ICENES 2016 Questionnaire

Icelandic National Election Study - ICENES 2016 Questionnaire

Eva H. Önnudóttir Ólafur Þ. Harðarson Hulda Þórisdóttir Agnar Freyr Helgason

Table of contents Notes ...... 8 Information about interviewers and respondents – registered ...... 8 QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 10 Interests in poltics ...... 10 1. Do you consider your interest in politics very great, great, some, little, or are you not interested in politics at all? ...... 10 Political trust ...... 10 2. Do you think that politicians are in general trustworthy, that many of them are trustworthy, some are trustworthy, few, or perhaps none? ...... 10 Political problems / party competence ...... 11 3. What do you think is the most important political problem facing Iceland today?...... 11 4. Thinking of the most important political problem facing Iceland which party do you think is best in dealing with it? ...... 11 Party identification – ICENES QUESTIONS...... 12 5. Many people consider themselves supporters of political parties while others do not feel solidarity with any party. Do you in general consider yourself as a supporter of any political party or organization? ...... 12 6. Do you nevertheless feel somewhat closer to any party or organization than to others? ...... 12 7. What party(ies) is that? ...... 12 Attitudes about the political system and participation ...... 13 8. Some people say that it doesn't make any difference who is in power. Others say that it makes a big difference who is in power. Using the scale from one to five, where one means that it doesn't make any difference who is in power and five means that it makes a big difference who is in power, where would you place yourself? ...... 13 9. Some people say that no matter who people vote for, it won't make any difference to what happens. Others say that who people vote for can make a big difference to what happens. Using the scale from one to five, where ONE means that voting won’t make a difference to what happens and FIVE means that voting can make a difference, where would you place yourself? ...... 13 10. Some people say that it is an individuals choice whether he elects in Parliament elections. Others say that the public has a civic duty to vote in elections. Using the scale from one to five, where ONE means it is entirely an individuals choice voting in elections and FIVE means that it is a civic duty, where would you place yourself? ...... 14 11. How widespread do you think corruption is among Icelandic politicians? Very widespread, quite widespread, not very widespread or it hardly happens at all? 14 Issues ...... 15 12. What has been the most important issue to you personally in this election? 15 13. What has been the second most important issue to you personally in this election? ...... 15 Government / parties‘ performance ...... 15 14. How good or bad a job in general do you think the government of the Progressive Party and the Independence Party, that was in power from 2013 until 2016, has done while it was in power? Has it done a very good job? A good job? A bad job? A very bad job? ...... 15

Does any party reflect the views of voters ...... 16 15. Would you say that any of the political parties in Iceland reflects your views fairly well? ...... 16 16. Which party best reflects your views? ...... 16 17. Would you say that over the past twelve months, the state of the economy in Iceland has gotten much better, gotten somewhat better, stayed about the same, gotten somewhat worse, or gotten much worse? ...... 17 Issues ...... 17 18. Do you think that it is desirable or undesirable, that Iceland continues its negotiations on European Union membership? ...... 17 19. Do you think that it is desirable or undesirable, that Iceland applies for membership in the European Union? ...... 17 20. ... that in the next years action on environmental issues should be prioritized over attempts to increase economic growth – or do you think this makes no difference? (PROBE; COMPLETELY OR TEND TO) ...... 18 21. ... that the government should use its power to increase the equality of the income distribution in society? Or do you think this makes no difference?? ...... 18 22. ... that preferably all votes in the country should have equal weight when parliamentary seats are allotted – or do you think this makes no difference? ...... 18 23. ... that taxes should be reduced, even though it meant that public services had to be reduced, e.g. in health care, education, or social security – or do you think this makes no difference? ...... 18 24. ... that progress in the capital area may be decreased in order to increase prosperity in the rural regions – or does this not make any difference? ...... 19 25. ... to increase privatization in the health care system? ...... 19 26. ... that immigrants are a serious threat to our national characteristics? ...... 19 27. ... that adopting a foreign currency is necessary for Iceland‘s economic future 19 28. ... that indexing on loans should be dropped immediatly ...... 19 29. Do you consider mass protest to be an effective or ineffective way to influence government decisions...... 20 30. Do Do you think that the government should put strong emphasis, some emphasis or little emphasis on the development of power intensive industry? ...... 20 31. If we now turn to the question whether Iceland should continue its membership of NATO – is that an issue on which you have an opinion? ...... 21 32. Some people believe Iceland should stay in NATO, while others believe it should discontinue its membership. What is your opinion? ...... 21 33. Do you agree or disagree that restrictions on agricultural imports should be considerably relaxed - or do you think this makes no difference? ...... 21 34. If we turn to attempts to assure women equal position to men, do you think this development has gone too far, about right or not far enough? ...... 22 35. Some believe that official explanation of well-known social and political events, for example the attacks on 9/11 in 2001 and the assassination of John F. Kennedy, cover up the truth. That is, they cover up events that were secretly planned and executed by powerful organization, for example intelligence agencies or governments. How unlikely or likely do you think that the official explanations of such events often cover the truth? Please answer by selecting a number from 1 to 7, where 1 means you exclude it, and 7 if you are certain that these explanations cover the truth...... 22 The Constitution...... 23

36. Do you consider it not at all important, not very important, rather important or very important to change the Constitution? ...... 23 Party / party leader sympathy ...... 23 37. I‘d like to know what you think about each of our political parties. Please rate the parties on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means you strongly dislike that party and 10 means that you strongly like that party. If I come to a party you haven’t heard of or you feel you do not know enough about, just say so. We start with... 23 38. And now, using the same scale, I’d like to ask you how much you like or dislike some political leaders. If I come to a leader you haven’t heard of or you feel you do not know enough about, just say so. We start with...... 24 Left-right placements ...... 25 39. In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the political parties on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? We start with...... 25 40. Where would you place yourself on this scale ...... 26 Satisfaction and attitudes about democracy ...... 27 41. On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied, or not at all satisfied with the way democracy works in Iceland? ...... 27 42. Do you support or oppose the idea that a part of the electorate can demand a referendum on single issues? ...... 27 Flokkshollusta – CSES questions ...... 27 43. Do you usually think of yourself as close to any particular party? ...... 28 44. Do you feel yourself a little closer to one of the political parties than the others? ...... 28 45. Which party is that?...... 28 46. Do you feel very close to this party [PARTY], somewhat close, or not very close? 29 Political participation ...... 29 47. Are you a member of a political party? (IF YES): What political party/ies are you a member of? ...... 29 48. Did you take part in a primary of any party before the last election? (IF YES): What party/parties was that? ...... 30 49. Did you vote in the Althingi election on April 27th? (IF YES): What party or list did you vote for? ...... 30 50. If you would have voted, which party would you have voted for? ...... 31 51. What is the main reason that you cast a blank ballot? ...... 31 52. Did you change the ranking order or cross out a candidate on the party list you voted for? ...... 32 53. How long before the election did you make a final decision? ...... 32 54. Did you vote in the 2013 Althingi election, four years ago? (IF YES): What party or list did you vote for? ...... 32 Issue-ownership ...... 33 55. Next I am going to ask you about the political parties and specific issues. What party do you think has the best policy on the following issues? ...... 33 Economic crisis, protests and democracy in Iceland ...... 34 56. Overall, do you agree or disagree that those responsible for the collapse of the bank system in 2008 and the subsequent economic crisis had been held responsible? ...... 34

