Bollettino dell’Associazione Romana di Entomologia, 64 (1-4) (2009): 301-313.

Emilia P. Nartshuk (*)

THE OF THE NATURE RESERVES “AGORAIE DI SOPRA E MOGGETTO” (LIGURIA, GENOA) AND “GUADINE PRADACCIO” (EMILIA-ROMAGNA, PARMA) (Diptera)

Introduction

The Chloropidae are a family of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, sectio Acalypterae. The adults generally are small to very small (body length 1-4 mm), rare- ly reaching as much as 8 mm. The body is smooth with reduced chaetotaxy, colour usually black, grey, yellow or greenish with black stripes and marks. Chloropidae occur in all terrestrial ecosystems from tundra to tropical forest, savannas and deserts. They are abundant in grasslands, bogs, marshes, a few live in forests. Some species are very numerous in agricultural fields and are economic pests of cereals. The mode of life of the larvae is diverse. Most spe- cies, especially in temperate zones, are phytophagous, and develop in various parts and tissues of Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and other Liliatae (Canzoneri et al., 1995). Phytophagous larvae are usually common in more advanced groups. Some species are saprophytophagous, living in plants damaged by other in- sects. Larvae of some forest species live under bark of trees, in rotten wood, in damaged coniferous cones. Carnivorous species live in egg sacks of Araneae, egg-cases of Mantodea, egg pods of Orthoptera, or in the ground in rhizomes of plants, feeding on root aphids (Ismay & Nartshuk, 2000). About 3000 spe- cies are known worldwide (Canzoneri et al., 1995); 394 species live in Europe (Nartshuk, 2007) and 199 in mainland Italy (Canzoneri et al., 1995; Nartshuk, 2007).

Study areas

Two State Biogenetic Nature Reserves of the northern Apennines were in- vestigated: “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto” and “Guadine Pradaccio”. These

(*) Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science. Universiteskaya nab., 1 RUS- 199034 St. Petersburg. E-mail: [email protected]

301 Reserves are situated near the border of Liguria and Emilia-Romagna re- gions. The Reserve “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto” is in the territory of the com- mune of Rezzoaglio (Genoa province, Liguria region) and includes, chiefly, forests of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and lacustrine habitats. The Reserve “Guadine Pradaccio” is in the territory of the commune of Cor­ niglio (Parma province, Emilia-Romagna region) and in those of the National Park of the Tusco-Emilian Apennines. It is covered, prevalently, by beech- woods with peat bogs, and is characterized by the presence of two lakes. Further details on these Reserves are provided by Bonani & Olivari (2002), Cerretti et al. (2003) and Spada et al. (2009).

Materials and methods

The examined material was collected during the period 1999-2001 in the Reserve “Guadine Pradaccio” and during 2008 in the Reserve “Agoraie di So­ pra e Moggetto” by the staff of the Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conser­ vazione della Biodiversità Forestale “Bosco Fontana” of Verona (cf. Cerretti et al., 2003; Spada et al., 2009). The material from the Reserve “Guadine Pra­ daccio” was already object of a paper (Nartshuk, 2003); here are reported only the few specimens still undetermined. Most of specimens were collected with Malaise traps (cf. Cerretti et al., 2003; Spada et al., 2009). The species are listed according to the nomenclature and systematics of Nartshuk (2007). The following information is provided for each record: locality, altitude, date of collection, collector/s, method of collection, number of specimens and sex. A chorotype (sensu Vigna Taglianti et al., 1993, 1999) is reported for all species. Chorotypes were delineated on the basis of the distributions provided by Nartshuk (2007). The material is keep in the collection of the Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale “Bosco Fontana” of Verona (Italy).

Abbreviations

Collecting sites. Agoraie = Liguria region, Genoa province, Rezzoaglio, Ri­ serva Naturale Biogenetica “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto”. Guadine = Emilia- Romagna region, Parma province, Corniglio, Riserva Naturale Biogenetica “Guadine Pradaccio”, 1400-1500 m. Collectors. DB = D. Birtele; GN = G. Nardi; LS = L. Spada; MB = M.

