Virgin Mary 1177, 2463, 2464 see also original sin; Virgin Mary see also Mandylion immaterialism see Berkeley, George idealism immersion see baptism and Berkeley 235–6, 1956 immortality 1186–7 see also Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Kant, conditional 582–4, 2265 Immanuel immutability, divine 700, 726, 1207, 1614, 1726 identity, Christian 475–9, 748 impanation 1187 and contextual pluralism 479 see also transubstantiation moral and social markers 476–8 impassibility, divine 699, 701, 1046, 1207, political markers 478–9 1614–15, 1726 theological and ecclesiastical markers 475–6 impeccability 1188–9 see also Armenia; migration, diaspora and imposition of hands see laying on of hands identity incarnation 35–6, 1190–1 Ignatius of Antioch xcv, 72, 99, 1112, 1179–80, and communicatio idiomatum 659, 746 2095, 2306 as paradox 81 Anaphora 53 see also Alexandrian theology; christology; and biblical interpretation 243 Church Fathers; kenosis; Nicaea, First and church government 545, 775, 1179, 1463 Council and diaconate 690 inclusivism 477, 579, 898, 1287, 2365–6 and Docetism 537, 703, 1359 independent churches and episcopacy 483, 523, 766, 841–2, 2003 in America 268 Epistles 1358 church government 548 and Eucharist 766, 1179 in Latin America 309 and Gnosticism 515 number of adherents lxxxvi, 776 and martyrdom 748, 1179, 1431, 1890, 2049 see also African independent churches; and Polycarp 1179, 1840 indigenous churches and resurrection 1969 Index of Prohibited Books 424, 557, 617, 1465, and worship 1179, 2532 1948, 2143, 2145, 2413, 2416 Ignatius of Loyola 617, 686, 1180–1, 1629–30, India and Pakistan 610, 882, 1191–4 1637, 1948 Assyrian Apostolic Church 154, 158, 1033, and glossolalia 1039 1413–14, 2306 and Holy Spirit 1149 and Hinduism 378, 829, 1035, 1194, 1414–15 influences on 1016, 1085 and Islam 1035, 1194, 1807, 2278 and missiology 1529 Pentecostalism civ, 1194, 1787, 1788, 1795, Spiritual Exercises 212, 465, 1181, 1572, 2171, 1925 2237 Protestantism 1192, 1193–4, 1415, 1420, see also Jesuit Order; Xavier, St. Francis 1479 illumination, Anglo-Saxon 61, 1353–4 Roman Catholicism 1192–3, 2547 Ilminski, Nicholas 1181–2 Syriac Orthodox Church 2306 image of God 67, 68, 223, 265, 474, 722, 1182–3, see also Carey, William; Church of South 2436, 2528 India; Dalit theology; De Nobili, and children 445 Robert; Malankara Orthodox Syrian and freedom 981–2 Church; Mar Thoma Syrian Church; and women 1584, 2520 Singh, Sadhu Sundar; Xavier, see also anthropology, Christian St. Francis

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indigenous churches lxxxviii, 1195–7, 1531, 1683, and papal power 402, 931, 1203, 1300, 1471, 2220 1757, 2376–7 and Anderson 54 and sack of Constantinople 339, 646, 2377 in China 454 see also Inquisition in Europe 275, 833 Inquisition 389, 617, 917, 1193, 1204–5, 1472, in Jamaica 1222, 1349 1803, 2171 and mission 170, 172–3 and Cathars 1122, 1472, 1803 Pentecostal 1684 in New World 110, 649, 1310 in Southeast Asia 942, 943, 1287–8, 2217, in Spain and Portugal 932, 1080, 1205, 1806, 2220–1 2237, 2457–8 in Southern Africa 15, 16, 269, 2222, 2223–6 see also heresies see also African independent churches; Aladura; inspiration of the Bible civ, 152, 370, 553, 1379, prophet movement, African 1592, 1926, 2000 Indonesia 149, 1197–9 and Princeton theology 1888–9, 2480–1 and Assyrian Church of the East 1657 see also inerrancy and Islam 1197, 1199, 1802 instruments, musical 1595, 1600 and missionary aviation 1537 intelligent design theory 87, 622, 896, 1345, 2087, and Pancasila 1198–9 2322, 2326 and Pentecostalism 1787 Inter-Varsity Fellowship 882, 1670, 2265, 2549 and persecution 829, 1199, 2278 intercession lxxxviii, 395–7, 578, 1205–8, 1869 and Protestantism 1197, 1198–9, 1479, 2219 in the Bible 1206 and Roman Catholicism 1197–8, 2219, 2220–1 by saints 1085, 1443–4, 2050 see also Kraemer, Hendrik for the dead 1911 indulgences lxxxviii, 239, 585, 1200–1, 1758, effects 1207, 1872–3 1943–4, 1948, 2169 see also Communion of Saints; Kyrie Eleison; and Council of Trent 963, 1200, 2404 prayer and Hus 932 International Pentecostal Holiness Church 1793 plenary 1200, 1445, 1471, 1825 interpretation of the Bible 177–8, 242–4, 316, and purgatory 1200, 1445, 1900, 1912 765–6, 988–9 see also Ninety-Five Theses; purgatory allegorical 35, 41, 74, 242–3, 659, 803, 1361, inerrancy, biblical 47, 217, 313, 625, 874, 877, 1834, 2084–5, 2095, 2175 1201–2, 1343, 2229, 2417, 2481 Antiochene school 156, 243 and postconservative theology 1851, 1926 feminist 261, 923–6 infallibility 1202 liberal/conservative 1342–4 biblical 152, 346, 700, 874, 877, 1202 and liturgy 1089 papal lxxxviii, 760, 764, 773–4, 1336, 1759 threefold 1157–8 and Old Catholics 175, 1202, 1720–1 typological 242, 803, 1126–7 and Vatican I 175, 582, 773, 1202, 1672, see also biblical criticism; hermeneutics; 1692, 1758, 2007, 2413, 2447 literalism Infancy Gospel of James 2095, 2461 intuition, sanctification 2061–2 Infancy Gospel of Thomas 2096, 2461 investiture, lay 64, 818, 1300, 1471, 2124, 2376, Inner Mission 2431 Denmark 671 Iona 300, 421, 573, 830, 1697, 2091, 2091, 2148, Germany 1846 2176 Innocent III, Pope 545, 1104, 1203 Iran and Albigensian Crusade 389, 1203, 2377, 2378 and Armenians 1811 and Athonite monks 160 martyrs 1810–11 and Dominicans 719–20, 1204 and persecution 1802, 1807, 1810–11, 2278 and Eastern Christianity 2377 Roman Catholicism 1810 and Fourth Lateran Council 719, 1203, 1300–1 underground church 1811 and Franciscans 1203, 2377 see also Assyrian Apostolic Church; Persia and John of England 2124, 2377 Iraq and liturgical colors 1372 Assyrian Apostolic Church 154–6, 757, 1033, and northern crusades 2378 1485–9, 2278

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and Assyrianism 1486, 2306 Islam and Chaldean Catholic Church 1485, 1487–8, and Arab conquests xcv, xcvii, 116–17, 122, 2278 341, 608, 610–11, 1036, 1696, 2146–7, missions in 1486 2332–5 and persecution of Christians 1802, 1807, 2278 beliefs 1213 see also Mandaeans; Mesopotamia as Christian heresy 1815 Ireland and fasting 917 and Celtic Christianity 421–2, 573, 2173 and fundamentalism 1488, 2209, 2278 and missions 2173, 2176, 2291, 2485 and human rights 1164–5 see also Patrick, Saint and iconoclasm 338, 342, 812 Irenaeus of Lyons 1208–9, 1229 in North Africa 14, 34, 341, 610–11, 1035, and apologetics 69, 79, 2098–9 1696, 1698–9, 1702, 2147 and apostolic succession 545 and prayer 1862, 1865 and atonement 2047 and slavery 1164 and beauty 218 see also Arabic; Palestine and Israel and canon 242, 1209, 1357 Islam and Christianity lxxxviii, 70, 76, 338, 418, and the church 1723 811, 829, 1213–14, 1671, 2418, 2560 and creation 709 in Albania 26–7 and divinization/theosis 474, 701, 982, 2370 in America 2416 and Ebionites 770 in Armenia 118, 121–2, 128 and eschatology 449, 1107, 1974 in Asia 1035 and evil 892, 2342 and Assyrian Church 155, 1802 and Gnosticism 515, 537, 796, 1042, 1208–9, in Europe 2110 1542, 1641, 1738, 2098, 2116 in Indonesia 1197, 1199 and healing 1100 in Iran 1809 and hermeneutics 1126, 1361 in Iraq 2384–5 and Holy Spirit 1146 in Lebanon 1334–5 and image of God 1182 and Luther 493 and infant baptism 201 and missions 338, 466, 553, 1378–9 and kerygma 745, 1271 and persecution of Christians 339, 629, 1214, and logos 2369 1426, 1696, 1801–2, 1806–7, 2278, 2335 and Marcion 511, 537, 745, 1422, 1739 in Spain 342, 357, 811, 1214, 2236–7 and martyrdom 2049 in Switzerland 2293 and miracles 2162 see also Crusades; de Foucauld, Charles and Montanism 1208, 1567 Eugene; John of Damascus; Llull, Ramon; and natural law 1646 Ottoman Empire; Theodore (Tadrus) Abu and New Testament 1356, 1357, 1359, 2341–2 Qurrah; Timothy of Baghdad and original sin 2166 Israel, state and Polycarp 1208, 1247, 1840 and apocalypticism 77, 2101 and recapitulation 982, 2098 and dispensationalism 695–6, 847, 1975 and Revelation 1978 and Palestine 1213, 1749–52, 2416 and Shepherd of Hermas 2158 Italo-Albanian Catholic Church 28, 759 and theology 2312 Italy 1215–17 and trinitarian faith 747 Christian Democratic party 490, 491, 1216 irenism 1209 and Counter-Reformation 616 Irving, Edward 1039, 1102, 1106, 1149, 1829 Protestantism 1216–17 Irvingites 361 Roman Catholicism 1215 Isaac, Heinrich 1210, 1583, 2458 see also church and state; Holy See; Liguori, Isaac of Nineveh see Isaac the Syrian Alphonsus; papacy; Rome Isaac the Syrian 158, 1148, 1210–12, 1622, Ivanovsky, Paul 1217–18 2307 Ivory Coast 1503 Isenheim altarpiece 40, 1075–6, 2118, 2296 Isidore of Seville 401, 705, 1212–13, 2029, 2149, Jacob of Edessa xcvi, 2307 2236 Jacob of Sarugh 1219, 1642, 2307

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Jacobite Church see Syriac (Syrian) Orthodox and Theophilus of Antioch 2369 Church and universalism 2430 Jacopone da Todi 398, 1625 and worship 1605, 2532 Jaffray, Robert Alexander 1219–20, 2397, see also see also Vulgate local church; Simpson, A. B. Jerusalem 341, 1231–2, 1749–50 Jaki, Stanley L. 1220–1, 2084 and Babylon 184, 1232 Jamaica 380, 381, 1221–2, 1349, 1787 Holy Sepulcher church 253, 255, 533, 750, 865, James (brother of Jesus) 1232, 1750, 1751, 1824, 2260 death 1972 Muslim capture 646, 1232, 1316, 1750 liturgy of xci, xcvi, 53, 189, 756, 757, 1062, see also Palestine and Israel 2308, 2532 Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom 463, 1232, 1314–16 Jansenism 501, 992, 1123, 1149, 1222–3, 1452–3, 2145 and Crusades 1315–16, 1751–2, 2377 and free will 1222–3, 1350 see also Knights Templar and Jesuits 225, 1223, 1234, 1763 Jerusalem Rite 189 and Pietism 1824 Jesuit Order xc, 1233–4, 2547 and Vincent de Paul 2460 and Counter-Reformation 616–17, 633, 1012, see also Pascal, Blaise 1061, 2171 Japan 308, 882, 1223–6 countries/regions and civil religion 563 Armenia 122 early history 148 Austria 174 and Francis Xavier 452, 1224, 1849, 2547 China 417–18, 452–3, 454, 1849 growth periods 1223–5 Croatia 633 and Japanese society 1225–6 East Africa 750–1 Orthodox Church 1267–8 India 1193, 1414, 2547 Pentecostalism 1788 Japan 452, 1147, 1224, 1849 and persecution 1224, 1226, 1803, 1807 Latin America 110, 307, 447, 1310–12, 1314, and Shinto 1226, 1807 1759–60, 2432, 2451 see also Kassatkin, Nicholas North Africa 756, 757 Jehovah’s Witnesses 76, 846, 1227–8 North America 45 and Adventism 8–9, 1663 Philippines 942 in Africa 2225 Romania 2014 and Arianism 113, 512, 513, 515–16, 2406 Southeast Asia 2218, 2220 in Armenia 123–4 Southern Africa 2222, 2225 and atonement 164, 1227 and drama 734–5 and conditional immortality 583 and Eastern Catholic churches 757, 759 in Cuba 651 and education and scholarship 474, 1181, see also millenarianism 1310–11, 1465, 2171, 2237 Jenson, Robert W. 305, 709, 1228–9, 1723, 2314 government 1233 Jerome, St. 545, 806, 1086, 1230, 1361, 1833 and Jansenism 225, 1223, 1234, 1763 and Apocrypha 371 and mission xc, 531, 1181, 1196, 1234, 2006–7 and Arianism 539, 1120 and Reformation 1233–4, 1948 and canon of New Testament 244 suppression 453, 1234, 1312 and classical authors 1363–4 see also Bea, Augustin; Bellarmine, Robert; and Clement of Alexandria 565 Bollandists; de Lubac, Henri; De Nobili, as Doctor of the Church 704, 705 Robert; Hopkins, Gerard Manley; Ignatius and Greek philosophy 1834 of Loyola; Lonergan, Bernard; Murray, and healing 1100 John Courtney; Rahner, Karl; Ricci, and Hilarion 1130–1 Matteo; Segundo, Juan Luis; Sobrino, and John Chrysostom 519 Jon; Suárez, Francisco; Teilhard de and Lactantius 1291 Chardin, Pierre; Vieira, Antonio; Xavier, and Origen 1230, 2430 St. Francis and Palestine 1750 Jesus Christ 1235–40 and Pelagius 349 and authority 178, 898 and Tertullian 2339 birth and childhood 1235–6, 1270

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disciples 1237 John Climacus 1129, 1559, 1622 in film 558 John of the Cross 706, 1153, 1249–50, 1330, final days 1238–9 1615, 1619, 1633, 1637, 1868, 2237 as healer see miracles and Carmelites 384, 688, 1630, 2006 historicity 1688 and Teresa of Avila 1249, 2337 and Kingdom of God 1236–7, 1277, 1278, see also mystical tradition; Teresa of Avila 1280, 1841 John Damascene see John of Damascus as logos 35, 91, 512, 513, 540, 1264, 1380, 1564, John of Damascus 102, 705, 940, 1250–1, 1771, 2523 2037, 2343 as mediator 1467–8 and Communion 576–7, 2118 as Messiah 475, 905, 1235, 1237–8, 1245, 1280, and icons 334, 338, 458, 1176, 1177, 1250, 1493, 1736–7, 1814, 2389 2117, 2533 miracles 907, 1592, 1754, 2357 and Islam 1214, 1251 and prayer 1871–2 and music 1609 as prophet, priest, and king 1719 and systematic theology 2312 public ministry 1236–8 and theosis 2370 as redeemer 457–8 and Trinity 1069 as risen see resurrection John the Evangelist, St. 251, 1246–7, 1840 self-perception 1237–8 John Paul II, Pope 47, 414, 1251–2, 2129 as Son of God 457, 475, 681, 1172, 1238, 1269, and Albania 28 2389 and Assyrian Church 157 as Son of Man 76, 457, 962, 1172 and Balthasar 190 temptation 1189 and Benedict XVI 229 titles 2388–9 and canon law 404, 405 Virgin Birth 346, 508, 1235, 1755, 2460–2, and canonizations 665, 920, 2140 2465 and Croatia 633 and women 1994, 2515–16 and Cuba 649, 652 see also Christ in art; cross; historical Jesus; and Divine Mercy devotion 697 impeccability; incarnation; Kingdom of and Eastern Orthodox Church 339, 760, 764 God; Messiah; offices of Christ; Passion of encyclicals 1252 Christ; resurrection of Jesus; salvation Fides et Ratio 1252, 1424–5 Jesus Movement 346, 1240–1 and Latin America 649, 1314, 2233 Jesus People 346, 1241, 1241–2, 2180 and de Lubac 677 Jesus Prayer xci, xciii, 1863, 1870 and mission 417 and Hesychasm 1128–30, 1558, 1560, 1622, and Opus Dei 1728 2214 and ordination of women 1886 in Russian monasticism 1255, 2214 and Poland 1837, 1838 Jesus Seminar 682, 1242, 1831–2 and science 1344 Jesus Sutras 38, 452 and Taizé 2081 Jews see Christian–Jewish relations; Kabbalah and Virgin Mary 1252, 1570, 2466 Jews for Jesus 1244–5, 1495, see also Messianic see also Centesimus Annus; Laborem Exercens; Judaism Poland; Sollicitudo Rei Socialis Joachim of Fiore 70, 76, 850, 917, 1245–6, 1974, John XXIII, Pope xc, 217, 1216, 1247–8, 1313, 2362 2008, 2416 John the Baptist 204, 1050, 1134, 1236, 1248–9 and canon law 403 in art 39, 1018, 1076 Mater et Magistra 409, 1248 and baptism in the Spirit 193, 194–5 Pacem in Terris 409–10, 1248 and Christian baptism 191, 192, 196 and Pentecostalism 738, 1794 disciples 196, 198, 200, 694, 949, 1248 and Spain 2239 and Ebionites 770 see also Vatican II and Essenes 2023 Johnson, Torrey Maynard 883, 1253 and Jesus as Messiah 84 Jones, Bob Sr. 1254, see also fundamentalism; and Kingdom of God 1277, 1278 Graham, Billy and Mandaeans 1416 Joseph of Volokalamsk 1255

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Josephus, Flavius lxxxvii, 371, 1256, 1773, 1972 and baptism 201, 2538 and baptism 192, 195, 197 and beauty 218 and Essenes 680 and eschatology 449, 1107, 1113, 1974 and Greek 2024 and Eucharist 746, 2042 and heresy 1117 and exorcism 905, 1100, 2162 and John the Baptist 1249, 1256 and Gnosticism 515, 1042, 1641 Josquin Desprez 969, 1256–7, 1583, 1601 and healing 1100, 1104 Judaism 629, 2022–3, 2120, 2530 and inclusivism 2365 and early church 2003–4 and Jews 481, 1360 and prayer 1862, 1870 and Logos Christology 2098 and riches 1989 and Marcion 1422, 1424 and sacrifice 2047 and New Testament text 2341–2 and water rites 191, 195, 199, 2041 and Revelation 1247, 1978 see also Christian–Jewish relations; Dead Sea and testimonia collections 2340 Scrolls; Josephus, Flavius; Kabbalah; and values 2436 Marcion; Messianic Judaism; Pharisees; and worship 1375, 1842, 2532 Sabbath; Sadducees Justinian I (Byzantine emperor) xcv, 208, 730, Judson, Adoniram 998, 1257–8, 1691, 2226 1104, 1265–6 Julian the Apostate 215, 659, 724, 972, 1008, and church and state 594, 712, 2030, 2121–2, 2174 1249, 2275, 2437 extent of empire 1265, 1695 Julian calendar see Gregorian/Julian calendar and Hagia Sophia 104, 391, 1082, 2174 Julian of Norwich 688, 740, 835, 970, 1087, and law 401, 1265, 1327, 2121–2, 2174 1258–9, 1619, 1628–9, 1637 and Monophysitism 595 and motherhood of God 1258, 1584 and Montanism 1569 and suffering 1259, 1615 and prison ministry 1890 just peacemaking see peacemaking, just and slavery 2178 just price theory 780, 783 just war theory 478, 1259, 1261–2, 2476–80 Kabbalah, influence on Christian traditions and Aquinas 1262, 2439, 2476, 2479 1243–4, 1585, 1863, 2213 and Augustine of Hippo 167, 2476–8, 2480 Kant, Immanuel 80, 354, 726, 807, 810, 1815–16, and Grotius 1075, 1327, 2477 1855, 2361 and holy war 2477, 2478, 2479 and aesthetics 190, 219, 2344 and natural law 1262 and categorical imperative 355, 858, 1162, see also pacifism; peacemaking, just; war and 1325, 1647, 2193 violence and epistemology 1816–17 justice 401, 413, 2438–40 and ethics 858, 1162–3, 2467–8 economic 1276 and freedom 986 see also human rights; social justice and Hegel 1110 justification 527, 1262–4, 1776–7, 1993 and Idealism 2469 and adiaphora 5 and morality 631 by faith 224, 553, 1263, 1387, 1952 and natural theology 2086 and Calvin 350 and ontological argument 85, 631 in Edwards 45 and Romanticism 2017 in Luther 202, 350, 625, 1394, 1399, 1401–2, 1998 Kassatkin, Nicholas 1267–8 and Council of Trent 712 kataphatic theology 92, 679, 692, 1388–9 and good works 224, 785, 1401, 1900, 2303 Keble, John ciii, 832, 1268, 1690, 1745, 1913 and reconciliation 640, 1998 Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron 506–7 and sanctification 2061 Kempe, Margery 1086–7, 1101, 1258–9, 1381 and Wesley 1498 kenosis 40, 726, 894, 1046, 1189, 1269, see also see also righteousness incarnation Justin Martyr 511, 628, 1264–5, 2097 Kenya 16, 18, 21, 60, 268, 750–3 and ancient learning 1264, 1834, 2078 Kepler, Johannes 506, 508, 1269–70, 2085, 2142, as apologist 79, 83, 90, 109, 538, 629, 1264–5, see also Copernicus, Nicholas 1360, 1804, 2098 kerygma 715, 745–6, 767, 1127, 1271, 1356, 2399

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kerygmatic theology 1271–2, 2352, see also Barth, kulturkampf 978, 1013, 1337, 1720, 1837, 2292 Karl; Bultmann, Rudolf Küng, Hans 190, 1201, 1463, 2008, 2358, 2366 Keswick Convention 285, 489, 1141, 1272, 1693, Kuyper, Abraham 485–6, 1289, 1529, 1882, 1917, 1985 1951, 2445–6 Khomiakov, Aleksei xciii, 1273, 2184–5 Kyrie Eleison 1290, 1375, 1483, 2533 Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye xcix, 102, 318, 823, 1274, 1576, 1588, 1690–1, 1908, 2470 Laborem Exercens 411–12 and beauty 219 Lactantius, Lucius Caecilius Firmianus 1291, and Christendom 671 2340, 2375 and existentialism 900, 901, 902, 903–4, 1274, and Antichrist 69 1799, 2351 and Constantine 592 and history 2362 and Hellenism 2078 and paradox 81, 1690 and Latin 13, 1302 Kimbangu, Simon 15, 18, 427, 1275, see also and persecution 1805 healing; prophet movement, African and premillennialism 1974 Kimbanguists 15, 16, 269, 272, 1788 and slavery 2178 King James Bible 239, 248, 271, 301, 1465, 1945, and wrath of God 2542 2145, 2342, 2420 Lady Huntingdon’s Connexion 2114 King, Martin Luther, Jr. cii, 47, 482, 1276–7, Lagrange, Marie-Joseph 1291–2 1933, 2191 laicism, in France 994 and nonviolence 1276, 1780, 2196, 2391, 2416 laity 446, 587, 832, 1293 see also civil rights movement in Baptist churches cii Kingdom of God Catholic lay movements in Latin America 308, biblical perspectives 1236–7, 1277–8, 1279–80, 448, 1304–5 1841 education 471–3 and the church 520, 1280–1 history of 2497 modern interpretations 653, 1278–81, 1797, in medieval church 1464, 1844 1998, 2162 in Old Catholic churches 1720–1 and ethics 1279, 1280–1 in Orthodox churches xci and missional church 1534–6 and Vatican II 47, 2007, 2449–50, 2536 and social gospel 2188–90, 2192, 2233 vocations 1403–4, 1963–4, 2350 see also eschatology in worship 1370–1, 1376, 1395, 2533–4 Kiribati 1714 see also ordination; priesthood Knights of Malta (Knights Hospitaller) 1281–2, 1550 Lake, Frank 567 Knights Templar 990, 1205, 1282, 1315, 1848 Lalibala (Lalibela) 861, 864, 1293–4, see also art, knowledge see epistemology Ethiopian Knox, John ci, 348, 486, 546, 1283, 1882, 1950, Lambeth Conference ciii, 60, 601, 1031, 1295, 2091, 2126 2233–4, see also Anglican Communion; koinonia 638, 922, 1284, 1724, see also global Christianity ecumenism; fellowship Lanfranc 63–4, 286, 374, 830 Kollyvades movement 1062, 1679 Langland, William 1364 Korea lxxxv, lxxxvii, 527, 883, 1284–7, 1803, 2230 Piers Plowman 969, 1368 megachurches 487, 1474 languages see Arabic; Aramaic; Coptic; Gaelic; missions 2234 Greek; Latin; Syriac Orthodox Church 1217–18 Las Casas, Bartolomé de 45, 648, 649, 1295–6, Pentecostalism 1285–6, 1788, 1795 1309, 1505, 2195–6, 2440 Protestantism 527, 1284–6, 1881, 1950, 2495 Laski (à Lasco), John 1296–7 Roman Catholicism 1284–6 Lassus, Orlando 969, 1297–8, 1583, 1764 Kraemer, Hendrik 1287–8 Last Judgment 140, 450 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth 1071, 2277 Last Rites lxxxviii, 63, 122, 416, 1298–9 Kuhlman, Kathryn Johanna 489, 1103, 1105, effects 1299 1288–9, 2154, 2160, 2328, 2513, see also forms 1299 Charismatic Movement; healing history 1298–9 Kuhn, Johannes 2412–13 see also Anointing of the Sick