57. Various agents have been mentioned as being responsible for the bank collapse in 2008 and the economic crisis that followed. Now I will name a few of them and ask you to give each of them a number from 0 to 10, were 0 means that the agent in question did not bear any responsibility at all and 10 that the agent in question bears very great responsibility. Where would you place...... 35 58. Corruption in Iceland has decreased after the economic crisis ...... 36 59. In general, it is better for democracy in the country that people vote for parties and not for individuals in elections to Althingi...... 36 60. Political parties should stick firmly to their principles instead of making compromises with other political parties ...... 36 61. Political parties are necessary for the political system to work ...... 36 62. I would like to ask you to think about the month of April earlier this year, when Kastljós interviewed Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, former prime minister, about his relationship with Wintris. Would you expect that a populated protest would break out as a result of this issue? Did you definitely not expect it, somewhat not expect it, somewhat expect it, or very much expect it? ...... 37 63. The day after the interview, the 4th of April, there was a major protest at Austurvöllur. Did you agree or disagree with the protests on Austurvöllur that day? 37 64. Did you attend at Austurvöllur that day, the 4th of April, to protest? ...... 38 65. There were protests at Austurvöllur throughout April, also after Sigmundur Davíð, then prime minister, had resigned. Did you agree or disagree with the protest that took place after the prime ministers‘ resignation? ...... 38 66. If we go back to the major protest asked about at the start, how often, if ever, did you attend to protest in April? Did you never attend, once, twice or did you attend three times or more? ...... 38 67. Think about the five people you are most in contact with, for example, your spouse, relatives, friends or colleagues. Did any of them protest in April and if, yes, how many? ...... 39 68. Now lets go back a few years. Did you attend any summits or protests in the aftermath of the collapse of the bank system, the winter of 2008 to 2009? Did you attend one to two events, participated in more than two or did not participate in any of them ...... 39 Public approach to decision making - tilraunasnið ...... 40 69. What is your opinion? Do you think that it is desirable or undesirable to hold a referendum on the continuation of accession negotiations with the European Union? ...... 40 70. How likely or unlikely do you think that the majority of voters in such a referendum would agree to resume accession negotiations with the European Union? ...... 40 71. What do you think? Do you think it is desirable or undesirable to hold a referendum on the abolition of indexation? ...... 41 72. How likely or unlikely do you think that the majority of voters in such a referendum would agree to abolish indexation? ...... 41 Media use ...... 42 73. How closely do you follow politics on TV, radio, newspapers or online? Very closely, pretty closely, not very closely, or nothing at all? ...... 42 74. Hversu náið fylgist þú með stjórnmálum í sjónvarpi, útvarpi, dagblöðum eða á netinu? Mjög náið, nokkuð náið, ekki mjög náið, eða alls ekki neitt? ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

75. In the election campaign there were various TV-shows about politics, for example promotional programs about the political parties, and various political talk shows. Did you watch almost all of these programs, many of them, some, few or none? 42 76. The evening before the elections the leaders of the political parties appeared together in a talk show on TV. Did you see that program? ...... 43 Attitudes toward own political understanding and to politicians – CSES questions .. 43 77. You feel you understand the most important political issues of this country. 43 78. What people call compromise in politics is really just selling out on one's principles...... 43 79. Most politicians do not care about the people...... 43 80. Most politicians are trustworthy ...... 43 81. Politicians are the main problem in Iceland...... 43 82. Having a strong leader in government is good for Iceland even if the leader bends the rules to get things done...... 44 83. Almenningur ætti að taka okkar mikilvægustu ákvarðanir um stefnumál, en ekki stjórnmálamenn...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 84. Flestum stjórnmálamönnum er eingöngu annt um hagsmuni ríkra og valdamikilla...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Minnihlutahópar og innflytjendur ...... 44 85. ...minorities should adapt to the customs and tradition of Iceland ...... 44 86. ... the will of the majority should always prevail, even over the rights of minorities...... 44 87. … immigrants are generally good for Iceland’s economy ...... 45 88. …Iceland’s culture is generally harmed by immigrants ...... 45 89. ...immigrants increase crime rates in Iceland ...... 45 90. To have been born in Iceland ...... 45 91. To have Icelandic ancestry...... 45 92. To be able to speak Icelandic...... 45 93. To follow Iceland‘s customs and traditions ...... 46 94. How widespread do you think corruption such as bribe taking is among politicians in Iceland? Very widespread, quite widespread, not very widespread, or it hardly happens at all? ...... 46 95. Please say to what extent you agree or disagree with the following statement: The government should take measures to reduce differences in income levels.“ Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree? ...... 46 96. Before the parliamentary elections, there were some so-called online election polls, where voters were able to compare their views on policy issues to the political parties' position. Did you use any of the following election tests? ...... 47 Social and economic bakground ...... 47 97. How much or little do you worry about making ends meet at the beginning of each month? ...... 47 98. Are you currently economically active?...... 48 99. Do you work at home, are you in school, permantely disabled, unemployed, on a maternal/paternal leave, temporarily not working because of health problems, on a vacation or retired? ...... 48 100. How many hours did you work in an average week during the last month? 48 101. What is / was your main occupation?...... 49

102. Are / were you an employee or do you operate your own business? If own business: Do you have employees? ...... 50 103. Do / did you work in the public sector (public institution, public company/district level), the private sector or in another sector? ...... 51 104. In what field is your work? ...... 51 105. Which degrees or education have you finished? ...... 52 106. Are you currently studying, or have you attended studies that you have not finished?...... 53 107. For what degree are you currently studying, or what school or education have you not finished? ...... 53 108. Are you or were you a member of a union? ...... 55 109. What is your marital status? ...... 55 110. What was your / (your and your spouse‘s respondent is married or cohabiting) total income in last month before taxes and other deductions, approximately? ...... 55 111. According to your monthly household income, your annual salary should be approximately [AMOUNT, 12 * MONTHLY RECEIVED]? Is this number according to you, more or less your household income per year? Here I ask you to include in the amount all income, such as salaries, bonus payments, holiday payouts, dividends and other irregular income...... 56 112. What is the number of people in your household including you? ...... 56 113. How many children, 17 or younger are in your household? ...... 56 114. I want to start by asking yourself which race you belong to? Do you belong to the white race or another race? ...... 57 115. In what country were you born? ...... 57 116. In what country or countries were your parents born? ...... 57 117. Which language do you usually speak at home?...... 58 118. Some people consider themselves belonging to a church or a particular religional association. If you belong to a church or a religional association, which one is that? ...... 58 119. How often do you attend church or a religious service? ...... 59 120. Finally, I would like to ask you whether you agree to participate in up to four follow-up surveys over the next for years? When the time comes you can of course deciline participation in that survey. (Að lokum langar mig að spyrja þig hvort þú sért samþykk/ur því að taka þátt í allt að fjórum framhaldskönnunum af þessari könnun, yfir næstu fjögur árin? Þegar þar að kemur getur þú að sjálfsögðu hafnað þátttöku í þeirri könnun.) ...... 59 121. Would you agree that your answers in the follow-up surveys will be linked to your answers in the survey you just finished answering? (Ert þú samþykk/ur því að svör þín í framhaldskönnunum verði tengd við svör þín í þeirri könnuninni sem þú varst að ljúka við að svara?) ...... 59 122. We need confirmation by email that you agree to participate in the follow-up surveys. In order for that to be possible, I need to get information about your email address. What is your email address? ...... 60

Notes

(INSTRUCTIONS FOR INTERVIEWERS ARE IN ITALIC CAPS IN BRACKETS)

INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT THE FORMAT OF THE QUESTIONNARE ARE IN CAPS. NAME OF VARIABLE ARE IN BRACKETS ABOVE EVERY QUESTION / TOPIC

Note: not all information and questions are published in open access, due to either data protection or to make the data more user-friendly.

