Spring 1999 Vol. 18, No. 1

NEWSLETTER OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA (TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS)

Table of Contents

General Information and Editorial Notes ...... (inside front cover) News and Notes Activities at the Entomological Societies’ Meeting ...... 1 Summary of the Scientific Committee Meeting...... 2 EMAN National Meeting ...... 12 MacMillan Coastal Biodiversity Workshop ...... 13 Workshop on Biodiversity Monitoring...... 14 Project Update: Family Keys ...... 15 Canadian Spider Diversity and Systematics ...... 16 The Quiz Page...... 28 Selected Future Conferences ...... 29 Answers to Faunal Quiz...... 31 Quips and Quotes ...... 32 List of Requests for Material or Information ...... 33 Cooperation Offered ...... 39 List of Email Addresses...... 39 List of Addresses ...... 41 Index to Taxa ...... 43 General Information

The Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) appears twice yearly. All material without other accreditation is prepared by the Secretariat for the Biological Survey.

Editor: H.V. Danks Head, Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Canadian Museum of Nature P.O. Box 3443, Station “D” Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4 TEL: 613-566-4787 FAX: 613-364-4021 E-mail: [email protected]

Queries, comments, and contributions to the Newsletter are welcomed by the editor. Deadline for material for the Fall 1999 issue is July 16, 1999.

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Editorial Notes The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) develops and coordinates national initiatives in taxonomic and ecological entomology on behalf of the Canadian Museum of Nature (formerly the National Museum of Natural Sciences) and the Entomological Society of Canada. This Newsletter communicates information about systematic and faunistic entomology that may be of interest in Canada, and reports especially on activities relevant to the Biological Survey. Vol. 18, No. 1 1

News and Notes

Activities at the Entomological Societies’ meeting he 1998 joint annual meeting of the Ento- and a banquet. Exhibits included entomological Tmological Society of Canada and the books and equipment. Société d’entomologie du Québec took place in Papers on systematics and related themes Québec City, 31 October to 4 November 1998. The meeting was attended by more than 300 The following titles include some of the people, including a large number of student papers of faunal interest that were presented in members, many of whom presented papers. The various scientific sessions, including posters, in meeting had the theme of “Today’s basic re- addition to the symposia and workshops. (Inter- search: Tomorrow’s Integrated Pest Manage- esting treatments on a range of other subjects ment”, and all of the three symposia and four also were presented in the various submitted pa- workshops pertained to this theme. Items in the per sessions). program or associated with it included: The larvae of Hydrotrupes Sharp and Agabinus Crotch (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) with implica- Symposia on “Applying the basics of chemical tions for the phylogeny of the Colymbetinae. Y. ecology in IPM”, “Evolutionary ecology: a con- Alarie ceptual framework for the development of IPM”, and “Physiology and molecular biology: towards Geographic affinities of Diptera in relict grasslands the development of biorational insectides”. of the Yukon. S. Boucher Workshops on “Just what is biocontrol anyway?”, Systematics of the subfamily Dolichopodinae “What is the role for research in IPM implemen- (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). S.E. Brooks tation?”, “Host resistance against the white pine Biogeography of the genus Liosphex Townes weevil”, and “Insect management with physical (Rhopalosomatidae, Hymenoptera): examining control methods”. disjunct distribution. S. Guidotti Submitted papers grouped by the themes of A World Wide Web information system on the Biodiversity, taxonomy and systematics; Ecol- Tachinidae (Diptera) of bertha armyworm ogy and biological control; Physiology and mo- (Mamestra configurata, Noctuidae). J.E. lecular biology; Ecology and evolution; O’Hara Ecophysiology; and Insect-flower relations. Staphylinid beetle diversity in mature and regener- A student paper competition, coordinating presen- ating coniferous forests in Alberta. G.R. Pohl tations for the Melville-Duporte prize of the Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of tallgrass Société d’entomologie du Québec and the Presi- prairie in southern Manitoba: effects of con- dent’s Prize of the Entomological Society of trolled burning and implications for conserva- Canada. tion. D.A. Pollock and R.E. Roughley The ESC Heritage Lecture, given by Dr. Jean-Marie A method to determine carabid density from pitfall Perron, about the birth of entomology in Quebec data. D.A. Raworth and M.-Y. Choi th in the 19 century. Diversity of arthropods associated with nests of The ESC Gold Medal address, entitled “A national passerine birds. C. Riley aquatic ecosystem health program program for Phylogeny and zoogeography of Cetema Hendel Canada: we should go against the flow”, given by (Diptera: Chloropidae). J. Savage and T.A. Dr. David Rosenberg. Wheeler Governing Board and Annual General Chloropidae (Diptera) of the Yukon: unknown di- Meetings also took place, the Gold Medal and versity and unresolved patterns. T.A. Wheeler other honours were awarded, and there were 1998: The quest for lepidopteran diversity. L. many opportunities for informal exchange of Morneau, J.R. Spence and W.J.A. Volney information, including an opening reception 2 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

The evolution of aquatic behaviour in Stand vigour influences the abundance and diver- Hymenoptera. A.M.R. Bennett sity of eastern hemlock looper natural enemies. Landscape as a filter for density-dependent S.A. Pardy parasitoids. J. Roland The ecology of the forked fungus beetle, The effects of landscape structure on population ge- Bolitotherus cornutus (Panzer). S. Teichert and netic structure of the alpine butterfly, Parnassius S. Bondrup-Nielsen smintheus. N. Keyghobadi, J. Roland and C. A spatial analysis of spruce budworm outbreak pat- Strobeck terns in Quebec. D. Gray Master builders of mobile homes: larvae of Insect viruses, biodiversity and equibibrium. J. Coleophora (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae). J.-F. Drolet, I. Gerke, and H. Rasamimanana Landry Sympatry in the European earwig. S. Guillet, J. Cylindrosella n.sp. (Ptiliidae: Nanosellinae), one of Deunff, A. Guiller and M. Vancassel the smallest beetles in North America and its po- Ants: key food in amphibian assemblages. M.I. tential as an old-growth forest specialist. P. Bellocq, K. Kloosterman and S.M. Smith Paquin, N. Dupéré and P.-P. Harper Pestiferous and predatory arthropods on an aban- Regional adaptation in forest tent caterpillar popu- doned cranberry farm in British Columbia. J. lations. D. Parry, R.A. Goyer and G.J. Troubridge and S. Fitzpatrick Lenhard Carabidae fauna dynamics within an Integrated Spatio-temporal patterns of floral utilization by in- Fruit Production apple orchard in Nova Scotia, digenous bees within the new Brunswick Canada. R.F. Smith, C. O’Flaherty, S. Rigby lowbush blueberry agro-ecosystem. S.K. and H. Goulet Javorek and K.E. MacKenzie Insects of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. S.B. Annual variation in native bee populations foraging Peck on lowbush blueberry. K.E. MacKenzie and S.K. Javorek