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Lateran councils 1300–1 see also Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; church Fifth (1512–1517) 582, 712, 1301, 1464 and state; liberation theology; Paraguay; First (1122) 712, 1300, 1886, 2147 Peru; Uruguay Fourth (1215) 712, 1085, 1203, 1300–1, 1333, Latitudinarianism 832, 1322 1382, 2378 Latourette, Kenneth Scott 1166, 1317, 2418 and angels 56 latreia see worship and creation 708 Latter Rain movement xcviii, 363, 738, 1103, and crusades 1301 1318, 1795, 2220 and Divine Office 299 Latter-Day Saints see Mormonism and Eucharist 415, 1947 Laubach, Frank Charles 1318–20 and hell 1113 Lausanne, International Congress on World and heresy 1803 Evangelization (1974) 293, 713, 879, and Holy Spirit 1122 883–4, 1320, 1530, 2265, 2294, 2417, and Jews 481, 1301 2492–3 and mendicant orders 719–20, 975, 977 Lausanne II see Manila, International Congress on and relics 1444 World Evangelization and transubstantiation 1203, 1301, 1825, Lausanne World Fellowship 1037 1947, 2402–3 Lavigerie, Charles Martial Allemand 1321–2, 1691 and Joachim of Fiore 1246 law 401, 1323–8 Second (1139) 1300, 1886 and Aquinas 177, 402, 984, 1075 Third (1179) 1300, 1803, 2474 and Augustine 177, 1075 Latimer, Hugh 1433–4, 2052 and faith 13 Latin 343, 437, 1301–4 and gospel 1329–30, 1402 archaic 1301 and grace 695 and Christendom 748, 817, 1302 international 1074, 1075, 1326–7, 2270 classical and post-classical 1302 and Justinian I 401, 1265, 1327, 2121–2, 2174 and liturgy 1302–3 and revelation 1327–8 medieval 1303, 1464, 1945, 2533 see also canon law; Gratian; Grotius, Hugo; in North Africa 13–14, 654, 1302, 2339 Justinian I; natural law Renaissance 1303 Law, William 1322–3, 1500, 2489 and scholasticism 1303, 2077 Lawrence, Brother 1319, 1330–1 see also Vulgate Lawson, Robert Clarence 298, 554, 1331 Latin America lxxxviii, 1035 laying on of hands 16, 200–1, 1318, 1331–2 base communities 288, 308, 776, 1307, 1313, 1858 in baptism 200–1 Catholic lay movements 308, 448, 1304–5 and confirmation 586 Christian Democratic parties 447–8, 490, 491, and consecration 775, 1441 1306, 1313 in healing 1100, 1101, 1332 Christianity and politics in 411, 490, 1306–7 see also Anointing of the Sick; baptism in the cult of Virgin Mary 2465 Spirit; ordination evolution of Christian beliefs 1307–8 Le Saux, Henri 1634 Indian reductions 110, 307, 1310–11, 1760 leadership, Christian 482–7 megachurches 1474 biblical models 482–3 and Pentecostalism 111, 307, 308, 527, 1035, and church and state 484 1037, 1307–8, 1788–9, 1795, 1813, contribution to civilization 485–6 2232–3, 2434, 2452 development 486–7 and Protestantism 111, 290, 292–3, 307, 309, and divine responsibility 483–4 448–9, 572, 788, 1307–8, 1761, 1813, Emergent 824 2279, 2433–4, 2452 indigenous 382, 753, 1125, 1414, 1769, 2220, and Roman Catholicism 110–11, 290–1, 292, 2454, 2492–3 307, 308–9, 571–2, 787–8, 1035, 1303–4, Moses model 347, 2180 1307–8, 1309–14, 1759–61, 2009, 2231, traditional forms 485 2432–4, 2451–3 and ways of the world 484–5 truth and reconciliation commissions 2410–11 and women 487, 489, 554, 1030, 1032, 1577, universities 1314, 2349 1961, 2156, 2497, 2515, 2521–2, 2558

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see also church government; indigenous in America 1347–8, 1397–8 churches and atonement 162 Lebanon 1332–5 and conservatism 627, 671, 877–8, 1032, 1037, and Druze 1334 1048, 1209, 1340–5, 1409–10, 2481 see also Maronites and dialectical theology 690 lectio divina 598–9, 1157, 2029 and doctrine 707–8 lectionaries 535, 1370, 2593 and environmental ethics 836 Lee, “Mother” Ann 846, 1585, 1664, 2155, 2156 and evolution 895, 1342 Lee, Witness 1379–80, 1653 and faith 907, 2358 legends, medieval Christian 1468–9, see also in Germany 1014, 1093, 1347 hagiography and historical Jesus 1133–4 Leibniz, G. W. 354, 630, 887, 890, 1529, 1816, and Kingdom of God 1279 2143 and miracles 1522 Lenshina, Alice 15, 18–19, 752 and resurrection 1970 Lent 535, 688, 917, 1336, see also Ash and self and society 1345 Wednesday; Good Friday; Holy Week; and social gospel 46, 362, 2188, 2191–2, 2438 Maundy Thursday in Switzerland 2293 Leo I, Pope 121, 339, 540–1, 545, 705, 916, and Unitarianism 1342, 1347 935–7, 1552, 2269 see also biblical criticism; Harnack, Adolph von; and papal primacy 1757 postliberal theology; Ritschl, Albrecht; Tome 116, 432–3, 541, 609–10, 936, 1121, 1565 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst; Leo XIII, Pope 491, 756–7, 1336–7 social gospel Aeterni Patris 1022, 1337, 1818, 2325 liberation theology 571, 986, 1027, 1126, 1313, and Aquinas 1022 1348–9, 1532, 2315, 2352, 2359 and Benedictines 233 black 276, 1918 and Cistercians 561 and Catholic lay movements 1304–5 and France 993–4, 1321 in Central America 431 and Newman 1672 and Christian socialism 492, 1858 see also Rerum Novarum in Cuba 651 Leonardo da Vinci 134, 504, 800, 1337–8, 1510, and divine providence 700 1515, 2464 and ecclesiology 776 Lesotho 2223–4 and economic ideas 781–2 Lesser Eastern Churches 2539, 2599 and Marxism 293, 781–2, 784, 1027, 1858, Levshin, Platon xciii 2166, 2233 Lewis, C. S. 558, 1338–9, 1359, 1712, 1748, 2026, and mercy 1483 2067 and option for the poor 781, 784, 851, 875, as apologist 80, 884, 1378 1079, 1348–9, 1992, 2417 and Chesterton 444 and original sin 2166 and Christian literature 1831 and practical theology 1859 and dualism 684 and racism 1918 and evidentialism 1958 and social justice 411, 1348, 1846, 2195, and inclusivism 2366 2196–7 influences on 1244, 1405 and suffering 1617 and miracles 80, 1526 see also black theology; Boff, Leonardo; and morality 631 Croatto, José Severino; Gutiérrez Merino, and problem of evil 2274, 2342 Gustavo; Segundo, Juan Luis; Sobrino, and Romanticism 2016–17 Jon and Tolkein 1338, 1339, 2390 Liberia 269, 271, 2491–2 and Traherne 2401 Lidgett, John Scott c, 1497 and Williams 2508, 2509 Liele, George 380, 1349–50 liberalism, political/economic 406–8, 412, 490, life, value 2438–9, 2529–30 1095, 1340–1, 1588, 1681 Lightfoot, J. B. 1772 liberalism, theological civ, 249, 296, 329, 591, Liguori, Alphonsus 706, 1350–1 1346–8, 1693 limbo 850, 1351, 1367, see also baptism; salvation

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Lindbeck, George 708, 717, 1045, 1094, 1352, Romanticism; Sayers, Dorothy L.; 1642, 1680, 1853–5, 2512 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; Tolstoy, Leo; Lindisfarne Gospels 61, 1353, 1353–4 Williams, Charles Lippi, Filippino 1354 Lithuania 1836–7, 2031, 2423–4 Lippi, Fra Filippo 304, 1354, 2464 Little Gidding 1369 Liszt, Franz 1354–5, 1602, 2459 liturgical theology 1373, 1869, 2075, 2352 literacy 1166, 1318–19 liturgies 1375–6 in early church 1463 of Addai and Mari xcvii, 53, 157 and evangelism 1462, 2232 Assyrian Church xcvii Middle Ages 33, 463, 797–8, 1463–4 of Athanasius 53, 189 in New Testament world 795, 1462 of Basil the Great xci, xciv, xcv, 53, 118, 188, and Protestant Reformation 498–9, 1031, 1465, 524, 611, 756, 758, 1062 1729, 1904, 1945 Coptic 611, 613, 614 Renaissance 799–800 of Cyril of Jerusalem 53, 756 see also orality and literacy Gallican 33, 1064, 1375, 1606, 1697, 2533 literalism, biblical of James xci, xcvi, 53, 189, 756, 757, 1062, and Albert the Great 720 2308, 2532 in Antiochene theology 73, 243, 388 of John Chrysostom xci, 53, 189, 524, 758, 759, and Campbell 359 1062, 1290, 2532 and dispensationalism 695, 845 Latin 33, 698, 1302–3, 1375–6 and Ephrem 840 of Mark 756 and Fundamentalism 851 of Nestorius xcvii, 53 and Jehovah’s Witnesses 1227 Orthodox 1375, 2532–3 and John Chrysostom 1361 Slavic 2013 in Pentecostalism 9 of Theodore of Mopsuestia xcvii, 53 and Reformation 1126, 2085 liturgy literature, Christian Arabic 157, 611, 805, 1355, and the arts 1371 2307–8, 2343 and covenant 1589–90 literature, devotional see devotionalism and and drama 730, 1366 devotional literature feminist 1513 literature, early 1356–62, 2092–5 liturgical colors 535, 1372 ante-Nicene Fathers 2095 liturgical objects 1372 New Testament Apocrypha 77, 868, 1357–9, nineth-century changes 1606, 1697 2095–6 and Scripture 1089 New Testament Pseudepigrapha 670–1, 770, vestments 1297, 1335, 1374, 1697, 2535 1134, 1358–9 see also Alexandrine Rite; Antiochene Rite; see also Didache; New Testament; Shepherd of books, liturgical; Divine Office; Vatican II; Hermas vernacular; vestments; worship literature, medieval 969, 1363–9 Livingstone, David ciii, 269, 426, 882, 1376–7, drama 730–3, 1366–7 1691, 2224, 2225 and pagan writings 1363–4 and Moffatt 1377, 1541, 2222, 2225 poetry 1364, 1366, 1367 and slave trade 751–2 and romances 1365, 1371 and theological education 2350 saints’ lives 1365–6 Lloyd-Jones, David Martyn 1377–8, 1748, 2265 travel 1005 Llull, Ramon 844, 1214, 1378–9, 1529, 1626, and Viking sagas 498 2237 see also Chaucer, Geoffrey; Cloud of Local Church movement 1379–80, 1653–4 Unknowing, The; Dante Alighieri Locke, John 354, 807, 809, 912, 1816, 1908 literature, modern 557, see also Chesterton, and natural law 1325–6, 2324 Gilbert Keith; Dostoevsky, Fyodor; Eliot, and social contract 1163, 2143–4, 2258 T. S.; Greene, Graham; Lewis, C. S.; and state of nature 2258–9 MacDonald, George; martyrs and and Turretin 2415 martyrology; Mauriac, François; logos 35, 91, 112, 512, 513, 540, 1380–1, 1540, O’Connor, Flannery; Percy, Walker; 2369

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and Philo of Alexandria 1380, 1699, 2024 and the church 524–5, 774 in Platonism 1380, 1649 and church discipline 899 Loisy, Alfred 1292, 2007 and communication 1464, 2349 Lollards 525, 831, 1283, 1381, 1432, 1940, 2002, and communion of saints 2052 2091, 2403, 2545 and dance 667 Lombard, Peter 577, 585, 1185, 1382, 1552, 2008 and devotionalism 688 Sentences 2, 243, 1382, 2076 and drama 734 and systematic theology 2312 and economic ideas 780, 784, 785, 1992 London Missionary Society ciii, 170, 831, 1494, and ecumenical councils 596 1582, 1881 and Erasmus 843 in China 453 and Eucharist xcix, 286, 327, 366, 596, 648, in Latin America 308 1187, 1947, 2171, 2534–5 in Oceania 1712–15 and Frederick the Wise 439, 978–9, 1393, 2169 in Southern Africa 1540–1, 2221, 2222–5, and free will 350, 984–5 2442–3 German New Testament 247, 742, 1393, 1398, see also Livingstone, David; Moffat, Robert; 1464–5, 1945, 2419 Morrison, Robert; Van der Kemp, and grace 330, 909, 1053, 1401, 1446, 1943 Johannes and healing 1101, 2162 Lonergan, Bernard 1382–3, 2358 and hermeneutics 1126 Lord’s Prayer 963, 1384–7, 1864, 1870, 2533 and Holy Spirit 1149 in Christian civilization 1386–7 and imitation of Christ 1184 form and tradition history 1384 and indulgences see Ninety-Five Theses literary setting 1384–5 influences on 1016, 1940 radical content 1385–6 and Islam 493 Lord’s Supper see Eucharist and Kabbalah 1244 lordship salvation 1387, 2036 and liturgy 1375, 2534–5 Lossky, Vladimir N. 955, 1388–9, 2185 and marriage and divorce 601, 702–3 Louis the Pious 230, 232 and Müntzer 1592, 1845, 2081 Lourdes, apparitions at 417, 688, 1389–90, 1446, and music 1257, 1393, 1395, 2045 1585, 1693, 2465–6 and mysticism 1637 love 996, 1390–2 and natural law 1646 agape 1276, 1391, 2194 and ordination 775, 1731 as Christian value 2437–8 and original sin 984, 2166 eros 1391 and orthodoxy 1740 and Hadewijch 1081 and papacy 70, 524, 545, 1400, 1900 and Isaac the Syrian 1211–12 and Peasants’ Revolt 845, 1946, 2081, 2170 and John of the Cross 1249–50 and poverty 1845 and Julian of Norwich 1259 and preaching 880, 1440, 1876 philia 1391 and predestination 699, 1878 and Traherne 2401 and sacraments 5, 202, 524 see also Cloud of Unknowing, The; Hadewijch and sanctification of the senses 2118 Lowth, Robert 1833, 2017–18 and soteriology 2215 Lucado, Max 556, 1392 and temperance 2331 Lumen Gentium 773, 1143, 1412 theology of the cross 1402–3, 2356–7 Luther, Martin xcviii–xcix, 345, 1011, 1393, and two kingdoms doctrine 785, 850, 1403 1393–4, 1398, 1908, 2313 and Virgin Mary 1584 and amillenialism 1975 and vocation 1403–4, 1963 and apologetics 81 and works 909–10, 985, 1184, 1900, 1943–4 and assurance 153 see also Bible translations; cross, theology of; and biblical interpretation 1947 Diet of Worms; justification; Marburg and canon of Scripture 71, 78 Colloquy; Ninety-Five Theses; sola fide Catechisms xcviii, 388, 670, 1167, 1399–400, principle 1562, 1740, 2113 Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod 365, 1201, and Christmas tree 509–10 1397, 1920, 2327, 2571

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Lutheran churches 1394–8, 2599 Lyons, First Council (1245) 2378 countries/regions Lyons, Second Council (1274) 719, 756, America xcviii, xcix, 46, 304–5, 1341, 764, 939–40, 970, 1122, 1912, 1396–8, 1590, 1705, 2417 2378–9 Australia 170 Austria 176 Macarius, St. 806, 1129, 2370 Canada xcix, 360, 1396 McClendon, James William, Jr. 1095, 1455–6, Cuba 650 2512, 2553 Denmark xcix, 668–72, 1945 MacDonald, George 1339, 1405–6 East Africa 753 Macedonia 1406–8, 2134 Finland xcix, 946 Macedonian Orthodox Church xcii, 762, 1407–8, France 994 2134–5 Germany xcix, 1012–15, 2231 Macedonianism 1120, 1566 Hungary 1167 McGavran, Donald Anderson 489, 551–2, 883, Iceland 498–9, 1945 1456–7, 1530 Latin America 111, 309, 449, 1761, 2434 Machaut, Guillaume de 969, 1408, 1608 in Netherlands 501 Machen, John Gresham 211, 1409–10, 1888, Norway xcix 2241, 2445 Poland 1837, 1838 Mack, Alexander 310, 311 Russia 2032 Mackie, J. L. 891, 893, 1818, 2529 Scandinavia xcix, 277, 1705, 1945, 2286–9 McLaren, Brian 824–5 Southeast Asia 2219 McPherson, Aimee Semple 1103, 1106, 1289, Southern Africa 2222, 2224, 2225 1458–9, 1920, 2513, 2519, 2571 and crypto-Calvinism 648 Angelus Temple 10, 1458–9 see also Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Macquarrie, John 1111, 1410–11, 1866 Kirche Magisterium 177–8, 404, 416, 524, 602, 1341, Lutheran World Foundation xcix, 1031, 2112 1411–12 Lutheranism xcviii–xcix, 1398–404 and doctrine and dogma 716–17, 915, 1412, and amillennialism 450 1739–40, 2003 and architecture 1394–5 Maimonides, Moses 2076, 2467 and atonement 161 Malabar Christians xci, 1192, 1509 and baptism xcix, 1402 Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church xcv, church polity xcix, 1395 1413–16, 1509 ecclesiology 1723 Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church xci, 1413, and Eucharist xcix, 597, 1402, 1948 1415, 1420, 1509 and Greek Christianity 1059–60 Malawi 750, 751–3, 2224 in Holy Roman Empire 165, 1901–2 Malaysia 2218–20 and law and gospel 1329, 1402 malpans 771 and liturgy xcix, 1403, 2535, 2537, 2540, 2594 Mandaeans 1416–17, 1488, 2549 and music xcix, 186, 372–3, 1395–6, 2070–1 Mandylion 1417, 1417–18, see also icons and and Reformed theology 1951–2 iconography and saints 2051–2 Manichaeism 13, 181, 288–9, 389, 452, 953, 1123, and science 505, 506 1419, 1648, 2344, 2528 and sola fide xcix, 442–3, 712, 1401–2, 2112 and Augustine of Hippo 166, 167, 541, 1120, and sola gratia xcix, 1401, 2113 1419, 1701 and sola scriptura xcix, 443, 712, 1398, 1402, and evil 886 2081, 2113 Manila, International Congress on World and solus Christus principle xcix, 206, 726, Evangelization (1989) 884, 1320 1399, 1401, 2113 Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward 397, 832, and work 1403–4 2190, 2446–7 see also Augsburg Confession; Mantegna, Andrea 307, 1420 consubstantiation; Formula of Concord; Manzikert, Council (726) 116 Iceland; impanation; Pietism; Smalcald Mar Thoma Syrian Church ciii, 1192, 1194, 1413, Articles; Sweden 1415, 1420–1

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Marburg Colloquy (1529) 320, 648, 1718, 1947, Roman Catholic 1432 2171, 2561 see also hagiography; persecution Marcel, Gabriel 903, 2351 Marulus, Marcus 1435 Marcellus of Ancyra 6, 872, 1676 Marx, Karl 823, 851, 1689 Marcion of Sinope (Pontus) 71, 181, 511, 711, economic ideas 407, 784, 786, 875, 1846 915, 1422–3, 2096–7 and Hegel 1689 and canon of Scripture 1423, 1739 and history 2362 and Irenaeus of Lyons 537, 745, 1422 and materialism 632 and Tertullian 1422, 1423, 1739, 2371 and secularization 2103, 2108 see also Gnosticism and sociology of religion 2204 Marcionism 1123, 1422, 1423–4, 1738–9 Marxism Margaret of Cortona 1625 and economics 322, 408, 412, 781–2, 875 Margaret the Cripple 1624 and human rights 411, 1162 Mari 154, 596 and liberation theology 293, 781–2, 784, 1027, liturgies xcvii, 53, 157 1858, 2166, 2233 Marie of the Incarnation 1631 Marxist theology 2352 Maritain, Jacques 414, 448, 474, 587, 1424–5, 2433 Mary, Blessed Virgin see Virgin Mary Maronites xc, 757, 1321, 1332–5, 1425–6 Mary of Oignies 1623–4 and Crusades 654, 1333 Mary Tudor 513, 1114, 1283, 1297, 1432, 1806, in Cyprus 655, 656, 1333–4 2052 marriage Masaccio (Tommaso Giovanni di Mone) 1354, as contract 1450 1436 as covenant 702, 1449, 1450 Mashtots (Armenian monk) 113–14, 115, 121, interracial 1917 128, 245 and monogamy 476, 1328, 1563, 2439 Mason, C. H. 1436–7 and procreation 601–2 Mason, Lowell 1437–8 as sacrament 415–16, 476, 702–3, 1451, 2439 Mass lxxxviii, 1200, 1438–9 see also chastity; clergy; contraception and Canon 365–6, 1303 family planning; divorce see also Eucharist marriage service 2541 Mass settings 1439 Marshall Islands 1714 eighteenth-century 617–18, 1096, 1097, 1587 Marshall, Peter 1427–8 fifteenth-century 740, 741, 1210, 1257, 1716 Martin of Tours 421, 422, 990, 1086, 1100, 1321, fourteenth-century 1408 1428, 1889 nineteenth-century 2079 Martini, Simone 968, 1429 seventeenth-century 383, 1747 martyrdom 747–8, 1429–30, 2278 sixteenth-century 333, 995, 1001, 1298, 1752, apostolic 1431 2457 as cosmic struggle 1429–30 twentieth-century 674, 1856 early church 628, 748, 1429, 1431, 1442 Mater et Magistra 409, 1248 and Greek Christianity 1060, 1061 Mather, Cotton 1450–1, 1917 as imitation of Christ 1184, 1429 matrimony lxxxviii, 1449, 1451, see also divorce; modern times 627, 752, 1579–80 marriage in North African church 12–14, 724, 748, 1698, Maundy Thursday 535, 1150, 1452, 1765 1699 Mauriac, François Charles 1452–3 and pilgrimage sites 1442–3 Maurice, Frederick Denison 570, 1405 rewards 1430 and Christian Socialism 492, 781, 1689, 1858 in twentieth century 2021 Maximus the Confessor 691–2, 844, 940, 1069, as witness 1429 1070, 1129, 1453–4, 1635, 1650 see also persecution; saints and divinization/theosis 701, 1622 martyria see martyrdom and monothelitism 1453–4, 2147 martyrium 529, 530 Mechthild of Hackeborn 1017, 1459–60 martyrs and martyrology lxxxvi, 478, 1431–4 Mechthild of Magdeburg, St. 221, 835, 1017, as literary genre 1433–4, 2097 1460–1 Protestant 1431, 1432–3 and mysticism 1625, 1637, 2360