Information about interviewers and respondents – registered

Interviewers:

(intervgnr) Interviewer‘s gender

1. Male 2. Female 5. Other

(intervfar) Interviewer’s year of birth: ____

Dates questionnaire administrated:

(intervmonth) Month

1. January 10. October 11. November 12. December

(intervday) Date:____

(intervyear) YEAR:

2016 2017

Respondents:

(ID) Respondent identifier:____

(yob) Repondent’s year of birth:____

(mnthob) Respondent’s birth month:____

1. January 2. February 3. March 4. April 5. May 6. June 7. July 8. August 9. September 10. October 11. November 12. December

(gender) Respondent‘s gender

1. Male 2. Female

(postcode) Póstnúmer: ____

(community) Municipality:____

(buseta) Accommodation id:____

(elecdist) Constituency:

1. Reykjavik North 2. Reykjavik South 3. South West 4. North West 5. North East 6. South

QUESTIONNAIRE

Interests in poltics

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(polintr) 1. Do you consider your interest in politics very great, great, some, little, or are you not interested in politics at all?

1. Very great 2. Great 3. Some 4. Little 5. None

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Political trust

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pltrust) 2. Do you think that politicians are in general trustworthy, that many of them are trustworthy, some are trustworthy, few, or perhaps none?

1. In general 2. Many 3. Some 4. Few 5. None

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Political problems / party competence

ASK ALL OPEN QUESTION

(mimptask) 3. What do you think is the most important political problem facing Iceland today? (IF RESPONDENTS MENTIONS MORE THAN ONE PROBLEM ASK HIM TO NAME WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ONE. IF RESPONDENT IS RELUCTANT TO NAME THE MOST IMPORTANT ONE, WRITE THE PROBLEMS THE RESPONDENT MENTIONS IN “OTHER” IN THE SEQUENCE HE MENTIONS THEM).

Most important political problem is: ______

90. Does not mention a problem / none

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT NAME A PROBLEM IN (1) IN QUESTION ERROR! REFERENCE SOURCE NOT FOUND. SINGLE CHOICE

(mipmtaskprt) 4. Thinking of the most important political problem facing Iceland which party do you think is best in dealing with it?

1. Social Democratic Alliance 2. Progressive Party 3. Independence Party 4. Left Green Movement 5. Bright Future 6. Pirate Party 7. Dawn 8. Reform Party 9. People‘s Front of Iceland 10. Icelandic National Front 11. Humanist Party 12. People‘s Party

90. Another party, which party?: ______95. None of the parties

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered)

99. Missing (registered)

Party identification – ICENES QUESTIONS

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pidsupport1) 5. Many people consider themselves supporters of political parties while others do not feel solidarity with any party. Do you in general consider yourself as a supporter of any political party or organization?

1. Yes, consider myself as a supporter of a party/ies 2. No, do not support any party

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER NO (2), REFUSE (7) OR DON’T KNOW (8) IN QUESTION ERROR! REFERENCE SOURCE NOT FOUND. SINGLE CHOICE

(prtcls) 6. Do you nevertheless feel somewhat closer to any party or organization than to others?

1. Yes, feel closer to a certain party/ies 2. No, do not feel close to any party

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKWED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTIONS ERROR! REFERENCE SOURCE NOT FOUND. AND ERROR! REFERENCE SOURCE NOT FOUND. SINGLE CHOICE

(pidsupport3) 7. What party(ies) is that?

1. Social Democratic Alliance 2. Progressive Party 3. Independence Party 4. Left Green Movement 5. Bright Future

6. Pirate Party 7. Dawn 8. Reform Party 9. People‘s Front of Iceland 10. Icelandic National Front 11. Humanist Party 12. People‘s Party

90. Another party, which party?: ______95. None of the parties

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

Attitudes about the political system and participation

RANDOMIZED ORDER FOR QUESTIONS 8, 9 AND 10.

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(peoplimp) 8. Some people say that it doesn't make any difference who is in power. Others say that it makes a big difference who is in power. Using the scale from one to five, where one means that it doesn't make any difference who is in power and five means that it makes a big difference who is in power, where would you place yourself?

1. It doesn‘t make any difference who is in power 2 3 4 5. It makes a big difference who is in power

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(voteimp) 9. Some people say that no matter who people vote for, it won't make any difference to what happens. Others say that who people vote for can make a big difference to what happens. Using the scale from one to five,

where ONE means that voting won’t make a difference to what happens and FIVE means that voting can make a difference, where would you place yourself?

1. Who people vote for won‘t make any difference 2 3 4 5. Who people vote for can make a big difference

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(civicvote) 10. Some people say that it is ones own free choice whether he or she votes in elections for Althingi. Others say that the public has a civic duty to vote in elections. What do you think? Please respond by using a scale from one to five, where ONE means it is entirely one‘s own free choice if he or she votes in elections, and FIVE means that it is a civic duty to vote.

1. Entirely own free choice to vote 2 3 4 5. Civic duty to vote

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pltscrp) 11. How widespread do you think corruption is among Icelandic politicians? Very widespread, quite widespread, not very widespread or it hardly happens at all?

1. Very widespread 2. Quite widespread 3. Not very widespread 4. Hardly happens at all

7. Refused (volunteered)

8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Issues

ASK ALL OPEN QUESTION

(mimpissue16) 12. What has been the most important issue to you personally in this election? (IN THIS AND NEXT QUESTION RESPONDENTS ARE ASKED ABOUT WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT AND SECOND-MOST IMPORTANT ISSUE. IF RESPONDENT MENTIONS MORE THAN TWO ISSUES, ASK HIM/HER TO CHOOSE THE TWO THAT ARE MOST IMPORTANT OR SECOND-MOST IMPORTANT. IF RESPONDENTS CANNOT OR WILL NOT NAME THE SEQUENCE WRITE THE ISSUES UNDER ‘OTHER’ IN QUESTION 11 AND 12 IN THE ORDER THE RESPONDENT MENTIONS THEM)

Most important issue: ______

90. Does not mention a problem / none

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT NAME AN ISSUE IN QUESTION 12 OPEN QUESTION

(simpissue16) 13. What has been the second most important issue to you personally in this election?

Second most important issue:______

90. Does not mention a problem / none

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

Government / parties‘ performance

ASK ALL

SINGLE CHOICE

(govprfm) 14. How good or bad a job in general do you think the government of the Progressive Party and the Independence Party, that was in power from 2013 until 2016, has done while it was in power? Has it done a very good job? A good job? A bad job? A very bad job?

1. Very good 2. Somewhat good 3. Somewhat bad 4. Very bad

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Does any party reflect the views of voters

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE FOR EACH POLITICAL PARTY

(prtreflopin) 15. Would you say that any of the political parties in Iceland reflects your views fairly well?

1. Yes 2. No

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER (1) IN QUESTION 15 SINGLE CHOICE

(prtreflopinbest) 16. Which party best reflects your views?

1. Social Democratic Alliance 2. Progressive Party 3. Independence Party 4. Left Green Movement 5. Bright Future 6. Pirate Party 7. Dawn

8. Reform Party 9. People‘s Front of Iceland 10. Icelandic National Front 11. Humanist Party 12. People‘s Party

90. Another party, which party?: ______

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(ecobettwors_1) 17. Would you say that over the past twelve months, the state of the economy in Iceland has gotten much better, gotten somewhat better, stayed about the same, gotten somewhat worse, or gotten much worse?