Summary of the Scientific Committee Meeting for the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), October 1998 he Scientific Committee met in Ottawa on others concerning biodiversity analysis. The ar- T22-23 October 1998. thropod data are being used to put forward the Scientific projects case for maintaining the National Wildlife Area The various scientific projects of the on the Suffield base. The arthropod data sug- Survey were discussed, including the following gest, for example, that grazing be restricted dur- progress. ing climatic extremes (a reversal of the present policy). Elk have been reintroduced as a domi- 1. Arthropods of Canadian grasslands nant grazer. Elk do not congregate in large herds (unlike the horses that were removed ear- Dr. Bert Finnamore reminded the Com- lier from the base) and so do not destroy sensi- mittee that the final year of a three-year project tive dune systems. Dr. Finnamore expects to is in progress at Grasslands National Park, and continue his involvement in Suffield because a he reviewed the study design. The only zone dam has been proposed, giving potential to that has not yet been studied in Grasslands Na- study the riparian zone along the South Sas- tional Park is the riparian zone. A number of katchewan river that flows through Suffield. trap residues from other zones are now avail- able and distribution and coordination of identi- 2. Seasonal adaptations fications is in progress. Dr. Hugh Danks provided updates about Following his work on arthropods at this project. A paper with Dr. Richard Ring CFB Suffield, Dr. Finnamore is scheduled to about the particular roles and properties of make a major presentation to the military and Vol. 18, No. 1 3 trehalose was accepted for publication. The Eu- Canada, arctic invertebrate biology and boreal ropean Workshop on Invertebrate arthropods. Ecophysiology (in Birmingham, England in September), where many aspects of particular Other scientific priorities relevance to the project were addressed, was excellent. A paper on “Life cycles in polar ar- 1. Arthropods of soils thropods - flexible or programmed?”, has been submitted for publication. Work is proceeding Dr. Behan-Pelletier provided updated on papers on life cycles that were planned a few information on several topics. A report on Soil years ago but deferred in order to finish the Yu- Biodiversity in Canadian Agricultural Soils is kon book. being prepared through Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada for SBSTTA (Convention As a result of a contact made in Birming- on Biodiversity) by Dr. Cathy Fox of the Lon- ham, Dr. Danks will be presenting an invited don Research Station. lecture and participating on a discussion panel at an International Japanese-Czech New Year Dr. Behan-Pelletier is involved in re- Seminar in Entomology on Seasonal Adapta- search funded by NSF on Soil Biodiversity and tion in Insects and Mites. This meeting will be Ecosystem function in tall-grass prairie. The attended among others by the many Japanese grant is held by Diana Wall (previously scientists who work on diapause and related key Freckman) at Colorado State University. The themes for the seasonal adaptations project. Af- groups studied will be mites, Collembola and ter the conference, lectures and discussions on nematodes, and the site is the Konza LTER - the similar themes will be held at Kochi University. largest remaining tract of tall-grass prairie in North America. This NSF project is being Plans for cooperative work between Dr. matched by a NERC supported project on up- Danks, Dr. Olga Kukal and Dr. David Levin land grassland at Sourhope, Scotland. (University of Victoria) on certain aspects of cold-hardiness continue to develop. Students from the University of Victoria and the University of Calgary, along with 13 3. Potential projects other students, took a course on oribatid mites at the Ohio State University in summer 1998, Two potential scientific projects were taught by Dr. Roy Norton. Ms. Guldborg Søvik, discussed, with further details expected at the a student in Oslo, is joining a research ship next meeting of the Scientific Committee. Dr. which will go through the high arctic for 6 Doug Currie had determined that August would months to 1 year and she will be collecting soil be the best month from logistical and collecting mites. Dr. Danks noted that an article by Ms. points of view for a field party to a large river in Søvik on this voyage will appear in the 1998 is- northern Keewatin. He requested feedback on sue of Arctic Insect News. the level of interest to ensure that the party will have enough participants to make it viable fi- The Database of Ecological Research nancially. Projects (DERP), reported on at previous BSC meetings, will be released in the fall of 1998. Dr. David Larson outlined preliminary Dr. Behan-Pelletier had expected the database work towards a potential project on the insects to be released in the summer, but hopes that the of Newfoundland. He provided updated infor- delays will have ensured a better product. mation about topics such as record-keeping, th available lists and databases, keys, and other The 7 biennial meeting of the Soil background materials. Ecology Society will be held at the Field Mu- seum of Natural History Chicago, May 23-26, 4. Other projects 1999. Dr. Dac Crossley retired in October 1998. A The Committee also discussed ongoing A conference on: Invertebrates as Webmasters @ projects on keys to the families of arthropods in in Ecosystems was held to celebrate his retire- 4 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) ment. Dr. Crossley has had an enormous influ- organization of a symposium, possibly at the ence on soil ecology in the United States. The 2000 EMAN National Meeting if support can be joint meeting of the Entomological Society of obtained, or as part of the ESC/SEQ/ESAmerica America and the American Phytopathological meeting in 2000. This issue continues to become Society in Las Vegas in November 1998 will more topical because of increasing concern have a symposium on Soil Health including an about new, economically important invaders invited talk by Dr. Behan-Pelletier and Dr. like the Asian Longhorn beetle, and because of Finnamore on “assessing soil arthropods - im- public interest in issues related to endangered plications for soil health”. species. A draft list of potential speakers has been compiled, but a final selection of topics in 2. Old-growth forests sections dealing with changes from taxon, re- Dr. Scudder reminded the Committee gional and national perspectives has yet to be that at the last meeting discussion centred made. Dr. Marshall noted that the fact that all around the possibility of organizing a sympo- changes have impacts, and potentially relate is- sium and written synthesis to bring together the sues such as climatic change and introduced spe- work that has been done pertaining to cies, promotes the importance of baseline data old-growth forests. It was decided that plans for and expertise in allowing impacts to be assessed. such a symposium were premature as one or In response to questions, he explained that the two years of work remain, especially in B.C., publicity resulting from the CNF lady beetle sur- before generalities will be evident. However, a vey has been beneficial, but he has serious con- meeting in Victoria in February 1999 will sum- cerns about the accuracy of the data being pub- marize old-growth forest work on Vancouver lished. Unfortunately, misidentification on a Island, and the results will be published in massive scale will ultimately damage the overall Northwest Science. goals of the project. Dr. Ring reported on work in old-growth 4. Endangered species forests in B.C., and on a proposal for a Wilder- ness Park, in the mountains north of Vancouver, Dr. Anderson reported that he recently being promoted by the Western Canada Wilder- attended a COSEWIC symposium. It was de- ness Committee. Dr. Scudder reviewed other cided to adopt the IUCN categories but retain studies in B.C. old-growth forests, pertaining the COSEWIC definitions. chiefly to the effects of clear cuts or selective New terms of reference for COSEWIC logging and access roads on carabid beetles. had earlier been adopted by the Wildlife Minis- Dr. Ring reported that at Rocky Point the ters. COSEWIC will report directly to a newly canopy access system and specialized created Canadian Endangered Species Conser- microclimatic station are being taken over by vation Council (CESCC), including Canadian the University of Victoria. This area of Wildlife Ministers, and hence will be an official old-growth Douglas fir is close to the Univer- body for considering legislation. The independ- sity, and will be a great asset to studies. The ent scientific process by which species are canopy access systems in the Carmanah listed by COSEWIC will continue. However, old-growth forest (now a park) have been dis- the new structure also means that the subcom- mantled for safety reasons. There has been a mittee chairs, independent scientists who previ- great deal of media attention recently from Can- ously voted directly on species status, will no ada and elsewhere on the work in old-growth longer have voting status. Only delegates (po- forests in B.C. litical appointees) will make the final decisions on species status. This change has caused great 3. Invasions and reductions concern. Dr. Scudder reported that many senior Dr. Marshall reminded the Committee scientists had requested a meeting with the that the Survey had decided to go ahead with the Minister because of this concern. To date there has been no response, so that the issue may have Vol. 18, No. 1 5 to be taken to the media. The new endangered 7. Geographic data species legislation is expected to be reintro- Mr. Antony Downes pointed out that duced to Parliament before the end of the year, making summary records of distribution by and unofficial reports indicate that it will be province is quite outdated. Most provinces have similar to the original bill, which died on the or- a wide range of conditions, so that a more bio- der paper when the government was dissolved. logically realistic framework should be Members of the Committee added that it would adopted. He pointed to the National Ecological be better to have no legislation than poor legis- Framework for Canada as a basis for summariz- lation, because passing any Endangered Spe- ing distributions. The Committee discussed the cies Act would lead the public to think that the possibility of making some review as to problem has been solved. whether the current zones are useful from an en- tomological point of view. Given the work al- 5. Funding for biodiversity projects ready being carried out by EMAN, however, the Committee decided to wait and see what ini- Dr. Wheeler had compiled a list of tiatives EMAN takes regarding ecozones be- sources of funding for biodiversity and system- fore addressing this broad question. atics projects, divided into several categories Dr. Wheeler suggested that the key issue such as scholarships, support for fieldwork, and might be the need to adopt data standards on la- non-traditional sources. He suggested that the bels, such as the Geographic Positioning Sys- best way to disseminate this information would tem coordinates emphasized by some members. be by posting a brief description and contact in- He offered to consider the matter further in or- formation on the web. The web site should also der to make a recommendation at the spring contain some brief considerations of how to ap- meeting of the Committee. ply, the necessity for applications of good qual- ity, and so on, because many students are not 8. Scientific representation on international aware of the process of applying for grants. The biodiversity forums idea of a workshop at an ESC meeting on how to write grant proposals, find funding sources, The Committee heard concerns that etc. would also be suggested. Dr. Wheeler Canada sends a group of low-profile civil ser- agreed to complete his summary and seek feed- vice bureaucrats to biodiversity discussions back from Committee members. whereas the U.S. and Europe tend to send scien- tific experts. Therefore there is poor representa- tion of real activities and expertise in Canada. 6. Error rates in identifications Part of the concern reflects the fact that many scientists may not have the time or resources to Dr. Marshall had tried to find a way to get involved, but much of it reflects the way the quantify the recognized problem of the high er- Canadian system works. A way to ensure ror rates of identifications especially among greater scientific input and more expertise in non-specialists, but without success because of these forums is required. statistical difficulties. The Committee agreed that even in the absence of quantification, it is Members of the Committee cited obser- worth preparing an anecdotal article for the Sur- vations that suggest that it is government policy vey newsletter to expose some of these issues, not to send scientists to these forums because such as misidentifications in the public lady they are not trusted to follow the government=s beetle survey, and other examples noted by position. Thus, at the Biodiversity Forum meet- Committee members. The article would be both ings documents are prepared for the Conference a “wake-up call” for managers of biodiversity of the Parties (COP) for example through the studies who feel that identifications are easily Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and purchased, and a justification for the develop- Technological Advice (SBSTTA), and they are ment and maintenance of reference collections. written by government personnel. 6 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Non-government individuals have sometimes than the species lists on the ITIS site, for exam- objected to the content on the grounds that the in- ple. A subcommittee chaired by Dr. Anderson formation is not scientifically correct but to no agreed to look at this issue broadly, in order to avail. Some scientists have even advised the develop a longer-term plan, including what Biodiversity Convention Office that they will no should be posted, technical issues, funding, and longer endorse such documents. Canada has an so on. advisory committee but it is comprised of ex- Dr. Huber and Dr. Anderson reported perts in technology and molecular science. The for the Survey’s project on faunal analysis and Canadian Committee and the American Presi- gaps in expertise that commitments have been = dent s scientific technology advisory committee received from a number of people to work on recently met to discuss common issues. The specific groups. Posting the information on a Americans wanted to talk about biodiversity but web site as it is received may help to encourage the Canadian committee did not have a member contributors because they will see that a product with appropriate background. Submissions have is being developed. Dr. Anderson and Dr. = been made to the Prime Minister s Office to add Huber agreed to investigate some of the techni- biologists to that advisory committee but no re- cal aspects of posting the information on the sponse or even acknowledgement has been re- web, in the context of the wider web site inves- ceived. tigations. It was noted that the Biological Survey Committee in effect is an NGO but, along with 10. Monitoring of continuing priorities for other NGO=s, it is never invited to these types of work on Canadian faunas meetings. One possibility of good scientific in- Recent developments related to earlier put into the COP, bypassing SBSTTA and the or currently less active survey projects were Biodiversity Forum, comes from considered, including especially information DIVERSITAS. DIVERSITAS is sponsored by about continuing studies of the Yukon fauna, a variety of international groups, although not and also work or plans in peatlands, wetlands, Canada. However, DIVERSITAS prepared springs, special habitats, mountains, documentation for the last COP meeting which agroecosystems, and the Queen Charlotte Is- was clearly superior to the material prepared by lands. SBSTAA. Initiatives pertaining to DIVERSITAS, and other interested bodies, will Liaison and exchange of information be pursued further.

9. Dissemination of biodiversity information 1. Canadian Museum of Nature The committee agreed that Dr. Danks Ms. Joanne DiCosimo, President, Cana- and Dr. Neville Winchester should draft a brief dian Museum of Nature, reminded the Commit- to show how valuable results are being gener- tee about the national consultation process that ated by properly conceived work on the Museum had undertaken last year, the re- biodiversity, following the prescriptions made sults of which were integrated into a five-year in earlier briefs by the Survey. plan for the Museum. A number of initiatives Dr. Behan-Pelletier had proposed that fall under the objective of increasing national the Survey address what sort of products (that service. Ms. DiCosimo reported that with the give information in the area of biodiversity and help of a number of environmental interests, an that might enhance the Survey=s profile) should environmental stewardship plan has been pro- be put on the Survey=s web site. Such faunal and duced for the Aylmer site of the Museum, in- biodiversity information available from the cluding compilation of baseline data on the Survey and its cooperators would be much flora and fauna. The next step will be the acqui- more detailed than the general information cur- sition of an adjacent 56 hectares, to be kept in rently on the site and also much more detailed Vol. 18, No. 1 7 perpetuity and preserved appropriately. A com- search in Canada. Dr. Scudder and other mem- pensatory site of 8 hectares of natural wetland bers of the Committee hoped that there would will also be preserved. There are plans for an in- be a clear submission about the fate of that area terpretive program on natural wetlands, possi- of expertise in the country as a whole. For ex- bly using the site. ample, the University of British Columbia has In response to the country-wide opinion recently recommended that it get rid of all UBC that Canadians want to see their national natural collections because they can no longer be science collections, an exhibit is being devel- curated properly, one example of a serious na- oped under the working title “Just another mil- tional problem. lennium”. Several travelling exhibits will draw Ms. DiCosimo noted that the CMN is on the breadth of the natural science collections able to bring the results of a national consulta- and allow more national access to Canadians. tion, which also provides examples in this Dr. Mark Graham, Director, Research arena. Dr. Roberts-Pichette added her opinion Services, Canadian Museum of Nature, re- that the hearing is an excellent opportunity to ported that a partnership program through make key information more widely known. NSERC to support graduate students studying 2. Biological Resources Program, ECORC systematic research is now in place. The pro- gram will promote graduate research in system- Dr. Jim McKenzie, Program Manager, atics in Canada and provide practical work ex- ECORC, reported that as of July 1 ECORC has perience in natural history collections within a a new Director - Dr. Jean-Marc Deschênes. He professional setting. Seven organizations have was formerly the Director at the Lennoxville re- agreed so far to supplement the NSERC fund- search station and has a background in weed ing. ecology. Dr. Graham also reported that the CMN Dr.McKenziereportedthatonJune16-18 is in a position to offer visiting fellowships next a meeting was held about the Integrated Taxo- year. With members of the Committee, he also nomic Information System (ITIS). A number of reviewed some other initiatives pertaining to taxonomists and information technology spe- biodiversity, Museums and database work. cialistsdiscussedparticipationinthismajorinter- national initiative. It was agreed that ECORC The Standing Committee of Environ- would work towards a partnership with ITIS, to ment and Sustainable Development, chaired by support the development of a credible authorita- the Honourable Charles Caccia, has convened a tive North American source of information (see hearing on issues pertaining to systematics re- http://www.itis.usda.gov/itis/whatsnew.html). search in Canada and bioinformatics. The CMN, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, On July 9-10 ECORC hosted a Canadian Fisheries and Oceans, Environment Canada and Biodiversity Information Initiative (CANBII) the Canadian Forest Service were invited to meeting which was attended by 30 individuals make presentations, and the Auditor General representing collection-based organizations in will also report on how Canada is addressing its Canada and the U.S. Plans were developed for biodiversity commitments. Dr. Graham hopes the first module of a collaborative long-term that this forum will heighten the awareness of on-line project on the biota of Canada. The pro- systematics research, the level of expertise in totype module will be the butterflies of Canada, Canada and what needs to be done to improve intended to demonstrate the utility of collec- the situation. Dr. Graham and Dr. Smith hoped tions and observational data as sources of infor- that the hearing might lead to some formaliza- mation to support decisions affecting conserva- tion of the activities of the Federal tion and the sustainable use of biological re- Biosystematics Partnership in such a way that it sources. would be able to report on progress being made In response to enquiries, Dr. McKenzie towards the secure future of biodiversity re- explained that an agreement is now signed for 8 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