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Medellin (Columbia), Latin American Bishops’ and Müntzer 1592 Conference 411, 571, 822, 1079, 1305, and natural law 1646 1313, 1761, 1858 and Oecolampadius 1717 Medellin Declaration 571, 2433 and science 505 media and communications lxxxvi, 1461–7 and Staupitz 2471 in early church 1463, 2025 and systematic theology 2313 and evangelization 882 Melitian Schism 34, 65 in medieval church 1463–4 Melito of Sardis 90, 152, 481, 511, 746, 1751, and origins of Christianity 1462 2098 and Reformation 1464–5 Melkite (Rum) Catholic Church xci, 758, 1355, twentieth century civ, 1461–2, 1465–7, 2451–2 1426, 1489, 2384 see also cinema; printing; publishing, Christian; Mendel, Gregor 1477 radio evangelism; televangelism; television Mendelssohn, Felix 1477–8, 1730, 1765 ministries Mennonite churches 51–2, 501, 846, 1478–81, mediation see Jesus Christ, as mediator 1664, 1767–8, 1902 medicine beliefs and practices 202, 450, 923, 1480 and bioethics 262–6 cultural influence 1480–1 and healing lxxxvi, 266, 1103, 1104–5 in Latin America 1761, 2434 see also hospice movement and mission 1199, 1479–80 medieval church 1470–3, 2006 origins 1478–9 Benedictine era 1470–1, 2006 and pacifism 1478, 1479, 1481, 2439 and church and state 2123–5 and persecution 361, 1433, 1434, 1479 and dance 667 and Smyth 2182 and devotionalism 688 and the state 1478, 1480–1 and economic ideas 779–80 see also Amish; Yoder, John Howard and healing 1100–1, 1106 Mercersburg Theology 1482, 2069, 2352, see also and just war theory 2478–9 Schaff, Philip and material Christianity 1444–5 mercy 1482–3, see also Kyrie Eleison media and communications 1463–4 Merton, Thomas 414, 1483–4, 1633–4, 1710, and nature 1648–50 1799, 1871, 2397 nominalist era 970, 1016, 1472–3, 1650 Mesopotamia 1484–90 and orders 1551–3 and Baath party 1487–8 reforms 1937–9 church and society 1488–9 scholastic era 1471–2, 2006 early history xcv–xcvi, 146, 154–5, 1485–6 and sin 2166 and monarchy 1486–7 and Virgin Mary 2462–3 religious life 1489–90 and women 1464–5 see also Assyrian Apostolic Church; Iraq; and worship 2533–4 Manichaeism; Timothy of Baghdad see also Latin; legends, medieval Christian; Messalianism 1148, 2153 scholasticism Messiaen, Olivier 1491 meditation 617, 685, 1862–3, 1864, 2317–18 Messiah 1491–3 Medjugorje, apparitions at 633 in Dead Sea Scrolls 680–1, 1237, 1492 megachurches 527, 627, 1032, 1473–5, 2180, 2417 Jesus Christ as 475, 905, 1235, 1237–8, 1245, African American 19–20, 272 1280, 1736–7, 1814, 2389 and architecture 532, 2540 as mediator 1468 and globalization 1473, 1475 in New Testament 1491–3 Korea 487, 1474 in Old Testament 899, 1492 Melanchthon, Philipp 442, 1101, 1400–1, 1476, Messianic Judaism lxxxviii, 1494–5, 1751, see also 2404 Jews for Jesus and Augsburg Confession 165–6, 625, 979, Methodism c–ci, 774, 1496–9, 2600 1399, 1476 church government 24, 269, 546, 1499, 1503 and Eucharist 648 and evangelism c, 882, 1496, 2320–1 and humanism 474 global identity 1499 and Loci Communes xcix, 1476 history 1496–7, 1500–2, 1904

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and Holiness Movement c, ci, 553, 1055, 1101, and Syriac Orthodox Church 1509, 2304–5 1140–1, 1141–2, 1149, 1497, 1503, 1985 see also Monophysitism; Oriental Catholic hymns ci, 636, 2345, 2536 churches; Oriental Orthodox churches; and revivalism c–ci, 832, 846, 1502, 1983–4 Philoxenus of Mabbug theology c, 1497–8 Michelangelo Buonarroti 106, 142, 307, 394, worship 1499, 2537, 2594 530–1, 1509–10, 2020 see also Arminianism; sanctification; Wesley, Pietà 2460, 2464 Charles; Wesley, John and Sistine Chapel 131, 134, 1244, 1510, 2168 Methodist churches c–ci, 1500–3 migration, diaspora and identity xciv, 826–8, countries/regions 1510–13, 1533 America c–ci, 46, 268, 636, 882, 942–3, 1056, Armenian 118, 124, 126, 127, 1034 1340, 1342, 1347, 1496–7, 1498–9, 1500, and Pentecostalism 1511, 1788 1501–3, 1984, see also Asbury, Francis; see also Elizondo, Virgilio; global Christianity Palmer, Phoebe; Whitefield, George Milan 1514–15, 2539, see also Ambrose of Milan; Australia 169, 1503 Edict of Milan Canada 360–2, 1497 Milbank, John 782, 1708 Caribbean 379, 380, 382, 1221 millenarianism 75–6, 846, 1227, 1515–16, 1663, England 525–6, 832–3, 1031, 1498, 1500–1 1974 Europe 1216, 1502 and Crusades 845, 850, 1515 Hungary 1168 and Pentecostalism civ, 152 Latin America 309, 449, 1308, 1503, 1761, political 850 1813, 2433–4 see also apocalypticism; chiliasm New Zealand 1668, 1669, 1670 Miller, William 7–8, 76, 361, 1515, 1516–17, Oceania 1713, 1714, 1715 1663, 1974, 2149, 2501 Scandinavia 1706 Millerites see Miller, William southeast Asia 1285–6, 2219 Milton, John 684, 1244, 1450, 1517–18, 2063, Southern Africa 2222, 2224, 2225 2146, 2273 Spain 2238 Mingdao, Wang 1519, 2284 West Africa 1682, 1683, 2491 ministry Methodist Episcopal Church 1142, 1222, 1497, in early church 1962–3 1498, 1501–2, 1653, see also Taylor, five-fold 1519–20, 1795 William in prisons 1890–5 metropolitans 771, 842 to the persecuted 1521–2 Metz, Johann Baptist 1839–40, 2413 and women 1568, 1754, 1821, 1995, 2520–2 Metzger, Bruce 1503–4 see also laity; ordination; pastoral care and Mexico 48, 110, 1063, 1504–7 counseling; television ministries; anticlericalism and persecution 1313, 1802–3, vocations; youth ministry 2129, 2279, 2420 Minjung theology 2352 Christianity and politics 490, 491, 1505–7 minsters 533 and civil religion 563 Minucius Felix 13, 83, 91, 1052, 1100, 1302, and evangélicos 1507 1360, 2371 indigenous cultures 1505 miracles 85, 1409, 1522–8, 2528 and Pentecostal-Charismatic movement 1788 biblical 83, 1190–1, 1523–5, 1754 and Roman Catholicism 1310, 1312, 1314, by saints 921, 1085–6, 1390 1504–7, 2140 and cessationism 1099, 1101, 1528, 2162 and Summer Institute of Linguistics 2279–80, and continuationism 1528 2395–6 and Deism 682, 1525–6 and Virgin of Guadalupe 417, 688, 823, 1310, and Enlightenment 807–9, 810, 1997 1312, 1506, 1585, 2045, 2465 and naturalism 1409, 1425, 1970 see also Elizondo, Virgilio nature and purpose 1523–5 Meyendorf, John 955, 1507–8 objections to 80, 329, 807, 810, 1525–7, 1970, miaphysitism xcvi, 609, 769, 805, 1509 1997 and Armenian Apostolic Church 121, 207 see also healing; resurrection; signs and wonders and Chalcedonian Definition 1509, 1821 missals xc, 1370, 1465

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missio Dei 1058 and fundamentalism 210–11, 965–6, 1032, missiology 1528–33 1343–4, 1591–2, 1692, 1740 challenges for 1532–3 and Gordon 1048 definition 1528–9 Moffat, Robert 1377, 1540–1, 1692, 2222, 2225 focus 1530–1 Mogila, Peter xciii, 762 history 1529–30 Möhler, Johann Adam 1541–2, 2412, 2413 nineteenth-century 54, 882, 1057–8, 1142, Moldova, Christianity in xcii, 2013–14 1321–2, 1531, 2481–2 Molina, Luis de 699, 780, 1234, 1383, 1878, 2258 twentieth-century 37–8, 551–2, 1317, 1531–2 Molinos, Miguel de 1080, 1632, 1915 see also Allen, Roland; Anderson, Rufus; Moltmann, Jürgen 1244, 1542–3, 2358 church, missional; contextualization; Great and evil 894 Commission; indigenous churches; and God as creator 722, 834 Latourette, Kenneth; missions, majority and history 2362 world; Warneck, Gustav; World and maternal imagery 1585 Missionary Conference and political theology 1840 mission and suffering 1543, 1616 and education 752 and theology of the cross 1046, 1542 and evangelism xcviii, c, 879 and Trinity 458 missions lxxxii, lxxxvi, 1057–8 monarchianism 916, 1123, 1543–4, 1567, 1676, 2371 African 275, 277, 751–3, 808, 1377 dynamic (adoptionist) 6–7, 512, 516, 1544, Anglo-Saxon 173, 297, 811, 813, 830, 1470, 2173 2099, 2375, 2406 Baptist 1703 modalistic (Sabellian) 516, 1380, 1539–40, and civilization 54, 214, 469–71, 751–2, 820, 2039, 2406 1195, 1321–2, 2188 see also subordinationism Congregational ciii, 1713, 1881 monasteries lxxxvi, 1544–51 eighth-century 811, 812, 813 cells 1546–7 and exploration 1007 and child oblates 1550–1 history 2496–7 and education and learning 28–9, 33, 797, and indigenization 1195–6, 1769, 2454 1463–4, 2005, 2078, 2335, 2347 majority world 1412–13 hostels 1549–50 Moravian 170, 880, 1573, 1576–7, 2428 lavriotic 1547-8, 1558, see also Athos, Mount nineteenth-century 54, 355–6, 881–2, 1531, and sculpture 140 1691–3, 2415 suppression 831, 2349 ninth-century 1696–7 and wealth 1844 Orthodox 762, 1034 and worship 2534 Presbyterian 942–3, 1880–1 see also Benedictine Rule Roman Catholic xcviii, 417–18, 665, 880, 1057, monasticism and asceticism 72, 1555–60, 1556, 1636 1530, 1691, 2006–7 Armenian 128–9, 1559 Russian Orthodox xcviii, 524, 938–9, 1034, in Assyrian Apostolic Church xcvii, 158 1040, 1124–5, 1181–2, 1217–18, 1225, Austrian 175 1267–8, 2262–3, 2453–4 Byzantine xci, 338, 342, 524, 767–8, 813–14, seventh-century 2148 817, 1061, 1130, 1559–60 sixteenth-century 2172 cenobitic 149, 304, 305, 306–7, 412, 460, 684, and training 2350 757, 973, 1548–51, 1558–9, 1560, 2028, see also Assyrian Apostolic Church; aviation, see also Cistercians; Pachomius; Shenute missionary; call, missionary; Christian and of Atrip Missionary Alliance; contextualization Coptic xciv, 65, 610, 612, 614, 804–5 modalism 6, 1123, 1539–40, 1544, 1889, 2039, eleventh-century reforms 817–18, 819, 1300, 1471 2376, see also adoptionism; monarchianism encratism 72, 75, 154, 2098, 2310, 2318 Moderators 772 English 831 Modern Devotion see Devotio Moderna eremitic 230, 326, 338, 386, 683, 1544–6, 1558, Modernism 1748 Catholic 1022, 1292, 1693, 2007, 2416 Ethiopian 863, 865 and Fosdick 965 and evangelism 880

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female 395–7, 400, 1131–2, 1459–61, 1554, 1557 and Eutychianism 432–3, 513–14, 609, 916, forms 1558–60 1190, 1509, 2338 fourth-century 973–4 implications 1565 in France 990–1 and Justinian I 595, 1265, 2109 and healing 1100, 1101 and Maronites 1333, 1426 and holiness 1139 and Maximos the Confessor 1453–4 in Iceland 498 and Syriac Orthodox Church xci, xcv–xcvi, 207 and imitation of Christ 1184 see also miaphysitism ninth-century 1696 monotheism 475, 1566 origins 108, 1555-8, see also Desert Fathers and christology 510, 512, 1188, 2389 Orthodox xci, 160, 215, 767–8, 1033, 2302 monothelitism xci, 13, 341, 1121–2, 1453–4, 1471, Palestinian 2037 1739, 2176 Persian 38, 75, 147 and council of Constantinople (680–1) 596, and poverty 874, 975, 976–7, 1557, 1843–4, 610, 1121, 1333, 2147 1991, 2214 Montanism civ, 76, 537, 916, 1123, 1357, 1515, and Priscillianism 1889 1566–8 Roman Catholic see Benedictine Order; evaluation 1567–8 Capuchins; Dominican Order; history 538, 1566–7, 2099 Franciscans; Jesuit Order and Irenaeus 1208, 1567 Russian xciii, 2139, 2214 and Tertullian 1100, 1118, 1566, 1568, 1700, 2371 Serbian xciii and women 2522 sixth-century 2174, 2176 Montanus 538, 916, 1118, 1566, 1568–9, 2072 and spirituality 720, 804–5, 2252 Montenegro 2134 Syrian 1559, 2308 Monteverdi, Claudio 698, 2146 tenth-century 2335 Montfort, St. Louis de 1446, 1569–70 Welsh 2485, 2486, 2487 Moody, Dwight Lyman 46, 435, 877, 945, 1054, see also Anthony of Egypt; Athos, Mount; 1570–1, 1792 Benedict of Nursia; Cluny; contemplative and Bible conferences 2089, 2505 life; de Foucauld, Charles Eugene; Desert in Britain 881, 882 Fathers; orders, religious; Pachomius; and healing 1102 pillar saints influence 1272 monergism 1561–2, 1739, 2303 and mass evangelism 356, 1440, 1691, 1985 Mongols xcvii, 148, 155, 1034, 2376 and premillenialism 846, 1975 and Armenia 117, 128 and Sankey 882, 1048, 1571, 1985 and China 452, 1005 and Scofield 2089 Christian 1656 and Simpson 2164 and Georgia 1009 and Torrey 2395 and Hungary 1167 and urban ministry 2187 and Iraq 1485, 2305–6 Moral Re-Armament see Buchman, Franklin and Russia 33–4, 931, 971, 2031 Nathan Daniel monogamy 1328, 1563, 2439, see also marriage; moral theology 406, 1571–2, 2352, 2359, see also women, in Christianity ethics; values, Christian Monophysitism 342, 764, 769, 1123, 1564–5, 2174 Morales, Luis de 1572 and Alexandria 341, 609, 614, 1121 morality plays 731–2, 969, 1366–7 and Antioch xcv, xcvi, 72, 341 Moravian Brethren 311, 810, 1572–5 and Armenian Apostolic Church xcv, 121, 181, beliefs 1574–5 1009 and church government 1573–4 and Chalcedon 121, 423, 596, 624–5, 1190 in Czechoslovakia 662 and Coptic Church xciv, 609, 614, 935, 1509 history 846, 1572–3, 1576, 2428 and Cyril of Alexandria 433, 513–14, 609, and mission 170, 880, 1573, 1576–7, 2221, 866–7, 1564–5 2360–1, 2428, 2491, 2557–8 and deaconesses 689 and sacraments 1574–5 and Ethiopian Orthodox Church xcvi, 863, see also Hus, John; Unitas Fratrum; 866–7, 1509 Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von

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Moravian Church 1575, 1576–8, 2428, 2558 Murray, John Courtney 1593–4, 2009 in Caribbean 379, 382, 1221 Musama Disco Christo Church 269, 276 and Charles Wesley 2488 music lxxxvi, 1594–604, 2045 congregational towns 1577 ancient 1595 Diaspora ministry 1576 Asian 149–50, 1286 and Holy Spirit as Mother 1577, 1585, 2558 Baroque 1583, 1599, 1601–2, 1729, 2146, 2458 and John Wesley 810, 881, 1496, 1500, 1577, see also Frescobaldi, Girolamo; Handel, 1823, 1983, 2428, 2558 George Frederick; Pachelbel, Johann; and women 1577, 2558 Purcell, Henry; Scheidt, Samuel More, Hannah 564, 1578–9, 1924, 2282, 2504 carols 1367, 1598–9 More, Henry 355, 2085 chronology 2563–7 More, Thomas 474, 1139, 1310, 1435, 1579–80, early and medieval 1596–7, 1605–9, see also 2171, 2419 Dufay, Guillaume; Dunstable Mormonism 7, 46, 113, 240, 361, 450, 846, (Dunstaple), John 1580–1, 1663 eighteenth-century 617–18, 2322 and atonement 164 folk 1598, 1603 and fasting 927 in folk Christianity 960 and Gnosticism 515 fourteenth-century 969, 1408 and healing 1106 gospel music 356, 1048–9, 1920 historiography 2498 and Jesus Movement 346, 1241, 1242 in Latin America 291, 2434 in Lutheranism xcix, 186, 372–3, 1395–6, in Oceania 1713 2070–1 and polygamy 1581 nineteenth-century 1438, see also Bruckner, see also Smith, Joseph Josef Anton; Reger, Max; Stanford, Morrison, Robert 453, 1582, 1692 Charles Villiers motet 64, 383, 674, 1001, 1097, 1583, 1747, notation 1595, 1599–600, 1605–6 1798–9, 2070–1, 2080, see also anthem; and piano 1602–3 Byrd, William; Isaac, Heinrich; Josquin praise 1859–60, 2180, 2537 Desprez; Lassus, Orlando; Ockeghem, Renaissance 1600–1, see also Gabrieli, Johannes; Palestrina, Giovanni; Scheidt, Giovanni; Isaac, Heinrich; Josquin Samuel; Schuetz, Heinrich; Tallis, Desprez; Lassus, Orlando; Palestrina, Thomas; Victoria, Tomas Luis de; Giovanni Pierluigi da; Tomkins, Willaert, Adrian Thomas; Victoria, Tomas Luis de; motherhood of God 1258, 1584–5 Willaert, Adrian Mott, John R. 486, 882, 1586–7, 2240, 2417, 2526 Romantic 1956, see also Brahms, Johannes; Mount Athos see Athos, Mount Liszt, Franz; Mendelssohn, Felix; Reger, Mount Sinai, St. Catherine’s Monastery 338, Max 1546, 1560, 1622, 1825, 2386 sacred and secular 1597–8 mourning see grief and mourning twentieth-century 1856, see also Britten, Mozambique 750–1, 753 Benjamin; Durufle, Maurice; Howells, Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 1587, 1602, 2045, Herbert; Messiaen, Olivier; Penderecki, 2054, 2458 Krzysztof; Stravinsky, Igor Muggeridge, Malcolm 1588 worship songs 1318, 2537 Mühlen, Heribert 1589–90 see also anthem; chant; hymns and hymnology; Mühlenberg, Henry Melchior xcix, 1396–7, motet; Negro Spirituals; organ music; 1590–1, 1823, see also Pietism passion; polyphony Mujerista theology 2352 mystery plays 731–2, 969, 1366–7, 1609–10, Mullins, E. Y. 591, 1591–2, 2267 2044 Müntzer, Thomas 51, 850, 1039, 1149, 1592–3, mystery of suffering see suffering 1718, 2170 mystical theology 386, 568, 1472, 1618–19, 2352 and Luther 1592, 1845, 2081 mystical tradition 931, 1016, 1619–34 Muratorian Canon 71, 242, 1357, 2158 apophatic 92, 568, 1129, 1620–2, 2338 Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban 1593, see also kataphatic 679, 692, 1622 Immaculate Conception and suffering 1615

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see also Aquinas, Thomas; Augustine of Hippo; and Barth 213, 318, 1646 Bernard of Clairvaux; Bonaventure; and existence of God 86–7 Catherine of Genoa; Catherine of Siena; and revealed thology 1957–8 Clare of Assisi; De Sales, Francis; and science 2085–6 Dionysius the Areopagite; Eckhart, see also Butler, Joseph; Deism; Swinburne, Meister; Francis of Assisi, St.; Gertrude Richard of Helfta; Gregory I; Gregory of Nyssa; naturalism 406, 621–2, 912, 2528–30 Gregory Palamas; Hesychasm; Hildegard and ethics 860 of Bingen; Hilton, Walter; Ignatius and miracles 1409, 1425, 1970 Loyola; Isaac the Syrian; John of the and Plantinga 1817, 1828, 1829 Cross; Julian of Norwich; Laubach, nature Frank Charles; Lawrence, Brother; and Celtic Christianity 422 Llull, Ramon; Pascal, Blaise; Richard of and dominion ethics 721–2 St Victor; Rolle de Hampole, Richard; early Christian attitudes 1647–51 Symeon the New Theologian; Teresa of and Eriugena 844 Ávila; Thérèse of Lisieux; Thomas à and grace 835, 1722 Kempis; Underhill, Evelyn; van and Romanticism 2016–17, 2469 Ruusbroec, Jan; Weil, Simone and science 721–2, 2083 mysticism 688, 1388–9, 1473, 1635–7 state of nature 2143, 2258–9 and communion of saints 577–8 Nauru 1714 and epistemology 2528 Neale, John Mason 1651–3 female 221, 395–8, 400, 1081, 1131–2, Nee, Watchman 454, 485, 489, 1378, 1653–4, 1459–61, 1464, 1623–8, 2360 2160 fourteenth-century 970 negative theology 1977 and monasticism 1635–6 Negro Spirituals 1049, 1654 see also heart theology Neo-Charismatic movement see Third Wave movement Nag Hammadi texts 250, 515, 1209, 1359, neo-evangelicalism see postconservative 1639–41, 1641 theology and Gnosticism 1042, 1639–42, 2462 neo-orthodox theology 1585, 1654–5, 2087, 2313, Namibia 2224 2352, see also Barth, Karl; Brunner, Emil; narrative theology 1126, 1281, 1641–2, 1853, Niebuhr, H. Richard 2352, see also postliberal theology Neo-Pentecostalism 1029 Narsai 156–7, 1642–3 in Central America 431 nationalism and ethnicity lxxxviii, 156, 382, 633, in West Africa 1685 1062, 1643–4, 2306 neo-Thomism 587, 1022, 1336–7, 1707–8, 2071, Native Americans 43–5, 54, 820–1, 882, 1539, 2325, 2326 2140, 2429, 2503 Neoplatonism 290, 1069, 1445, 1454, 1701, 2175, natural law 400, 622, 722, 984, 1075, 1324–5, 2542 1645–6, 1686 and apophatic theology 92, 692 and Catholic social teaching 406, 602 and evil 892–3 and ethical relativism 1324–5 and Kabbalah 1243–4 and human rights 1161–2, 1325–6, 2323 and Radical Orthodoxy 1919 and just war theories 1262 neoscholasticism 1707 and miracles 1525–7 nepotism 1941, 1942, 1948 and morality 860, 1571, 2323, 2326 Nerses the Great 128, 843 and social justice 1844–5, 2195–6, 2197 Nerses Lambronatsi 117, 246 and state of nature 2143 Nestorianism 115, 147, 207, 341, 432, 513, and teleology 2323–5 1120–1, 1123 and war 2479 and Chalcedon 541, 624, 659, 1564 natural theology 355, 1095, 1647, 1686, 1998, and Council of Constantinople (553) 596 2352 and mission in Asia 38, 147–8, 456, 526, 1285, and apologetics 80, 84, 1075 1655–7 and Aquinas 101–2, 1647 see also Assyrian Apostolic Church

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Nestorius 53, 73, 121, 1120–1, 1657–8 and holiness 1140 Anaphora 1643 and Holy Spirit 1146 and Council of Ephesus 147, 155, 432, 513, and hope 1153 540, 596, 609, 614, 659, 711, 838–9, 916, and justification 1263 1121, 1190, 1809 and Kingdom of God 1236, 1277, 1278, 1280 and Cyril of Alexandria 432, 540, 609, 614, and logos 1380 659, 838–9, 1121, 1657–8 manuscripts 250–1 and Mary as Theotokos 155, 513, 540–1, 659, and Messiah 1491–3, 2389 838, 1190, 1584, 1657, 1809 and miracles 1523, 1524 and Shenute of Atripe 2158 and nature 1648 Netherlands 500–2 and Old Testament 240, 715, 1049, 1127–8, and Black Christianity 276 1356, 1462, 1737 and Calvinism 501–2, 1903, 1949, 1950 and orthodoxy 1735, 1736–8 independence 2142 outline 242 and pillarization 502 and poverty 874, 1841–2 and Protestantism 501–2, 1903 and religious experience 1959 and revivalism 1982 and resurrection of Christ 755, 849, 1189, and Roman Catholicism 501–2, 2142 1775–7, 1968–9 see also Brethren of the Common Life; church and saints 2048 and state; Devotio Moderna; Groote, and salvation 522, 898, 2055–8, 2215 Gerard; Holy Roman Empire; and sanctification of the senses 2116 Remonstrants and sin 1092, 2165–6 Nevin, John Williamson 1482 and social justice 2194 Nevsky, Alexander see Alexander of Neva and spiritual formation 2243, 2245–6 New Apostolic Church 1658–9 and spirituality 1038, 2251–2 New Caledonia 1714 and suffering 1613, 2273–7 New Catholicism xc and testimonia collections 2340–1 New Church (General Church of the New text 247, 2386 Jerusalem) 1659–61 and titles of Christ 2388–9 New Evangelicalism 211, 1115 and Virgin Mary 2461 New Hebrides see Vanuatu and wealth 876, 1857 New Prophecy see Montanism and women 1994, 2515–18, 2521 new religious movements and worship 1375, 2531–2 definition 1661–3, 2209 and wrath of God 2542 nineteenth-century 1661–5 see also antilegomena; Gospels in America 1663–4 New Testament Apocrypha 77, 868, 1357–9, 2095–6 in Brazil 1664–5 New Testament Pseudepigrapha 670–1, 770, New Testament 1356–7 1134, 1358–9 and archaeology 250 New Zealand, Christianity in 1668–70 canon 71, 241–2, 366–8, 367, 566, 691, 711, Anglicanism 60, 1668–70 746, 868, 915, 1209, 1357, 2099 and Maoris 1668, 1669–70 and canonicity 71, 370–1 Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements 0167 and Christ as redeemer 457 Protestantism 1668–70 and the church 521–2, 789 Roman Catholicism 1668, 1670 and church government 543–5 Newbigin, Lesslie xcviix 526, 1671 and conversion 602 Newman, John Henry 397–8, 416, 704, 1154, and dance 666, 668 1268, 1383, 1672, 1745, 2007 and eschatology 69, 652, 848–9 and Butler 331 and faith 907–8, 909, 911 and doctrinal development 707, 1672, 1690 and freedom 981 and Oxford Movement ciii, 832, 1672, 1690, and gifts of the Spirit 1019–20 1744–5, 1913 and glossolalia 1038, 2392–3 and Vatican I 1672, 2446–7 and healing 1106 Newton, Isaac 506, 807–9, 1672–3, 2084, 2142, 2324 and hell 1112 and time 517