1. Gotten much better 2. Gotten somewhat better 3. Stayed about the same 4. Gotten somewhat worse 5. Gotten much worse

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Issues

MATRIX ASK ALL EACH QUESTION IS SINGLE CHOICE

QUESTIONS IN ROWS

(Eunegostrt) 18. Do you think that it is desirable or undesirable, that Iceland continues its negotiations on European Union membership? (PROBE; VERY OR RATHER)

(Eumship) 19. Do you think that it is desirable or undesirable, that Iceland applies for membership in the European Union? (PROBE; VERY OR RATHER)

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS:

1. Very desirable 2. Rather desirable 3. Neutral / not sure 4. Rather undesirable 5. Very undesirable

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

MATRIX ASK ALL EACH QUESTION / STATEMENT IS SINGLE-CHOICE

Next I will read to you a number of statements and I ask you tell me whether you agree or disagree with them or whether you think this makes no difference. I will start with the first statement, do you agree or disagree…

(SO THE INTERVIEW RUNS MORE SMOOTHLY YOU CAN REPEAT „(BUT) TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OG DISAGREE ...“ WHERE APPLICABLE)

STATEMENTS IN A ROW:

(envirimp) 20. ... that in the next years action on environmental issues should be prioritized over attempts to increase economic growth – or do you think this makes no difference? (PROBE; COMPLETELY OR TEND TO)

(gincdif) 21. ... that the government should use its power to increase the equality of the income distribution in society? Or do you think this makes no difference?? (PROBE; COMPLETELY OR TEND TO)

(ceqvote) 22. ... that preferably all votes in the country should have equal weight when parliamentary seats are allotted – or do you think this makes no difference? (PROBE; COMPLETELY OR TEND TO)

(taxreduc)

23. ... that taxes should be reduced, even though it meant that public services had to be reduced, e.g. in health care, education, or social security – or do you think this makes no difference? (PROBE; COMPLETELY OR TEND TO)

(capicntry) 24. ... that progress in the capital area may be decreased in order to increase prosperity in the rural regions – or does this not make any difference? (PROBE; COMPLETELY OR TEND TO)

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS:

1. Completely agree 2. Tend to agree 3. Does not make any difference 4. Tend to disagree 5. Completely disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

MATRIX ASK ALL EACH QUESTION / STATEMENT IS SINGLE-CHOICE

And how much do you agree or disagree… :

QUESTIONS IN A ROW:

(privhealth) 25. ... to increase privatization in the health care system? (PROBE STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

(imueclt) 26. ... that immigrants are a serious threat to our national characteristics? (PROBE STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

(forcurr) 27. ... that adopting a foreign currency is necessary for Iceland‘s economic future (PROBE STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

(priceindex) 28. ... that indexing on loans should be dropped immediatly (PROBE STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS:

1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Somewhat disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

(proteff) 29. Do you consider mass protest to be an effective or ineffective way to influence government decisions. (PROBE: VERY OR SOMEWHAT)

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS:

1. Very effective 2. Rather effective 3. Neither effective nor ineffective 4. Rather ineffective 5. Very ineffective

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(genconsind) 30. Do Do you think that the government should put strong emphasis, some emphasis or little emphasis on the development of power intensive industry? (PROBE: VERY OR RATHER)

1. Very strong emphasis 2. Rather strong emphasis 3. Some emphasis 4. Rather little emphasis 5. Very little emphasis (no emphasis)

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(icenatoint) 31. If we now turn to the question whether Iceland should continue its membership of NATO – is that an issue on which you have an opinion?

1. Stay 2. Discontinue

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTION 32 SINGLE CHOICE

(icenato) 32. Some people believe Iceland should stay in NATO, while others believe it should discontinue its membership. What is your opinion?

1. Stay 2. Discontinue

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(acrproimp) 33. Do you agree or disagree that restrictions on agricultural imports should be considerably relaxed - or do you think this makes no difference? (PROBE: STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

1. Strongly agree 2. Tend to agree 3. Makes no difference 4. Tend to disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(gndequ) 34. If we turn to attempts to assure women equal position to men, do you think this development has gone too far, about right or not far enough? (PROBE: MUCH OR A BIT)

1. Gone much too far 2. Gone a bit too far 3. About right 4. Needs to go a bit further 5. Needs to go much further

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(conspiracy) 35. Some believe that official explanations of well-known social and political events, for example the attacks on 9/11 in 2001 and the assassination of John F. Kennedy, cover up the truth. That is to say, they cover up events which were secretly planned and executed by powerful organizations, for example intelligence agencies or governments. How unlikely or likely do you think that official explanations of such events often cover up the truth? Please answer by selecting a number from 1 to 7, where 1 means that you think it is not at all possible, and 7 if you are absolutely certain that these explanations cover up the truth.

1. Not at all possible 2 3 4 5 6 7. Absolutely certain

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

The Constitution

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(referendcha) 36. Do you consider it not at all important, not very important, rather important or very important to change the Constitution?

1. Not at all important 2. Not very important 3. Rather important 4. Very important

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Party / party leader sympathy

MATRIX ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE FOR EACH PARTY

37. I‘d like to know what you think about each of our political parties. Please rate the parties on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means you strongly dislike that party and 10 means that you strongly like that party. If I come to a party you haven’t heard of or you feel you do not know enough about, just say so. We start with...

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS:

0. Strongly dislike 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Strongly like

96. Does not know the party 97. Refused (volunteered)

98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

POLITICAL PARTIES IN A ROW, RANDOMISED ORDER:

(prtfeel_S) 1. Social Democratic Alliance (S)

(prtfeel_B) 2. Progressive Party (B)

(prtfeel_D) 3. Independence Party (D)

(prtfeel_V) 4. Left Green Movement (V)

(prtfeel_A) 5. Bright Future (A)

(prtfeel_P) 6. Pirate Party (P)

(prtfeel_C) 7. Reform Party (C)

MATRIXA ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE FYRIR HVERN STJÓRNMÁLAFORINGJA

38. And now, using the same scale, I’d like to ask you how much you like or dislike some political leaders. If I come to a leader you haven’t heard of or you feel you do not know enough about, just say so. We start with...

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS

0. Strongly dislike 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Strongly like

96. Does not know the leader

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

LEADERS IN A ROW, RANDOMISED ORDER:

(ldrfeel_S) 1. Oddný G. Harðardóttir (SDA)

(ldrfeel_B) 2. Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson (PP)

(ldrfeel_D) 3. Bjarni Benediktsson (IP)

(ldrfeel_V) 4. Katrín Jakobsdóttir (LGM)

(ldrfeel_A) 5. Óttar Proppé (BF)

((ldrfeel_P) 6. Birgitta Jónsdóttir (Pir)

(ldrfeel_C) 7. Benedikt Jóhannesson (RP)

Left-right placements

MATRIX ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE FOR EACH PARTY

39. In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the political parties on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? We start with...

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS:

0.Left 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10. Right

96. Does not know the party 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

STJÓRNMÁLAFLOKKAR Í RÖÐUM – RÓTERA RÖÐ MEÐ TILVILJUN

(lrscale_S) 1. Social Democratic Alliance (S)

(lrscale_B) 2. Progressive Party (P)

(lrscale_D) 3. Independence Party (D)

(lrscale_V) 4. Left Green Movement (V)

(lrscale_A) 5. Bright Future (A)

(lrscale_P) 6. Pirate Party (P)

(lrscale_C) 7. Reform Party (C)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(lrscale) 40. Where would you place yourself on this scale

0.Left 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Right

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered)

99. Missing (registered)

Satisfaction and attitudes about democracy

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(democr) 41. On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied, or not at all satisfied with the way democracy works in Iceland?

1. Very satisfied 2. Fairly satisfied 3. Not very satisfied 4. Not at all satisfied

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(natvote) 42. Do you support or oppose the idea that a part of the electorate can demand a referendum on single issues? (PROBE; VERY OR TEND TO)

1. Very much support it 2. Tend to support it 3. Neither support it nor oppose to it 4. Tend to oppose it 5. Very much oppose it

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Flokkshollusta – CSES questions

The next questions are part of the Comparative Study of Electoral Studies (CSES) which is an international survey about elections. These questions are similar to some questions you have already been answered. However, it is important to include all those questions to make it possible to compare voters in Iceland to voters in other countries.