302 Bardiani; PC = P. Cerretti; PD = P. Dallatana; PO = P. Cornacchia; SH = S. Hardersen. Methods. mt = Malaise trap; n = entomological net; pt = pitfall traps; sn = sweeping net.

FAunistic list

1. Aphanotrigonum trilineatum (Meigen, 1830)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 ?.

Chorotype. Asiatic-European.

Notes. Adults on meadows, bogs and agricultural fields. Some speci- mens were reared from shoots of cereals and wild grasses (Nartshuk, 1972a). Polyvoltine species, hibernating as adults.

2. Calamoncosis minima (Strobl, 1893)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 ?.

Chorotype. Palaearctic.

Notes. Adults on reedbeds. Larvae live as inquilines in upper part of gall formed by Lipara species (Chloropidae) on Common Reed (Phragmites aus­ tralis) or in rolled young leaves of this plant (Nartshuk, 1972a; Grochowska, 2002).

3. Camarota curvipennis (Latreille, 1805)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 !.

Chorotype. Euro-Mediterranean.

Notes. Species widespread in Italy (Canzoneri et al., 1995). Adults on meadows and cereal fields. Larvae are phytophagous, live in shoots and ears of different cereals: wheat, barley, oat, rye and Elytrigia repens. 4-5 larvae de- velop in a shoot. The species is a pest of cereals in some countries of south- ern Europe (former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria) (Balachowsky & Mesnil, 1935; Beschovski, 1985).

303 4. Cetema (Cetema) elongatum (Meigen, 1830)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 ? 1 !.

Chorotype. European.

Notes. Adults on meadows, edges of forests. Larvae are phytophagous, de- velop in shoots of grasses of the genera Dactylis, Holcus, Poa, Hordeum, Ely­ trigia and Agrostis (Nye, 1958; Nartshuk, 1972a). Univoltine species.

5. Chlorops (Chlorops) geminatus Meigen, 1830

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 6 ??.

Chorotype. Sibero-European.

Notes. Species widespread in Italy (Zangheri, 1969, as C. geminata; Canzo­ neri et al., 1995). Adults on meadows. Larvae probably phytophagous, as those of other congeneric species.

6. Chlorops (Chlorops) interruptus (Meigen, 1830)

Agoraie: mixed beechwood and peat bog, 1330-1500 m, UTM 32 T 0533197 4926353, 30.VII.2008, GN MB PO PD LS, n, 1 !.

Chorotype. W-Palaearctic.

Notes. Species widespread in Italy (Zangheri, 1969, as C. interrupta; Can­ zoneri et al., 1995). Adults on meadows. Larvae phytophagous, develop in shoots of Elytrigia repens and probably also of Phragmites australis (Bala­ chowsky & Mesnil, 1935; Nartshuk, 1972a).

7. Chlorops (Chlorops) speciosus Meigen, 1830

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 ?.

Guadine: 1500 m, 21.VII.2001, DB PC, mt, 1 ? 20 !!.

Chorotype. Sibero-European.

Notes. Species in Italy recorded only from the northern regions (Canzoneri

304 et al., 1995). Adults on wet meadows. Larvae phytophagous, develop in shoots of Deschampsia caespitosa (Nye, 1958; Nartshuk, 1972a). Hibernated as lar- vae in shoots of host plant.

8. Chloropsina distinguenda (Frey, 1909)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VII1.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 8 !!.

Chorotype. European.

Notes. Species new to the Italian fauna (cf. Nartshuk, 2007). It was de- scribed from Aland Islands (Finland) and only in the last decades was cap- tured in other countries: Sweden, Switzerland and Czech Republic (Nartshuk, 2000a).

9. Conioscinella alpicola (Strobl, 1893)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 ?.

Chorotype. Central-European.