ECORC to become a Canadian representative Review. For example, the memoir series was for ITIS, but other Canadian taxonomists would discontinued and the avenue for producing The become involved. ITIS is currently on the web Canadian Entomologist was changed. All of but the quality control is very uneven and par- the main elements of the Society’s restructuring ticipants from ECORC have been working with have been completed during the year, for exam- the Americans to bring the system into a more ple additional detailed revisions to the docu- user-friendly environment, and to ensure that ments that govern operations of the Society (the the information is trustworthy. Standing Rules and Committee Guidelines), Dr. Danks pointed out that there seems changes in ESC staff and resulting personnel to be much more profile and saleability these negotiations, and plans for a continuing days for databasing (such as ITIS and long-term contract with the NRC Research CANBII), which in most cases involves the Press for production of The Canadian Entomol- processing of existing information. The key ogist. The Society is now well placed to con- need, however, is to do the systematics research tinue for the future. The Society continues to be that provides validated information for the data- proud of its various efforts in publication and bases, and to ensure that the infrastructures that support of entomology. Nevertheless, even as support this research, such as expertise, train- progress is made, new and potentially worrying ing, and collections, are in place. Dr. Finnamore issues emerge to prevent the Society from be- and others pointed out that construction of the coming complacent. For example, some loss of database enables funding to be secured. Dr. subscriptions has taken place, partly due to the Danks explained his fear that the product cur- economic crisis in Asia. rently being sold to science managers involves Dr. Danks added that the annual scien- the handling of existing information only and tific meeting of the Society, as well as meetings that when the existing information dries up the of the Governing Board, take place Oct. 31 B managers may feel that they have been short Nov. 4 in Quebec City, so results of those delib- changed, because resources will have to in- erations cannot yet be reported. crease greatly to make any more of the product available. It is important to keep the long-term 4. Canadian Forest Service infrastructure needs firmly in mind. Dr. John Huber, Canadian Forest Ser- Dr. Smith provided a brief update on vice, reported that within the next 5 years there CANBII, including its objectives to deal with will be a 40% turnover of CFS staff, largely due the biota of Canada, metadata standards and the to retirements. He hopes that some of the re- integration of biodiversity information into placements in the next five years will be taxon- Geographic Information System frameworks. omists, for example research positions in the re- gional laboratories. Dr. Jan Klimaszewski, a 3. Entomological Society of Canada staphylinid expert, is now on staff at the Lau- Dr. Hugh Danks, President of the Ento- rentian Forestry Centre in Ste.-Foy. mological Society of Canada, reported that the 5. Parks Canada ESC Gold Medal for this year is being awarded to Dr. David Rosenberg of the Freshwater Insti- Mr. Don Rivard, Ecosystem Manage- tute in Winnipeg, a very active former member ment Manager, Parks Canada, presented the of the Scientific Committee with wide interests State of the Parks 1997 Report which is available in aquatic insects and the environmental im- on the Parks Canada web site at pacts of artificial changes. http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/li- brary/DownloadDocuments/Documentse.htm Dr. Danks reminded the Committee that at the last meeting, he reported on a number of Mr. Rivard pointed out that the chapter significant changes the Society underwent as a on National Parks addresses the maintenance of result of decisions following a major Strategic the ecological integrity of National Parks. The Vol. 18, No. 1 9 groups of species looked at are vertebrates and who make the decisions. For example, results vascular plants. These groups were chosen be- from some past surveys of invertebrates were cause of the availability of data. In that regard never used explicitly. Dr. Graham commented he mentioned that, as Dr. Danks had com- that National Parks are widely distributed mented earlier, the sources of new taxonomic across the country and managed in such a way information are drying up. that it should be possible to devise and articu- Mr. Rivard noted the report’s conclu- late a scientific approach that relates to manage- sions about maintaining ecological integrity. ment requirements. The majority of species recorded this century Dr. Anderson reminded the Committee are still in the Parks, but there are several that in the U.S. the Great Smoky Mountains Na- classes of change. For example, extirpated spe- tional Park is undertaking an all taxon cies are especially large birds and mammals biodiversity inventory (ATBI). Their web site that were hunted. Parks should not be studied as [www.discoverlife.org] includes a complete ra- islands but rather in terms of land use: for exam- tionale and background for inventories. ple road density inside and outside the Parks is Mr. Cannings reported on a small suc- closely correlated. There are exotic species and cess story with respect to a dragonfly survey in North American incidentals so that the situation B.C. National Parks, promoted because some- is a dynamic one. one at the park was keen and willing to help Dr. Smith noted that Agriculture re- support the study. Dr. Smith concurred, saying ceived a request from a contractor who had a that a contact who greatly aided Agriculture=s contract with Parks for biodiversity assessment, survey in the past was transferred and the re- but was not involved from the planning stages placement was not as interested. This demon- and so could not justify putting resources into strates the need for continuity but also confirms the identifications requested. The only other the problem of lack of connections among fed- option would be to charge the usual contractor eral agencies and the lack of a national strategic rate. Such an incident underlines the lack of overview to address biodiversity issues. connections within the federal government, hindering integrated studies of biodiversity. Dr. 6. Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Scudder added that he too has received requests Network from contractors, for example for complete lists Dr. Patricia Roberts-Pichette, Executive of species in the Rocky Mountain parks. Such Secretary, Canada/MAB commented that requests demonstrate a lack of understanding EMAN is involved in a number of the projects by many of the people who are getting involved already mentioned. The new Director of in biodiversity studies. EMAN, Dr. Hague Vaughan, has been working Mr. Rivard pointed out that Parks Can- with Parks, Forestry and Agriculture on Memo- ada is very decentralized, which hinders the co- randa of Understanding (MOU) with respect to ordination of information. In response to ques- aspects of biological diversity. Biodiversity tions, he noted that there is a policy commit- work within the 4 natural resources depart- ment to inventory the species in Canada’s na- ments is also being discussed. Dr. Rob- tional parks but this does not necessarily trans- erts-Pichette hopes that these initiatives will re- late into funding. Parks has been hit with sev- sult in a better information flow and a more co- eral budget cuts and downsized considerably, ordinated federal effort. and is moving to special agency status. On the The Biodiversity Science Board met in other hand, one of Parks’ initiatives is to try to June. Dr. Finnamore resigned as its chair but change the focus on to more specific aspects of Dr. Scudder agreed to serve out the remaining biodiversity. Mr. Rivard thought that the likeli- term as interim chair. A report is being prepared hood of funding would increase if the value of by the Board about Canada=s biodiversity ac- such inventories can be made clear to the people tions. 10 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Dr. Smith explained that the Ecological 7. Parasitology module, Canadian Society of Monitoring Coordinating Office (EMCO) Zoologists would like a group of interested biologists to Dr. David Marcogliese, Parasitology come up with recommendations on what should module, Canadian Society of Zoologists, re- be measured at EMAN sites, to encourage con- minded the Committee that the major activity of sistent assessment of biodiversity across the the parasitology module has been to develop country. Arriving at these recommendations EMAN protocols for monitoring parasites. The would require a workshop or series of discus- protocols are being posted on the web. The final sions with various points of view (taxonomists, version of the protocol for parasites of freshwa- ecologists or other appropriate experts) on what ter fish will be complete by the end of March, kinds of things can be measured relatively eas- and protocols for parasites for other groups are ily and cost effectively in a coordinated and in progress. standardized way. Dr. Smith, supported by oth- The Directory of Parasitologists is on ers present, proposed that the Biological Survey the web and changes can be submitted electron- Scientific Committee consider taking the lead ically. The perch project is proceeding slowly in putting together the necessary consultations although new data continue to accumulate. The or workshop(s) and ensuring that appropriate national stickleback parasite survey started last interested parties are represented. Drs. Smith, year and the first datasets have been contributed Scudder and Shorthouse agreed to form a sub- from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, committee to explore the possibility of the Sur- and B.C. vey=s involvement and they subsequently ar- ranged a workshop for February 1999. Dr. Marcogliese noted that over the past year he has noticed that the remaining em- Dr. Roberts-Pichette provided informa- ployed systematists have less and less time to tion about the International Biological Obser- take on students or conduct personal-interest vation year in 2001, a field course this summer projects, because resources have decreased with high school students at Long Point Bio- while administrative or managerial responsibil- sphere Reserve which tested the earthworm ities have increased. Dr. Marcogliese reported protocol, and the opening of the Eastern On- that the parasitology component of the ATBI of tario Biodiversity Museum which received a the Great Smoky Mountains Park has ended. large part of the natural history collection from Apparently the coordinators for the parasitol- Carleton University. The museum will be used ogy Taxonomic Working Group have resigned, as a centre for training local amateurs for bio- perceiving the project set up as flawed. logical observation. The Committee discussed Dr. Marcogliese reviewed other projects the history of this collection and its welfare. and involvements of Canadian parasitologists. The Mixedwood Plains assessment of Dr. Brian Emmett had appeared before the species diversity has been on the web for some Standing Committee of Environment and Sus- time. The Montane Cordillera report is in its fi- tainable Development in May to answer ques- nal stages and is expected to be available on the tions about climate change, environmental as- web before the end of the year. The Prairie as- sessment, biodiversity, sustainable develop- sessment is now underway and hopefully will ment and policy. A number of items are behind be completed within a year. schedule and there is no audit of provincial in- volvement and plans. Dr. Marcogliese reported Information about the EMAN national that the Institute for International Parasitology, meeting in Victoria, January 19-23, 1999, is also a unit of CABI in St. Albans, U.K., has been on the web: closed and the important collections split up. http://www.cciw.ca/eman-temp/events/nationa He reviewed meetings, publications and other l99/intro.html. topics of interest. Vol. 18, No. 1 11

Other items In Alberta, Dr. Finnamore reported that he had received notification in July that negoti- ations between Shell and the Peruvian govern- ment had collapsed and that the major project 1. Regional developments there was given 24 hours to remove its crews Information of interest to the Survey from the field. Dr. Finnamore estimated that 14 from different regions of the country was pro- million specimens had been collected. The ma- vided, including the following topics. terial is now in Lima and the Smithsonian Insti- tution is currently negotiating the fate of the In British Columbia, Dr. Ring reported specimens. The Provincial Museum of Alberta on the gypsy moth problem in British Colum- is undergoing some changes. Database devel- bia. Recently the United States Department of opment and digital information management Agriculture has hinted that B.C. might be quar- have been identified as one of the priorities for antined unless sufficient measures are taken the museum, notably distributed database sys- against the gypsy moth. Dr. Ring reported that tems, whereby any database can be put on the the Entomological Society of British Columbia web as a searchable database. A is alive and well with a good contingent of stu- 100-million-dollar expansion proposal for the dents and is in a sound financial position. There museum has been put forward, and Dr. were a number of excellent speakers at the an- Finnamore proposed a substantial expansion of nual meeting, and several ESBC members were the invertebrate program, which has gone for- honoured there with life memberships. Mr. ward for a final decision. Dr. Finnamore also re- Cannings gave more details about the dragonfly ported that most of the western Parks have some inventory project mentioned previously, a re- level of programs to study arthropods. Dr. gional project of the Royal BC Museum in the Finnamore attributes the success of these initia- Kootenays. The goal of this multi-disciplinary tives to younger managers who are receptive to project is to produce both useful scientific prod- arthropod studies. Dr. Floate added that the $30 ucts such as keys and distribution maps as well million building expansion for the Lethbridge as information for students and people who research centre continues and is scheduled to be might like to monitor the local dragonfly popu- completed in 2001. He has received funding for lation. Dr. Scudder reviewed the projects of stu- a biodiversity survey with a colleague at the dents at UBC working on biodiversity and al- University of Lethbridge to look at the effects lied projects. He continues his long-term study of grassland fire. A positive report about Dr. on the ecology reserve in the South Okanagan. George Ball=s work on carabid beetles, as pro- New funding has been received from the Habi- fessor emeritus at the University of Alberta, had tat Conservation Trust Foundation for a appeared in the University of Alberta Alumni long-term study on ecosystem renewal and eco- Magazine. system recovery from grazing. In addition, funding has been received to launch a major as- In Ontario, Dr. Marshall reported that sessment of the possibilities for conservation Dr. David Gaskin, Department of Zoology, and development in the South Okanagan, one of University of Guelph, died recently. A new en- the most threatened habitats in Canada, in col- tomologist has been hired in the Department of laboration with the Canadian Wildlife Service. Environmental Sciences, Dr. Rebecca Hallett. The ultimate goal is to have complete plans for Dr. Marshall circulated two products from a the whole of the South Okanagan, one with the small publisher from Guelph who is keen on emphasis on conservation, another with the em- producing a series of naturalists guides to living phasis on development, and various intermedi- things in Ontario. The items can be produced ate plans that both conservationists and devel- quickly and cheaply and several entomological opers might accept. This is the biggest and most guides are in process now. Dr. Smith an- detailed project of this sort ever undertaken in nounced that plans have been submitted to ret- Canada. rofit the Neatby Building in Ottawa. Dr. Ball 12 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) had characterized the recently published revi- projects are working or will soon begin at Mac- sion of the tribe Noctuini, family Noctuidae, by donald College. Dr. Don Lafontaine as a taxonomic tour de In Newfoundland, the Newfoundland force, covering 169 species in 31 genera, which Insectarium in Deer Lake is now open. reflects very favorably on BRP - ECORC. Dr. Anderson mentioned that one of the priorities at For the Arctic, Dr. Ring commented on a the Canadian Museum of Nature is implement- recent item in the Globe and Mail newspaper ing a new database system for the collection. that pointed out that in Canada only about 20 cents per capita is spent on polar research In Quebec, Dr. Wheeler reported that in whereas in Australia the amount spent is $2.30 Ste.-Foy, Mr. Georges Pelletier has been doing per capita; the U.S. spends $3 per capita; and some insect surveys in a variety of forest areas even Russia, which is under a lot of financial that were affected by the ice storm. The vote for pressure, spends more than Canada. He noted the official Quebec insect emblem is in its final some planned studies in Canada next year by stages. The Redpath Museum at McGill has re- overseas researchers. The Northern Scientific cently received a grant from the museums= as- Training Program (NSTP) is alive and well and sistance program to pay a programmer / biolo- will be on the agenda at the upcoming meeting gist to put together a virtual exhibit on Quebec of the Association of Canadian Universities for biodiversity. Arthropods will figure promi- Northern Studies (ACUNS). One of the items nently in this database. A grant proposal has on the agenda is the new concept of a university been prepared to develop an interactive multi- of the arctic. This would be a circumpolar uni- media insect identification game, which would versity without a central campus but with cam- involve major input from the Lyman Museum to assemble images and other biological infor- puses throughout the north probably adminis- mation. McGill University has recently taken tered from Ottawa and Copenhagen and involv- possession of a large donation of land on Île ing all the circumpolar nations. Dr. Ring also Perrot. It is hoped that arthropod survey work noted and circulated some relevant publica- will be done there next summer. Dr. Wheeler tions, for example on global change. reminded the Committee of McGill Univer- sity=s desire to upgrade their field stations. A 2. Other matters proposal was submitted to the Canadian Foun- The Committee also discussed such dation for Innovation to upgrade the infrastruc- matters as operations of the Biological Survey ture at all field stations. The proposal has Secretariat, Survey publicity, damaged ecosys- passed the first screening phase and a more de- tems, liaisons with other countries including tailed proposal must now be submitted. Many Russia, and membership of the Committee graduate students in systematics and diversity (several members retired by rotation).