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pidclose1) 43. Do you usually think of yourself as close to any particular party?

1. Yes 2. No

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER NO (2), REFUSE (7) OR DON’T KNOW (8) IN QUESTION 43 SINGLE CHOICE

(prtcls3) 44. Do you feel yourself a little closer to one of the political parties than the others?

1. Yes 2. No

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTIONS 43 AND 44 SINGLE CHOICE

(prtcls4) 45. Which party is that?

90. Other, what party?:______

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED WHO NAME A PARTY (1 TO 12) IN 45 SINGLE CHOICE

(prthwcls) 46. Do you feel very close to this party [PARTY], somewhat close, or not very close?

1. Very close 2. Somewhat close 3. Not very close

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Political participation

ASK ALL MULTIPLE-CHOICE.

(mmbprt) 47. Are you a member of a political party? (IF YES): What political party/ies are you a member of? (TICK ALL PARTIES THAT RESPONDENT MENTIONS)

0. No, not a member in any political party 1. Social Democratic Alliance 2. Progressive Party 3. Independence Party 4. Left Green Movement 5. Bright Future 6. Pirate Party 7. Dawn 8. Reform Party 9. People‘s Front of Iceland 10. Icelandic National Front 11. Humanist Party 12. People‘s Party

90. A member of a different party, which?:______

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL MULTIPLE-CHOICE

(primevote) 48. Did you take part in a primary of any party before the last election? (IF YES): What party/parties was that? (TICK ALL PARTIES THE REPSPONDENT MENTIONS)

0. No, did not take part in a primary 1. Social Democratic Alliance 2. Progressive Party 3. Independence Party 4. Left Green Movement 5. Bright Future 6. Pirate Party 7. Dawn 8. Reform Party

90. For another party, which party?:______

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(vote16 and prtvote16) 49. Did you vote in the Althingi election on April 27th? (IF YES): What party or list did you vote for?

0. No, did not vote 1. Social Democratic Alliance 2. Progressive Party 3. Independence Party 4. Left Green Movement 5. Bright Future 6. Pirate Party 7. Dawn 8. Reform Party 9. People‘s Front of Iceland 10. Icelandic National Front 11. Humanist Party 12. People‘s Party

89. Another party, which?:______

90. Voted, refuses to say for what party 92. Cast a blank ballot 93. Cast an invalid ballot

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT SAY THEY DID NOT VOTE (0) IN QUESTION 49 SINGLE CHOICE

(ifprtvote16) 50. If you would have voted, which party would you have voted for?

89. Another party, which?:______

92. Cast a blank ballot 93. Cast an invalid ballot 94. None of the parties

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT SAY THEY DID NOT VOTE (0) IN QUESTION 49 HALF-OPEN, SINGLE CHOICE

(whnvote13) 51. What is the main reason that you cast a blank ballot?

1. Did not like any of the parties that were running for the election 2. Was abroad / away from my constituency 3. Was busy 4. Could not be bothered / not interested

90.Other reason, what?: ______

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT VOTED (1 TO 93) IN QUESTION 49 SINGLE CHOICE

(candordch) 52. Did you change the ranking order or cross out a candidate on the party list you voted for?

1. Yes 2. No

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT VOTED (1 TO 93) IN QUESTION 49 SINGLE-CHOICE

(hldecvote) 53. How long before the election did you make a final decision?

1. On Election Day 2. In the week before the election 3. A week before the election 4. 8-30 days before the election 5. More than a month before the election

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(fvote13 og prtfvote13) 54. Did you vote in the 2013 Althingi election, four years ago? (IF YES): What party or list did you vote for? (IF RESPONDENT WAS NOT ELIGEBLE TO VOTE FOUR YEARS AGO TICK THAT OPTION)

0. No, did not vote

1. Social Democratic Alliance 2. Progressive Party 3. Independence Party 4. Left Green Movement 5. Bright Future 6. Pirate Party 7. Dawn 8. Democracy Watch 9. People’s Front of Iceland 10. Right-Green People‘s Party 11. Humanist Party 12. Rural Party 13. Rainbow 14. Households Party 15. Sturla Jonsson, K-list

89. Another party, which?:______90. Cannot remember 91. Voted, refuses to say for what party 94. Cast a blank / invalid ballot 95. Was not eligible to vote

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

Issue-ownership

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE FOR EACH ITEM

55. Next I am going to ask you about the political parties and specific issues. What party do you think has the best policy on the following issues?

PARTIES IN COLUMNS:

90. None of the parties 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ISSUES IN A ROW, RANDOMISED ORDER:

(bprteco) 1. Economic issues

(bprtimm) 2. Immigration

(bprteurope) 3. European issues

(bprtfamily) 4. Family issues

(bprtisencit) 5. Senior citizens‘ issues

(bprthealth) 6. Health care

(bprtenvir) 7. Enviroment issues

(bprtregpol) 8. Regional issues

(bprtedu) 9. Education

(bprtequal) 10. Equality

Economic crisis, protests and democracy in Iceland

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(respbil) 56. Overall, do you agree or disagree that those mainly responsible for the collapse of the bank system in 2008 and the subsequent economic crisis have been held responsible? (PROBE; STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

1. Strongly agree 2. Tend to agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Tend to disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

AGENTS IN A ROW, RANDOMISED ORDER

(bnkclsfault_S) 1. Social Democratic Alliance

(bnkclsfault_B) 2. Progressive Party

(bnkclsfault_D) 3. Independence Party

(bnkclsfault_V) 4. Left Green Movement

(bnkclsfault_bnk) 6. The commercial banks

(bnkclsfault_FME) 7. The Financial Supervisory Authority

(bnkclsfault_FI) 11. Foreign investors and banks

(bnkclsfault_IM) 12. Circumstances in international financial markets

RESPONSE SCALE IN COLUMNS:

0. Bears no responsibility 1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Bears a lot of responsibility

96. Does not know the party / agent 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE VIÐ HVERJA FULLYRÐINGU

Next I will read out four statements and kindly ask you to tell me whether you agree or disagree with them:

(SO THE INTERVIEW RUNS MORE SMOOTHLY YOU CAN REPEAT „(BUT) TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OG DISAGREE ...“ WHERE APPLICABLE)

RÖÐ SPURNINGA:

(corrcris) 58. Corruption in Iceland has decreased after the economic crisis (PROBE VERY OR SOMEWHAT)

(repdemocr) 59. In general, it is better for democracy in the country that people vote for parties and not for individuals in elections to Althingi. (PROBE VERY OR SOMEWHAT)

(persvote) 60. Political parties should stick firmly to their principles instead of making compromises with other political parties (PROBE VERY OR SOMEWHAT)

(prtimp) 61. Political parties are necessary for the political system to work (PROBE VERY OR SOMEWHAT)

RESPONSE CATEGORIES IN COLUMNS:

1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Somewhat disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(panama) 62. I would like to ask you to think back to April earlier this year, when Kastljós showed an interview with Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, the prime minister at the time, about his involvement with the off-shore company Wintris. Did you expect that a mass protest would break out as a result of this issue? Did you not expect it at all, rather not expect it, rather expect it, or very much expect it?