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Newton, John 168, 619, 1093, 2504 and nature 1648 Niagara Bible Conferences 1516, 1674 and suffering 2275 Nicaea, First Council (325) xci, 154, 341, 364, Nigeria 269, 829, 1479, 1681–5, 2230, 2492 460, 514, 1675–6 and Anglicanism 60, 1682, 1683, 2234, 2418 and Antioch xcv, 72 Ethiopian churches 271, 276, 1683 and Arianism 112, 337, 512, 516, 538–40, 609, indigenous churches 15, 17, 484, 1474, 624, 711, 796, 804, 916, 1120, 1190, 1739 1683–4 and Armenian Church 121, 1067, 2153 and Islam 1802, 2491 and calendar 1065 mission churches 1682–3 and canon 1358 Pentecostalism 181–3, 1682, 1684, 1788 and Constantine 112, 337, 538, 593, 609, 916, Roman Catholicism 1682 972, 1806, 2121 see also Aladura and Coptic Church 609, 614 Nightingale, Florence 1685–6, 1892 and date of Easter 119, 755 nineteenth century 993, 1686–93 and Holy Spirit 1146 and church architecture 1652 and Nicholas of Myra 1678 and healing 1101, 1102 and priestly marriage 1886 mission and evangelism 54, 355–6, 881–2, and prison ministry 1890 1531, 1691–3, 2415 and subordinationism 2270 new religious movements 1661–5 and trinitarianism 2405 and revivals 46–7, 355–6, 1983–5 Nicaea, Second Council (787) and sociology of religion 2203–5 and Iconoclastic Controversy 56, 334, 338, 342, see also music; revivals; Romanticism; 811, 813, 1175, 1177, 1464, 1697, 1739, Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst 2345, 2533 Ninety-Five Theses 524, 625, 931, 933, 1393, and Mandylion 1418 1694 and relics of martyrs 1443 and indulgences 165, 585, 1201, 1398, 1445, Nicaragua, Christianity in 429, 431, 2329, 2429 1900, 1943–4, 2169 Nicene Creed xcvi, 112, 121, 337, 401, 451, 476, see also Luther, Martin 539–40, 609, 716, 916, 972, 1739, 2598 ninth century, Christianity in 1694–7, see also and the church 523, 1675–6 Charlemagne; Cyril and Methodius; and Holy Spirit 594, 711, 939 liturgy; monasticism and monotheism 1566 Nisibis, catechetical school xcvii, 154–6, 181 and Virgin Birth 2462 nomina sacra 2093 see also filioque nominalism 970, 1016, 1472–3, 1650–1, 2544, see Nicholas of Cusa 312, 844, 1637, 1651, 1677 also William of Ockham and beauty 219 Non-Chalcedonian Churches lxxxviii, xciv–xcvii, Nicholas of Myra 1678 916, 935, 1033, 1034, 230, see also Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain 1128, 1679 Armenian Apostolic Church; Coptic Niebuhr, H. Richard 1679–80 Church; Ethiopian Orthodox Church; and denominations 1680, 2208 Syriac (Syrian) Orthodox Church and liberalism 1348, 1853 nonviolence 478, 675, 728, 1260, 2439 and social gospel 1655, 2191 and Hauerwas 1094–5, 1854 Niebuhr, Reinhold lxxxvi, 47, 282, 1095, 1136, and Martin Luther King 1276, 1780, 2196, 1680–1 2391, 2416 and Bonhoeffer 296 and Mennonites 1478, 1481 and original sin 425, 2166 and Origen 1732 and social gospel 784, 786, 1933, 2191 and Yoder 2553 and social justice 1681, 2197–8, 2476 Norris, John Franklyn 1697–8 Niemöller, Martin 2421 North Africa 12–14, 267, 1698–702, 2490 Nietzsche, Friedrich lxxxvi, 1689, 2439 and Islam 14, 34, 341, 610–11, 1035, 1696, and aesthetics 2345 1698–9, 1702, 2147, 2335 and death of God theology 40, 901 and Latin 13, 14, 654, 1302 and existentialism 900, 902 and Lavigerie 1321–2 and Heidegger 1111 persecutions see persecution

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North Africa (cont’d) and nature 1648 see also Alexandria; Augustine of Hippo; outline 241 Cyprian; Desert Fathers; Donatism; and poverty 874, 875, 1841 Montanism; Tertullian prophecies 508–9, 1356, 1360, 1462, 1737, Northern Baptist Convention 1703–4 1898, 1899, 2100 and fundamentalism and modernism 1343 and religious experience 1958–9 Norway 1705–6, 1945 and rights of women 1994 and Pietism 1823 and sacrifice 1611–12, 2271 tenth century 2335 and salvation 899, 2054–5, 2215 Nostra Aetate 482, 2008 and sanctification of the senses 2116 nouvelle théologie 1707–8, 2413 and sin 1091–2, 2165 and ecumenism 1707 and social justice 2193–5 and neo-Thomism 1707, 1708 and spiritual formation 2245 see also Balthasar, Hans Urs von; Congar, Yves; and spiritual gifts 1019 de Lubac, Henri and spirituality 2250–1 Nouwen, Henri 1709–10, 1872 and suffering 1611–13, 2272, 2274 Novatian 511, 1118, 2072, 2371 and testimonia collections 2098, 2340 Novatianism 1783 text 247 Nozick, Robert 2198–200, 2259 and war and violence 2476 nuncios 771 and wealth 876 nursing 1104, see also Nightingale, Florence and wrath of God 2542 see also Apocrypha; Hagiographa; Hebrew; obedience 982, 1387, 1711, 2064, 2167, 2242–3 Septuagint Oberammergau 417, 735, 1610, 1711–12, 1765 Olier, Jean-Jacques 1631 Occam see William of Ockham Olson, Roger E. 1852 Oceania 1712–15, 1769, 2009 omnibenevolence, divine 249, 887–8, 890–1, 2272, Ockeghem, Johannes 969, 1583, 1716 2527 Ockham see William of Ockham omnipotence, divine 177, 249, 460, 631, 860, O’Connor, Flannery 1716–17, 1799 887–8, 890–1, 1101, 2527, 2544 Octogesima Adviens 411 omnipresence, divine 223, 1101 Oecolampadius, Johannes 1296, 1717–18, 1951, omniscience, divine 223, 249, 631, 856, 877, 887, 2291 1101, 1206, 1727, 1819, 2202, 2527 offices of Christ 1718–19 Oneness theology 276, 554, 1793 Ogden, Schubert 700, 1498, 1895 ontology of the church 1722–6, see also koinonia Old Believers (Russia) 1719–20, 2031, 2032–3 Open Brethren 833, 846, 1830 Old Catholics 175, 501, 769, 1028, 1202, 1720–2, open theism see openness theology 2413, 2417, 2447 openness theology 700, 980, 1207, 1726–7, 1852, Old Church Slavonic xcii, 326, 657, 759, 1182, 2032 1878, 2202 Old Order Amish see Amish and process theology 700, 980, 1727, 1852 Old Testament see also Arminianism canon 240–1, 366–8, 367, 711, 746, 868 Optatus of Milevi 14, 724, 1121 and canonicity 370 Opus Dei 1727–8 and dance 666, 668 orality and literacy 1462, 1469, 1728–9, 2493, see and eschatology 848, 1929 also media and communications and evil 889–90 Orange, Council (529) 455, 542, 1782, 2166, 2174 and fatherhood of God 919 oratories 533 and forgiveness 963 oratorio 65, 383, 1092–3, 1096, 1355, 1729–30, and freedom 980–1 2068, 2080 and hell 1112 and passion 2080 and hope 1153 orders, religious lxxxvi, xc, 617, 881, 1545, and Kingdom of God 1236, 1277–8, 1279–80 1551–5, 1963 and Marcion 1422, 2097 female 1554, 1913, 1963 and Messiah 899, 1492, 2389 mendicant 719, 831, 1560, 1991, 2006, 2349, and miracles 1523–4 2379, 2534, 2544

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and mission 418, 447–8 and Gnosticism 1042, 1732 modern 1554 and Greek learning 2078 and spirituality 2252 and healing 1100, 1104–5 suppression 2007 and hermeneutics 40, 1067, 1126 see also Benedictine Order; Brigittine order; Hexapla 243, 770, 803, 1230, 1732, 2373, 2384 Cistercians; Cluny; Dominican Order; and immortality of the soul 1187 Franciscans; Jesuit Order; rules, monastic and inclusivism 2366 ordination lxxxviii, 415, 775–6, 1449, 1553, and interpretation of Scripture 243, 677, 803, 1730–1, 2044, 2541 1732 of women civ, 671, 776, 1032, 1499, 1886, and Lord’s Prayer 1870 1963, 2513, 2515 and Marcion 1422 and Anglicanism 59, 832, 1295, 1886, 2234 and martyrdom 748, 1429–30, 1442, 1732, and Congregationalism 2513 1805, 2371 and Lutheranism 1397 and mysticism 1620, 1635, 2116–17 and Methodism 1499 and New Testament 1356, 1357, 2342 and Old Catholics 1721 and Platonism 2025, 2371 and Presbyterianism 362, 363, 1286 and race 1917 and Vatican II 690 and recapitulation 982 see also ministry; priesthood and resurrection 1970 organ music and Shepherd of Hermas 2158 Baroque see Bach, Johann Sebastian; and sin 2166 Buxtehude, Dietrich; Frescobaldi, and symbols 2295 Girolamo; Pachelbel, Johann and systematic theology 2312 Lutheran xcix and trinitarian faith 747, 1543, 2270 medieval 1600 and universalism 893, 917, 2373, 2430 modern see David, Johann Nepomuk; Durufle, and women in the church 1822 Maurice; Howells, Herbert; Messiaen, original sin 872, 1048, 1733–5 Olivier; Pepping, Ernst and Arminianism 351, 944, 1090–1 Romantic 1956 and Council of Trent 1185, 2166 see also Frescobaldi, Girolamo; Gabrieli, effects 1734 Giovanni federal view 1091, 1735 organizations, faith-based 913–14, 1893 and Immaculate Conception 1185 Oriental Catholic churches 337, 400–1, 404, 756, and Luther 984 2003 and Pelagianism 350, 541–2, 934, 1090–1, 1120, Oriental Orthodox churches 680, 762, 768–9, 1351, 1702, 1781, 1782–3, 2462 1332–3, 1413, 1420, 1802 and Socinianism 2202 and miaphysitism/monophysitism 121, 614, and suffering 873, 1614, 2272–4 866, 1333, 1565, 2304 transmission 1734–5 Origen 34, 803, 1146, 1364, 1454, 1675, 1732–3 and Wesley 1497 Against Celsus 69, 628, 1732, 1970, 2098, 2373 see also free will; hamartiology; sin and apocalypticism 76 Orr, James 707, 895 and apologetics 79, 796 Orthodox churches lxxxix, xci–xciv, 111, 761–2, and atonement 162, 2271, 2373 1032–4, 2599, see also Byzantine and baptism 201, 2374 Orthodoxy; Eastern Orthodox Church; and beauty 218 Ethiopian Orthodox Church; Georgian catechetical school 34–5, 388, 614, 1750, 2078, Orthodox Church; Malankara Orthodox 2347 Syrian Church; Serbian Orthodox and communication 1463 Church; Syriac (Syrian) Orthodox Church and contemplative life 598, 1557 orthodoxy 762, 1735–42 and doctrine 717–18 and contextual theology 599 and Ebionites 770 defense lxxxviii, xci, 496, 707, 716, 763 and eschatology 449, 849, 1107, 1113, 1974 definition and relevance 1735–6 and Eucharist 746 in early church 1738–9 and freedom 981 in New Testament 1735, 1736–8

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orthodoxy (cont’d) and Britten 314 and postmodernism 1741 and Day 675 and Reformation 1740 and McClendon 1455 see also creeds and confessions of faith; and Mennonites 1478, 1479, 1481 heresies; Magisterium and Moravians 1576, 1577, 2558 Osiander, Andreas 505, 601, 607, 1400, 1401 practical 1262 Ostrogoths 1364, 1514, 2173–4 and Rauschenbusch 2189 Osuna, Francisco de 1629 see also nonviolence; peacemaking, just; war and Ottoman Empire 493–4 violence and Albania 26 Packer, James I. 1202, 1748–9, 1951, 2068 and Armenia xcv, 118, 122, 124–7, 189, 1802 pain and Austria 174, 175, 647, 2133, 2141 and euthanasia 873 and Bulgaria 325, 326, 1407 and evil 891 conquest of Constantinople xcii, 117, 340, 465, and hospice movement 579, 1155 494, 495, 594, 1802, 1825 painting 130–6 conquest of Jerusalem 646, 1232 Baroque 134–5, 2146, see also Rembrandt and Coptic Church 611 and biblical prohibitions 132 and Cyprus 654 continuing tradition 136 and Egypt 611, 804–5 early development 132–3 expansion 494 Expressionism 135 and Greek Christianity 1059–61, 1470, 1472 Gothic 968–9, 1429, 2534 and Hungary 1167 purpose 130–1 and Iraq 1485–6, 2306 Renaissance 134, 814–15, 968, 1178, see also and Lebanon 1334, 1426 Dürer, Albrecht; El Greco; Leonardo da and Macedonia 1407 Vinci; Masaccio; Michelangelo; Raphael; and Palestine 1751 Titian and persecution of Christians 1802 Rococo 2381 and Romania 2013–14 and Romanticism 209, see also Blake, William and Serbia 2065, 2133–4, 2136 subjects and themes 131, 135, 136 status of Christians 118, 122–3, 155, 326, Surrealist 135, 303 494–5, 594, 610–11, 655, 819, 1059, 1802, symbolism 131–2 1810 see also altarpiece; Caravaggio; Christ in art; and Syriac Orthodox Church xcvi Iconoclastic Controversy; icons; Leonardo see also Armenian Genocide; Islam and da Vinci; Michelangelo; Raphael; Christianity; Turks Rembrandt van Rijn; Rubens, Sir Peter Owen, John 77, 546, 1743–4, 1952, 2145 Paul Oxford Group 321 Pakistan see India and Pakistan Oxford Movement ciii–civ, 37, 832, 1652, 1690, Palau 1714 1744–5 Palestine and Israel 1213, 1749–52, 2416 and liturgy 1373, 1376, 2536 Great Laura 2037 see also Keble, John; Newman, John Henry; and Jerusalem church 1749–50 Pusey, Edward Bouverie and Muslim control 1750, 2147 pilgrimage to 158, 416–17, 463, 978, 1751–2, Pacem in Terris 409–10, 1248 1824–5, 2005 Pachelbel, Johann 185, 1747 see also Crusades Pachomius 34, 230, 610, 614, 683, 973, 1548, Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da 1583, 1601, 1752 1747–8, 1843 Paley, William 80, 85, 630, 2086, 2324 and Christian leadership 484 Palladio, Andrea 106, 107, 1752–3 monastic rule 231, 768, 806, 1558–9, 1700, Palm Sunday 535, 1150, 1336, 1765 1748, 2028–9 Palmer, Phoebe Worrall 284, 1141–2, 1753–4, writings 1086 1985, 2513 pacifism 728, 965, 1259, 1437, 1692, 2439, 2476, Panama 429 2479–80 Pannenberg, Wolfhart 305, 709, 717, 908–9, and Anabaptists 51, 1479 1754–5, 1997

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and history 2362–3 Paschasius Radbertus 871, 1471 and inclusivism 2366 Passion of Christ 463, 464, 1765–6, 2463, see also and systematic theology 2314, 2358 stigmata Pantaenus of Alexandria 108, 109, 462, 639, 684, passion plays 807, 809, 811, 1367, 1610, 1764, see 688, 803, 1361, 2078, 2347 also Oberammergau pantheism and panentheism 837, 1755–6, 1895, passions 1764–5 2079, 2527, 2528–30 of Bach 185, 1764–5 papacy 57, 771, 1756–9 of Lassus 1298, 1764 as Antichrist 70, 76, 1758, 2494 of Penderecki 1784 and Byzantine Christianity xcii, 338–9 of Schuetz 2080 and canon law 401–2 of Telemann 2322 and councils 581–2, 1758–9 Pasteur, Louis 507 eleventh-century reforms 818–19 pastoral care and counseling 4–5, 567, 1766–7, see and England 831, 1114 also Adams, Jay Edward; clinical theology; in fifth century 545, 712, 935–6, 2005 psychology and Christianity and France 967–8, 990–1, 993, 1945–6, 2420 pastoral theology 320, 2352, 2359, see also and Franks 342, 1011, 1757, 2123, 2124 practical theology and Great Schism 756, 764 Pastorius, Francis Daniel 1767–8 history 775, 1757–8 pastors 771 and Holy Roman Empire 76, 174, 212, 437, Paton, John 1713, 1769 582, 764, 818–19, 1203, 1300, 1757, 2124, Patriarchates, Orthodox lxxxviii, xcii, 34, 335–6, 2335, 2377, 2404 337, 341, 523, 594, 756, 771, 775 and Luther 70, 524, 545, 1400, 1900 Patrick, St. 421, 937, 1057, 1440, 1770 and politics 931, 1215–16, 1759 and healing 1100, 1106 popes 2577–82 and slavery 2178 and primacy lxxxviii, xcii, 654, 712, 756, 760, and Welsh Christianity 2485 819, 931, 940, 1122, 1696–7, 2122, 2447 patripassianism 6, 815, 1123, 1539–40, 1544, and religious art 394, 465 2039, 2099 and Renaissance 2020 patristics/patristic theology 1771–2, 2352, see also in thirteenth century 2376–7 Oxford Movement see also Avignon; church government; Holy Paul, St. 83, 795–6, 1773–8 See; infallibility, papal; Jesuit Order and angels 56 Papias of Hierapolis 98, 100, 184, 1357, 1978, and apocalypticism 76, 848–9, 1776 2095 as apostle 96, 97–8, 1775 Paracelsus 1904 Areopagus speech 109 Paraguay 546, 1759–61 and baptism 192–5, 196–8, 199, 203, 747 Protestantism 1761 and Christian identity 477 Roman Catholicism 1311, 1759–61 and the church 225, 1195, 1441 Pare, Ambroise 507 and cloud of witnesses 577 Parmigianino, Francesco 1762 conversion 605, 629, 948, 1774, 1775–6 parousia see Second Coming and election 349 parsons 771 epistles 745, 1343, 1357, 1359, 1462, 1772, 1775 Parthians 1762–3, 1808–9 and eschatology 845 Particular Baptist churches 353, 833 and Eucharist 2042, 2399 parties, political 175, 490–1, see also Christian and five-fold ministry 1520 Democratic parties; church and state; and freedom 981 politics and heresy 915 Pascal, Blaise 605, 911, 992, 1091, 1588, 1763–4, and immortality 1186–7 1816, 1908 and Judaism 1777–8, 2003 as apologist 81, 87–8, 1764 and law and gospel 1329 and heart theology 1631, 2360 and Marcion 1423, 1739, 2096–7 and Jansenism 1223, 1234, 1452–3, 1763, 1824, and marriage 419, 440 2145 missionary journeys 949–50, 1406, 1774, 1927, and science 506, 1763, 2143 2025

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Paul, St. (cont’d) Pentecost lxxxvii, 355, 535, 1440, 1725, 1784–6, and mysticism 1620 1808–9, 1875–6, 2392, see also glossolalia; and orthodoxy 1736–7 Holy Spirit; tongues person 1773–5 Pentecostal churches xcviii, 1028–30, 2600 preaching lxxxvii, 1775–8, 1876 African American 554–5, 1098, 1331, 1436, and predestination 1878 2177 and resurrection 84, 755, 908, 1239–40, countries/regions 1775–7, 1968, 1971–3, 1996 Africa 15, 16–17, 22, 181–3, 272, 753, 776, and revelation 1977 1028, 1789, 2418 and salvation 224, 2056–7 America xcviii, 46–7, 347, 883, 1029, 1098, and slavery 2178, 2194 1340, 1663, 1786–7 and spirituality 1777, 2250 Asia 1787–8 and systematic theology 2312 Australia 172 theology of the body 2354–5 Canada 362–3, 1793 and tradition 2398–400 Caribbean 382, 650, 651, 1221 and wealth 1990–1 Central America 430, 1507, 1788 and women 925, 927, 1994, 2516–17 England 832 and worship 1375 Europe 276, 994, 1217 see also cross; Phoebe India and Pakistan civ, 1194, 1787, 1788, Paul of Samosata 6, 73, 511, 512, 804, 1544, 2375 1795, 1925 Paul VI, Pope lxxxviii, 1424, 2050, 2239 Latin America 111, 307, 308, 309, 449, 527, and canon law 403, 404 572, 1035, 1037, 1307–8, 1788–9, 1795, and Eastern Catholics 760 1813, 2232–3, 2434, 2452 Humanae Vitae 1027, 2448 Oceania 1713, 1714 and Vatican II 229, 403, 404, 760, 785, 2008, Russia 2033 2448–9, 2536 Scandinavia 1706, 2289 see also Populorum Progressio; Vatican in the south 1786–90 Paulists 1778–9 Southeast Asia 1285, 1787, 2220–1 peace 996, 1779–80, see also nonviolence Southern Africa 1788, 2222–4, 2226 Peace Churches see Brethren Church; Mennonite West Africa 269, 1682, 1684 churches; Quakers; Simons, Menno see also Assemblies of God; Christ Apostolic peacemaking, just 1259–61 Church; Church of God; Church of God Peasants’ Revolt 845, 1479, 1592–3, 1946, 2081, in Christ; snake handling 2170 Pentecostalism civ–cv, 1791–7, 2417 Pelagianism 13, 445, 1120, 1123, 1562, 1781–2, and aesthetics 9–10 2215 and church government 546 and free will 167, 349–50, 712, 983, 1054, classical 1149–50, 1788, 1791–3, 1796 1781, 1782 and dance 667 and original sin 350, 541, 934, 1090–1, 1702, denominations xcviii, 1318, 1792–3 1733, 1781, 1782–3, 2462 and dispensationalism 450, 846, 847, 1098 and predestination 816, 1878 and ecclesiology 774–5 see also Augustine of Hippo and ecumenism 790, 1030, 1036–7, 1797 Pelagius 421, 811, 934, 1053, 1090, 1120, 1781, and eschatology 1030 1782–3, 2166 and five-fold ministry 1520, 1795 Pelikan, Jaroslav 713 and gifts of the Spirit cii, 1019, 1029, 1150 penance lxxxviii, 202, 585, 747, 964–5, 1449, and global Christianity 776, 1149–50, 1532, 1471, 1783, 2173, 2175, 2373–4 1795 and pilgrimage 1825 and healing xcviii, 182, 553, 1028, 1103, 1106, and reconciliation 963, 1200, 1934 1528, 1999 see also confession and repentance; flagellation; and historiography 2498 forgiveness of sins and homosexuality 1151 Penderecki, Krzysztof 1784 and liturgy 2594 Penn, William 45, 48, 846, 1396, 1768, 1961, and megachurches 1474 2145 and mission xcviii, 151, 1058, 1196