EMAN National Meeting he national meeting of the meeting, which covered a range of subjects. Tthe Ecological Moni- Plenary and other sessions considered the toring and Assessment EMAN program and its current general activi- Network took place in ties, designed to consolidate an EMAN busi- Victoria, B.C., 19-23 Jan- ness plan, to design and promote core monitor- uary 1999. The meeting ing as an early warning system, and provide in- was preceded by field trips, workshops and put to Canada’s biodiversity agenda. Several other activities. More than 350 people attended presentations and posters focussed on liaisons Vol. 18, No. 1 13 and cooperative endeavours and the necessary In all, nearly 100 presentations (in ple- plans, involving EMAN and other agencies. nary or joint concurrent sessions) were made, Scientific studies covering a wide range of top- and numerous posters were presented. The Bio- ics related to monitoring or impacts especially logical Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthro- at various EMAN sites were reported on. One pods) displayed a poster about the coordination day was devoted to field trips, focus groups and and scientific roles of the Survey, and provided public involvements. One morning considered information leaflets about the Survey and its environmental research in aboriginal communi- publications. ties and traditional knowledge.

MacMillan Coastal Biodiversity Workshop including a component on biodiversity of rainforest arthropods

special series of Workshop Activities Aworkshops focus- Evaluating biodiversity of intertidal and ing on biodiversity in subtidal invertebrates coastal zones of Brit- (May17-19) ish Columbia and Dr. Gerhard Pohle, HMSC and ARC Canada will be held on May 16 - 28, 1999 at the Bamfield Marine Station. Algal diversity and use of molecular techniques in algal biosystematics These workshops, for which enrolment (May 19 - 21) for the individual parts is possible, are offered Dr. Gary Saunders, UNB; Dr. Louis to senior undergraduate students, graduate stu- Druehl, BMS and SFU dents, faculty and government employees inter- ested in a unique hands-on experience in coastal Arthropod diversity in the temperate rainforest biodiversity research and surveys. (May 22 - 24) Dr. Neville Winchester, UVic Plenary Session Diversity of plants and vertebrates on small The first day of the program (May 16) coastal islands includes a series of seminars by four leading (May 25 - 27) scientists working in the field of biodiversity, Dr. Martin Cody, UCLA Dr. Geoffrey Scudder, Centre for Biodiversity Research, UBC, Dr. Gerhard Pohle, Huntsman Concluding Activities Marine Science Centre and the Atlantic Refer- Wrap-up Discussion (May 27) ence Centre, Dr. Max Taylor, Centre for Biodiversity Research, UBC, and Dr. André Guided hike in the West Coast Trail area, Martel, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Pacific Rim National Park Reserve (May 28) and BMS. These seminars will put the four spe- Conservation of Arthropod Biodiversity in cial activities of the workshop in the general Temperate Rainforests context of biodiversity issues in coastal Can- ada. A general discussion for all participants is The workshop section on Conservation scheduled. of Arthropod Biodiversity in Temperate Rain- forests, led by Dr. Neville Winchester, Biology Department, University of Victoria, with par- 14 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) ticipation from guest speakers such as Dr. Rich- Application ard Ring, provides a primer for participants to Applications must include a statement evaluate concepts of temperate forest arthropod of interest, university transcripts (undergradu- biodiversity. ate or graduate students only) and a short CV Lectures cover the evaluation of arthro- (no more than 4 pages). Please send your appli- pod biodiversity concepts using examples from cation by mail or fax to the address below be- case studies. The focus will be on developing a fore March 31, 1999; there is an enrolment limit project to establish a long-term baseline in ter- of 15 participants. restrial systems to assess differences (species and process) over time. Pertinent literature in Fees relation to forests, insects and biodiversity stud- (Fees include room and board; partial ies will be reviewed as a basis for critical dis- enrolment for one or more workshop activities cussion. A set of presentations will also be de- is possible) voted to canopy work from a provincial, na- Undergraduate and graduate students $400 tional and international perspective. ($100/activity) Fieldwork includes access to the high Postdoctoral fellows and faculty members canopy, and participants will be introduced to $600 ($150/activity) access techniques, sample design and use of Other public and private sector employees canopy trapping techniques. $800 ($200/activity) Laboratory work on selected arthropod groups will be used to train participants in iden- Location tification, species taxonomy, trapping, and all Bamfield Marine Station aspects of specimen preparation, including an Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada introduction to data management and diversity measures using BIOTA. (250) 728-3301 (phone); (250) 728-3452 (fax) www.bms.bc.ca

Workshop on Biodiversity Monitoring The Biological Survey of Canada (Ter- bled. The 18 people attending the workshop restrial Arthropods) organized a one-day work- represented expertise covering a wide range of shop on February 6, 1999, sponsored by the taxa and subjects. Both specific procedures and Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Net- general concerns and requirements were ad- work, to consider how recommendations for a dressed. A report on the workshop will be made scientifically-sound and cost-effective core set available on the EMAN web site of monitoring activities for biodiversity at (http://www.cciw.ca/eman/intro.hml) within a EMAN sites across Canada might be assem- few months. Vol. 18, No. 1 15

Project Update: Family Keys

elatively early in the development of the RBiological Survey of Canada, a plan was ILLUSTRATED KEYS TO THE FAMILIES OF TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS OF CANADA established for a series of up-to-date, readily us- able and profusely illustrated keys to the fami- 1. MYRIAPODS lies of insects and their relatives found or ex- pected to be found in Canada. Without such (Millipedes, Centipedes, etc.) keys, laboratory and field studies and teaching are hindered. The first fascicle, dealing with the myriapods and introduction to the arthropods, was published in 1989 [Kevan, D.K. McE. and G.G.E. Scudder. 1989. Illustrated keys to the families of terrestrial arthropods of Canada 1. Myriapods. BSC Taxonomic Series no. 1. Spi- ral bound, 88 pp.]. Subsequently Dr. Geoff Scudder, the au- D.K.McE. KEVAN thor of the subsequent part of the keys (that G.G.E. SCUDDER would deal with apterygote and exopterygote insects), was indisposed for a substantial pe- riod. With other commitments, that slowed the themselves is essentially finished and only progress of the project, but now it is moving some general text remains to be written. Once forward again. In particular, the many illustra- tions are being prepared, in association with the illustrations are complete (before the end of Mr. Rob Cannings, as part of a project on the in- this year) publication of the second fascicle in sects of British Columbia. The text to the keys the series can be scheduled.

Copies of the first fascicle on myriapods are still available from: Entomological Society of Canada 393 Winston Avenue Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2A 1Y8 tel. 613-725-2619 fax: 613-725-9349 email: [email protected] The cost is $8.00 including shipping: orders from Canada pay in Canadian dollars and add 7% G.S.T.; orders from other countries pay in U.S. dollars. Vol. 18, No. 1 16

Canadian Spider Diversity and Systematics

Robb Bennett British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 7380 Puckle Road, Saanichton BC V8M 1W4 Introduction collected. Recent revisions have added consid- It can be stated accurately that spiders erable numbers of species to some groups, par- are to be found everywhere (with apologies to ticularly those with predominantly cryptic, William Morton Wheeler who originally made ground-dwelling members (e.g. Gnaphosidae – this claim for ants). Spiders, unique among all 63 species (Dondale 1979) versus 100 species organisms in their modes of silk production and (Platnick and Dondale 1992)). Such groups usage and of reproduction, are common (if of- have historically been passed over in favour of ten inconspicuous) predatory arthropods in all those with larger, showier, or otherwise more terrestrial and many aquatic ecosystems obvious members (Alderweireldt and Jocqué throughout Canada. From marine intertidal 1993). Many genera within some cryptic spider zones to tundra and rocky peaks, and all points groups with considerable numbers of Nearctic between, the ardent araneologist is always close species such as Linyphiidae, Dictynoidea, and to a wealth of species and numerous specimens Amaurobioidea still await serious revision and of great intrinsic and biological interest. within these groups may lie numbers of un- Among all organisms, spiders form the seventh known species with Canadian representatives. largest order. Furthermore, spiders are ruthless Still, the number of spider species known or es- storm troops in the matriarchal anarchy that is timated to be awaiting discovery in Canada is the arthropod world: theirs is the most diverse, relatively unchanged from Dondale’s estimate female-dominated, entirely predatory order on – there are probably at most 1,500 spider spe- the face of the earth. As such, spiders are key cies in Canada. This is about 35% and 4% of the components of all ecosystems in which they world total numbers of spider families (108) live. and described species (nearly 40,000) respec- tively, not a bad representation for a land mass Twenty years ago, Dondale (1979) listed repeatedly bulldozed in the Pleistocene. 33 spider families with 1256 known Canadian Coddington and Levi (1991) have estimated a species. He estimated another 144 unrecorded world total of 170,000 spider species and that or undescribed species were likely part of the 20% and 80% respectively of the world and Canadian fauna. Araneology is blessed with Nearctic spider fauna have been described. some of the very best systematists in the world and in the intervening years spider taxonomy Although Canada’s araneofauna is rea- and systematics have been highly active fields sonably well known, precious little is known of (e.g. see the Introduction in Platnick 1997). the behaviour, ecology, habitat associations and Canada’s spider record now stands at 38 fami- other aspects of the biology of the majority of lies: two families have dropped out of the list species. Furthermore, in spite of a rapidly grow- (one does not occur in Canada and the other is ing interest world-wide in many aspects of spi- generally considered a subfamily), five families der biology (e.g. ecology, sexual selection, be- have been added through the apparent resolu- haviour, taxonomy, and systematics) as well as tion of polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups, in habitat-based spider inventories (see Intro- one family was apparently missed or perhaps duction in Platnick 1997), there is currently not included in Theridiidae, and one family one professional araneologist in Canada and the (Bennett and Brumwell 1996) has been newly vast majority of Canadian habitats have yet to Vol. 18, No. 1 17

Fig. 1. Male Cybaeus multnoma Chamberlin and Ivie (RTA Clade, Dictynoidea, Cybaeidae). Scale bar=2mm.

Individuals of about two dozen species of this Holarctic genus are dominant but poorly known generalist predators in the forest floor arthropod community of the Pacific Northwest, especially in coastal regions. In Canada, six species are known to occur in British Columbia (with one species apparently endemic to the Rocky Mountains of BC and Alberta), one species may occur in southeastern Canadian forests. Many species of Cybaeus (most notably in Japan and unglaciated regions of the Pacific Northwest) have ex- tremely restricted ranges and are known from only a few specimens.

be seriously sampled for spiders. Biologists sects and Arachnids houses a large, world-class seeking reliable identifications of Canadian spi- spider collection and taxonomic library. The ders are forced to use the services of a small federal government has effectively declared handful of amateur specialists located in On- spider studies to be irrelevant to the agricultural tario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Co- needs of the nation (C. D. Dondale pers. lumbia or seek help outside the country. Under comm.) and little use is now made of this re- the auspices of Agriculture and Agri-Food Can- source. ada, the Canadian National Collection of In- 18 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Table: Classification of spider families with Canadian representatives (modified from Dondale 1979 and following Coddington and Levi 1990 and Platnick 1997) and estimated numbers of species in Canada. With greater knowledge of forest litter and canopy spiders, the number of species found in Canada should approach 1,500.