1. Did not expect it at all 2. Did rather not expect it 3. Did rather expect it 4. Did very much expect it

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pandayprotest) 63. The day after the interview, on April 4, a mass protest took place at Austurvöllur. Did you support or oppose the protests at Austurvöllur that day? (PROBE STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

1. Strongly supported 2. Tended to support 3. Neither supported nor opposed 4. Tended tot oppose 5. Strongly opposed

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pandaysupport) 64. Did you go to Austurvöllur that day, on April 4, in order to protest?

1. Yes 2. No

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pansupport) 65. There were ongoing protests at Austurvöllur throughout April, also after Sigmundur Davíð, the prime minister at the time, had resigned. Did you support or oppose the protests taking place after the prime ministers‘ resignation? (PROBE STRONGLY OR TEND TO)

1. Strongly supported 2. Tended to support 3. Neither supported nor opposed 4. Tended to oppose 5. Strongly opposed

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(panprotest) 66. If we include the mass protest asked about at the start, how often, if ever, did you attend protests in April? Did you never attend, once, twice, or did you attend three times or more?

0. Never 1. I attended once 2. I attended twice 3. I attended three times or more

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered)

9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(network) 67. Now think about the five people you are in most contact with, for example, your spouse, relatives, friends or colleagues. Did any of them attend the protests in April, and if yes, how many of them?

0. No, not that I know of 1. Yes, one of them 2. Yes, two of them 3. Yes, three of more of them

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(potsnpans) 68. Now let‘s go back a few years. Did you attend any mass meetings or protests after the collapse of the bank system, during the winter of 2008 to 2009? Did you attend one or two of these events, did you attend more than two, or did you not attend any of them?

1. Attended one or two events 2. Attended three or more events 3. Did not attend any of them

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Public participation in decision making – experimental design

RESPONDENTS ARE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO FOUR GROUPS; A1, A2, B1 AND B2.

GROUPS A1 AND A2 ASKED

INTRODUCTION FOR GROUPS A1 AND A2: Some people believe that referendums are a good way to reach conclusions on important political issues. One such issue is whether to resume and complete negotiations between Iceland and the European Union on Iceland’s accession to the union.

INTERVENTION: ONLY GROUP A1 IS READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT According to the Icelandic National Election Study, a majority of those who take a stand on this question, support continuing the negotiations with the EU, and thus it is likely that a referendum on the issue would lead to a resumption of negotiations.

GROUPS A1 AND A2 QUESTIONED SINGLE CHOICE

(expA_EUa) 69. What is your opinion? Do you think that it is desirable or undesirable to hold a referendum on the continuation of accession negotiations with the European Union? (PROBE: VERY OR RATHER)

1. Very desirable 2. Rather desirable 3. Neutral / not sure 4. Rather undesirable 5. Very undesirable

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

GROUPS A1 AND A2 QUESTIONED SINGLE CHOICE

(expA_EUb) 70. How likely or unlikely do you think that the majority of voters in such a referendum would agree to resume accession negotiations with the European Union? (PROBE VERY OR RATHER)

1. Very likely 2. Rather likely 3. Neutral / not sure 4. Rather unlikely 5. Very unlikely

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

GROUPS B1 AND B2 QUESTIONED

INTRODUCTION FOR GROUPS B1 AND B2: Some people believe that referendums are a good way to reach a conclusions on important political issues. One such issue is whether to abolish the indexation of mortgage loans.

INTERVENTION: ONLY GROUP B1 IS READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT According to the Icelandic National Election Study, 70% of those who take a stand on a question on indexation, support its’ immediate abolishment, and thus it is likely that a referendum on the issue would lead to the abolishment of indexation.

GROUPS B1 AND B2 QUESTIONED SINGLE CHOICE

(expB_indexed_a) 71. What do you think? Do you think it is desirable or undesirable to hold a referendum on the abolishment of indexation? (PROBE VERY OR RATHER)

1. Very desirable 2. Rather desirable 3. Neutral / not sure 4. Rather undesirable 5. Very undesirable

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

GROUPS B1 AND B2 QUESTIONED SINGLE CHOICE

(expB_indexed_b) 72. How likely or unlikely do you think that the majority of voters in such a referendum would agree to abolish the indexation? (PROBE VERY OR RATHER)

1. Very likely 2. Rather likely 3. Neutral / not sure 4. Rather unlikely 5. Very unlikely

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Media use

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(mediause) 73. How closely do you follow politics on TV, radio, newspapers or online? Very closely, pretty closely, not very closely, or nothing at all?

1. Very closely 2. Pretty closely 3. Not very closely 4. Nothing at all

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(tvpol) 74. In the election campaign there were various TV-shows about politics, for example promotional programs about the political parties, and various political talk shows. Did you watch almost all of these programs, many of them, some, few or none?

1. Almost all of them 2. Many of them 3. Some of them 4. A few of them 5. None of them

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL

SINGLE CHOICE

(tvpolpreelt) 75. The evening before the elections the leaders of the political parties appeared together in a talk show on TV. Did you see that program?

1. Yes, all of it 2. Yes, some of it 3. No, none of it

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Internal efficacy and political elites – CSES questions

ASK ALL EACH QUESTION / STATEMENT IS SINGLE-CHOICE

How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? (SO THE INTERVIEW RUNS MORE SMOOTHLY YOU CAN REPEAT „(BUT) TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OG DISAGREE ...“ WHERE APPLICABLE)

(undpolis) 76. You feel you understand the most important political issues of this country. (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(compromise) 77. What people call compromise in politics is really just selling out on one's principles. (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(polcare) 78. Most politicians do not care about the people. (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(poltrust) 79. Most politicians are trustworthy (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(polprob) 80. Politicians are the main problem in Iceland. (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(strlead) 81. Having a strong leader in government is good for Iceland even if the leader bends the rules to get things done. (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(poldecpub) 82. The people, and not politicians, should make our most important policy decisions. (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(polcarerich) 83. Most politicians care only about the interests of the rich and powerful. (PROBE; STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Somewhat disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Minorities and immigrants

ASK ALL EACH QUESTION / STATEMENT IS SINGLE CHOICE

Next are questions about minority groups in Iceland. How much do you agree or disagree that... (OPTIONAL TO READ TEXT IN BRACKETS)

(minicetrd) 84. ...minorities should adapt to the customs and tradition of Iceland (PROBE STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(majmin) 85. ... the will of the majority should always prevail, even over the rights of minorities. (PROBE STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Somewhat disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL EACH QUESTION / STATEMENT IS SINGLE CHOICE

And now I‘m going to ask you specifically about immigrants. How much do you agree or disagree... (OPTIONAL TO READ TEXT IN BRACKETS)

(immeco) 86. … immigrants are generally good for Iceland’s economy (PROBE STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(immcult) 87. …Iceland’s culture is generally harmed by immigrants (PROBE STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

(immcrime) 88. ...immigrants increase crime rates in Iceland (PROBE STRONGLY OR SOMEWHAT)

1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Somewhat disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Lets turn to another subject. Some people say that the following things are important for being truly Icelandic. Others say they are not important. How important do you think the following is for be truly Icelandic? Very important, fairly important, not very important, or not important at all?

(iceborn) 89. To have been born in Iceland

(iceance) 90. To have Icelandic ancestry.

(icespeak) 91. To be able to speak Icelandic.