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number of adherents 1028 and suffering church xciv, 147, 1804–8 origins xcviii, 1787, 1791–6 watchdog groups 1807–8 and poverty 875 see also critics and enemies of Christianity; and sanctification of intuition 2061–2 martyrdom; martyrs and martyrology and scholarship 1796–7 perseverance of the saints 352, 854, 2145 and the senses 2119 Persia 75, 1033, 1808–11 and slain in the Spirit 1289, 2177 and Islam 1809 and women’s ministries 273, 554, 1030, 2513, and mission 147–8, 812, 1810 2518–20 monasticism 38, 75, 147 and worship xcviii, 1029, 2536 origins 146, 1809 see also Aladura; Azusa Street revival; baptism and persecution 147, 1809, 1810–11 in the Spirit; Charismatic Movement; see also Armenia; Assyrian Apostolic Church; Holiness movement; Latter Rain Iran; Isaac the Syrian; Mandaeans; movement; prophecy; restorationism; Parthians Third Wave movement; tongues, in Personalist Movement 405, 414, 675, 824, 2325 Pentecostalism Peru 110, 491, 1812–13 people of God, church as 1724 megachurches 1474 Pepping, Ernst 1798–9 and missionary aviation 1537 Percy, Walker 1799–800 Protestantism 183 perfectibility, human 354–5 Roman Catholicism 1310, 1311, 1313–14, perfection see sanctification; Second Blessing 1812–13 Perkins, William 1981 and Townsend 2279, 2396 Perpetua and Felicity, Passion of 748, 1085–6, Perugino, Pietro 1812, 1928, 2168 1430, 1431, 1699, 1771, 1800–1, 1805, Peruvian Evangelical Church 1813 2049, 2373 Peshitta 71, 156, 1821, 2304, 2307, 2310 persecution 627 Peter the Lombard see Lombard, Peter of Anabaptists cii, 51, 174, 1012, 1433–4, 1479, Peter, St. 83, 184, 935–6, 1813–14, 2122, 2306 1803, 1806, 1902 Peter the Venerable 2, 1814–15 and apostasy 93 Petrarch, Francesco 969, 1367, 1942 of Christians by Christians 48, 831, 1432, 1803, Pharisees 795, 917, 1117, 1172, 1239, 1256, 2022–3 1805, 1891 and Paul 1773–4, 2023 under communism xciii, 27, 118, 326, 427, 629, Philippines 829, 941–4, 2218, 2231 651, 954, 1285, 1802–3, 1807, 2278, independent churches ciii, 942, 943, 2220 2420–1 and Islam 942, 1319 under Islam 339, 629, 1214, 1426, 1696, and politics 943–4 1801–2, 1806–7, 2278, 2335 Protestantism 941–3, 1319, 2218–19 ministry to the persecuted 1521–2 Roman Catholicism 941–3, 1034–5, 2218, modern times xcv, 427–8, 536, 829, 1199, 2219–21 1285–6, 1801–3 Philo of Alexandria 40, 242, 1380, 1649, 1699, in North Africa 12–14, 724, 748, 1698, 1699, 1834, 2024 1805, 2097 Philocalia of Origen 1067 under Roman Empire 93, 478, 628–9, 763, Philokalia xciii, 1040, 1062, 1070, 1128, 1211, 1805, 1890, 2004, 2026 1454, 1635, 1679, 2015, 2214 Decius 103, 614, 628, 653–4, 747, 748, 1614, philosophical theology 261, 1958 1699, 1700, 1732, 1805, 2019, 2373 philosophy, Christian 1022, 1252, 1815–20 Diocletian 103, 509, 541, 608, 614, 628, 724, challenges for 1819–20 748, 872, 971, 1291, 1463, 1514, 1805–6, and modern philosophy 1816–17 2012, 2019, 2236, 2373 in nineteenth century 2211 Domitian 748, 1699, 1700–1, 1805, 1978, revival 1818–19 2236 in seventeeth century 2143–4 Nero 628, 747, 950, 1431, 1805, 1814, 1978, in twentieth century 1817–18, 2212 2019 see also Berkeley, George; ethics; Florensky, Septimius Severus 565, 614, 1801, 1805, Pavel Alexandrovich; Plantinga, Alvin; 2019, 2373 Reid, Thomas; Swinburne, Richard

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Philoxenus of Mabbug 1821, 2307 plainsong see chant Phoebe 1821–2 Plantinga, Alvin 1828–9 Photinus of Sirmium 6, 1544 and Christian philosophy 1816, 1817–18 Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople 116, 342, 657 and evil and free will defense 893, 1818, and filioque 339, 939, 1697 1828–9, 2342 and schism 1122, 1696–7 and evolution 2326 piano in worship 1602–3 and ontological argument 631, 1828 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni 1244 and Reformed epistemology 89, 913, 1819–20, Piero della Francesca 1822 1828–9, 1954, 1958 Pietism xcix, 1141, 1479, 1480, 1768, 1822–4 Plato/Platonism 4, 34, 79, 287, 614, 1552, and Brethren 310 2024–5, 2312 and conversionism 1981–2 and beauty 218 in Denmark 670, 671 and the body 2354 and evangelism 877, 880, 1055, 1057, 1193 and forms 1243 in Finland 946–7 and logos 1380, 1649 and healing 1101 and the soul 583, 2216 and heart theology 1982, 2360 and time and eternity 855 and revivals 1982 and virtue 377, 860, 2440, 2467 and sanctification of the senses 2118 Pliny the Elder 680, 2012, 2256 in Sweden 1823, 2288 Pliny the Younger 628, 746, 2097 in Switzerland 2292, 2293 Plotinus 354, 692, 1243, 1755 and theological education 2350 pluralism, clerical 1941–2, 1948, 2404 and worship 2535 pluralism, cultural 599, 1028 see also Basel Mission; Moravian Brethren; pluralism, religious 43, 479, 898–9, 1027–8, 1424, Mühlenberg, Henry Melchior; mysticism; 1594, 2106, 2108–9, 2200, 2208–9 Spener, Philip Jacob and theology of religions 2363–7 Pilgrim Fathers cii, 48 Plymouth Brethren 76, 111, 311, 362, 695, 833, pilgrimage lxxxvi, 283, 391, 416–17, 440, 688, 1692, 1829–30 1005, 1390, 1824–6 and dispensationalism 315, 846, 1828–9 and church architecture 529–30 service books 2594 and saints and martyrs 529–30, 688, 1442–3, see also Darby, John Nelson; dispensationalism 1444–6, 1825, 2045, 2463 pneumatology 2312, see also Holy Spirit to Holy Land 158, 416–17, 463, 978, 1751–2, poetry 1154, 1830–5 1824–5, 2005, 2260, 2308 and authority of the word 1831–2 to Rome 818, 975, 1825 early see Jacob of Sarugh; Prudentius, Aurelius see also Compostela, Santiago de; Knights of Clemens Malta; Knights Templar Hebrew 1833–4, 2018 Pilgrims, in America 1912 influence of Scripture 1834–5 Pilgrim’s Progress see Bunyan, John medieval 1364, 1366, 1367 pillar saints 72, 768, 1548, 1559, 1827 metaphysical 1116, 2400–1 Pinnock, Clark H. 42, 583, 700, 1852 and Romanticism 620, 1831, 2016 Pippin (Pepin) 297–8, 437, 813, 990, 1606, 1757, Scripture as 1831, 1832–4 2149 twentieth-century 821–2, 2508–9 Pisa, Council of (1409) 932, 968 see also Blake, William; Crosby, Frances Jane; Pisano, Nicola and Giovanni 1828 Donne, John; Eliot, T. S.; Herbert, Pius IX, Pope 1215, 1336–7 George; Hopkins, Gerard Manley; Keble, and Immaculate Conception 1185, 1692, 2007, John; Milton, John; Neale, John Mason 2465 Poland 413, 1522, 1836–9, 2335 and social teaching 675 and communism 1837, 2417 and Syllabus of Errors 2007, 2446 Orthodox Church 1838, 2424 see also Vatican I Protestantism 183, 1838–9, 1949, 1951 Pius XI, Pope, Quadragesimo Anno 408, 781, 1858 Roman Catholicism 1836–9, 2423 Pius XII, Pope 66, 152–3, 217, 233, 409, 1202, see also John Paul II; Virgin Mary; Virgin of 1758, 2239 Czestochowa

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polemics and polemicists 1360–1, 2312, 2339 postmillennialism 76, 362, 450, 592, 847, 1516, Polish Orthodox Church 1838 1974–5, 2100–1 political theology 1839–40, 2352 reconstructionist 1934–5, 1975 politics and Christianity 478–9, 985–6, 1283 and social gospel 1975, 2188 in Africa 753–4 postmodernism 599, 1027, 1029, 1671, 1854–6, 2398 in America 47, 313, 484, 878, 1035, 1138, Anglo-American 1855–6 1340–1, 2001, 2229, 2329, 2417 and apologetics 82 and conservative/liberal dichotomy 1340–1 and art 142–3 and environmental ethics 836 and biblical criticism 259–60 in France 992 and Christian philosophy 1819 in Italy 1216 Continental 1855 in Latin America 110, 1306–7 and Emerging Church 667, 824–5 political parties 175, 490–1 and ethics 859 and Reformation 1902–4 and faith 912 and state of nature 2258 and orthodoxy 1741, 1852 see also Gladstone, William and Pentecostalism 1789 Polo, Marco 148, 929, 1006, 1656, 1810 and Radical Orthodoxy 1919 Polycarp of Smyrna 99, 201, 754, 1840–1, 1842, and truth 2409 2048, 2095 Poulenc, Francis 1856 Epistle 1358, 1359 Poussin, Nicolas 1857 and Ignatius 1179, 1840 poverty lxxxv, lxxxvi, 46, 829, 1841–7 and Irenaeus 1208, 1247, 1840 apostolic 221 martyrdom 628, 748, 1429, 1431, 1442, 1840–1, in the Bible 874, 1841–2, 1857 1964, 2049, 2097 in early church 1842–3 and resurrection 1969 evangelical 874–5 polyphony 698, 1210, 1257, 1583, 1597, 1600–1, Franciscan 975, 976–7, 1844 1606, 1608, 1697, 1716, 1764, 2458, in medieval church 1844 2506 ministry to 992, 1483, 2336–7 Poor Clares 975, 976, 977–8 and monasticism 874, 975, 976–7, 1557, Poor Men of Lyons see Waldenses 1843–4, 1991, 2174, 2214 poor, the see poverty in New Testament 874, 1841–2 pope see papacy option for the poor 288, 418, 781, 784–5, 851, Pope, William Burt c, 1497 1079, 1304–5, 1348–9, 1858, 2111, 2417 Populorum Progressio 410–11, 781, 1424 and social structures 410, 1845–6 Porete, Marguerite 221, 1637, 2360 see also social justice; Teresa, Mother Portugal 1848–50 practical theology 1858–9, 2352, 2398, see also and age of discovery 750, 1004, 1006–7, 1311, pastoral theology 1414, 1848–9, 2218 Praemonstratensian order 1554 and Islam 1848 praise music see music and Jesuits 1849 prases 771 and missions 1682, 1849, 2491 Pratt Green, Fred 1860 monasticism 1848 Praxeas of Smyrna 1539–40 and slave trade 1682, 1849, 2178 prayer lxxxvi, 1861–5 see also Fatima, apparitions at; Protestantism; aids to 1869 Roman Catholic Church; Vieira, Antonio; and Aladura 22, 24 Xavier, St. Francis anthropological study 1872–3 postcolonial theology 599, 1532, 1850–1, see also biblical roots 1870–2 Henry, Carl F. H. Centering Prayer 1863 postconservative theology 878, 1209, 1851–3 characteristics 1861–2 and biblical inerrancy 1851, 1926 classification 1868, 1869 proponents 1852–3, 1926 for the dead 849, 2043 postliberal theology 1094, 1641, 1680, 1853–4, see definitions 1861 also Frei, Hans; Lindbeck, George; in folk Christianity 959–60 narrative theology; Niebuhr, H. Richard forms 1862, 1868–9

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prayer (cont’d) Presbyterian churches ci, 1879–83, 2600 and healing 1105, 1872 characteristics 1879–80 historical and theological study 1870 and church government ci, 225, 546, 547–8, and human culture 1863–4 547, 774, 1950–1 meditation and contemplation 688, 1255, and church and society 1881–3 1862–3, 2317–18 and church and state 1882, 1884, 2126 public 1862 and Congregational churches 1880 and saints 1381, 1868, 2049–50 countries/regions and spirituality 1865–74 America cii, 4, 46, 210–11, 626, 942–3, and time 1873–4 1055–6, 1340, 1342, 1343, 1409–10, 1882, trinitarian 747, 1864 1950, 2494–5 in world religions 1864–5 Australia 169, 171 see also Hesychasm; intercession; Jesus Prayer; Canada 360–2 Lord’s Prayer; Taizé community; worship Caribbean 379, 1221 preaching xcix, cii, 1031, 1875–7, 2539–40 East Africa 752, 753 in the Bible 1875–6 England 832–3 historic preachers 237, 1876–7 Iran 1810 and mass evangelism 1439–41 Korea ci, 1285–6, 1788, 1795, 1881, 1950, modern theories 1877 2495 see also Broadus, John Albert; Chrysostom, St. Latin America 307, 309, 449, 572, 1788, 2434 John; Edwards, Jonathan; Fosdick, Harry New Zealand 1669, 1670 Emerson; kerygma; Lloyd-Jones, David; Oceania 1715, 1769 Moody, Dwight Lyman; Norris, John Scotland ci, 1283, 1902, 1982, 2091–2, 2141, Franklyn; proclamation; Spurgeon, 2145 Charles Haddon; Stewart, James Stuart; Southeast Asia 2219 Truett, George Washington; Wesley, Southern Africa 2210, 2222, 2224 John; Whitefield, George West Africa 1682 prebendaries 771 and ecumenism 1880 predestination 1877–9 and liturgy ci, 2594 and Augustine of Hippo 699, 816, 1471, 1473, and mission 942–3, 1880–1 1782, 1878 and original sin 1091 and Calvin 202, 320, 349, 350, 679, 699, 816, and western culture 1881 850, 1091, 1878, 1912 see also Calvinism; Knox, John; Reformed double 844, 850, 1471, 1697, 1879, 1959, 2494 tradition; Westminster Confession in Islam 1164 presbyteries 225, 485, 547, 1879–80, 1884–5, and Jansenism 1222–3 1950, 2092 and Lutheranism xcix, 1401 presbyters 772, 2026 and Reformed churches 1952 Prester John legend 148, 452, 1005, 1006, 1469 and reprobation 350, 352, 620, 816 presuppositionalism see apologetics, and Wyclif 2544 presuppositional see also Arminianism preterism 2100 premillennialism 449–50, 488, 1698, 1974, 2100 priesthood 345, 419, 771, 1885–7, 1963 and Calvary Chapel 346 of believers 419, 483, 485, 524, 545, 550, 774–5, and Christian and Missionary Alliance 488 1731, 1740, 1887–8, 1940, 1963, 2242 and Churches of Christ 555 of Christ 1719, 1885, 1887 and Darby 362, 674, 696, 851 and corruption 1939, 1941–2 dispensationalist 674, 695, 1516, 1828–9, 1975, in Judaism 2120–1 2187 and women civ, 59, 362, 775 and Miller 1516–17 see also celibacy; diaconate; ordination and Moody 846 Prinates 771 and Newton 1673 Princeton theology 211, 353, 1137, 1409, 1888–9, and Niagara Bible Conferences 1674 1935, 1951, 2352, 2445, see also Hodge, and Scofield 1975 Charles; Machen, John Gresham; Van Til, and Torrey 2395 Cornelius; Warfield, B. B.

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printing in China 453–4, 455, 526, 1479, 1582, 2319–20 impact 688, 800, 923, 1447, 1729 in East Africa 751–3 and mission 37, 938–9, 1465 in Europe 928, 1216–17 and Reformation 194, 243, 686, 1440, 1446, in France 991–2, 993, 994, 1149, 1158–60, 1464, 2329, 2349 1803, 1902–3 and scholarship 2348–9 in India and Pakistan 1192, 1193–4, 1415, priors and priories 530, 772, 1546 1479 Priscillianism 1428, 1889, 2236 in Japan 1224–6 prison ministry 1890–5, 1923 in Latin America 111, 290, 292–3, 307, 309, chaplaincy 1892, 1894 448–9, 572, 788, 1307–8, 1761, 1813, contemporary 1893–4 2279, 2433–4, 2452 in early church 1890 in Oceania 1713–15 and penitentiary 1891–2 in Palestine 1751 and prison reform 1892, 1961, 2490, 2507 in Poland 1837, 1838–9, 1949 and Salvation Army 1893 in Portugal 1849 see also Catherine of Siena; Fry, Elizabeth; in Romania 2015 Salvation Army in Russia 2032, 2033, 2034 problem of evil see evil, problem of in southeast Asia 1285–6, 2218, 2221 process theology 289, 980, 1126, 1727, 1895–6, in Southern Africa 2221–6 2352 in Spain 942, 2237–9 and divine providence 700 in Turkey 496 and openness theology 700, 980, 1727, 1852 in West Africa 1682 and problem of evil 892 Protestant ethic 536, 785, 874–5, 1882, 1899–900, and suffering 1617 1904, 2232–3 see also natural theology Protestantism lxxxviii, xcviii–cii, 1900–5 proclamation 1896–7, 2539–40, see also adherents lxxxvi, 1030 hermeneutics; preaching and church architecture 394–5, 531 Prokopovich, Feofan xciii, 811 denominations lxxxviii, 45–6, 625 property, private 407, 536, 778, 779–80, 1433, and doctrinal development 707 1843, 1846, 2200 and drama 732, 733–4, 737 prophecy and prophets civ, 544, 695, 771, and education and learning 1904 1897–9 and fasting 917–18 charismatic 436, 1898, 2162 and freedom 1902–4 end-time 1898 in global Christianity 776, 1030–2 fulfilled 1898–9 and hymns 635–6, 1601–2 see also Joachim of Fiore; Montanism; prophet and indulgences 1200–1, 1900 movement, African and liberalism 46, 717, 1032, 1340, 1341–2, prophet movement, African 15, 18–19, 2232 1346–8 and healing 1275 marginal lxxxviii see also Aladura; Babalola, Joseph Ayo; and marriage and divorce 601–2, 702 Kimbangu, Simon; prophecy and mystical tradition 1619 propitiation see satisfaction national/established 1340, 2126–7, 2128, 2207 Prosper of Aquitaine 421, 746, 1373, 2004, 2174 and religious imagery 1447–8 prosperity gospel 15, 17, 272, 875, 1029, 1474, and saints 2052 1475, 1790, 1992 and spirituality 1031, 2252, 2253 and healing 1106–7, 1448, 1466 and worship 2537 protest theology 892 see also Adventist church; Baptist churches; Protestant churches Calvinism; Congregational churches; in America 45–7, 48, 1035 evangelicalism; Lutheran churches; in Australia 169, 172 Lutheranism; Methodism; Methodist in Austria 174–6, 1949 churches; Presbyterian churches; in Caribbean 648–50 Reformation; Reformed churches; in Central Africa 426 Seventh-Day Adventism in Central America 429, 430–1 protoevangelium 1905

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Protoevangelium of James 1358, 1359 queer theology 1152 Providence 48, 699–700, 1136, 1160, 1727, 1878, quietism 679, 928–9, 1631–2, 1637, 1915, see also 2187, see also free will Fénelon, François; Guyon, Jeanne Marie; provosts 771 Quakers Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens 1366, 1367, 1443, Qumran community 1444, 1597, 1906, 2236 and water rite 191, 195, 199 psalms 1303, 1605, 1976, 2174 see also Dead Sea Scrolls Pseudepigrapha 670–1, 770, 1134, 1358–9, 1906–7 pseudo-Dionysius see Dionysius the Areopagite Rabanus Maurus 1363, 1471 Pseudo-Macarius 1621 race 46, 477, 1126, 1644, 1780, 1917–20 psychology and Christianity 1907–9, see also and racism 11, 267, 274–6, 279, 381, 2210, pastoral care and counseling 2228, 2491 public theology 1883 and reconciliation 1780, 1918 publishing, Christian lxxxvi, 346, 1392, 1909–10 see also anti-Semitism categories 1909 Radical Orthodoxy 1126, 1708, 1919 future prospects 1910 and economics 782 growth 1465–6, 1910 Radical Reformation see Anabaptists see also media and communications radical theology 903, 2170 pulpits 2539–40, 2541 radio evangelism lxxxvi, 430, 1090, 1288, 1466, Purcell, Henry 65, 1911, 2146 1919–21, 2571–2 purgatory xc, xci, xcii, 389, 782, 849–51, 1207, and Barnhouse 210, 2571 1911–12, 2175 and Chuck Smith 346 and Catherine of Genoa 397 and Fuller 883, 999, 1920 in Dante 850, 1911 and gospel music 1048 and indulgences 1200, 1445, 1900, 1912 and Graham 1054, 2571 Puritanism 353, 525, 975, 1912 and McPherson 1459 in America 45, 531, 801, 820–1, 1341, 1806, and Norris 1697 1961, 2187, 2510, 2511 Rahner, Karl 1000, 1053, 1111, 1921–3, 2118, and church architecture 531 2352 and conversionism 1981 and Balthasar 190 and drama 734 and eschatology 851 in England 330, 831, 850, 1743, 1748–9, 1981, and inclusivism 2366 2511 and mysticism 1634 and martyrologies 1433–4 and original sin 2166 and millenarianism 1515 and systematic theology 2314, 2358 and theocracy 1935 and Vatican II 229, 1921, 2008 and worship 1176, 2535–6 Raikes, Robert 1923–4, 2282, see also Sunday see also Baxter, Richard; congregationalism; Schools Edwards, Jonathan; Eliot, John; Mather, Ramabai, Pandita Sarasvati civ, 1924–5, 2513 Cotton; Owen, John Ramm, Bernard L. 1852, 1925–6 Pusey, Edward Bouverie ciii, 832, 1154, 1268, Ramsay, William M. 250–1, 1927 1690, 1745, 1913 Raphael 134, 304, 394, 1928–9, 2020, 2464 rapture of the saints 449, 696, 1343, 1674, Quadragesimo Anno 408, 781, 1858 1929–31, 2100–1 Quadratus 90, 98, 100, 511, 1100, 2098 and Darby 674, 695, 847, 1975 Quakers 361, 774, 1915, 1960–2 Rasputin, Gregory Yefimovich 1931–2 in America 3, 45, 48, 268, 379, 1767–8, 1806, Ratzinger, Jozef see Benedict XVI, Pope 1891, 1902, 1961, 2440 Rauschenbusch, Walter 591, 1319, 1932–3, 2267 early history 846, 1149, 1960–1, 2145 and Pietism 1932 and pacifism 1481, 1960 and social gospel 46, 1347, 1846, 1933, 2188–9 and religious experience 974–5, 1960 Ravenna, and images of Christ 459, 460, 461–2 in twentieth century 1961–2 Rawls, John 1163, 2198–200, 2259 see also Fox, George; Fry, Elizabeth; quietism Real Presence 283, 870, 1438–9, 1718, 1825, Quartodecimans 755, 1209, 2099 1945, 2043, 2402

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in Lutheranism xcix, 286, 597, 648, 1187, 1402, and Holy Roman Empire 165, 1901, 1946–7 2112 and icons and iconography 139, 1175 see also consubstantiation; Eucharist; and material beliefs 1445–6 transubstantiation and media and communications 1464–5 reason ciii, 504, 1347 and millenarianism 1515 and Abelard 2, 1815 and mysticism 1637 and Anselm 63 and patristics 1771–2 and Kierkegaard 1274 and poverty 874 and religious experience 1959–60 and Protestant martyrologies 1431, 1432–3, see also faith, and reason; philosophy, Christian 1434 recapitulation Radical see Anabaptists and Irenaeus 982, 2098 and Renaissance 929–30 and Origen 982 and science 800, 1904, 2085 Received Text see textus receptus and use of vernaculars 1944–6 reconciliation 161, 1933–4 and Virgin Mary 1569, 1584–5, 2464–5 and justification 640, 1998 and worship 2534–5 and penance 963, 1200, 1934, 2043 see also Anabaptists; Calvin, John; Calvinism; racial 1780, 1918 church and state; humanism; justification; see also truth and reconciliation commissions Luther, Martin; Lutheranism; reconstructionism 281, 1934–6, 1975, 2368, see Melanchthon, Philip; Protestantism; also theonomy Schwärmerei; Zwingli, Ulrich rectors 771 Reformation theology 2352 Red Cross 2275, 2293, 2437 and marriage and divorce 703 redemption 1936–7, 2271 Reformed Baptists 1950 and Swedenborg 2285 Reformed churches 76, 1948–53, 2599 see also Christ as redeemer; salvation; by country/region satisfaction Austria 176, 1949 Redemptorist order 1350, 1778 France 994, 1949 reductions, Indian 110, 307, 1310–11, 1760 Hungary 1167, 1168, 1949, 1951 Reformation xcviii, 765, 1937–48 Latin America 111 and adiaphora 5 church government 1031–2, 1950–1 and Anglicanism 57, 58, 525 and education and science 1952–3 and apocalypticism 76 fundamental principles 1951–2 and Apocrypha 77, 443 major theologians 1951 and authority 1946–7 see also Calvinism; Congregational churches; and baptism 202, 2539 Dort, Synod; Dutch Reformed Church; and church government 545–6, 775 French Reformed Church; Hodge, and clerical marriage 345, 1946 Charles; Mercersburg Theology; creeds and confessions 58, 625 predestination; Presbyterian churches; and drama 732, 733, 734 Princeton theology; Switzerland; and economic ideas 780 Westminster Confession and eschatology 850–1 Reformed epistemology 89, 313, 1819–20, 1828, and Eucharist 870, 871, 1947–8 1953–4, 1958 factors leading to Reformed tradition 1951–2, 1954–5, 2352, 2445–6 church wealth 1940–1 and assurance 153 clergy corruption 1939, 1941–2, 2404 and atonement 161 criticism of papacy 783, 1942–4 and authority of the Bible 1954 humanism 1939–41 ecclesiology 774, 1722 and faith 908 and excommunication 899 and freedom 984–5, 1902–4 and grace 345, 1955 and Greek Orthodoxy 1060 and hermeneutics 1126–7 and healing 1101 and iconoclasm 1175–6, 1178 and hermeneutics 1126–7 and law and gospel 1329–30 and historiography 2497–8 and Lutheranism 1951–2