Species* Species* ORDER ARANEAE Suborder Opisthothelae “RTA Clade” (cont’d) Infraorder Mygalomorphae Dionycha Fornicephalae Anyphaenidae 7 Atypidae 1 Liocranidae 18 Antrodiaetidae 2 Clubionidae 35 Tuberculotae Corinnidae 11 Mecicobothriidae 1 Gnaphosidae 100 Dipluridae 1 Zoridae 1 Infraorder Araneomorphae Philodromidae 47 Neocribellatae Thomisidae 68 Araneoclada Salticidae 110 Haplogynae Amaurobioidea “Scytodoidea” Amaurobiidae 30 Scytodidae 1 Titanoecidae 4 Telemidae 1 Agelenidae 11 Pholcidae 3 Orbiculariae Dysderoidea Deinopoidea Segestriidae 1 Uloboridae 3 Dysderidae 1 Araneoidea Entelegynae Nesticidae 2 Palpimanoidea Theridiidae 100 Mimetidae 6 Theridiosomatidae 1 Eresoidea Mysmenidae 1 Oecobiidae 1 Pimoidae 1 “RTA Clade” Linyphiidae >500 Lycosoidea Tetragnathidae 23 Lycosidae 110 Araneidae 74 Pisauridae 7 Oxyopidae 2 TOTAL ~1400 Dictynoidea Dictynidae 75-80 Cybaeidae 11 Hahniidae 16

*Approximate number of species in Canada (1999 estimate)

All spiders produce and use silk and can dominate the former grouping. The latter is a di- be divided roughly into two behavioural group- verse assemblage dominated by the “RTA ings based on this usage: those that use their silk clade” with major families including the to snare prey and those that don’t. salticids (jumping spiders), lycosids (wolf spi- Orbicularians, especially the araneoids (primar- ders), thomisids (one family of crab spiders), ily sheet-web, orb-web, and cob-web weavers) and gnaphosids (ground spiders). However, us- Vol. 18, No. 1 19 age of silk for prey capture is not phylogeneti- der family in Canada in terms of numbers of cally constrained and numerous groups span the species and often are extremely abundant. On gap. For instance many amaurobioid and the world stage, they are second in diversity dictynoid species (common and widespread in only to salticids. Many years ago, Bristowe Canada) utilize greatly reduced webs (e.g. see (1938) made a well reasoned estimate of over Bennett 1985) and rely upon sit, wait, and 2.25 million spiders (mostly linyphiids) per pounce strategies. Other species within these acre of grassy meadow in late summer in Eng- groups build large and characteristic capture land. He also cited a study which produced webs. Among the fascinating but mostly un- 159,000 spiders per acre from the soil alone of a common Canadian tarantula kin similar habitat. (These figures should be kept (Mygalomorphae) atypids (purse-web spiders), from the poor arachnophobes who recoil from diplurids (funnel-web tarantulas), and the small handful of spiders they encounter an- mecicobothriids (no common name) use silk in nually.) The bulk of linyphiid diversity is made prey capture. Antrodiaetid mygalomorphs up of erigonine species. Dondale (1979) listed (folding-trapdoor spiders) sit in the entrance of over 300 erigonine linyphiids in Canada with an excavated burrows and wait for hapless crea- estimate of 50 remaining to be recorded or de- tures to come near enough to be grabbed and scribed. These species are characterized by dragged deep into the dim recesses of their re- their undistinguished appearance and small to treats and repeatedly stabbed to death (big-city minute size: not only are a majority of downtown terror is far exceeded by the nightly erigonines tiny, most of them look alike. Usable mayhem on a seemingly peaceful suburban taxonomic keys are virtually non-existent and British Columbia lawn). Linyphiidae (includ- most genera and species are very difficult to de- ing Erigonidae of various authors) and termine even for the specialist. Identification is Salticidae, the major family in each behavioural based largely upon microscopic characters of grouping on a world-wide basis, are very diffi- the very complex male genitalia; in contrast, fe- cult taxonomically and have many genera in males usually are unremarkable morphologi- need of revision and large numbers of undes- cally and often are unidentifiable if not col- cribed species. Following is a summary of the lected with male conspecifics. diversity, abundance, and systematics of Can- Few comprehensive spider lists have ada’s araneofauna. been published for any habitat in Canada except Araneoidea some peatlands (but note that only pitfall trap- The superfamily Araneoidea includes ping was used in most of those studies and many of the spiders most familiar to the therefore the resultant lists likely are incom- layperson including the orb-weaving garden plete) but a casual glance at the generated spe- spiders (Araneidae) and the cob-web weaving cies lists shows a preponderance of linyphiids widow spiders and house spiders (Theridiidae). (especially erigonines): 51 of 106 species col- However, the vast majority of araneoids, and lected (Aitchison-Benell 1994); 28 of 49, 37 of the most numerous, are linyphiids (sheet-web 108, 27 of 59, 32 of 97, 26 of 76, and 22 of 77 weavers), only a few of which are encountered (Dondale and Redner 1994; Blades and Mar- or collected regularly by the uninitiated genera- shall 1994); and 95 of 169 (Koponen 1994). No list. On the world scale, Araneoidea is the most other family comes close in diversity. This pat- diverse and phylogenetically best understood tern is common throughout the Holarctic region superfamily of spiders (Griswold et al. 1998). and erigonines increasingly dominate the spider fauna the farther north one travels: Dondale et Linyphiidae al. (1997) recorded 154 known or expected Linyphiidae accounts for over one third linyphiid species (34+3 linyphiines, 102+5 of all Canadian spider species (445 known Ca- erigonines) in the Yukon fauna of 336 spider nadian species with probably over 70 unknown species. Fully 56% of all Yukon arctic spider – Dondale 1979). Linyphiids are the largest spi- species are erigonine. The world is bottom 20 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) heavy in terms of plant and animal diversity: Araneidae and Tetragnathidae most species are found in the tropics and south Araneids are probably the most familiar temperate areas (Platnick 1991). However, spiders to the average Canadian. Almost all the among spiders, linyphiids are most diverse in araneids as well as the closely related the north and predominate in the Holarctic tetragnathids (long-jawed orb-weavers) build fauna (Coddington and Levi 1991). characteristic, radially symmetric orb webs and Theridiidae together these two families have about 100 spe- Theridiidae is the second most diverse cies with Canadian representatives. As with the araneoid family in Canada with about 100 spe- theridiids, the Nearctic tetragnathid and araneid cies (Dondale 1979). Overall, theridiids are as genera have been well revised by Levi and oth- diverse as gnaphosids; both share fourth place ers (references in Roth 1993). A field guide to in Canada after the hunting salticids and Canadian species is being readied for publica- lycosids. Theridiids also are a dominant group tion by volunteers on a part-time basis (C. D. on the world scale although, as in most spider Dondale pers. comm.). In Canada, Araneidae is families other than Linyphiidae, theridiid diver- about as diverse as Dictynidae with which it sity primarily occurs south of the Holarctic re- shares honours for sixth and seventh largest gion. Taxonomically, the Nearctic theridiids families after Linyphiidae, Salticidae and are well known and most genera have been re- Lycosidae (equally diverse), and Theridiidae vised recently by Levi and co-authors (refer- and Gnaphosidae (equally diverse). In the ences in Roth 1993). A field guide to Canadian world, Araneidae is the third largest family theridiids is in preparation but is on hold be- (Griswold et al. 1998), a reflection of its great cause of shifting government funding priorities diversity in the tropics. (C. D. Dondale pers. comm.). Araneids and tetragnathids usually are Theridiids are common and abundant abundant in fields, open woodlands, and other spiders throughout southern Canada in most similar habitats (but note that a significant num- habitats but are relatively minor components of ber of araneids are litter inhabitants). the fauna of the northern Nearctic region. They Tetragnathids often are especially common are rather more conspicuous than linyphiids as around water or in wet areas. Several species most build their webs above ground level and are abundant around homes and outbuildings therefore are more often collected by the gener- and in gardens. The classic araneid orb web was alist. However, a number of genera are - like for many years considered to be a highly de- erigonines - tiny, inconspicuous members of rived structure but now is generally accepted to the soil and deep-litter fauna (Dondale 1990). be a relatively primitive structure, and theridiid Several genera are regularly and easily mis- cob-webs and linyphiid sheet-webs are derived identified by inexperienced workers and often from it (see papers in Shear 1986). are found in collections labelled as unidentified RTA clade clubionids and agelenids. Two theridiid genera, Sister to Orbiculariae (Araneoidea plus Steatoda and Achaearanea, are very common Deinopoidea, a superfamily poorly represented in Canadian homes where they kill most other in Canada) is the large and diverse “RTA clade” arthropods unfortunate enough to become en- (Coddington and Levi 1991). (The name is de- tangled in their cob-webs and thus are particu- rived from the probable synapomorphy of a dis- larly efficient, if not particularly welcome, tinctively placed apophysis on the male palpal house-cleaners. These synanthropic species are tibia.) Resolving the familial and superfamilial routinely misidentified as black widows relationships within the RTA clade is the last (Latrodectus spp., which are closely related major hurdle for spider systematics. RTA clade theridiids) or the infamous (and completely families with Canadian representatives are non-Canadian) brown recluse (Loxosceles sp., placed in Dionycha, Lycosoidea, Dictynoidea, Sicariidae). and Amaurobioidea. Species in the former two Vol. 18, No. 1 21 groupings, Dionycha and Lycosoidea, are com- the transportation by mature females of egg mon and familiar components of the Canadian sacs on their spinnerets (giving rise to apocry- araneofauna. Dictynoidea and Amaurobioidea phal tales of spiders with three body sections) are also common components but mostly unfa- and of young spiderlings dorsally on their abdo- miliar to the majority of Canadian biologists. mens (giving rise, among arachnophobes who Dionycha encompasses families of have bravely dispatched a large, fuzzy spider two-tarsal-clawed, primarily sedentary (am- only to watch countless small spiders magically bushing) or active hunters. Dominant Canadian appear and scatter in all directions, to night- groups are Salticidae, Clubionidae (sac spi- mares and apocryphal tales of spontaneous gen- ders), Gnaphosidae (ground spiders), eration). Thomisidae, and Philodromidae (philodromid Two other lycosoid families are com- crab spiders). Lycosoidea is represented in mon but have few species in Canada. Pisaurids Canada primarily by the diverse and extremely (nursery-web spiders) often are encountered abundant lycosids. In Canada, Dictynoidea and along the edges of freshwater systems where Amaurobioidea are dominated by their family they hunt actively above and below the water namesakes. The Nearctic lycosoid and surface. Two pisaurid species are the largest na- dionychan genera are taxonomically well tive spiders in Canada and probably have struck known (except for the salticids) and excellent fear into countless cottagers in Ontario and keys exist for the Canadian genera and species Quebec. Some oxyopids (lynx spiders) may oc- (Dondale and Redner 1978, 1982, 1990; cur in large numbers in agricultural fields and Platnick and Dondale 1992). Some Nearctic have been the subject of studies on natural pest amaurobioid and dictynoid genera have been control (see references in Young and Lockley revised (e.g. Bennett 1987, 1991; Chamberlin 1985). and Gertsch 1958; Leech 1972) but many others are poorly known and no comprehensive guides Salticidae to the Canadian fauna exist. Salticids are the charismatic “cute/fuzzies” of the spider world: many are Lycosidae highly photogenic and, deservedly, they feature In Canada, Lycosidae has just one fifth regularly on the pages of glossy natural history as many species as Linyphiidae but shares with magazines. Jumping spiders are renowned for Salticidae the honour of being the second most their often fantastic degree of sexual dimor- diverse spider family here. Dondale (1979) esti- phism and colouration and wild and interesting mated a Canadian wolf spider fauna of 110 spe- range of behaviours. Much of this is due to the cies with roughly 10% of these undescribed or highly developed visual sense in salticids: the unrecorded. On the world scale, lycosids make huge main eyes are complex, high-resolution up the fifth largest family (Coddington and Levi structures capable of focusing on objects by ret- 1991). Although lycosid diversity is much inal movement. Throughout the twentieth cen- greater elsewhere, the abundance of individual tury salticids have been the focus of many opti- species often is astounding in Canada. Pitfall cal studies (see references in Foelix 1982, traps in any sort of open habitat are regularly 1996). Jumping spiders are agile, visually ori- swamped with wolf spiders (see abundance ta- enting, day-active predators commonly found bles in Blades and Marshall 1994, Dondale and among foliage in sunny locations. Some are Redner 1994, and Koponen 1994). Fields, tun- synanthropic. dra, shorelines, and open wooded areas may lit- World-wide, Salticidae is the largest erally be alive with wolf spiders (often a single family of spiders: well over 10% (about 5,000) Pardosa species) particularly in the spring. of all described spider species are jumping spi- Lycosids are diverse and abundant in the far ders. Salticid taxonomy and systematics are north of the Holarctic and account for 18% of very active fields of study (see current review the known Canadian arctic araneofauna by D. B. Richman at: (Dondale et al. 1997). Lycosids are unique in 22 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