(icetrad) 92. To follow Iceland‘s customs and traditions

1. Very important 2. Fairly important 3. Not very important 4. Not important at all

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pltscrpbribe) 93. How widespread do you think corruption such as bribe taking is among politicians in Iceland? Very widespread, quite widespread, not very widespread, or it hardly happens at all? (PROBE VERY OR QUITE)

1. Very widespread 2. Quite widespread 3. Not very widespread 4. It hardly happens at all

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(govequal) 94. Please say to what extent you agree or disagree with the following statement: The government should take measures to reduce differences in income levels.“Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree? (A SIMILAR QUESTION HAS ALREADY BEEN ASKED. THE REASON FOR THIS IS THAT THIS QUESTION IS PART OF THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM (CSES) AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO ASK IT IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO COMPARE ICELANDIC VOTERS TO VOTERS IN OTHER COUNTRIES)

1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Somewhat disagree 5. Strongly disagree

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

(helpmevote) 95. Before the Althingi election, some online voting advice applications, in which voters could compare their own views on policy issues to the positions of the political parties on those same views, were prominent. Did you use any of the following voting advice applications? (IF RESPONDENTS ASK ABOUT „KOSNINGAVITANN“ IT CAN BE POINTED OUT TO THEM THAT IT REFERS TO THE VOTING ADVICE APPLICATION THAT SHOWED THE RESULTS ON A GRAPH WITH THE PARTIES‘ PLACEMENT)

1. Kosningavitann – on the websites égkýs.is and helpmevote.eu 2. RÚV election test 3. Other voting advice applications, what?:______

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

Social and economic bakground

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(finworry) 96. How much or little do you worry about making ends meet at the beginning of each month? (PROBE VERY OR RATEHR)

1. Very much 2. Rather much 3. Neither much or little 4. Rather little 5. Very little

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(pjob) 97. Are you currently economically active?

1. Yes 2. No

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED WHO SAY „NO“ (2) IN QUESTION Error! Reference source not found. SINGLE CHOICE

(njob) 98. Do you work at home, are you in school, permantely disabled, unemployed, on a maternal/paternal leave, temporarily not working because of health problems, on a vacation or retired?

1 Unemployed 2 Temporarily or permantely not working becase of health problems 3 On a vacation 4. On a maternal/paternal leave 5. Retired 6. Student 7. Housewife / home-duties 8. Permanently disabled

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTION Error! Reference source not found. HALF-OPEN, SINGLE CHOICE

(wkhtot) 99. How many hours did you work in an average week during the last month? (MEANING TOTAL HOURS IN ALL JOBS RESPONDENT HAS)

Total hours on average per week: ______hours

996. Not applicable (registered) 997. Refused (volunteered)

998. Don’t know (volunteered) 999. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTION Error! Reference source not found. OR “UNEMPLOYED” (1), “TEMPORARILY NOT WORKING” (2), “ON A VACATION” (3), “ON A MATERNAL/PATERNAL LEAVE” (4) OR “RETIRED” (5) IN QUESTION 98 SINGLE CHOICE

(mainjob16) 100. What is / was your main occupation? (MEANING THE MAIN JOB IF RESPONDENT HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB. MEANING THE LAST JOB IF RESPONDENT IS TEMPORARILY OR PERMANTLY NOT WORKING BECAUSE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS, ON A VACATION, ON A MATERNAL/PATERNAL LEAVE OR RETIRED)

Managers 11. Chief executives, senior officials and legislators 12. Administrative and commercial managers 13. Production and specialized services managers 14. Hospitality, retail and other services managers

Professionals 21. Science and engineering professionals 22. Health professionals 23. Teaching professionals 24. Business and administration professionals 25. Information and communications technology professionals 26. Legal, social and cultural professionals

Technicians and associate professionals 31. Science and engineering associate professionals 32. Health associate professionals 33. Business and administration associate professionals 34. Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals 35. Information and communications technicians

Clerical support workers 41. General and keyboard clerks 42. Customer services clerks 43. Numerical and material recording clerks 44. Other clerical support workers

Service and sales workers 51. Personal service workers 52. Sales workers 53. Personal care workers 54. Protective services workers

Bændur og sjómenn 61. Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 62. Market-oriented skilled forestry, fishing and hunting workers 622. Sailors (NOTE, SUPERVISORS ON SHIPS GO UNDER 31) 63. Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers

Craft and related trades workers 71. Building and related trades workers, excluding electricians 72. Metal, machinery and related trades workers 73. Handicraft and printing workers 74. Electrical and electronic trades workers 742.Food processing, wood working, garment and other craft and related trades workers

Plant and machine operators and assemblers 81. Stationary plant and machine operators 82. Assemblers 83. Drivers and mobile plant operators

Elementary occupations 91. Cleaners and helpers 92. Agricultural, forestry and fishery laborers 93. Laborers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport 94. Food preparation assistants 95. Street and related sales and service workers 96. Refuse workers and other elementary workers

Details of job title, and job description (if unclear):______

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTION Error! Reference source not found., OR “UNEMPLOYED” (1), “TEMPORARILY NOT WORKING” (2), “ON A VACATION” (3), “ON A MATERNAL/PATERNAL LEAVE” (4), “RETIRED” (5) OR “PERMANENTLY DISABLED” (8) IN QUESTION 98 SINGLE CHOICE

(uniwindw) 101. Are / were you an employee or do you operate your own business? If own business: Do you have employees? (MEANING THE MAIN JOB IF RESPONDENT HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB. MEANING THE LAST JOB IF RESPONDENT IS TEMPORARILY OR PERMANTLY NOT WORKING BECAUSE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS, ON A VACATION, ON A MATERNAL/PATERNAL LEAVE OR RETIRED)

1. Employee 2. Subcontractor 3. Own business

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered)

(govpriv) 102. Do / did you work in the public sector (public institution, public company/district level), the private sector or in another sector? (MEANING THE MAIN JOB IF RESPONDENT HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB. MEANING THE LAST JOB IF RESPONDENT IS TEMPORARILY OR PERMANTLY NOT WORKING BECAUSE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS, ON A VACATION, ON A MATERNAL/PATERNAL LEAVE OR RETIRED).

1. Public sector 2. Private sector 3. Both private and public sector 4. Social movements, interest organization, NGO

5. Other:______

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

(industry) 103. In what field is your work? (MEANING THE MAIN JOB IF RESPONDENT HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB. MEANING THE LAST JOB IF RESPONDENT IS TEMPORARILY OR PERMANTLY NOT WORKING BECAUSE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS, ON A VACATION, ON A MATERNAL/PATERNAL LEAVE OR RETIRED).

1. Agriculture 2. Fisheries 3. Fish industry 4. Construction 5. High tech industry/software industry

6. Other industry 7. Public service in the education sector 8. Public service in the health sector 9. Public service in ministries and local governments 10. Other public service 11. Stations such as power stations and waterworks 12. Transport 13. Banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions 14. Commerce and service 15. Other

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

Next I will ask you about your education. First I ask what education you have finished, next whether you are now in school, or whether you have studied for a degree that you have not finished.

(edufinished16) 104. Which degrees or education have you finished? (TICK HIGHEST DEGREE/EDUCATION)

Primary education – general education 16. Primary education – Lower secondary education (Grunnskólapróf, fornám)

Vocational training other than trades (Starfsnám, annað en iðnnám) 21. Paramedic education (Sjúkraliðapróf) 22. Certificate for working in the fish industry; processing (Fiskvinnslunám) 23. Certificate for employers in post or banks or secretaries (Póst-, banka-, ritaranám) 24. The police academy (Lögreglunám) 25. House duties (Húsmæðra-/stjórnarnám) 26. Certificate in cooking (not chef) (Matartækni/sjókokkur) 27. Commercial driver‘s license and equivalent (Vinnuvélanámskeið/meirapróf) 28. Other short courses for commerce – not trade (Annað stutt starfsnám)

Lower secondary education (Bóklegt framhald) 31. Certificate in commerce for retail and wholesale (Verslunarpróf) 32. The co-op’s high school 33. Lower secondary education, 2 years (Annað tveggja ára bóklegt framhald) 34. High school (Stúdentspróf)

43. Certificate for deputy captains for freight and charters, engine managers (Vélstjóra- og stýrimannapróf) 44. Certificate in gardening, agriculture (Búfræði, garðyrkjufræði) 45. Commercial pilot licences, airline transport licence (Atvinnuflugmannspróf/flugumferðarstjórn) 46. Technical drawing (Tækniteiknun) 47. Old; certification in the making of telephones (Símasmíði)

Old; nurse, teacher, midwife certificate (Gamla; hjúkrun, kennari, ljósmóðir). Diplomas 51. Old; teacher certificate (Kennaraprófið (gamla)) 52. Old; nurse certificate (Hjúkrunarprófið (gamla)) 53. Old; midwife (Ljósmæðraprófið (gamla))

Diploma, university level 59. Diploma, university level

University degree 81. BA, BS-degree or equivalent 82. MA, MSc-degree or equivalent 83. PhD or equivalent

90. Other, what?: ______

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(edunotfin1) 105. Are you currently studying, or have you attended studies that you have not finished?