Notes. The taxonomic position of this species is unclear. Some authors considered it as a separate species (e.g. Beschovski, 1985), others as a dark mountain variation of the widespread C. frontella (Fallén, 1820). Further in- vestigations, including examination of the type specimens, are necessary.

10. Conioscinella frontella (Fallén, 1820)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 20 ?? 44 !!.

Chorotype. Asiatic-European.

Notes. Adults on meadows. Larvae phytophagous, develop in shoots of many grass genera (Anthoxanthum, Phleum, Holcus, Festuca, Deschampsia) and were reared from cereals (Nye, 1958; Nartshuk, 1972a). Hibernate as lar- vae in shoots of host plant and pupate in the following spring.

11. Conioscinella mimula Collin, 1946

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 !.

305 Chorotype. Central-European.

Notes. Adults on meadows. Larvae phytophagous, develop in shoots of An­ thoxanthum odoratum and Bromus spp. (Nye, 1958; Nartshuk, 1972a). Hiber­ nate as larvae in shoots of host plant and pupate next spring.

12. Elachiptera tuberculifera (Corti, 1909)

Agoraie: Moggetto, beat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0532158 4926700, 21.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, sn, 1 !.

Chorotype. Asiatic-European.

Notes. Adults on wet meadows, marshes and other wetlands. Larvae are saprophytophagous, living in shoots of grasses, sedges and other Liliatae, dam- aged by other ; were reared from cereal shoots injured by Phorbia sp. (Diptera, Anthomyiidae). Hibernate as adults, and have been found in birds’ nests (Krivokhatski & Nartshuk, 2001).

13. Elachiptera sp.

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, torbiera, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 ?.

Notes. This specimen probably belongs to a new species.

14. Epichlorops puncticollis (Zetterstedt, 1848)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 !.

Chorotype. Holartic.

Notes. Species recorded in Italy only from the northern regions (Canzoneri et al., 1995). Adults on wet meadows and marshes with Carex.

15. Lasiosina cinctipes (Meigen, 1830) not Auctorum

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 !.

Chorotype. European.

Notes. For a long time the name L. cinctipes (Meigen, 1830) was used

306 for the species now really named L. herpini (Guérin-Méneville, 1843), which develops as a saprophytophage in shoots of cereals. After examination of the types of Meigen, the synonymy Chlorops cinctipes Meigen 1830 = Lasiosina nigri­pes Dely-Draskovits, 1977 was established (Nartshuk, 1997).

16. Meromyza (Meromyza) triangulina Fedoseeva, 1960

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 2 ??.

Chorotype. European.

Notes. Adults on meadows. Larvae phytophagous, developing in shoots of grasses, host plants Dactylis glomerata, Festuca spp. Two generations per year. Overwinters as third-instar larvae (Fedoseeva, 1966).

17. Oscinella (Oscinella) frit (Linnaeus, 1758)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 112 ?? 97 !!.

Guadine: 1500 m, 21.VII.2001, DB PC, mt, 1 !.

Chorotype. Holartic + Oriental.

Notes. Species widespread in Italy (Canzoneri et al., 1995) and common in Apennine beechwoods (cf. Nartshuk, 2003). Well known pest of cereals named Frit . Adults on meadows and agricultural fields. Larvae are phytopha- gous, and develop in shoots and unripe seeds of cereals: oat, wheat, barley, rye, and shoots of many wild grasses. Hibernate as larvae in shoots of grasses. Polyvoltine species.

18. Oscinella (Oscinella) pusilla (Meigen, 1830)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 2 !!.

Chorotype. Asiatic-European.

Notes. Adults on meadows and agricultural fields. Larvae phytophagous, developing in shoots of cereals: wheat and barley, and wild grasses from the tribe Hordeae. Hibernate as larvae in shoots of grasses. Polyvoltine species.

307 19. Oscinimorpha arcuata (Duda, 1932)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 !.

Chorotype. Euro-Mediterranean.

Notes. Adults on meadows and forest meadows. Species very common in Italy.