http://dns.ufsia.ac.be/Arachnology/Pages/Doc- lished data) collected hundreds of specimens of uments/Salticid.html) but primarily with tropi- Gnaphosa snohomish Platnick and Shadab, a cal groups. Some excellent revisions of Nearc- large species previously known only from a pair tic groups have been published recently (e.g. of specimens taken in central Washington. Af- Maddison 1996 and references in Roth 1993) ter lycosids, one or a couple of species of but the bulk of the genera found in Canada are gnaphosids may be among the numerically badly in need of revision. Taxonomically they dominant and visually conspicuous spiders pit- are a trying group with identifications difficult fall-trapped in bogs (see Table 2 in even for specialists. In Canada, Salticidae is Aitchison-Benell 1994; Table 1 in Dondale and about as diverse as Lycosidae with about 110 Redner 1994). Typical of groups with a prepon- species including close to 20% of this number derance of tropical species, Canadian yet to be described or recorded (Dondale 1979). gnaphosids become increasingly scarce with in- As with most spiders except lycosids and creasing latitude. However, Gnaphosidae is still linyphiids, salticids are more diverse and abun- a dominant group in subarctic and alpine re- dant in Canada’s southern latitudes than in the gions in Canada although few species occur in far north. the far north (Dondale et al. 1997). Gnaphosidae Clubionidae Gnaphosidae is the sixth largest spider The “old” Clubionidae was paraphyletic family in the world (Coddington and Levi (Coddington and Levi 1991) and the family was 1991) and a major player in spider diversity in relimited after Dondale’s (1979) estimate of a the tropics. In Canada, Gnaphosidae, with Canadian fauna of about 64 species was made. about 100 species known or expected to live At least 29 of these species have been trans- here (Platnick and Dondale 1992), is about as ferred to Corinnidae and Liocranidae which to- diverse as Theridiidae and slightly less so than gether may be sister to Gnaphosidae and its rel- Salticidae and Lycosidae. In general, atives (Coddington and Levi 1991). The re- gnaphosids are common ground-dwelling hunt- maining species are likely most closely related ers and are important in the natural control of to Salticidae and Anyphaenidae. Although a forest and agricultural insects (Platnick and field guide to Canada’s (paraphyletic) Dondale 1992). However, few are encountered clubionids (and our few species of by general collectors because most are incon- anyphaenids) has been prepared (Dondale and spicuously coloured and nocturnal hunters. Redner 1982), the ground-dwelling genera Members of one genus (Herpyllus) are found placed now in Liocranidae are poorly known. In regularly in buildings. Canada, the relimited Clubionidae is comprised Over the last quarter of this century, primarily of nocturnal species actively hunting Platnick and others (references in Roth 1993) on herbs, shrubs, trees, and other plants. A very have revised many of the world’s gnaphosoid few species occur in litter or under stones. The genera including all of those with Canadian rep- majority of Canadian clubionids are found in resentatives. As a direct consequence, an excel- southern regions with a few species ranging lent taxonomic guide to the Canadian into the subarctic. gnaphosids (Platnick and Dondale 1992) has Thomisidae and Philodromidae been published and few new Nearctic species The two crab spider families with Cana- probably await discovery. However, the biol- dian representatives, Thomisidae and ogy of the majority of gnaphosid species is not Philodromidae, are dionychans of uncertain af- well known, a reflection of our relatively poor finities (Coddington and Levi 1991). grasp of ground-dwelling spiders in general. Thomisidae is seventh in terms of world spider For instance, in a 1998 study of arthropods of diversity with a majority of its species occur- cranberry bogs in an area with a high concentra- ring in the tropics. Together, about 115 species tion of Canadian entomologists (southwestern in the two families occur in Canada. Thomisids, BC), J. Troubridge and S. Fitzpatrick (unpub- Vol. 18, No. 1 23 with their two anterior pairs of long legs and ha- families lack clear diagnosis (except for bitual sideways gait, are distinctly more Amaurobiidae – Griswold 1990). No doubt, if crab-like than philodromids. Both are this area remains active, major changes are yet dorso-ventrally flattened spiders; thomisids to come. tend to be sparsely bristled and slow moving, Dictynidae philodromids hairy and quick. Crab spiders are With the addition of two genera from the primarily diurnal ambush hunters. Thomisids agelenids, the Canadian dictynid araneofauna are more common on the ground, philodromids has grown from about 65 (Dondale 1979) to on foliage. Some thomisids are famous for perhaps 75-80 species, making the regional di- waiting in flowers to grab visiting nectar and versity of this family on a par with Araneidae. pollen feeding insects. Both families are well The cribellate dictynids were revised by represented in Canada’s boreal north and some Chamberlin and Gertsch (1958) but they remain species range into the Arctic (Dondale et al. exceedingly difficult to identify without com- 1997) but the bulk of thomisid and philodromid parison to voucher specimens. Most species are diversity is encountered in the south. quite small and cryptic. The ecribellate taxa Dictynoidea and Amaurobioidea need revision and there are no usable species Although generally accepted as valid level keys for the family. Both cribellate and superfamilies, Dictynoidea and Amaurobioidea ecribellate dictynids weave tangled, relatively remain poorly defined and their family level shapeless webs although some species build systematics is in disarray (Coddington and Levi specialized tube-like structures (Bennett 1985). 1991). Classically, all members of both groups The ecribellate species are found primarily un- were considered to be cribellate (the cribellum der objects on the ground in wooded areas. is a distinctive silk production organ found in Rotting logs may harbour considerable num- some spiders and derived from the ancestral an- bers of individual webs. Many of the cribellate terior median spinnerets). Lehtinen’s (1967) species are distinctly arboreal, building their exposure of “Cribellatae” as paraphyletic and small webs on branch tips. The current growing defined by a plesiomorphic character (the interest in canopy arthropod surveys may boost cribellum) marked the beginning of the current the number of dictynid species recorded from era of spider systematics which has resulted in Canada. Several dictynids are widespread in massive restructuring of the classification of Canada’s Boreal zone forests and a very few are Araneae from family to subordinal levels. found in Arctic and Subarctic regions (Dondale Dictynidae and Amaurobiidae are now seen to et al. 1997). The majority of Canada’s dictynids contain both cribellate and ecribellate genera, have southern distributions. many of the latter transferred there after the Other Dictynoidea sundering of the old, paraphyletic Agelenidae Hahniidae and Cybaeidae together have (e.g. Blabomma and Cicurina are ecribellate about 30 species with Canadian representatives. dictynids; Coelotes, Coras, and Wadotes are Both groups are very common but infrequently ecribellate amaurobiids). The two collected litter inhabitants. Cybaeids are forest superfamilies have Canadian representatives in floor spiders; hahniids may be found in a vari- Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, and Hahniidae ety of litter habitats. Hahniidae has been con- (Dictynoidea) and Amaurobiidae, Agelenidae, siderably augmented by genera transferred and Titanoecidae (Amaurobioidea). The taxon- from Agelenidae. Cybaeidae is comprised en- omy and systematics of amaurobioids and tirely of taxa formerly placed in that family. dictynoids has been studied actively in recent The Nearctic cybaeids have been revised in re- years (e.g. Bennett 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992; cent years (references in Roth 1993) but much Griswold 1990) but little has been well resolved of this work remains unpublished and the fam- above the genus level, various genera are ily is not clearly defined. Most of the Nearctic placed only tentatively or uncertainly within hahniid taxa have also been revised (references one or the other superfamily, and most of the 24 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) in Roth 1993) but all the genera transferred all true agelenid genera need revision. from Agelenidae need major work. A few Titanoecidae, a cribellate group extracted from hahniids are found in the far north (Dondale et Amaurobiidae, is represented in Canada by al. 1997) but most Canadian species in both only four forest floor inhabiting species. families have southern distributions. Some hahniids are very abundant in peatlands (see Mygalomorphs and other spider Table 1 in Dondale and Redner 1994; Koponen groups 1994). Cybaeids and coelotine amaurobiids are All other spider families with Canadian similar morphologically and ecologically but species are much more diverse elsewhere and, have different areas of endemism in North for the most part, rarely encountered here. America. Coelotines are abundant in eastern Pimoidae (previously considered part of forests and none is found in the west. Cybaeids Linyphiidae) has one species in Canada which are diverse in the west but are nearly absent is abundant on the west coast. Mysmenids, from eastern North America. nesticids, and theridiosomatids are small araneoids with a single rare species each in the Amaurobiidae southernmost reaches of Canada. Three species The cribellate amaurobiids were revised of uloborids (small and interesting cribellate, by Leech (1972) and had 25 species with Cana- deinopoid orb-web weavers) are widespread dian representatives (Dondale 1979). Since but not abundant across southern Canada. One then, the Canadian fauna has lost three species zorid (small, lycosid-like dionychans) was re- to Titanoecidae but has gained eight ecribellate cently discovered in disturbed areas on south- species from Agelenidae for a total of about 30. ern Vancouver Island. A small handful of Two of the three ecribellate genera in Canada mimetid pirate-spider species are the only Ca- need revision. Most Canadian amaurobiids are nadian representatives of Palpimanoidea (an in- forest floor dwellers and build rather amor- teresting group, probably sister to Orbiculariae phous, tangled webs under various objects in + RTA clade, containing many specialized woodlands, especially the loose bark of trees araneophagous species). One ecribellate and logs. Spiders of this family often are abun- oecobiid is an uncommon synanthrope across dant but only the larger species are found com- southern Canada. Haplogynae, originally be- monly in general collections. Most species have lieved to be paraphyletic, is probably sister to southern distributions in Canada but a few are all the “higher” spiders (Entelegynae) including widespread in the Boreal zone and into alpine all those discussed above. In Canada, and subarctic areas (Dondale et al. 1997). Haplogynae is represented by one synanthropic Other Amaurobioidea species each of Scytodidae (spitting spiders) In Canada, Dondale (1979) estimated and Dysderidae, a single tiny and very rare spe- there to be some 65 agelenid species. cies of Telemidae found deep in forest leaf litter Agelenidae has long been an acknowledged in British Columbia, a single segestriid species dump heap for amaurobioid and dictynoid gen- each in the southern reaches of eastern and era of uncertain affinities and the family has un- western Canada and three or four pholcids (two dergone major relimitation in recent years (see of which are common in cellars) in various above). Today in Canada, Agelenidae is a mere southern localities. Centres of diversity for all shadow of its former self with perhaps 11 spe- these groups are austral or elsewhere other than cies in two common and one rare genus. Several north temperate. of these species are very well known because of Four mygalomorph families their abundance and/or synanthropic habits. (Mygalomorphae is sister to Araneomorphae) True agelenids all spin distinctive large, each have one or two species found in Canada, non-sticky sheet webs narrowing to a funnel at mostly in the west. One atypid purse-web spi- one edge wherein the builder is usually found der used to be found on the Niagara Peninsula waiting for prey to become entangled. Virtually but this species has not been collected recently Vol. 18, No. 1 25