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Reformed tradition (cont’d) restorationism 592, 774, 1318, 1967 and sola fide principle 1955 resurrection, general 164, 638, 1113, 1240, 2150 and soli Christo principle 1955 resurrection of Jesus 83–4, 329, 346, 849, 907, and soli Deo gloria principle 1954–5 1239–40, 1967–73, 1996–7 and worship 2540, 2594 in early church 81, 1969–70 see also Barth, Karl; Calvin, John; Calvinism; and empty tomb 1972–3 covenant theology; Turretin, Francis; Van historicity 1996–7 Til, Cornelius; Zwingli, Ulrich and liberalism 1970, 1997 regeneration 51, 553, 605, 854, 964, 1387, 1497, in New Testament 755, 849, 1186, 1775–7, 1734, 2155, 2271, 2530 1968–9, 1971–3, 1996–7 and monergism 1561–2 in twentieth century 1970–1 see also baptism; sanctification see also cross; Easter; miracles Reger, Max 1955–6 return of Christ see amillennialism; Reid, Thomas 354, 1908, 1956 postmillennialism; premillennialism; Reimarus, Hermann Samuel 1133, 1242, 1970 rapture of the saints; Second Coming relativism Reuchlin, Johann 1244, 1476, 1717, 1976 ethical see ethics revelation 1977–8 and human rights 1161 and Barth 213 and natural law 1324–5 and development of doctrine 707 and truth 1324, 2409 and Eastern Orthodox Church 767 relics 688, 694, 978–9, 1678, 2045, 2051, 2175, general 898, 1977 2540 history as 1754 and healing 1101 individual 975 Marian 440, 2463 and law 400–1, 1327–8 and pilgrimage 529–30, 688, 1442–3, 1444–6, and Maurice 1689 1825 and Mormonism 1581 religion and reason 2288 sociology of see sociology of religion special 898, 1977, 2366–7 and theology 2315 see also natural theology; theophany theology of see theology of religions Revelation, book of 681, 848–9, 1978–9, 2024 Religious Society of Friends see Quakers authorship 1247, 1978 reliquaries 529, 1372, 1444–5, 1964, 1964–5 and canonicity 71, 371, 711, 1357, 1979 Rembrandt van Rijn 135, 800, 1965–6, 2146 and heresies 915 Remonstrants 129–30, 350–3, 500, 2144 imagery 184, 450, 848, 1978, 1979 Renaissance 765 and Parthians 1763 architecture 105–6, 394, 530–1 and rapture of the saints 1929, 1930 and drama 732, 733–4 and Roman imperial cult 2012 and images of Christ 464–5, 1178 and Roman persecution 748, 1805 and Latin 1303 structure 1978–9 and learning 243, 799–800, 1472 time frame 1979 and Reformation 929–30, 1939–41 and wealth 1991 in Rome 2020 revivals 1980–6 see also humanism; music; painting; Savonarola, and conversion 880, 882, 1981–2 Girolamo eighteenth-century 45, 810, 832, 846, 1055–7, Renan, Ernest 74, 420 1502, 1982–3, 2350 repentance 93, 584, 877, 964, 1248, 1966, 2043 and gospel music 1048 and penitentiaries 1891 nineteenth-century 46–7, 355–6, 1983–5 see also confession and repentance; forgiveness role of women 2513 of sins twentieth-century 182, 1028, 1985–6 replacement theology 74 see also Azusa Street revival; camp meetings; reprobation, and predestination 350, 352, 620, 816 Finney, Charles Grandison; Graham, Rerum Novarum 175, 407–8, 447, 781, 785, 1337, Billy; Great Awakening 1846, 2007, 2190, 2438 Ricci, Matteo 452–3, 456, 1196, 1234, 1849, and Christian Democratic parties 408, 490 1987–8, 2320

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Richard of St. Victor 1, 598, 1623, 1988–9, see Latin America lxxxviii, 110–11, 290–1, 292, also Saint Victor, Abbey of 307, 308–9, 571–2, 787–8, 1035, 1309–14, riches see wealth 1759–61, 2009, 2231, 2432–4, 2451–3 Ricoeur, Paul 82, 1125, 1819, 2027, 2111 Oceania 1713, 1714, 1755, 2009 Ridley, Nicholas 1433, 2052 Poland 1836–9 righteousness 1263–4, 1329, 1497–8, 1775, 1993, Portugal 1848–9 2271, see also justification Russia 2032 rights see human rights Scandinavia 1706, 2287 risen Christ see resurrection Scotland 2092 rites of passage 2541 southeast Asia 1284–5, 2009, 2218–21 Ritschl, Albrecht 1347, 1846, 1933, 1998, 2313, Southern Africa 2222–6 2365, 2407, 2542 Spain 2236–9 rituals West Africa 1682, 2491 in folk Christianity 959 and denominations lxxxviii see also sacraments, and sacramentals and and drama 730, 732–3, 734–5, 737 rituals and Eastern Orthodox Church xcii, 760, 769, 774 Roberts, Granville Oral 1999 global identity 1025–8 and art and architecture 10 late antiquity 2005–6 and glossolalia 2394 liturgical books 2593 and healing 1103, 1105, 1107, 2154 medieval see medieval church and televangelism 883, 1794, 1999, 2327, and modernism 1022, 1292, 1693, 2007, 2416 2329–30, 2571 and modernity 2007 Robertson, A. T. 315, 626, 2000 patristic era 1772, 2004–5 Robertson, Pat 47, 847, 1794, 2001, 2154, 2160, reforms 1, 931–3, 2171–2 2327, 2329, 2571 and Renaissance 930–1 Rogers, John 247–8 and science 2007 Rolle de Hampole, Richard 1626–7, 1637, sixteenth-century problems 2006–7 2002 and spirituality 2252, 2253 Roman Catholic Church lxxxviii–xci, 2003–10, and women 1886, 1995, 2009 2599 and World Council of Churches 2524 adherents lxxxvi, xcviii, 776, 1025–6, see also canon law; conciliarism; concordat; 2009–10 Counter-Reformation; divorce; episcopacy; and Byzantine Christianity 338–9, 1033 Eucharist; heresies; Holy See; Charismatic Renewal lxc xcviii, 172, 436, 1028, indulgences; Jansenism; Lateran councils; 1103, 1589, 1789, 1794 law; liberation theology; Magisterium; countries/regions marriage; Mass; medieval church; America 43–5, 46, 47, 48, 1035, 1593–4, missions; Opus Dei; Oriental Catholic 1778–9, 2009 Churches; papacy; Roman Catholicism; Australia 169–70, 171, 172 social teaching; Uniate churches; Vatican Canada 360–1, 363 I; Vatican II Caribbean 379, 648–50, 1221–2 Roman Catholicism 415–19, 2236–9 Central Africa 417, 426 and amillennialism 450 Central America 428–9 and conservative/liberal dichotomy 1341 China 148, 417–18, 452–3, 455, 526, 1196 and intellectual culture 418 Cuba 648–50 and magisterium 416 Denmark 672 and mission 417–18 East Africa 750–3 moral code 418–19 Europe 174–6, 661–2, 1027–8, 2009 and popular piety lxxxix–xc, 416–17, 617, France 990–4, 2231 931–2, 1446 Georgia 1010 and priesthood 1885–6 Iceland 499 and sacraments 415–16 India and Pakistan 1192–3 see also Eastern Catholic churches; Eucharist; Iran 1810 Magisterium; Roman Catholic Church; Japan 1224–5, 1807, 1849 saints; Virgin Mary

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Roman Catholicism, beliefs and practices and sale of indulgences 1445, 1900, 1943, angels 56 2169 ecclesiology 773–5 see also catacombs; Holy See; papacy ecumenism xc, 217–18, 418, 774, 790, 1026, Romero, Oscar Arnulfo 431, 1313, 1348, 2021–2 1036, 1779 rosary xc, 417, 617, 688, 1446, 1585, 1869, 2044, family planning 1027 2464 fasting 917 and Dominican order 720, 1122 justification 216 Rose of Lima 1311 monasticism 1026 Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen 2027 and original sin 1091 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 552, 735, 806, 993, 1163, and race and racism 1918 2207, 2258–9, 2391 and saints lxxxviii, xc, 308, 417, 1948, 2006, Rubens, Sir Peter Paul 135, 376, 2028 2049–51 Rublev, Andrei 130, 134, 971, 2139 and sexuality 47, 602, 1026–7, 1151 Rufinus of Aquileia 1514, 2029 social gospel 2190–1 Rule of St Benedict see Benedictine Rule social justice 2195 rules, monastic 2028–9 see also missions; social teaching, Catholic Augustinian 1, 230, 231, 718, 1157, 1553, 2005, Roman Empire lxxxviii, 2372 2029 division into East and West 2121–2 of Basil the Great 160, 215, 230, 231, 524, 614, imperial cult 748, 2011–12, 2019, 2097 813–14, 2029 and roots of Christianity 2025–6 Franciscan 975–6, 977–8 see also Constantine the Great; persecution; of John Cassian 230, 231 Theodosius I Pachomian 231, 768, 806, 1558–9, 1700, Romanesque see architecture 1748 Romania xcii, 1520, 1807, 1951, 2013–16 see also Benedictine Rule communist control 2014–15 Russell, Charles Taze 8–9, 846, 1227, 1663 and monasticism 2013, 2014, 2015 Russia lxxxviii, 2030–4 Ottoman control 2013–14 and Armenia xcv, 117–18, 123, 129, 853 and Protestantism 2015 and Christ-faith 2031–2 see also Cassian, John; church and state history 2335 Romanian Catholic Church lxxxviiii 759, 2014 and Mennonites 1479 Romanian Orthodox Church 2013–156 non-Orthodox 2031–2 Romanticism 107, 219, 911–12, 1689, 2016–18, 2344 Protestantism 2032, 2033, 2034 literature 280, 620, 1405–6, 1688 revival 2033–4 and music 306, 1354–5 Roman Catholicism 2032 and Schelling 1541, 2345, 2470 see also Alexander of Neva; church and state; see also music; painting Doukhobors; Rasputin, Gregory Rome 2019–20 Yefimovich; Tolstoy, Leo; Ukraine; as Babylon 184 Vladimir of Kiev early Christian 2004, 2019–20 Russian Orthodox Church xci, xcii–xciii, 343, early history 1215, 2019 727, 1033, 2030–4 house-churches 529 under communism 629, 954, 1802, 1807, 2033, Lateran Basilica 43, 212, 334, 391, 392, 750, 2382, 2421 1142, 1143, 1297, 2020 and ecumenism 956, 1388, 2211 pilgrimage to 818, 975, 1825 eighteenth-century 810–11 and primacy lxxxviii, xcii, 72, 654, 756, 760, fourteenth-century 971 764, 931, 940, 1122, 1696–7, 1757, 2004, and Georgia 1009–10 2122 and mission xcviii, 524, 938–9, 1034, 1040, and Renaissance 2020 1181–2, 1217–18, 1225, 1267–8, 2262–3, sack (410) 629, 756, 880, 936, 1614, 1702, 2020 2453–4 St. Peter’s Basilica 211, 212, 238, 391, 392, monasticism xciii, 2139, 2214 531, 1510, 1601 and Old Believers 1719–20, 2031, 2032–3 and Michelangelo 106, 394 and persecution xciii, 1807, 2033, 2421 and Raphael 1928 and sobornost 1273, 2184–5

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see also Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolaevich; substitutionary 641, 1077, 1238, 1346, 1497, Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich; 2047, 2064, 2271 Florensky, Pavel Alexandrovich; in world religions 2046–7 Florovsky, Georges; Herman of Alaska; see also cross; Eucharist; Mass Ilminski, Nicholas; Ivanovsky, Paul; Sadducees 680, 795, 1117, 1239, 1248, 2022 Joseph of Volokalamsk; Kassatkin, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) 1159, Nicholas; Khomiakov, Alexei; Lossky, 1803, 1903 Vladimir N.; Seraphim of Sarov; Sergius Saint Victor, Abbey of 1, 286, 598, 990, 1157, of Radonezh; Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; 1988–9, 2347 Stephan of Perm; Stravinsky, Igor; saints 2048–53 Tikhon, Patriarch; Veniaminov, Innocent in Anglicanism 2052 Ruthenian Catholic Church xci, 758–9, 1837 cult xc, 372, 448, 498, 529, 688, 1443–6, 1470, Rutherford, Joseph 9, 76 2045, 2462–3, 2486 Ruusbroec, Jan van see van Ruusbroec, Jan in Eastern Orthodoxy xci, 372, 2051 Rwanda, Genocide 428 in Ethiopian Church 868 Ryrie, Charles Caldwell 696, 1387, 2035–6 feast days 2587–91 female 1086–7 Sabas, St. 1547, 2037 in Lutheran churches 2051–2 Sabbath 778, 2037–8, 2149, 2152 in New Testament 2048 Sabellianism 6, 65, 516, 1068, 1540, 1544, 2039, patron saints 448, 1366, 1428, 1443–4, 1579, 2375 2050, 2583–6 and Arianism 538–9 in Protestantism 2052 see also modalism; monarchianism; trinity and in Roman Catholicism lxxxviii, xc, 308, 417, trinitarianism 1948, 2006, 2049–51 sacra conversazione 55 see also All Saints; canonization; Communion of sacramental theology 247, 2040, 2352, 2359 Saints; hagiography; martyrdom; relics; ex opera operato/ex opere operantis views xc, Virgin Mary 1701 Salieri, Antonio 2053–4, 2079, 2458 sacramentaries 1370, 2593 salvation 224, 1027, 2054–8 sacraments 2040–6, 2599–600 in Athanasius 982 in Eastern Orthodox Church xci, 337, 768 in Calvinism 351, 1952 material elements 1449 and the church 2003, 2374 in New Apostolic Church 1658–9 and eternal security 854 number 63, 122, 225, 337, 614, 768, 1203, and Holy Spirit 1229 1382, 2006, 2007, 2041 lordship salvation 1387, 2036 in Pentecostalism 1029 in Lutheranism xcix, 330, 1943–4 in Reformed tradition 774 in New Testament 522, 898, 2055–8, 2215 in Roman Catholic Church lxxxviii–lxxxvix in Old Testament 899, 2054–5, 2215 415–16, 585, 688, 1028 and sanctification of the senses 2116–17 and sacramentals and rituals 416, 990, 1382, and theology of religions 2365–7 1862, 2041–6 universal 849 and spirituality 2254 see also assurance; justification; redemption; validity 14, 167, 541, 724, 1121 soteriology; universalism see also Anointing of the Sick; baptism; Salvation Army 832–3, 914, 1141, 1683, 1692, Eucharist; Last Rites; marriage; 1706, 1858, 2058–60, 2437 ordination; penance in America 1753, 2059, 2190 Sacred Heart devotion 283, 787, 1446, 1628, and prison ministry 1893 1631 and social gospel 2187 sacrifice 641, 2046–7 and women 301 Eucharist as lxxxviii, 870–1, 922, 1438–9, 2047, worldwide 2059–60, 2222, 2225, 2434 2175, 2404 see also Booth, William in Judaism 1611–12, 2047, 2271 salvation history (Heilsgeschichte) 652–3, 765, propitiatory 161, 164, 643–4, 1077, 2047, 2064, 1127, 1655 2215 Samoa 1714–15

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sanctification 68, 224, 284–5, 489, 553, 962, 1141, Schlatter, Adolf 1740, 2073 2060–1 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst 892, in Calvin 1952 1133, 1846, 1951, 1998, 2074 entire 434, 1141, 1792 and creation 709 and Holiness movement 434, 1792, 1961 and eschatology 851 instantanous/gradual 284, 1754 and hermeneutics 1125, 1127 of intuition 2061–2 and historical Jesus 1970 in Paul 2056–7 influence 296, 318, 1686 in Pentecostalism civ, 1792, 1796, 2061–2 and liberalism 318, 726, 1347 of the senses 2115–19 and Moravians 1576, 1585, 2361 and Spirit baptism 1792 and religious experience 707, 1138, 1347, 1592, see also formation, spiritual; holiness; theosis 1823, 2074, 2361, 2558 Sankey, Ira D. 635, 883, 945, 1048, 1571, 1691, and Romanticism 1541, 1688–9, 1823, 2074 1985 and systematic theology 2313 Santería, in Cuba 649 and universalism 2430 Sartre, Jean-Paul 903–4, 1113, 1274, 1691, 1819, and wrath of God 2542 2539 Schleitheim Articles (1527) 51, 1479, 2170 Satan 2062–3, 2183 Schmalkaldic League 439, 1012, 1399, 1400–1 and freedom 981, 982 Schmemann, Alexander 1373, 1508, 2075 and millennialism 449–50 scholasticism 202, 718, 764, 765, 799, 1471–2, and ransom theory of atonement 162, 457, 2373 2006, 2076–7, 2358 see also devil and economics 783 satisfaction 161, 162, 457–8, 516, 715, 1077, 2064, and Franciscans 977 2215, 2270 and Hugh of Saint Victor 1158 and Socinianism 2202, 2271 and humanism 1, 474, 799–800, 831, 1939–40, see also atonement 2077 Sattler, Michael 51, 1479, 2170 Lutheran xcix Saudi Arabia lxxxviii, 1802, 1807, 2278 Reformed see Turretin, Francis Sava, St. xciii, 325, 2065, 2132, 2136, see also and science 187, 2084–5 Serbia see also Abelard, Peter; Anselm of Canterbury; Savonarola, Girolamo 76, 932, 1210, 1440, 1473, Aquinas, Thomas; Bonaventure, St.; 2066 Hugh of Saint Victor; Lombard, Peter; Savoy Declaration (1658) 588, 1880, 2495 William of Ockham Sayers, Dorothy L. 736, 737, 1405, 2067 schools and schooling lxxxvi, 575, 797–8, 800, Scandinavia 990, 2077–8 and Black Christianity 277 medieval 2078 see also Norway; Sweden monastic 32–3, 2078 Scarlatti, Alessandro 1092, 1583, 2068 see also catechetical schools; education; Schaeffer, Francis August IV 835, 1164, 2068–9 monasteries Schaff, Philip 1135, 1482, 1568, 2069–70, 2352 Schubert, Franz 2053, 2079, 2459, 2464 Scheidt, Samuel 2070–1 Schuetz, Heinrich 1764, 2079–80 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von 290, Schütz-Marsauche, Roger-Louis 2080–9, 2317 322, 726, 1244, 1273, 1541, 1755–6, 2211, Schwärmerei 2081 2213, 2345, 2469–70 Schweitzer, Albert 244, 329, 715, 2082 and Romanticism 1541, 2345, 2470 and historical Jesus 244, 1133–4, 2082 Schillebeeckx, Edward Cornelis Florent Alfons and Kingdom of God 1279 1079, 2071, 2358 Schwenckfeld, Caspar 290, 846, 2083 and suffering 1616–17 scibes and scribal practices, early Christian 33, and transubstantiation 2403 2092–5 and Vatican II 2071 science 29, 897, 1344, 1755, 2007, 2083–7 schism 581, 2072, 2374 Christian contribution to 503–8, 721, 807–9, and heresy 14, 916, 2072 1220–1, 1926, 2087 see also apostasy; excommunication; Great and creation 709 Schism; Great Western Schism; Photius and natural theology 2085–6

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and nature 721–2, 2083 and persecution 2097 and Reformation 800, 1904, 2085 see also Apologists; Apostolic Fathers; New and scholasticism 187, 2084–5 Testament Apocrypha scientific laws 1323–4 Second Coming (parousia) 7, 747, 848, 1343, scientific method 186, 187, 249, 504, 2087, 1929, 1974–5, 2099–2101, see also 2528 Adventist church; dispensationalism; and secularization 2105 millenarianism; postmillennialism; seventeenth-century 2142–3 premillennialism; rapture of the saints; theistic 621–2 Seventh-Day Adventism and time 517 sect, and church 525–6, 1661–2, 2207–8 see also Albert the Great; Bacon, Francis; secularism and secularization lxxxv–lxxxvi, 478, Bacon, Roger; Brahe, Tycho; Copernicus, 903, 994, 1032, 2101–7 Nicholas; creationism; Darwin, Charles; and education 800 evolution; Grosseteste, Robert; Jaki, in Europe 499, 502, 713, 1035–6, 1215, Stanley L.; Kelvin, William Thomson; 1849–50, 2108–10, 2232, 2289, 2416 Kepler, Johannes; Mendel, Gregor; levels 2104–5 Newton, Isaac; Pascal, Blaise; Vesalius, and miracles 1525 Andreas; William of Ockham and Radical Orthodoxy 1919 scientism 912, 1666, 2528 secularism 2107 Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson 2088–9 secularization theories 2102–7 and dispensationalism 674, 696, 845, 846–7, security, eternal 854 1516, 1828–9, 1898, 1975 Segundo, Juan Luis 635, 1045, 1079, 2110–11 Scotland cii, 59, 355–6, 421, 1982, 2090–2 Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche and Reformation 1283, 1882, 2091–2 (SELK) 2112–13 revivals 1983 self-mortification see flagellation see also Celtic Christianity; Columba, St.; Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon 2114 hymns and hymnology, Gaelic; Iona; Selwyn, George Augustus 1668–9, 1713 Knox, John; Presbyterian churches; Reid, Semi-Arianism 1120 Thomas Semi-Pelagianism 541–2, 1053, 1091, 1373, 1781, Scott, Sir George Gilbert 531, 2089–90 1782, 2174 Scottish Episcopal Church 2092 seminaries sculpture 137–43 Protestant 2350 Anglo-Saxon 61 Roman Catholic 2172, 2349, 2459 Baroque 36, 212, 465 senses, sanctification 2115–19 and biblical prohibition 138–9 Septuagint 77, 245–6, 247, 608, 680, 746, 772, in cathedrals and churches 138, 140–1, 530 803, 1059, 1648, 2024 diversity and realism 137–8, 141 and Hagiographa 1083–4 early Christian 137, 139–40, 749–50 Seraphim of Sarov, St. xciii, 1129, 1149, 2130–1 Gothic 141, 1018 Serbia 343, 2131–5 later developments 142–3 and Byzantine Christianity 524, 633, 1407, purposes 138 2132–3, 2135–6 Renaissance 1018, 1178, 1509–10 church and state 2136, 2137 types 138 and communist rule 1407, 2134, 2138 see also Algardi, Alessandro; Bernini, Great Migrations 2133, 2137 Gianlorenzo; Borromini, Francesco; and Ottoman rule 2065, 2133–4, 2136–7 Donatello; Ghiberti, Lorenzo; see also Sava, St. Michelangelo; Pisano, Nicola and Serbian Orthodox Church xcii, xciii–xciv, 176, Giovanni 1033, 1407–8, 2133–5, 2135–8 Second Blessing 193, 194, 1141, 1898, 1985 and Ottoman control 2136–7 second century 2095–9 Sergius of Radonezh, St. 972, 2031, 2139 and Christian culture 2097–8 Sermon on the Mount 242, 476, 536, 675, 1072, Christian literature 2092–5, 2095–6 1213–14, 1384–5, 1845, 2476 early internal debates 2096–7 Serra, Junípero 2140 later developments 2098–9 settlement movement 2190