20. Siphonella oscinina (Fallén, 1820)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 4 ??.

Chorotype. Holartic.

Notes. Autumnal species. Data on bionomics are controversial. Some au- thors reported that the larvae live in egg cocoons of Araneae (cf. Duda, 1933: 71), while Nartshuk (1972b) suggested that they feed on coccids living on grasses.

21. Thaumatomyia notata (Meigen, 1830)

Agoraie: mixed beechwood, 1350 m, UTM 32 T 0533005 4926324, 30.VII-20.VIII 2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 !. Mixed beechwood and peat bog, 1330-1500 m, UTM 32 T 0533197 4926353, 30.VII.2008, GN MB PO PD LS, 1 ? 1 !. Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII-20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 82 ?? 91 !!. Moggetto, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0532158 4926700, 21.V111.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, sn, 16 ?? 6 !!.

Chorotype. Palaearctic + Afrotropical.

Notes. Species widespread in Italy (Zangheri, 1969; Canzoneri et al., 1995). Adults everywhere. Larvae carnivorous, living in the ground in rhizomes of plants and feeding on root aphids. Hibernate as adults and aggregate before hi- bernating. The adult flies search any holes for hibernating, and specimens have been found in birds’ nests, under scales of coniferous cones etc. Aggregated adults, sometimes several millions of specimens, penetrate indoors in the au- tumn. Usually, such aggregations occur in years with hot and dry summers, usually with a periodicity 10-11 years. Aggregations often occur in the same buildings. Males have special small glandular vesicles at the end of the abdo- men (Nartshuk, 2000b).

308 22. Trachysiphonella scutellata (von Roser, 1840)

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 ?.

Chorotype. Asiatic-European.

Notes. Adults on meadows and forest meadows.

23. Tricimba (Nartshukiella) albiseta Dely-Draskovits, 1983

Agoraie: Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII- 20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 1 !.

Chorotype. European.

Notes. Species distinguished from T. cincta (Meigen, 1830) by the yellow setae and setulae of the body. Further investigations are necessary to confirm if it is a valid species or only a light colour variation of T. cincta.

24. Tricimba (Nartshukiella) cincta (Meigen, 1830)

Agoraie: Mixed beechwood, 1350 m, UTM 32 T 0533005 4926324, 30.VII-20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, pt, 2 !!. Lago Agoraie di Fondo, peat bog, 1326 m, UTM 32 T 0533264 4926607, 30.VII-20.VIII.2008, MB PO PD SH GN, mt, 5 ?? 9 !!.

Chorotype. Holartic.

Notes. Species forgotten in the Italian checklist (Canzoneri et al., 1995), but recorded from the Apennines at least by Zangheri (1969). Adults in for- est, on meadows and agricultural fields. The larvae possess a broad dietary spectrum, live in shoots of grasses damaged by other insects, in mushrooms of the families Boletaceae, Agaricaceae, Russulaceae (Dely-Draskovits, 1972; Yakovlev, 1994), in dead molluscs, berries of Sambucus racemosa (Schatzman, 1977; Tschinhaus, 1992). Adults were found in holes of small mammals, in birds’ nests (Krivokhatski & Nartshuk, 2001), and indoors to- gether with Thaumatomyia notata.

Discussion

The species recorded from these two Reserves are 27: 24 from “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto”, 12 from “Guadine Pradaccio” and 9 in common (tab. 1). The total is equal to about 13.5% of the Italian mainland fauna (cf. Nartshuk,