Figs. 2-4 Cybaeus constrictus Chamberlin and Ivie, Figs. 5-7 C. conservans Chamberlin and Ivie; female genitalia. 2, 5 epigynum (external), ventral views; 3, 6 vulva (internal), dorsal views; 4, 7 same, ventral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figs. 8-11 C. angustiarum L. Koch, Figs. 12-13 C. tetricus (C. L. Koch); characters of male left pedipalp. 8 genital bulb, ventral view; 9, 13 apical apophysis, retrolateral views; 10 carinate retrolateral tibial apophysis, retrolateral view; 11, 12 patellae, dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figures: In spiders, species within genera are normally very similar in general morphology and usually only can be distinguished by careful comparison of sexual characters with published drawings or expertly identified voucher specimens. 26 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) and may have disappeared from Canada. One gram, effectively mothballing its collection of tiny funnel-web weaving diplurid is found at a close to 150,000 specimens and the only com- single montane locality in southern British Co- plete research library in the country. lumbia. A disjunct population of one Basic taxonomic and systematic re- mecicobothriid sheet-web weaver is found on search provides the foundation for all other as- southwestern Vancouver Island. One pects of biological research and will continue to antrodiaetid trapdoor spider species is common do so long into the future. The alpha-level tax- and abundant in reasonably undisturbed habi- onomy (i.e. basic descriptive work, compara- tats along the entire British Columbia coast. tive morphology) of the vast majority of arthro- Another antrodiaetid is occasionally collected pod groups including most spiders is in rela- in the dry southern interior valleys of that prov- tively poor shape. Research dollars tend to be ince. The vast bulk of mygalomorph diversity is directed at the macroflora and macrofauna at found in the tropics and subtropics. the tips of terrestrial ecosystem icebergs. The Conclusion organisms, primarily arthropods and fungi, “This is an exciting time in the study of comprising the huge and invisible foundations spiders” (C. E. Griswold in Dippenaar- of these icebergs (vital to the existence of the Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Major advances tips) are too often ignored except for those taxa are being made in the taxonomy and systemat- aspiring to “pest” status. Can we expect to un- ics of spiders at all classification levels. Publi- derstand the functioning of any ecosystem cation of taxonomic papers has been very high without basic knowledge of the hidden organic over the last several decades and shows no sign and inorganic network supporting the visible of levelling off (see Platnick 1997). The Smith- component? “Can’t see the forest for the trees” sonian Institution and the American Museum of is an apt expression: trees obscure our vision of Natural History support active graduate pro- the real machinery of the system. Within eco- grams that are training new arachnid systema- system machinery, spiders are diverse and im- tists. These programs have taken up the slack portant cogs. With luck, in the new millenium, from Harvard University as its highly regarded Canada will rediscover the inherent value of its program winds down (Coddington et al. 1990). declining cadre of systematic araneologists (to And there is much work available for spider say nothing of entomologists) and ecosystem systematists in North America: ecological in- research biologists will no longer have to rely terest in spiders is at an all-time high and many upon the volunteer services of accomplished families are in urgent need of revision, particu- amateurs to provide names for their data points. larly Linyphiidae and Salticidae but also most References families with cryptic, ground-dwelling genera. Alderweireldt, M. and R. Jocqué. 1993. Biodiversity in Af- Yet there is little in the way of funding or rica and Europe: the case of spiders (Araneae). Biol. Jb. support for systematists beyond the graduate Dodonaea 61:57-67. level. Trained arachnid systematists are finding Aitchison-Benell, C.W. 1994. Bog arachnids (Araneae, it increasingly difficult to find paid work and Opiliones) from Manitoba taiga. pp. 21-31 in A.T. Finnamore and S.A. Marshall (Eds.), Terrestrial Arthro- often when work is found, research is not a pods of Peatlands, with Particular Reference to Canada. component of it (Coddington et al. 1990). Many Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 169. of the North American arachnid systematists 289 pp. are retired or aging and there is little incentive Bennett, R.G. 1985. Taxonomy and natural history of for younger researchers to enter the field: nearly Cicurina bryantae Exline (Araneae, Agelenidae). Jour- nal of Arachnology 13:87-96. three-quarters of all active workers receive Bennett, R.G. 1987. Systematics and natural history of nothing or less than $1,000 annually in support Wadotes Chamberlin (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of of their research (Coddington et al. 1990). Here Arachnology 15:91-128. in Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Bennett, R.G. 1988. The spider genus Cybaeota (Araneae, has shut the doors on its arachnid research pro- Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology 16:103-119. Vol. 18, No. 1 27

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A revision of the nearctic Amaurobiidae Pseudoscorpiones, Ricinulei, Schizomida, Scorpiones, (Arachnida: Araneida). Memoirs of the Entomological Solifugae, Uropygi). pp. 5-20 in M. Kosztarab and C.W. Society of Canada 84. 182 pp. Schaefer (Eds.), Systematics of the North American In- Lehtinen, P.T. 1967. Classification of the Cribellate spiders sects and Arachnids: Status and Needs. Virginia Agricul- and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of tural Experiment Station Information Series 90-1. the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici Blacksburg. 4:199-467. Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. and R. Jocqué. 1997. African Maddison, W. 1996. Pelegrina Franganillo and other jump- Spiders: An Identification Manual. Plant Protection Re- ing spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus search Institute Handbook No. 9, Pretoria. 392 pp. (Araneae: Salticidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Com- Dondale, C.D. 1979. Araneae. pp. 247-250 in H.V. Danks parative Zoology 154(4):215-368 (Ed.), Canada and Its Insect Fauna. Memoirs of the Ento- Platnick, N.I. 1991. Patterns of biodiversity: tropical vs. mological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp. temperate. Journal of Natural History 25:1083-1088. Dondale, C.D. 1990. Litter Araneae (Araneida). pp. 477-502 Platnick, N.I. 1997. Advances in Spider Taxonomy in D.L. Dindal (Ed.), Soil Biology Guide. John Wiley & 1992-1995 with Redescriptions 1940-1980. New York Sons, New York. 1349 pp. Entomological Society, New York. 976 pp. Dondale, C.D., and J.H. Redner. 1978. The insects and Platnick, N.I. and C.D. Dondale. 1992. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 5. The Crab Spiders of Canada arachnids of Canada. Part 19. The Ground Spiders of and Alaska (Araneae: Philodromidae and Thomisidae). Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Agriculture Agriculture Canada Publication 1663. 255 pp. Canada Publication 1875. 297 pp. Dondale, C.D. and J.H. Redner. 1982. The insects and arach- Roth, V.D. 1993. Spider Genera of North America,3rd ed. nids of Canada. Part 9. The Sac Spiders of Canada and The American Arachnological Society, Gainesville. 203 Alaska (Araneae: Clubionidae and Anyphaenidae). Agri- pp. culture Canada Publication 1724. 194 pp. Shear, W.A. (Ed.). 1986. Spiders: Webs, Behavior and Evo- Dondale, C.D. and J.H. Redner. 1990. The insects and arach- lution. Stanford University Press, Stanford. 492 pp. nids of Canada. Part 17. The Wolf Spiders, Nurseryweb Young, O.P. and T.C. Lockley. 1985. The striped lynx spi- Spiders, and Lynx Spiders of Canada and Alaska der, Oxyopes salticus (Araneae, Oxyopidae), in (Araneae: Lycosidae, Pisauridae, and Oxyopidae). Agri- agroecosystems. Entomophaga 30:329-346. culture Canada Publication 1856. 383 pp. 28 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

The Quiz Page

— test your knowledge of Canada and its fauna —

1. What are the main differences between the continental climates of the Canadian interior and the oceanic climates of the coasts?

2. What is the difference between barrens and badlands in Canada?

3. Why are rocks in northern streams important to insects?

4. Many species of insects that feed on the cones of evergreen trees have diapauses that last for more than one year, an adaptation presumed to respond to the fact that cone production is widely variable from year to year. Name five families of insects that include cone-feeding species with prolonged diapause.

5. What do the following abbreviations of relevance to Canada or its environment or fauna stand for? a) ka B.P. b) dd c) PFC d) MB e) dbh f) PFRA g) CNC

[answers on page 31]

[Correction: In the quiz in the last issue of the newsletter (17(2), answer no. 5), the spider Xysticus labradorensis was inadvertently noted as a lycosid. It is, of course, a thomisid.] Vol. 18, No. 1 29

Selected Future Conferences

Organization Date Place Contact

Entomological Conferences

Entomological Society of Can- 1999 Saskatoon, (with Entomological Society of ada SK Saskatchewan); Dr. Dwayne Hegedus, Organizing Committee Chair (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2; [email protected]) or Dr. Cedric Gillott (Department of Bi- ology, University of Saskatche- wan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E2; [email protected])

2000, 2-7 Montréal, QC (with Societé d’entomologie du Dec. Québec and the Entomological Society of America)

Entomological Society of 1999, 12-16 Atlanta, GA ESA, 9301 Annapolis Rd., America Dec. Lanham, MD 20706-3115; [email protected]

2000, 2-7 Montréal, QC (joint meeting with ESC, see Dec above)

2001, 9-13 San Diego, ESA, see above Dec. CA

2002, 10-15 Philadelphia, ESA, see above Dec. PA

International Congress of 1999, 11-17 Hamilton, Vicky McMillan, Dept. Biology, Odonatology and First Sympo- July NY Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., sium of the Worldwide Drag- Hamilton, NY 13346-1398; onfly Assocation [email protected]

Annual Meeting of the Lepi- 1999, 4-8 Sierra Vista, Paul Opler, P.O. Box 2662, dopterists’ Society Aug. Arizona Loveland, CO 80539-8921; http://www.furman.edu/~snyder/ snyder/lep/meeting.html 30 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Organization Date Place Contact

10th Auchenorrhyncha Congress 1999, 6-11 Sept. Cardiff, UK Su Hayward-Lewis, Conference Co-ordinator, Cardiff University, Southgate House, Bevan Place, PO Box 533, Cardiff CF$ 3XZ, UK; [email protected]

2nd International Lepidopterist 1999, 4-6 Nov. Capetown, South Jenny Heath, 209 ringwood Dr., Conference of Africa Africa Pinelands, 7405 South Africa; [email protected]

XXI International Congress of 2000, 20-26 Aug. Iguassu Falls, details from Entomology Brazil http://www/sede/embrapa.br/ice/

Collections / Museums / Systematics

Association of Systematics Collec- 1999, 24-25 April Cleveland, Ohio (with the American Association of tions Annual Meeting Museums) Association of Systemat- ics Collections, 1725 K Street NW, Suite 601;Washington, DC 20006-1401; [email protected]

Society for the Preservation of Nat- 1999,28June-3 Washington, DC David Von Endt, Smithsonian Center ural History Collections Annual July for Materials Research and Educa- Meeting tion (SCMRE), Museum Support Center, D2002, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746 USA; [email protected]; www.spnhc.org

Other subjects (especially those relevant to Survey projects)

North American Benthological So- 1999, 25-28 May Duluth, MN Carl Richards, Co-Chair, Natural ciety 47th Annual Meeting Resources Research Institute, Uni- versity of Minnesota Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Hgwy, Duluth, MN 55811; [email protected]

Australasian Conference on Grass- 1999, 21 Sept. - 1 Perth, Western John Matthiessen, CSIRO Entomol- land Invertebrate Ecology Oct. Australia ogy, Private bag, PO Wembly, West- ern Australia 6014; [email protected]

7th Triennial International Sympo- 2000,28May-2 Victoria, BC R.A. Ring, Biology Dept., University sium on Insect/Invertebrate and June of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5; Plant Cold Hardiness [email protected] Vol. 18, No. 1 31

Answers to Faunal Quiz

[see page 28]

1. Climates at the centre of the continent have hot summers (e.g. 19°C daily mean in July for Saskatoon, SK) and very cold winters (–18°C in January). Climates there also tend to be relatively dry (35 cm annual precipitation for Saskatoon), especially closer to the Cordillera. Coastal climates, ameliorated by the nearby ocean, have much less difference between the coldest and warmest months (e.g. 15°C and –4°C for St. John’s, NF; annual precipitation 155 cm).

2. Barrens are areas relatively barren of vegetation in comparison with adjacent areas because of adverse soil or climatic conditions or other adverse environmental factors, for example sand barrens, rock barrens and extensive arctic barrens in northern Canada. Badlands are regions nearly devoid of vegetation where erosion, instead of carving hills and valleys of the ordinary type, has cut the land into an intricate maze of narrow ravines and sharp crests and pinnacles, as in parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan.

3. Rocks in northern streams affect the often rapid flow and thereby provide both habitats and food for insects. For example, some species shelter under rocks (e.g. some mayflies), and others cling to them in areas of suitable flow (e.g. blackflies). Several species use disturbed flow patterns (e.g. eddies) to acquire food from the current, and others scrape periphyton from rock surfaces.

4. Families of insects that include cone-feeding species with prolonged diapause include Scolytidae (Coleoptera), Anthomyiidae, Cecidomyiidae, and Lonchaeidae (Diptera), Tortricidae and Yponomeutidae (Lepidoptera), and Torymidae (Hymenoptera) [see for example Insect Dormancy 1987, table 27]

5. The listed abbreviations stand for the following: a) ka: 1000 years before present b) dd: day degrees c) PFC: Pacific Forestry Centre d) MB: Manitoba e) dbh: diameter (of a tree) at breast height f) PFRA: Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration g) CNC: Canadian National Collection [Note that especially in the United States many abbreviations are used for common names of insects (such as SBW for spruce budworm), but they are not encouraged here. 32 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Quips and Quotes

“Light minds are pleased with trifles” (Latin proverb)

“If I cannot brag of knowing something, then I brag of not knowing it” (Emerson)

“Cleverness is not wisdom” (Euripides)

“Think much, speak little and write less” (Italian proverb)

No comment “The poor weather combined with the fact that a number of noctuid species mainly appear as adults in even years, have kept most lepidopterologists in the warmth further south this sea- son. Consequently the number of reports is relatively low . . .” (A. Ohlsson and N. Ryrholm in Entomologisk Tidskrift 117: 64-64 (1996)).