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seventeenth century 2141–6 and Kingdom of God 1280 and art and music 2145–6 and Second Coming 2100 and exploration and exploitation 2144 and sin 747 in France 992 and wealth 1991 and mission 831 Shepherding Movement 2160 and philosophy 2143–4 Shroud of Turin 2161, 2161 religious disputations 2144–5 Sierra Leone 3, 271, 552, 2491, 2492 and science 2142–3 signs and wonders 1103, 1794, 2162, 2162–3 wars 2141–2 Silesius, Angelus ( Johannes Scheffler) 1631 see also de Sales, Francis; Deism; Teresa of Simons, Menno 51, 1479, 2163–4, 2170, see also Ávila; Xavier, St. Francis Mennonite churches seventh century 2005–6, 2146–9, see also Islam; simony 818, 1300, 1301, 1758, 1941, 1948, 2171 monothelitism Simpson, A. B. 488, 489, 1149, 1219, 2164–5, Seventh-Day Adventism 276, 450, 846, 1663, 2397 2150–1 and healing 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 2165 and conditional immortality 583 Simpson, James 507 countries/regions sin 350, 747, 2165–6 Caribbean 1221 and forgiveness 584, 894, 962, 962–3, 963–5, Cuba 650, 651–2 1272 Europe 1216–17 and guilt 1077 Latin America 111, 307, 309, 449, 572, 788, moral evil as 888 1761, 1813, 2434, 2452 mortal and venial xc, 585, 965, 1122, 1200, Oceania 1713, 1714–15 2175 Southeast Asia 943 social 2166, 2188 Southern Africa 2222–5 see also Arminianism; confession and West Africa 1683 repentance; hamartiology; impeccability; and infant baptism 202 original sin membership 8 Singh, Sadhu Sundar 2167 missions 292 Sis, Council (1307) xcv, 117 origins 2149 Sisters of the Common Life 685–6, 1072, 1073 and Sabbath 2038, 2149 Sistine Chapel 1943, 2167–8 teachings 2149–50 and Botticelli 304, 2168 and televangelism 237 and Michelangelo 131, 134, 1244, 1510, 2168 see also Miller, William; White, Ellen G. sixteenth century 2169–72 Seventh-Day Baptists 276, 311, 2152 and Anabaptists 2170 sexuality 440–1, 476, 601, 638, 2436, 2439, 2558 and Reformed tradition 2170–1 and Roman Catholic teaching 47, 602, 1026–7, and Roman Catholic Church 2006–7, 2171–2 1151 see also Benedict of Nursia; Calvin, John; see also homosexuality Counter-Reformation; Justinian I; Luther, Seymour, William Joseph xcviii, 46–7, 1098, Martin; Reformation; Trent, Council; 1437, 1792–3, 1796, 1986 Zwingli, Ulrich Shahapivan, Council of 2152–4 sixth century 2172–6 Shakarian, Demos 436, 1793, 2154 and Eastern Christianity 2176 Shakers 7, 667, 846, 1664, 2155, 2155–7 and monasticism 2174, 2176 Shakespeare, William 2145–6 and Monothelitism 2176 Sharp, Granville 3, 564, 985–6, 2504 Synod of Orange 455, 542, 1782, 2166, 2174 Sheen, Fulton J. 883, 1466, 2327, 2329, 2571 see also Benedict of Nursia; Boethius; Shembe, Isaiah 15, 18, 269 Cassiodorus; Dionysius the Areopagite; Shenute of Atripe 613, 806, 1548, 1559, 2157–8 Franks; Gregory I; Gregory of Tours Shepherd of Hermas 100, 242, 1357, 2095, slain in the Spirit 1289, 2177 2158–9 slavery 379, 1502, 2178–9 and apostasy 93, 585 abolition 3, 46, 276, 379, 564, 882, 985–6, and baptism 199 1166, 1349, 2178–9 and canonicity 71, 371, 1209, 1358 and African diaspora 1511, 1512

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and early church 2178, 2439–40 Mater et Magistra 409, 1248 and Islam 1164 Octogesima Adviens 411 opposition to c–ci, 144, 214, 380, 1703, 1768, Pacem in Terris 409–10, 1248 1961 Populorum Progressio 410–11, 781, 1424 and slave trade 3, 267–8, 649, 751, 1849, 1917, Quadragesimo Anno 408, 781, 1858 2144, 2440, 2491 Rerum Novarum 175, 407–8, 413, 490, 781, 785, and Southern Baptist Convention 1918, 2226–7 1337, 1846, 2007, 2190, 2438 see also Abolitionist movement; Wilberforce, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis 412, 781 William see also Day, Dorothy Slavs, mission to see Cyril and Methodius socialism see Christian socialism; Marxism Slovak Catholic Church 759 Society of Friends see Quakers Smalcald Articles xcviii, 1400, 2113 Society of Jesus see Jesuit Order Smith, Adam 781, 784, 786, 1882, 2103 Socinianism 162, 516, 917, 1837, 2201–2, 2271, Smith, Charles Ward “Chuck” 346, 347, 1242, 2427, see also Unitarianism 2179–80 sociology of religion 2203–9 Smith, Joseph 7, 46, 846, 1136, 1581, 1663, 2081, and church/sect distinction 2207–8 2180–1 and Comte 735, 2103, 2203 Smyth, John 2181–2, see also Mennonite churches current issues 2208–9 snake handling 2182–4 definitions of religion 2205–6 sobornost 1273, 2184–5 and Durkheim 2103, 2108, 2204–5 Sobrino, Jon 781, 1348–9, 2185–6 and Marx 2204 Social Catholicism movement 407 methodological tensions 2206–7 Social Darwinism 1328, 2187, 2268 and public and private spheres 2106, 2207 social gospel 469, 1276, 1975, 1992, 2186–92, and rational choice theory 2103–4, 2205–6 2268, 2438 and secularization theory 2103–7, 2108–10 achievements 2190–1 and Weber 2103, 2105, 2157, 2204, 2205, 2206 and Christian socialism 492, 1919, 2191 Söderblom, Nathan 2289 and economic ideas 784–5 Soga, Tiyo 2210 legacy 2191–2 sola fide principle 224, 225, 909, 1263 and option for the poor 1858 in Baptist theology 206 origins 2186–7 in Bernard of Clairvaux 237 and Rauschenbusch 46, 1347, 1846, 1933, in Lutheranism xcix, 442–3, 712, 1401–2, 2113 2188–9 in Reformed tradition 1955 theology 362, 2188–90 sola gratia principle social justice 275, 413, 418, 1860, 2193–201 and Baptist theology 206 in America 20, 47, 914, 2507 and Bernard of Clairvaux 237 biblical teaching 2193–5 and Lutheranism xcix, 1401, 2113 in Latin America 2452 sola scriptura principle 225, 525, 765, 1954, 1998, and liberation theology 411, 1348, 1992, 2195, 2256 2196–7 in Baptist theology 206 and Methodism 1496 in Lutheranism xcix, 443, 712, 1398, 1402, and natural law 1844–5, 2195–6, 2197 1740, 2081, 2113 and Pentecostalism 1030 and Westminster Confession 2494 and poverty 914, 1857–8, 1992 and Zwingli 2561 and Reinhold Niebuhr 1681 Sollicitudo Rei Socialis 412, 781 and Salvation Army 914 Solomon Islands 1715 and Temple 2332 Solovyov, Vladimir S. xciii, 1273, 2185, 2211, and Vatican II 291, 410, 785, 943 2213, 2470 social teaching, Catholic 406–13, 2411 solus Christus principle 1569 Centesimus Annus 412–13, 781, 2438 in Lutheranism xcix, 206, 726, 985, 1399, 1401, Deus Caritas Est 413 2113 Gaudium et Spes 410, 474, 1252, 1305 in Reformed theology 1722, 1955 historical context 406–7 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 2075, 2212 Laborem Exercens 411–12 Somalia lxxxviii, 750, 751, 753, see also East Africa

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Son of Man and televangelism 2327 Jesus Christ as 76, 457, 962, 1172 theological education 2000, 2227–8 in Old Testament 1277–8 see also Broadus, John Albert; Criswell, W. A.; Sophia, sophiology 322–3, 955, 1584, 2211, Mullins, E. Y.; Norris, John Franklyn; 2212–13 Robertson, A. T.; Truett, George Sorsky, Nil 1255, 2214 Washington soteriology 2215, 2311–12, 2359, see also southernization of Christianity 826–9, 827, atonement; justification; redemption; 2230–4, 2418, 2601 salvation Spain 2235–9 Soubirous, Bernadette 1390 and age of discovery 1004, 1006–7, 1295–6, soul 68, 2216–17 1309–11 conditional immortality 582–4 and anticlericalism and persecution 942, 1802–3 and creationism 1734–5 and Counter-Reformation 616 dark night of 1249, 1330, 1615 and drama 734 immortality 1186–7, 2150 early Christianity 2235–6 and traducianism 1734 and Inquisition 932, 1080, 1205, 1806, 2237 see also body, theology of and Islam 342, 357, 811, 1214, 1472, 1848, South Africa 2221–3 2236–7 and apartheid 1917, 2222, 2233, 2411, 2525 and Jews 2125, 2236, 2237 Dutch Reformed Church 270, 1918, 2222, 2411 missions and colonialism 1007, 1504–5, indigenous churches 15, 16, 269, 2222–5 1750–60 and liberation theology 1918 and Protestantism 942, 2237–9 Pentecostal-Charismatic movement 1788, 2222 and reconquista 581, 891, 1006, 1469, 2125, prophet movement 18 2237, 2378, 2478 Protestantism 2222 and Visigoths 336, 797, 811, 990, 1066, 1212, Roman Catholicism 2222 2149, 2236 see also Colenso, John W.; du Plessis, David see also church and state; Compostela, Santiago Johannes; Soga, Tiyo; truth and de; Cuba; Ignatius of Loyola; Isidore reconciliation commissions of Seville; John of the Cross; Mexico; South America see Latin America Philippines; Priscillianism; Teresa of Southeast Asia 2217–21 Avila and AIDS 21 Speer, Robert Eliott 1529, 2240–1 Protestantism 2218–21 Spener, Philip Jacob 290, 880, 1494, 1768, 2241–2 Roman Catholicism 1284–5, 2009, 2218–21 Pia Desideria xcix, 1140, 1822–3, 1981–2, 2145, see also Philippines 2241, 2535 Southern Africa 1540–1, 2221–3 and Zinzendorf 877, 1823, 2557 Anglicanism 134, 2222–3 Spinoza, Baruch 290, 1755, 1970, 2143 independent churches 15, 16, 269, 2222, spiritual theology 1866–7, 1869, 2249, 2352 2223–5 spirituality 2249–54 and Protestantism 2221–6 Byzantine 337, 338 Roman Catholicism 2222–6 Celtic 420 Southern Baptist Convention cii, 307, 650, 1035, charismatic 436, 1796–7 2226–9 contemporary 2254 and biblical inerrancy 1201, 2229 convergence 2252, 2536 and homosexuality 1151 creation 835 and Landmarkism 2227 definitions 1865–8, 2250 liberalism and conservatism 627, 1340–1, 2226, disciplines and practices 312, 2253–4 2229 diversities of expression 2252–3 and Messianic Judaism 1495 French 1569–70 and mission and evangelism 883, 2226–7, 2229 as holistic 2249–50 and Northern Baptists 1703–4 Keswick 1272 and publishing 1909, 2228 monastic 720, 804–5, 819, 1459–60 and revivalism 2229 in New Testament 1038, 2251–2 and slavery 1918, 2226–7 in Old Testament 2250–1

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and prayer 1865–74 substitutionary sacrifice see atonement, and Protestantism 1031, 2252 substitutionary; sacrifice, substitutionary trinitarian 2444–5 successionism 2227 see also formation, spiritual; Hesychasm; Sudan Keswick Convention; Pietism; quietism and missionary aviation 1537 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon cii, 881, 1877, 1950, and persecution of Christians 1802 2255–6 and slavery 2179 and healing 1102 suffering 1611–17, 2272–7 influence 434, 436, 627, 1691, 2256 Adamic 2272–4 and Metropolitan Tabernacle (London) 2255–6 and Aquinas 893, 1614–15 open-air preaching 356, 1440 and bioethics 262, 265–6 Sri Lanka, early Christianity in 147 of the church 1804–8, 2278–9 stained glass 393, 440, 530, 531, 581, 1018, consequential 2274 2256–7 in contemporary theology 1616–17 Stanford, Charles Villiers 65, 2257–8 divine 893–4, 1046, 1229 state of nature 2143, 2258–9 in early church 1613–14 and social contract thought 177, 1163, 2143–4, educational 1614, 2276–7 2258–9 evaluative 2276 Stations of the Cross xc, 1869, 2259–60 fellowship 2276 Staudenmaier, Franz Anton 2412, 2413 in mystical tradition 1615 Staupitz, Johann von see von Staupitz, Johann in New Testament 1613, 2273–7 staurograms 2093 in Old Testament 1611–13, 2272, 2274 stave church 2260–1 protective 2276 Stein, Edith 384, 902, 1633, 2261–2 punitive 1613–14, 2274 Stephan of Perm 2262–3 reality of 2272, 2530 Stewart, James Stuart 2263–4 as resolved in heaven 893 stigmata 400, 976, 1184, 1624, 1626, 2264 sacrificial 870, 1611–12, 2274–5 Stone, Barton W. 469, 555, 1692 for sake of greater good 893, 2272 and Cane Ridge revival 356, 359, 1967, 1984 and theology of the cross 1402–3, 2357 see also Campbell, Alexander; Christian Church see also church, persecuted; evil; Holocaust; (Disciples of Christ) pain; persecution Stoss, Viet 141 Suger, Abbot 393, 530, 1051, 1445 Stott, John R. W. 740, 884, 2265 suicide 262, 873 and conditional immortality 583, 2265 Summer Institute of Linguistics 1537, 2279–80, and infallibility of the Bible 1202 2395 and Lloyd Jones 1378, 2265 Sunday and lordship salvation 1387 as holiday 276, 535, 628, 972 Strauss, David Friedrich 1347, 1687–8, 1689 as Sabbath 49, 2038 and historical Jesus 244, 329, 1127, 1133, 1242, Sunday, Billy 47, 356, 435, 1054, 1254, 2281 1970 Sunday Schools 564, 2282–3 Stravinsky, Igor 2266 in America 883, 1438, 2282–3 Strong, A. H. 591, 1592, 2267 and Hannah More 1579, 1924, 2282 Strong, Josiah 2267–8 and Raikes 1923–4, 2282 and social gospel 1933, 2189, 2268 Sung, John (Siong-ceh) 2284 Student Christian Movement 1045, 1671, 2505 supersessionism 481–2, 815, 1495, 1765 Student Volunteer Movement 882, 1317, 1586, supralapsarianism 130, 350, 1879 1693, 2240, 2504, 2560 Suso, Henry 970, 1627, 1637 stylites see pillar saints; Symeon Stylites Sweden 2286–9, 2335 Suárez, Francisco 1113, 1234, 2077, 2258, free churches 2288–9 2269–70, 2477, 2479 and Lutheranism xcix, 277, 1945, 2286, 2287–9 and international law 1075, 1327 medieval 669, 1696, 2286–7 subordinationism 728, 1118, 1123, 1566, 2270, see Pentecostalism 2289 also monarchianism and Pietism 1823, 2288 subsidiarity 408, 779, 781, 914 and Roman Catholicism 2287, 2289

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Swedenborg, Emanuel 280, 1659, 2284–5 liturgy xcvi, 53, 1414–15, 1426, 2308, 2596 modern influence 1660 and miaphysitism 1509, 2304–5 theology 1659–60 origins xcv, 2304–5 Swinburne, Richard Granville 2274, 2290, 2326 theology xcvi, 2307–8 and natural theology 87, 1958 see also Bar Salibi, Dionysius; Bar-Hebraeus, see also faith, and reason; philosophy, Christian Gregory; Baradeus, Jacob; Peshitta; Switzerland 2142, 2291–4 Philoxenus of Mabbug and Black Christianity 277 Syrian Catholic Church xci, 757–8, 1485, 1488, 2306 and Calvinism 2170–1, 2291–2, 2293–4 Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 757, 1192, 1193, and free churches 2293, 2294 1413 and Roman Catholicism 2292, 2293 Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 758, 1193, 1413, see also Barth, Karl; Bullinger, Heinrich; 1414, 1415 Farel, Guillaume; Helvetic Confession, systematic theology 718, 1125, 2310–15, 2352, First; Helvetic Confession, Second; 2358–9 Oecolampadius, Johannes; Zwingli, Ulrich and contextualization 2314–15 symbolics 623 contributions of 2315 symbols 330, 2041, 2044–5, 2294–6, 2296–2301 history and development 1998, 2312–14 in art 131–2, 303, 461, 462, 560, 612, 749, issues 2314–15 1822, 2296 and liberalism 1347 and feminism 927 and loci 2314, 2364 and Luther 1398–9, 1446 and philosophy 2311 in Revelation 450, 1978, 1979 and presupposition 2314 see also cross; icons and iconography; see also Braaten, Carl E.; Brunner, Emil; sacraments, sacramentals, and rituals christology; dogmatic theology; Symeon the New Theologian 1062, 1148, 1454, McClendon, James William, Jr.; Mühlen, 1560, 2302 Heribert; Mullins, E. Y.; Pannenberg, and cosmos as theophany 1650 Wolfhart; Ryrie, Charles Caldwell; and mysticism 970, 1129, 1622, 1635, 2117 soteriology; Tracy, David Symeon Stylites 1548, 1559, 1827, 2268–9 systems, theological 2351–2, 2359 syncretism 17, 290, 478, 1287, 2219 and contextualization 599–601 Taizé community 2080–1, 2317–18 and folk Christianity 290, 960–1, 1506, 1812 Tallis, Thomas 64, 332, 1583, 2318 and Islam 26, 2433 Talpiot Tomb 254–5 and new religious movements 1663, 1664–5 Tanzania 750–3, 1480, 1575, 1577 and Pentecostal movements 1788, 1790 Tatian 511, 701, 2319 synergism 1561–2, 2185, 2271, 2303 as apologist 91, 1264, 1360, 2098 Synoptic Gospels 251, 329, 1049, 1246, 1356–7 and Diatessaron 1264, 1360, 2098, 2307, and Kingdom of God 1277, 1279 2309–10, 2319 Syriac xcv, 103, 207, 209, 470, 839–40, 1211, Tauler, Johannes 1473, 1627, 1637 1771, 2303–4, 2375 Taylor, James Hudson 453, 881, 882, 1539, 1582, and Assyrian Apostolic Church xcvii, 154, 157, 1692, 1830, 2319–20 452, 757, 812, 1487–9, 1809, 2305 and Holiness movement 1101, 1102 Bible 71, 156, 2304, 2309–10 influence 2089 hymns 1605 Taylor, William cii, 1142, 2320–1 and Maronites 1333, 1334, 1335 technology 1666–7 see also Aramaic; Bardaisan and bioethics 263, 1666 Syriac (Syrian) Orthodox Church xxv–xcvi, 115, in Catholic social teaching 409, 412 154, 1033, 1193, 1333, 2304–9 and Ellul 824, 1667 and Armenian Genocide 2306 media and communications 1465 and Assyrianism 1486, 2306 philosophy of 1666–7 and canon 71 and technorealism 1667 and church life 158, 2308 see also anthropology in Iraq 1485, 1487–8, 2305–6 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 851, 895, 1633, 1895, and Islam xcvi, 2305–6 2111, 2321–2

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Telemann, Georg Philipp 1764, 2322 and logos 1540, 1543 teleology 630, 2322–6 and Lord’s Prayer 1870 ancient and medieval worldview 2322–3 and love 2437 contemporary developments 2325–6 and Marcion 1422, 1423, 1739, 2371 early modern philosophy and science 2323–4 and marriage 440, 886, 1563 and ethics 857, 859, 860, 1095, 2437–8 and martyrdom 687, 1430, 1699, 1805, 2278, 2439 and existentialism 900–1 and modalism 1539–40 and historiography 1136–9 and Montanism 1100, 1118, 1566, 1568, 1700, nineteenth and twentieth centuries 2324–5 2339–40, 2371 and Teilhard de Chardin 2322 and moral theology 1571 televangelism 1448, 2327–8, 2571–2 and New Testament 242, 1357, 2341–2 and Graham 1054, 2327, 2329, 2330, 2571 and orders in the church 1552 and Roberts 883, 1794, 1999, 2327, 2329–30, and patripassianism 1543–4 2571 and penance 964–5 television ministries lxxxvi, 1466–7, 1999, 2001, and the poor 1842 2329–30 and priesthood of believers 483, 1888 temperance and prohibition 2190, 2281, 2330–1, and reason 81, 911 2506–7, see also alcohol and repentance 585 Temple, William 226, 2331–2, 2417 and resurrection 81, 1969–70 Ten Commandments 1165, 1290, 1935, 2194, and Shepherd of Hermas 2158 2438 and symbols and images 2295 Tennent, Gilbert 1055–6, 1983 and trinitarianism 1146, 1360, 2270, 2340, 2371 tenth century 2332–6 and worship 1842, 2532 and Holy Roman Empire 2334, 2335 testimonia 2098, 2340–1 and Islamic expansion 2332–5 textus receptus 2341–2, 2386 and missions 2335 Thailand 2218, 2219, 2221 and monasticism 2335 thealogy 927 Teresa of Ávila 107, 414, 1330, 1619, 1637, 1907, theocracy 347, 2066 2145, 2171, 2237, 2262, 2337–8 Israel as 482, 695 and Carmelites 384, 688, 1630, 2006, 2337 and reconstructionism 1935 as Doctor of the Church 704, 706, 2337 theodicy 289, 887, 890–4, 1518, 1727, 1777, 2342, and John of the Cross 1249, 2337 see also evil, problem of; free will Teresa, Mother 27, 487, 914, 1588, 1634, 1858, Theodore of Canterbury 2147–8 2336–7, 2418, 2437, 2521 Theodore of Mopsuestia 73, 115, 518, 1219, 1361, tertium quid 2338–9 1643, 2383 Tertullian of Carthage 4, 477, 538, 654, 2099, and Assyrian Church xcvii, 53, 155, 156, 181 2235, 2339–40 and Council of Constantinople (553) 595–6 and ancient learning 1363, 2078 Theodore the Studite 335, 338, 342, 813–14, as apologist 13, 79, 81, 83, 91, 109, 1360, 1804 1177, 1560 and baptism 199, 201, 964, 2374, 2538 Theodore (Tadrus) Abu Qurrah 1355, 2343 and christology 538, 2338, 2371 Theodoret of Cyrrhus (Cyr) 872 and drama 729, 734 and Antiochene theology 73 and eschatology 449, 1974 and dance 666 and exorcism 2162 and Greek learning 2078 and free will 2272–3 History 1179, 1333 and gifts of the Spirit 1100 and Nestorius 596 and Gnosticism 515, 1043 and Symeon Stylites 1548 and healing 1106 Theodosius I (the Great) 2343–4 and hermeneutics 1126, 1361 and Ambrose 1361, 2121, 2344 and Holy Spirit 940, 1146, 1567 and Antioch 519 and Jews 481 and church and state 212, 391, 1466–7, 1597, and kerygma 745 1806, 2343 and Latin 1302, 2339 and council of Constantinople (381) 595, 609, and law 401, 2438 973

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Theodotus of Byzantium 6, 511, 512, 2099 persecutions 2373 theology Western authors 2371 and education 472 see also Cyprian; Tertullian and faith 2358–9 Third Wave movement 527, 1788, 1791, 1794–5, postmodern 1111 2375–6 propositional 1115, 1787, 1851 and African Charismatic movement 276 and religion 2315 and glossolalia 1039 as science 1213 and New Churches 436 and women 2512–13 and signs and wonders 1103, 1794, 2162, 2376 see also apophatic theology; ascetical theology; thirteenth century 2376–9 biblical theology; body, theology of; church councils 2378–9 clinical theology; comparative theology; and Crusades 2377–8 dialectical theology; dogmatic theology; and Inquisitions 2376, 2378 existential theology; fundamental theology; and Kingdom of Jerusalem 2377 heart theology; hermeneutical theology; and mendicant orders 831, 2379 kataphatic theology; liturgical theology; and papacy 2376–7 moral theology; mystical theology; and transubstantiation 2402 narrative theology; natural theology; Thirty Years War (1618–1648) 1270, 1822, 2126, pastoral theology; political theology; 2142, 2535 postcolonial theology; postconservative and Bohemia 661 theology; postliberal theology; practical and France 1159, 1901–2, 2459 theology; process theology; sacramental and Germany 1012, 1330, 1369 theology; systematic theology and Moravian Brethren 575, 1573, 2428 theology of the heart 1630, 1710, 1982, 2558 and Sweden 2288 theology of religions 578, 1790, 2363–7 Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (1571) cii, 25, inclusivism 2365–6 58, 59, 225, 621, 831, 1745 particularism/exclusivism 898–9, 2365, 2366 and Apocrypha 241 and systematic theology 2364–5 and excommunication 899–900 traditional taxonomy 2365–6 and Westminster Confession 2493, 2495 see also pluralism, religious Thomas à Kempis 312, 685–6, 688, 970, 1073–4, theonomy 281, 1935–6, 2368, see also 1629, 1940, 2082, 2380–1, see also reconstructionism Imitation of Christ theophany 692, 1650, 1651, 1980, see also Thomas (Didymus) 94, 146, 1192, 1413–14, 1420, revelation 2306, 2379–80 Theophilus of Alexandria 34, 519, 657, 701, 803, Thomson, William (later Lord Kelvin) 506–7, 804–5 895 Theophilus of Antioch 90–1, 708, 1360, 1422, Tiepolo, Giambattista 2381 2098, 2369 Tikhon, Patriarch xciii, 1218, 2381–2 theosis 693, 1188, 1388, 1454, 1622, 1827, 2370 Tillich, Paul 47, 1655, 2382–3, 2470, 2540 and Irenaeus of Lyons 474, 701, 982, 2370 and apologetics 84, 305, 2383 see also divinization; sanctification and Braaten 305 Theotokos xcvi, 433, 461, 746, 763, 935, 1170, and Christian humanism 474 1584 and existentialism 902–3, 2315, 2361, 2383 in art 1436 and faith 84, 907–8 and Council of Ephesus 432, 609, 711, 838, and Heidegger 1111 1147, 1190, 1809, 2462 and Kabbalah 1244 and Nestorius 155, 513, 540–1, 609, 659, 1657 and resurrection 1997 see also Virgin Mary and Schleiermacher 1689 Thérèse of Lisieux 384, 414, 706, 1632, 2006 and systematic theology 2314, 2383 Third Age 917 and theology of religions 2365 third century 2371–5 time 516–18, 699–700 Alexandrian theology 2371–3 Christian explanations 517–18 church life 2374–5 chronos and kairos 517 lapsed Christians 2373–4 and eternity 517, 855–6, 1726