309 Tab. 1 – Chloropidae recorded from the two Reserves. Abbreviations: ! = this paper; n = Nartshuk, 2003.

N. Species Agoraie di Sopra Guadine-Pradaccio e Moggetto

1. Aphanotrigonum trilineatum (Meigen, 1830) ! 2. Calamoncosis minima (Strobl, 1893) ! 3. Camarota curvipennis (Latreille, 1805) ! n 4. Cetema (Cetema) elongatum (Meigen, 1830) ! n 5. Chlorops (Chlorops) calceatus Meigen, 1830 n 6. Chlorops (Chlorops) germinatus (Meigen, 1830) ! 7. Chlorops (Chlorops) interruptus (Meigen, 1830) ! n 8. Chlorops (Chlorops) speciosus Meigen, 1830 ! n, ! 9. Chloropsina distinguenda (Frey, 1909) ! 10. Conioscinella frontella (Fallén, 1820) ! n 11. Conioscinella alpicola (Strobl, 1893) ! 12. Conioscinella mimula Collin, 1946 ! n 13. Elachiptera cornuta (Fallén, 1820) n 14. Elachiptera tuberculifera (Corti, 1909) ! 15. Elachiptera sp. ! 16. Epichlorops puncticollis (Zetterstedt, 1848) ! 17. Lasiosina cinctipes (Meigen, 1830) not Auctorum ! 18. Meromyza triangulina Fedoseeva, 1960 ! 19. Oscinella (Oscinella) frit (Linnaeus, 1758) ! n, ! 20. Oscinella (Oscinella) pusilla (Meigen, 1830) ! 21. Oscinimorpha arcuata (Duda, 1932) ! 22. Oscinimorpha minutissima (Strobl, 1900) n 23. Siphonella oscinina (Fallén, 1820) ! 24. Thaumatomyia notata (Meigen, 1830) ! n 25. Trachysiphonella scutellata (von Roser, 1840) ! 26. Tricimba (Nartshukiella) albiseta ! Dely-Draskovits, 1983 27. Tricimba (Nartshukiella) cincta (Meigen, 1830) ! n Total 24 12

2007). Twelve species were previously unrecorded from the northern Apen­ nines (cf. Zangheri, 1969; Nartshuk, 2003). The highest number of species was collected in the former Reserve, in spite of the brief duration of the researches; this situation is probably linked to a more favourable environmental situation (cf. Spada et al., 2009).

310 The number of species recorded from these Reserves is still preliminary: the absence of some species known from other neighbouring Apennine sites (cf. Zangheri, 1969; Canzoneri et al., 1995) is probably only seeming.

acknowledgements. This paper was drafted in the context of the project “LIFE04 NAT/ IT/000190” co-financed (50%) by the European Commission, Bruxelles and by the “Ufficio Centrale Biodiversità”, State Forest Corp, Rome. I thank: Marco Panella, Giulia Uricchio, Gianni Zanoni of the Ufficio Centrale Biodiversità for the collaboration for the publication the paper. I thank also Gianluca Nardi (Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Bio­ diversità Forestale “Bosco Fontana” di Verona) for kind help to prepare the paper and Daniel Whitmore (Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale “Bo­ sco Fontana” di Verona) for correction of English.

RIASSUNTO

I Cloropidi delle Riserve Naturali “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto” (Liguria, Genova) e “Guadine Pradaccio” (Emilia-Romagna, Parma) (Diptera, Chloropidae).

Sono state condotte indagini sui Cloropidi di due Riserve Naturali Biogenetiche Statali del­ l’Appennino settentrionale: “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto” (Liguria, Genova) e “Guadine Pra­ daccio” (Emilia-Romagna, Parma). Complessivamente sono state raccolte 27 specie: 12 specie a “Guadine Pradaccio” e 24 ad “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto”. Chloropsina distinguenda (Frey, 1909) è nuova per l’Italia, altre specie sono segnalate per la prima volta per l’Appennino setten- trionale.

SUMMARY

Faunistic surveys on the Chloropidae (Diptera) were carried out in two Nature Reserves of the northern Apennines: “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto” (Liguria region, Genoa province) and “Guadine Pradaccio” (Emilia-Romagna region, Parma province). In all 26 species are recorded: 24 species from “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto” and 12 from “Guadine Pradaccio”. Chloropsina distinguenda (Frey, 1909) is new to Italy; other species are recorded for the first time from the northern Apennines.

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