1. Yes 2. No

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE AKSED THAT ANSWER YES IN QUESTION Error! Reference source not found. SINGLE CHOICE

(edunotfinished16) 106. For what degree are you currently studying, or what school or education have you not finished? (TICK HIGHEST DEGREE/EDUCATION)

Primary education – general education 16. Primary education – Lower secondary education (Grunnskólapróf, fornám)

Vocational training, trade – short term (Verklegt framhald) 41. Vocational training in trade finished with a certificate (Sveinspróf, (for example carpentry and culinary)) 42. Vocational training in trade, licence to instruct (Meistarapróf) 43. Certificate for deputy captains for freight and charters, engine managers (Vélstjóra- og stýrimannapróf) 44. Certificate in gardening, agriculture (Búfræði, garðyrkjufræði) 45. Commercial pilot licences, airline transport licence (Atvinnuflugmannspróf/flugumferðarstjórn) 46. Technical drawing (Tækniteiknun) 47. Old; certification in the making of telephones (Símasmíði)

Diploma, university level 59. Diploma, university level

University degree 81. BA, BS-degree or equivalent 82. MA, MSc-degree or equivalent 83. PhD or equivalent

90. Other, what?: ______

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered)

98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

(unmmb) 107. Are you or were you a member of a union? (MEANING THE MAIN JOB IF RESPONDENT HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB. MEANING THE LAST JOB IF RESPONDENT IS TEMPORARILY OR PERMANTLY NOT WORKING BECAUSE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS, ON A VACATION, ON A MATERNAL/PATERNAL LEAVE OR RETIRED)

1. Yes 2. No

96. Not applicable (registered) 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(maritals) 108. What is your marital status?

1. Married/common law marriage 2. Cohabitation 3. Single 4. Divorced 5. Widow/widower

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL HALF-OPEN - SINGLE CHOICE

(hinctnt) 109. What was your / (your and your spouse‘s respondent is married or cohabiting) total income in last month before taxes and other deductions, approximately? (ALL SALARIES, EXTRA JOBS, PAYMENT FOR OVER TIME, STUDENT LOANS, INSURANCE BENEFITS, PENSIONS AND ETC. WRITE FULL AMOUNT, E.G. 350.301)

Total family income: ______ISK per month

99999997. Refused (volunteered) 99999998. Don’t know (volunteered) 99999999. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL HALF-OPEJ - SINGLE CHOICE

(hinctntyear) 110. According to your monthly household income, your annual salary should be approximately [AMOUNT, 12 * MONTHLY INCOME]? Do you think that this figure is aproximately your household income per year? Now I ask you to include in the total amount all income, such as salaries, bonus payments, holiday payouts, dividends and other irregular income. (ALL INCLUDED: ALL SALARIES, EXTRA JOBS, PAYMENT FOR OVER TIME, STUDENT LOANS, INSURANCE BENEFITS, PENSIONS AND ETC. WRITE FULL AMOUNT, E.G. 6.000.000)

1. Yes 2: No, what is then approximately your income on an annual basis: ______ISK

99999997. Refused (volunteered) 99999998. Don’t know (volunteered) 99999999. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL HALF-OPEN - SINGLE CHOICE

(hhmmb) 111. What is the number of people in your household including you?

Number of people in household:______

97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED WERE TWO OR MORE PEOPLE IN HOUSEHOLD IN QUESTION 111 HALF-OPEN - SINGLE CHOICE

(childs) 112. How many children, 17 or younger are in your household? (IF NONE, WRITE 0)

Number of children:______

6. Not applicable (registered) 7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

The next questions are – like some previous questions – part of the Comparative Study of Electoral Studies (CSES) which is an international survey about elections. I will among other things ask about your race and nationality. These questions have generally not been asked in an Icelandic context. However, it is important to include those questions in order to make it possible to compare voters in Iceland to voters in other countries.

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(race) 113. I start by asking what race you belong to? Do you belong to the white race or a different race? (EXAMPLES OF OTHER RACES ARE FOR ASIAN, AFRICAN AND INDIGENOUS (E.G. NATIVE AMERICAN, ESKIMOES AND SAMI PEOPLE)

1. I belong to the white race 2. I belong to different race, which?:______

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(cntrybrn) 114. In what country were you born?

1. In Iceland 2. In a country other than Iceland, what?:______

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIO N

(cntrybrnpar)

115. In what country or countries were your parents born? (TICK ALL RESPONSE CATEGORIES APPLICABLE)

1. Both mother and father born in Iceland 2. Only mother born in Iceland 3. Only father born in Iceland 4. Mother born in a country other than Iceland, what?______5. Father born in a country other than Iceland, what?______

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(language) 116. Which language do you usually speak at home?

1. Icelandic 2. English 3. Other, what: ______

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(church) 117. Some people consider themselves belonging to a church or a particular religional association. If you belong to a church or a religional association, which one is that?

0. Christian (does not say religious community / church)

1. State church / Lutheran 2. Catholic church 3. Free Church / Lutheran 4. Other Lutheran church / religion

5. Russian orthodox church 6. Serbian orthodox church 7. Other christian church / religion outside of Lutheran

8. Muslim society in Iceland 9. Jewish 10. Eastern religion

11. Heathen (“Ásatrúarfélaginu”) 12. Other non-christian church / religion

13.Other, which?: ______

90. Does not belong to church or religious community 97. Refused (volunteered) 98. Don’t know (volunteered) 99. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(rlgatnd) 118. How often do you attend church or a religious service?

1. Never 2. Once a year 3. Two to eleven times a year 4. Once a month 5. Two or more times a month 6. Once a week

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

ASK ALL SINGLE CHOICE

(panelpart) 119. Finally, I would like to ask you whether you agree to participate in up to four follow-up surveys during the next four years? When the time comes, you can of course decline participation in that survey.

1. Yes 2. No

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTION 119 SINGLE CHOICE

(panelaccept)

120. Do you consent that your answers in the follow-up surveys will be linked to your answers in the survey you just finished answering?

1. Yes 2. No

7. Refused (volunteered) 8. Don’t know (volunteered) 9. Missing (registered)

THOSE ASKED THAT ANSWER YES (1) IN QUESTION 120 SINGLE CHOICE

(panelemail) 121. We need you to confirm by email that you agree to participate in follow-up surveys. In order to make that possible, I need information about your email address. What is your email address? (PLEASE TRY TO GET EMAILS THAT ARE LIKELY TO BE ACTIVE OVER THE NEXT FOUR YEARS; E.G. GMAIL, HOTMAIL OR OTHER EMAILS THAT ARE NOT LINKED TO WORKPLACE OR SCHOOL OF RESPONDENT)

This is the end of the questionnaire Many thanks for your participation!