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in scientific debate 517 Trent, Council (1545–1563) 443, 616, 992, 1012, see also eschatology; immortality 1334, 1758, 1948, 2171–2, 2403–4 Timothy of Baghdad 155, 1656, 2383–5 and Apocrypha 77–8, 443 Tindal, Matthew 681, 1322 and architecture 106, 107, 212, 2007 Tintoretto, Jacopo 814, 2385 and assurance 153 Tischendorf, Constantin von 2386 and atonement 2047 tithe 2125, 2387 and the Bible 1202, 1361 Titian 134, 814, 2387–8 and canon law 402, 403 titles of Christ 2388–9 and catechism 389, 1465 Toland, John 236, 632, 681 and cult of saints 1446, 1948, 2050, 2404, Toledo 2465 Fourth Council (633) 802, 1212 and doctrine and dogma lxxxviii, 712, 716 Third Council (589) 339, 939, 2149, 2174, 2236 and faith 909 Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel 1338, 1339, 1405, and grace 1053 2026, 2390, 2508 and Immaculate Conception 1185 Tolstoy, Leo Nikolaevitch 728, 1588, 1799, 2211, and inclusivism 2366 2391, 2476 and indulgences 963, 1200, 2404 Tomkins, Thomas 333, 2392 and Jesuit influence 1234 Tonga 1715 and justification 712 tongues 2392–4 and Last Rites 1298 in Charismatic movement xc, 234, 446, 1793 and liturgy 1376, 1608, 2535, 2593 in New Testament 1038, 2392–3 and Marian devotion 1584, 2404 and Pentecost 1785 and Mass 1439, 2171, 2404 in Pentecostalism civ, 152, 347, 488–9, 1791–3, and New Testament canon 71, 2007 1796, 1898, 1986 and original sin 1185, 2166 theological understandings 2393–4 and priestly celibacy 1886 in Third Wave movement 2376 and purgatory 1912 see also glossolalia Scripture and tradition 712, 2404 Toronto Blessing 436–7, 1103, 1794–5 and seminary education 2172, 2349, 2404 Torrey, Reuben Archer 210, 1102, 1103, 1105, and transubstantiation 1948, 2403, 2404 1106, 1253, 1792, 2394–5 see also Baroque; Counter-Reformation Townsend, William Cameron 2279–80, 2395–6 Trinity Sunday 535, 536 Tozer, A. W. 489, 1319, 2396–7 trinity and trinitarianism 223, 711, 1146, 2369, Tractarianism see Oxford Movement 2405–6, 2527 Tracy, David 1642, 2397–8 and baptism 198, 711, 728, 747 tradition 2398–400 and Christ as redeemer 458 and Eastern Orthodox Church 341, 767, 1508 and the church 773, 1723 ethical 2399–400 and Cyril of Alexandria 1509 kerygmatic 2399 in Eastern Orthodox Church xcvi, 767, liturgical 2399 1034 see also kerygma and election 816 Traherne, Thomas 2400–1 and fatherhood of God 918, 919–20 training see education and training and Mormonism 1581 Transcendentalism 46, 589, 1660, 1663, 1778, and problem of evil 894 2192 see also Böhme, Jakob; filioque; Gunton, Colin; transubstantiation xc, xci, xcvi, 283, 286, 597, Jenson, Robert W.; modalism; 870, 1471, 2401–3 monarchianism; Sabellianism; and Council of Trent 1948, 2403, 2404 subordinationism; van Ruusbroec, Jan and Fourth Lateran Council 1203, 1301, 1825, Trisagion xciv, xcvi, xcvii, 188 1947, 2402–3 Triumph of Orthodoxy 711, 1070, 1175, 2533 and Old Catholics 1721 Troeltsch, Ernst 257, 525, 1347, 1661, 1680, and Reformation 366, 2403 2207–8, 2365, 2407 and Wyclif 1947, 2403, 2544 Truett, George Washington 627, 1697, 2408, see see also consubstantiation; impanation also Southern Baptist Convention

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truth 2409 Underhill, Evelyn 395, 398, 1633 and aesthetics 1002 Uniate churches lxxxviii–xci, 122, 756, 2424–5, and Kierkegaard 903 see also Eastern Catholic churches; and language 912 Maronites and Pannenberg 1754 Unification Church (Moonies) 164, 753 and relativism 1324, 2363 Unitarianism 113, 1883, 2427, 2487 truth and reconciliation commissions 1934, 2409–12 in America 46, 1342, 1347, 1912, 2427 Tübingen School 1093, 2007–8, 2412–14, see also and Arianism 2427 Möhler, Johann Adam and atonement 162, 164 Turin Shroud see Shroud of Turin in Canada 361 Turkey and congregationalism 589 Christians in xciii, xcvi, 494–5, 1802, 1807, and dynamic monarchianism 512 2278–9, 2308 and Pelagianism 1090 and Cyprus 655 and Schweitzer 2082 and secularization 1802, 2129 and Socinianism 516, 917, 2201–2 see also Armenian Genocide; Ottoman Empire; and trinity 2406 Turks Unitas Fratrum 1572, 1576, 1578, 1823, 2428, Turks 493–6 2557–8, see also Comenius, Jan Amos; and Christians xcii, xcv, 494–5 Moravian Brethren conquests 493–4 United Church of Zambia 753, 2225 religious identity 493 United Churches of Christ 282, 589, 590, 1340 see also Ottoman Empire United Reformed Church 591, 833 Turretin, Francis 516, 2076, 2077, 2145, 2414–15 United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Tutu, Desmond 2223, 2411, 2418 379, 552, 2429 Tuvalu 1715 United States of America see America twentieth century 2415–18 universalism 477, 893, 1187, 1323, 1501, 1878–9, and ecumenism 2416–17 2430 and fundamentalism 2417 and Origen 893, 915, 2373 and healing 1103–4 Universalist Church 164, 361, 1342, 2427 and missiology 37–8, 551–2, 1317, 1531–2 universities lxxxvi, 361, 430, 448, 719, 800, and persecution 1801–3, 2021 1166 see also Charismatic movement; liberation Latin America 1314, 2349 theology; Pentecostalism and Lutheranism 946 Tyndale, William 247–8, 1945, 2342, 2419–20, see medieval 2076, 2078 also Erasmus, Desiderius and theological education 176, 798, 1013, 1015, tyranny and tyrants 2420–1 1472, 2347–8 Tyrell, George 2007 Urban II, Pope 385, 545, 990, 2431 and Crusades 339, 484, 496, 646, 817, 819, Uganda 60, 268, 750–3 1750, 2431 and AIDS 21 urban ministry 2188 martyrs 752, 753 Uruguay 2432–4, see also church and state; Uighurs 452, 1657 Segundo, Juan Luis Ukraine 2030, 2423–6 usury 780, 783–4, 786, 1899, 1992 and Lithuania 2031, 2423–4 utilitarianism Orthodox Church 1837, 2030, 2423–6 and ethics 858, 1326, 2259, 2467 and Protestantism 2425, 2426 and social justice 2197–8 and Russian Empire 2425 Soviet control 2425–6 Valentinus of Alexandria 1042, 1639, 2096 see also Russia; Vladimir of Kiev values, Christian 2435–41, see also ethics Ukrainian Catholic Church xci, 758, 1837, 2424–6 Van der Kemp, Johannes 2442–3 Ukrainian Lutheran Church 1421 Van Eyck, Jan 969, 2443–4 Ultramontanism 501, 2413, 2446–7 Ghent altarpiece 39–40, 2443 Canada 360 van Ruusbroec, Jan 970, 1072, 1081, 1627, 1637, France 993, 1283, 1321, 2007 2082, 2444–5

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Van Til, Cornelius 1410, 1934, 2445–6 verification criterion 1817, 1818 and presuppositional apologetics 80, 89–90, Vermigli, Peter Martyr 1951, 2455–6 2446 vernacular and theonomy 2368 and Reformation 1944–6, 2287 Vanhoozer, Kevin J. 1852–3 in worship xci, xcii, xcix, 58, 342–3, 797, 1033, Vanuatu 1715, 1769 1125, 1182, 1370, 1945, 2449 Vatican City see Holy See see also Bible translations Vatican I lxxxviii, 1411, 2446–7 Veronese 814, 2456 and apologetics 84 Vesalius, Andreas 505 and Assumption of Mary 153 vestments, liturgical 1297, 1335, 1374 and dogma 716 vicars 771 and ecclesiastical law 402 Victoria, Tomas Luis de 1583, 2457 and papal infallibility 175, 582, 773, 1202, 1672, Vieira, Antonio 2457–8 1692, 1720–1, 1758, 2007, 2413, 2447 Vienna Hofmusikkapelle 2053, 2078, 2458–9 Vatican II lxxxviii, xc, 47, 363, 738, 1216, 1304–5, Vietnam 2218, 2219, 2220, 2278 2007–9, 2447–50 Vignola, Giacomo ( Jacopo) Barozzi (Barocchio) and Bea 217 da 530 and Benedict XVI 229 Vincent of Lerins 707, 2003 and canon law 364, 403–4 Vincent de Paul 992, 1223, 1652, 2459–60 and collegiality 582, 1143, 2449 Vincent of Saragossa 2236 and confession 963 Vineyard movement 436, 1794, 2180, 2376 and Congar 587, 1707, 1708 violence see nonviolence; war and violence and diaconate 690, 2449 Virgin Mary lxxxviii, 2460–6 and Divine Office 698 apparitions 1506, see also Fatima; Lourdes; and dogma 716 Medjugorje and Eastern Catholic churches 760 in art 228, 1436, 1593, 1762, 1822, 1857, 2460, and ecclesiology 773, 1284, 2008 2464 and ecumenism 217–18, 774, 790, 2008, 2448 in Assyrian Church 157–8 and historiography 1136 and cult of saints 2462–3, 2465 and humanism 474 devotion to cx, 160, 174–5, 237, 291, 371, 394, and inclusivism 2365 417, 448, 498, 688, 1310, 1446, 1584, and John Paul II 1252 1948 and Last Rites 1101, 1298 in early church writings 2461 and Latin America 1313 and feminism 2466, 2512 and liturgy 1248, 1373, 1376, 1439, 2416, iconography 1177, 2463, 2464 2448–9, 2536–7 in New Testament 2461 and de Lubac 677, 994 in Orthodox churches xci, xcii, 869 and Magisterium 716, 1341, 1411 as patron of Cuba 649 and priesthood 1886 and Reformation 1569, 1584–5, 2464–5 and Rahner 229, 1921, 2008 and Vatican II 774, 2448 and religious freedom 291, 2009, 2450 and Virgin Birth 62, 508, 1170, 1755, 2465, and religious orders 561, 1554 2560–2 and Schillebeeckx 2071 Virgin of Czestochowa 1837, 1838, 2045 and social justice 47, 291, 785, 943, 1348, 2197 Virgin of Guadalupe 417, 688, 823, 1310, 1312, see also Dignitatis Humanae; Gaudium et Spes; 1506, 1585, 2045, 2465 John XXIII; Nostra Aetate see also Annunciation; Assumption; hyperdulia; Vaughan Williams, Ralph 37, 1603, 2257, 2318, Immaculate Conception; motherhood of 2450–1 God; rosary; Theotokos Velichkovsky, Paisy xciii, 1040, 1128, 2015, 2214 virtue 2466–7 Venezuela 490, 491, 1306, 2452–3, see also Las cardinal 376–7, 2440, 2477 Casas, Bartolomé de moral and intellectual 2466–7 Veniaminov, Innocent 1182, 1217, 2453–4 theological 2440, 2467 Venn, Henry 38, 54, 552, 564, 1195, 2454–5, 2492, virtue ethics 377, 858, 859, 860, 1094, 2440–1, 2547, see also Church Mission Society 2467–8

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Visigoths Way of the Cross see Stations of the Cross in Italy 1514, 1614 wealth 46, 477–8, 831, 1448, 1841–2, 1989–92 in Spain 336, 797, 811, 990, 1066, 1212, 2149, in Calvinism 785, 874 2236 contemporary views 1992 Vitoria, Francisco de 780, 1327, 2077, 2258, 2477, in early church 779, 1842–3, 2098 2479 evangelical 876 Vladimir of Kiev, Prince xci, xcii, 1082, 2030, in medieval church 1844, 1939, 1940 2335, 2423, 2468–9 in New Testament 1990–1 vocations, religious 1886, 1962–4 patristic and medieval period 1991 crisis 1963–4, 2009–10 and Reformation thought 1991–2 of laity 1403–4, 1963–4, 2350 Webb, Thomas c, 1501 see also call, missionary; monasticism and Weber, Max 296 asceticism; orders, religious; ordination; and sociology of religion 1308, 2103, 2105, priesthood 2108, 2157, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2407 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) 681, 735, 807, and work ethic 785, 874–5, 1882, 1899–900, 873, 890, 992, 2440 1904, 2232–3 Volunteers of America 1893 wedding services 2043 von Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph see Weil, Simone 1633, 2483–5 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Wellhausen, Julius 243–4, 1347 von Staupitz, Johann 1393, 1473, 2471 Welsh Christianity see Wales Vulgate 33, 77–8, 247, 720, 1230, 1302, 1353, Wesley, Charles 487, 881, 962, 2488–9 1361, 1465, 1945, 2342 and Holy Club 810, 1055, 1496, 1500, 2488 as hymn-writer 1601, 2045, 2488–9, 2536 Wainwright, Geoffrey c, 1497 Wesley, John c–ci, 355, 487, 846, 1496–8, 2329, Waldenses 66, 845, 991, 1300, 2473, 2474 2489–90 and healing 1106 and abolitionism 3, 2490 and pacifism 2476 and Arminianism 130, 699, 810, 1497, 1501, persecution 1472, 1803, 1806, 2378, 2473 1562, 1878, 2303 and poverty 916–17, 2473, 2474 and Asbury c, 144, 882, 1496, 1501–2 Waldensian Evangelical Church 111, 1216, 2434 and Butler 331 Waldo, Peter 486, 845, 991, 1101, 1216, 2473, economic ideas 780–1, 1992 2474 and forgiveness 962 Wales cii, 2485–7 and healing 1101, 2162 Calvinistic Methodism c, 1497, 2487 and Holiness movement 284, 1787 Celtic Christianity 422–3, 2486 and Holy Club 810, 1055, 1141, 1496, 1500 early history 2485–6 and Law 1322–3, 2489 and monasticism 2485, 2486, 2487 and Montanism 1567 and nonconformity 2487 and Moravians 810, 881, 1496, 1500, 1577, and Normans 2486–7 1823, 1983, 2361, 2428, 2489, 2558 and Reformation 2485, 2487 and postmillennialism 1975 and revivals 810, 1795, 1983, 1985, 2417 and preaching 1440, 1500, 2489–90 Wallis and Futuna 1713, 1715 and prisons 1892, 2490 Walls, Andrew F. 2475, 2496 and revivalism 877, 881, 1502, 1983 Walton, William 1730 and sanctification of the senses 2118–19 war and violence 1075, 2475–80 and slain in the Spirit 2177 modern 279–80 and Sunday Schools 2282 see also Crusades; just war theory; nonviolence; and Swedenborg 1660 pacifism and temperance 1496, 2331 Warfield, B. B. 1409, 1888, 1951, 1952, 2366, and theological education 2350 2446, 2480–1 and worship 2536 Warneck, Gustav 1529, 2481–2 see also Methodism; Methodist Churches water see baptism West Africa 2490–3 Watson, Richard c, 1497 African independent churches 15, 17, 2492 Watts, Isaac 1601, 1652, 1654, 2482–3 eighteenth century 2491–2

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and Islam 2491 Williams, Charles 1338, 2507–9 nineteenth century 269, 2492 Williams, John cii, 1712–13, 1714, 1715 and Protestantism 1682–3, 2491–2 Williams, Roger cii, 45, 48, 2509–10 and Roman Catholicism 1682, 2491 Williams, Rowan 374, 2234, 2487 twentieth century 2492–3 Willibrord 297, 500, 669, 813, 830, 1011 twenty-first century 2493 Wimber, John 436, 1039, 1103, 1104, 1794, 2180, see also Freeman, Thomas Birch; Ghana; 2376 Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone Winfried see Boniface of Mainz West Syrian tradition 1033, 1413–15, 2308, 2596 Winstanley, Gerrard 1845 Westcott, B. F. 781, 1970 Winthrop, John 45, 1912, 2510, 2510–11 Westminster Abbey 140, 392, 831 wisdom see Sophia Westminster Confession ci, 284, 352–3, 625–6, Wittgenstein, Ludwig 911–12, 989, 1095, 1165, 1949, 2145, 2493–5 1352, 1642, 2511–12 and Congregationalism 588, 1880, 2495 and McClendon 1455–6 and eternal security 854 and postliberalism 1853 and excommunication 899 and postmodernism 1855–6 and iconoclasm 1175 see also Frei, Hans; Hauerwas, Stanley; and infallibility of Scripture 1202 Lindbeck, George and postmillenialism 450 womanist theology 11, 12, 272–3, 926, 1617, and Synod of Dort 353 2352 and Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion 2493, women 2495 in Aladura churches 25, 273 Weyden, Rogier van der 2495–6 in Black Christianity 272–3, 278, 554 Whichcote, Benjamin 354 in Christianity 1328 White, Ellen G. 76, 1663, 2149–50, 2501, see also in early Christianity 477, 775, 839, 924–5, Seventh-Day Adventism 1463, 1568, 1771, 1800–1, 1821–2, 2439, White Fathers 252, 678, 687, 734, 1691 2514–18 in East Africa 751, 752 and ecclesiology 776 in North Africa 1321–2 and historiography 2497 in Southern Africa 2224, 2225 and Jesus 1239 in West Africa 2491 and marriage 1563 Whitefield, George c, 881, 1055, 1136, 1378, ministries 316, 489, 1754, 2520–2 1496, 1951, 2329, 2502 and mission 553, 1631, 2518 and cessationism 2162 and monasticism 128, 818, 1131–2, 1624 and Countess of Huntingdon 2114 and mysticism 221, 395–8, 400, 1081, 1131–2, and First Great Awakening 45, 48, 353, 355, 1459–61, 1464, 1623–8 810, 846, 877, 880, 1056, 1983, 2177, 2502 in Pentecostal ministries 273, 554, 1030, 2513, and preaching 1440, 1876, 2502 2518–20 see also Methodism rights of 486, 1164, 1925, 1994–5, 2281 Whitman, Marcus and Whitman, Narcissa in Christian history 1994–5, 2153 Prentiss 2503–6 in faith traditions 1995 Wiesel, Elie 1615–16 in New Testament 1994 Wilberforce, William 3, 168, 380, 485, 2178, in Old Testament 1994 2440, 2504, see also Clapham Sect; slavery in Salvation Army 301 Wilder, Robert Parmelee 2240, 2505, 2560 and theology 2512–13 Wilfrid of Ripon 421 see also feminist theology; leadership; Willaert, Adrian 969, 2506 ordination Willard, Frances Elizabeth 2506–7 Word of God 2522–3, see also logos William of Malmesbury 2148 Wordsworth, William 2016–17 William of Ockham 186, 504, 858, 968, 983–4 work, theology of 409, 411–12, 779, 1403–4 and nominalism 970, 1472, 1650–1 work ethic 536, 785, 874–5, 1882, 1899–900, and transubstantiation 2403 1904, 2232–3 William of St. Thierry 1622 works, and faith 224, 785, 909–10, 985, 1184, William of Tyre 1333 1401, 1900, 1943

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World Council of Churches xcviii, 16, 211, 226, Wyclif, John (Wycliffe) 524, 651, 831, 932, 1202, 713, 789, 790, 1036, 1194, 1586, 2417, 1473, 1832, 1940, 2544–5 2542–5 and Lollards 1381, 2545 affirmation of faith 475 and transubstantiation 1947, 2403, 2544 and Christian–Jewish relations 482 and vernacular Bible 247, 1168, 1945, 2419, and Eastern Orthodox Church 768–9, 1508, 2545 2525 Wycliffe Bible Translators see Summer Institute membership 790–1, 2524, 2573–6 of Linguistics and Newbigin 1671 and Pentecostalism 738, 1788 Xavier, St. Francis 665, 1193, 1198, 1435, 2145, and social justice 1846 2218, 2237, 2547 and Summer Institute of Linguistics 2280 and Ignatius Loyola 2237, 2547 and worship 2536 in India 1193, 2547 World Evangelical Alliance 1194, 1199, 1522, in Japan 452, 1147, 1224, 1849 1693 see also Jesuit order World Missionary Conference (Edinburgh 1910) xenolalia see glossolalia 789, 790, 882, 884, 1530, 1586, 2241, Xiuquan, Hong 2548 2417, 2524, 2526–7, 2560, see also ecumenism; missiology; Mott, John R. Yamauchi, Edwin Masao 2549–50 worldview, Christian 2527–30 Yemen lxxxviii, 2384 and anthropology 2529 persecution of Christians 2278 apologetic 79–82 YMCA 1570, 1586, 1693, 2275, 2550–2 and epistemology 2528 and mission 526, 881, 2434, 2505 and ethics 2529–30 and social gospel 250–1, 2187, 2190 and God 2527 Yoder, John Howard 1095, 1480, 2552–3 and human plight 2530 and civil religion 563 and metaphysics 2528 and Hauerwas 1095, 2553 see also values, Christian and just war theory 1262 Worms see Concordat of Worms; Diet of Worms and McClendon 1455, 2553 worship 2531–7 and nonviolence 2553 Anglican ciii–civ, 57–8, 832, 2535–6 and poverty 1846 and dance 666–7, 2539 Young, Brigham 164, 1581, 2181 and doctrine 1373, 2536 Youth For Christ movement 47, 883, 1054, 1253 in early church 746–7, 2531–2 youth ministry 2553–5 in medieval church 2533–4 challenge 2555 in modern churches 2535–6 goal 2554 Orthodox xci–xcii, 1062, 2532–3 rationale 2554–5 Pentecostal xcviii, 1029, 2536 Yugoslavia (former) 759, 1406–8, 1802, 2137–8 and proclamation 2539–40 see also Croatia; Macedonia; Serbia and Reformation 2534–5 YWCA 881, 2434, 2550–2 Roman Catholic xc, 2535, 2536–7 and sanctification of the senses 2117 Zahn, Theodor 1772 services and settings 2538–41 Zaire 427 see also Mass settings Zambia 15, 19, 750–3, 2225 and Vatican II 1248, 1373, 1376, 1439, 2416, Zealots 2023 2448–9, 2536–7 Zeno, Emperor 655, 935 in vernacular xci, xcii, xcviii, 342–3, 667, 797, Henotikon 115, 609–10 1033, 1125, 1182, 1370, 1945, 2449 Zimbabwe 17, 829, 1479, 2225–6 see also baptism; Eucharist; hymns and Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von 670, hymnology; liturgies; liturgy; music; 877, 2557–8 preaching; Taizé community and Francke 877, 1590, 2557 wrath of God 715, 2064, 2542–3 and healing 1101, 1102 Wren, Christopher 531, 951, 1753, 2540, 2543 and heart theology 2360–1, 2558 Wright, Richard c and Holy Spirit as Mother 1585, 2558

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and Moravians 88, 1573, 1576–7, 1590, 2428, and christology 1191 2557–8 and dance 667 and Spener 877, 1823, 2557 and Eucharist 366, 596, 648, 1947, 2171, 2535, and Wesley 1577, 1823, 2361, 2428, 2558 2561 see also Herrnhut; Pietism and music 2535 Zion Christian Church 15, 16, 272, 1788, 2222 and natural law 1646 Zoroastrianism 154, 397, 452, 886, 1809 and Oecolampadius 1296, 1718 and Armenia 115, 122, 2153 and preaching 880, 1440 Zurbaran, Francisco de 2559 and Reformed tradition 1949, 1951, 1954, Zwemer, Samuel M. 1214, 1378, 2505, 2560 2170–2 Zwingli, Ulrich xcviii, ci, 320, 1880, 2291, 2561 and sacraments 774 and Anabaptists 51, 485, 1479, 1806 and worship 2535 and baptism 202 see also Bullinger, Heinrich

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