The rearing of blow flies “is technically simple, but can be expensive, malodorous and wasteful of space”. (R.A. Sherman and F.A. Wyle in Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene 54: 38-41 (1996)) Vol. 18, No. 1 33

List of Requests for Material or Information Required for Studies of the Canadian Fauna 1999

his list is intended to facilitate cooperation among entomologists by encouraging those who visit Tsuitable areas while engaged in other studies to collect material of particular interest to workers elsewhere. Similar lists that were circulated in previous years prompted the transmission of several use- ful sets of material, and the efforts of the various cooperators were much appreciated. Minimum data requested with all specimens are, of course, locality, date, collector and habitat. (**denotes address reference; listed on page 41)

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 1 Acari (free liv- Anywhere, but Berlese-Tullgren funnel ex- V.M. 1 ing and para- especially sub- traction from subaquatic sub- Behan-Pelletier; sitic terrestrial arctic and arctic strates, from grasses and E.E. Lindquist; and aquatic Canada, Cana- sedges, and from bird and I.M. Smith mites) dian grasslands mammal nests, would be es- pecially fruitful (preserve in 75% ethanol +5% glycerine). 2 Adelgidae Anywhere Preserve insects and bark, R. Foottit 1 (conifer woolly needles or galls in 70% etha- aphids) nol. Specimen records and host plant records. 3 Aleyrodidae North America Preserve insects and host R. Foottit 1 (whiteflies) plant material in 70% ethanol. Adults may be dried. Speci- men records and host plant records. (Canadian National Collection deficient in all spe- cies, including pest species). 4 Anthomyzidae New World Adults from any habitat, but K.N. Barber 2 often associated with graminoids. Preservation in 70% ethanol preferred. Maliase and especially pan trap residues are acceptable and valuable. General de- scription of herbaceous cover and soil moisture advanta- geous. 34 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 5 Aphididae Anywhere Preserve in 70% ethanol. Speci- R. Foottit 1 (aphids) men records and host plant re- cords. 6 Asilidae North America Pinned adults. R.A. Cannings 3 (robber flies) 7 Braconidae Anywhere Pointed or in ethanol. M. Sharkey 4 8 Bumble bees Anywhere in Can- Include floral host if any. Collect R.C. Plowright 5 ada and preserve dry (but specimens that have already been put into ethanol are acceptable). 9 Butterflies Arctic Preserve papered or pinned (col- K.W. Philip 6 (see also 35) lecting / preserving information supplied on request) [for Alaska Lepidoptera Survey] 10 Ceratopogonidae Anywhere in Can- Send in fully topped-up vials of A. Borkent 7 ada 70% ethanol. Reared material is especially valuable; provide type of substrate or habitat if material is reared. 11 Cercopidae Canada and Alaska Specimens (preferably not in etha- K.G.A. Hamilton 1 (froghoppers, nol if possible), records and host spittlebugs) records. 12 Chalcidoids, Holarctic Incl. sweep-net samples (see also G.A.P. Gibson 1 especially 43) (collect into ethanol). Reared (see note under Eupelmidae material is especially useful. email address) 13 Chironomidae: Nearctic and Reared material preferred but will Bohdan Bilyj 8 Larsia Palearctic fresh wa- accept all stages in ethanol or on (Tanypodinae) ters slides. 14 Chironomidae: All areas, especially Include sampling method, habitat W.B. Morton 9 Eukiefferiella, Ontario information. Tvetenia (Orthocladiinae) 15 Chrysomelidae Anywhere, but Mounted or unmounted and pre- L. LeSage 1 (leaf beetles) especially in Can- served in acetic alcohol (70 etha- ada nol: 25 water: 5 parts glacial ace- tic acid). Include accurate (species level) host plant information. 16 Cicadellidae Canada and Alaska Specimens (preferably not in etha- K.G.A. Hamilton 1 (leafhoppers) nol), records and host records. 17 Coccoidea North America Preserve insect and host plant ma- R. Foottit 1 (scale insects) terial in 70% ethanol. Specimen records and host plant records. Vol. 18, No. 1 35

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 18 Coleoptera Canada For teaching. Material from Y.H. Prévost 10 (adults or mass collections accepted. immatures) (Kill larvae in boiling water removed from the heating ele- ment, let cool and transfer to 70% ethanol.) 19 Coleoptera Northern Can- Will collect S. Ont. in ex- A. Morgan 11 (identified) ada change; has N.W.T. dupli- cates to exchange for identifi- cation. 20 Collembola Nova Scotia Taxonomic literature required B. Wright 12 (literature) in the study of Collembola in N.S. 21 Curculionidae Anywhere, but Adults can be pinned, D.E. Bright 1 (weevils) especially pointed, or preserved in etha- northern Can- nol. Record host plant infor- ada mation if possible. 22 Cynipidae: in- Anywhere Maturing to mature galls. Re- J.D. Shorthouse 13 sect galls from move galls from plants and domestic and place in plastic bags. Try to wild roses segregate galls of different species. Preserve any emergents in 70% ethanol. 23 Dermaptera: Amérique du A sec ou dans l’alcool. J.C. Tourneur 14 Forficula Nord et autres auricularia régions si pos- (perce-oreille sible européen / Eu- ropean earwig) 24 Diprionidae North America Living diprionid sawflies of L. Packer 15 (diprionid any species, identified or un- sawflies) identified. Record foodplant. Contact in advance about shipping. 25 Dytiscidae Canada, Alaska Adults and larvae; adults D.J. Larson 16 (predaceous and northern should be pinned or if in etha- diving beetles) USA nol preliminarily sorted. 26 Eupelmidae: North America Reared materials with associ- G.A.P. Gibson 1 Anastatus ated sexes are particularly im- (see note under portant, regardless how few email address) in number. 27 Formicidae Anywhere Record type of habitat and A. Francoeur 17 (ants) nest site. Include brood if possible (preserve in ethanol). 36 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 28 Fungal pathogens of Anywhere Place any fungus-infected speci- D. Strongman 18 insects (esp. mens in a vial. (Identification of deuteromycetes and the fungus available on request.) ascomycetes) 29 Halictidae (sweat North America Particularly from blueberries. L. Packer 15 bees) brown and Pinned or preserved. Include black spp. only flower record if available. 30 Hemiptera: Anywhere Aquatic and semi-aquatic G.G.E. Scudder 19 Heteroptera (bugs) Heteroptera from acid waters (an indication of pH would be useful). Terrestrial Heteroptera from bogs. Preserve in ethanol. 31 Hydracarina: J.C. Conroy 20 Sperchon (Unionicolidae) 32 Insects on snow Especially western Chionea (Tipulidae), Boreus S. Cannings 21 mountains (Mecoptera), Capniidae (Plecoptera): preserve in 70% eth- anol. 33 Isoptera (termites) N. America incl. Preserve in 75% ethanol; try to T.G. Myles 22 Mexico collect as many soldiers as possi- ble. 34 Leiodidae Northern forest and Most easily collected by window S.B. Peck 23 (=Leptodiridae) tundra areas; prai- traps or flight intercept traps; and ries and grasslands car nets (Can. Ent. 124: 745, 1992) (collect into ethanol). 35 Lepidoptera Arctic For revisionary work on the J.D. Lafontaine 1 (see also 9) holarctic fauna. 36 Lepidoptera Manitoulin Island Records for use in monograph of J.K. Morton 24 and surrounding is- the region. Information on old re- lands cords from collections would be particularly welcome. 37 Lygaeidae Anywhere Material can be collected in etha- G.G.E. Scudder 19 nol. 38 Mallophaga Anywhere Preserve specimens in 70% etha- T.D. Galloway 25 nol; host species is extremely im- portant. 39 Microlepidoptera North America, esp. Include collecting method and J.F. Landry 1 (excluding west in dry/arid time of day collected. Kill with Pyralidae and habitats and prairies ammonia fumes. Field-pin; in- Tortricidae) (CNC deficient in struction leaflet and field kit avail- all western species) able on request. Vol. 18, No. 1 37

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 40 Milichiidae Anywhere Malaise traps are particularly J. Swann 26 productive; also any found in association with ant nests ex- tremely appreciated. Preserve in 70% ethanol. 41 Odonata (drag- North America Include 2-3 word habitat de- R.A. Cannings 3 onflies) scription. Adults preferably in envelopes or papered, pre- pared by immersing in ace- tone for 24 hours, then dried; larvae in 70% ethanol. 42 Opiliones Canada and ad- Preserve in 75% ethanol, es- R. Holmberg 27 (harvestmen) jacent states pecially adults with notes on habitats. 43 Parasitic Anywhere Including selected unsorted L. Masner 1 Hymenoptera Malaise, suction, pan or pit- fall trap collections (pan trap kits and instructions supplied free on request). 44 Phoridae Anywhere; es- Collect into 70% ethanol: es- B.V. Brown 28 pecially boreal pecially interested in Malaise trap samples from boreal for- est. 45 Pipunculidae Anywhere in Adults can be pinned, pointed E. Georgeson 29 (big-headed North America or preserved in ethanol. flies) 46 Psyllidae North America Preferably preserve in glycer- R. Foottit 1 ine or dried. Specimen re- cords and host plant records. 47 Pteromalidae: North America Reared materials with associ- G.A.P. Gibson 1 Pachyneuron ated sexes are particularly im- (see note under portant, regardless how few email address) in number. 48 Scelionid egg Anywhere Especially from Grylloidea; L. Masner 1 parasites of preserve in ethanol. Orthoptera 49 Silphidae Canada Include habitat and trapping R. Lauff 30 method. Malaise trap material welcome. 50 Simuliidae North America, Preserve larvae in Carnoy’s D.C. Currie 26 (black flies) esp. western solution (1 glacial acetic acid: and northern 3 absolute ethanol). Reared species adults with associated pupal exuviae preferred. Instruc- tions available on request. 38 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 51 Siphonaptera (fleas) Anywhere Preserve specimens in 70% etha- T.D. Galloway 25 nol; host species is extremely im- portant. 52 Solpugida Canada Preserve in 75% ethanol, espe- P. Holmberg 27 (sun spiders) cially adults with notes on habitat. 53 Sphaeroceridae Anywhere, esp. arc- Collect into ethanol. Acalyptrate S.A. Marshall 31 tic or high eleva- fraction of trap samples wel- tions comed. 54 Symphyta Boreal and arctic Larvae and adults collected by H. Goulet 1 (sawflies) Canada Malaise trap, sweeping, etc. (col- lect into 70% ethanol). Identify larval food plant as far as possible. 55 Tabanidae Canada Include habitat and trapping R. Lauff 30 method. Malaise trap material welcome. 56 Thysanoptera North America (Preserve in 70% ethanol). Speci- R. Foottit 1 (thrips) men records, habitat, host plant re- cords where applicable. 57 Trichoptera Anywhere Larvae, pupae and adults, espe- G.B. Wiggins 26 (caddisflies) cially collections that might lead to species identification of larva through association with adult. Preserve adults dry or in 80% eth- anol, larvae and pupae in Kahle’s fluid or 80% ethanol. 58 [Identifications] British Columbia Material from B.C. will be ex- H. Nadel 3 changed for identification: B.C. species of Hymenoptera-Apoidea; Diptera-Sciaridae, Trichoceridae, Syrphidae, Heleomyzidae, Platypezidae, Tachinidae, other anthophilous and fungicolous taxa; Coleoptera-Nitidulidae, Cerambycidae, Malachiidae, Dasytidae, Buprestidae, Mordellidae. 59 [Identifications] High Arctic Specimens of soil animals in re- G. Søvik 32 turn for identifications Vol. 18, No. 1 39

Cooperation Offered

a. Identification of groups of interest in Most but not all of entries in list above. return for a sample of duplicate specimens

b Willing to sort material from certain See entries 4, 12, 18, 43, 49, 53, 55 above residues, bulk samples, etc.

c. Field kits or instructions available on See especially entries 39, 43, 50 above. request.

d. Exchange of specimens. Several requesters, including entries 6, 19, 41, 51 above.

e. Limited collecting in Coppermine A. Gunn (address 33 below). area, N.W.T., if particular material required.

f. Collecting of soil animals on G. Søvik (see entry 59 above) Ellesemere Island, arctic Canada

g. Material in exchange for H. Nadel, G. Søvik (see entry 58, 59 above) identifications.

h. Caterpillars, larval sawflies, aphids P. Hallett (address 34 below) and mites available on request from trapnests for solitary bees and wasps.

List of Known Email Addresses

(by requester name)

Barber, K.N...... [email protected] Behan-Pelletier, V.M...... [email protected] Borkent, A...... [email protected] Bright, D.E...... [email protected] Brown, B.V...... [email protected] 40 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Cannings, R...... [email protected] Cannings, S...... [email protected] Conroy, J.C...... [email protected] Currie, D.C...... [email protected] Foottit, R...... [email protected] Francoeur, A...... [email protected] Galloway, T.D...... [email protected] Georgeson, E...... [email protected] Gibson, G.A.P...... [email protected] (on study leave until Sept. 99) Goulet, H...... [email protected] Hallett, P...... [email protected] Hamilton, K.G.A...... [email protected] Holmberg, R...... [email protected] Lafontaine, J.D...... [email protected] Landry, J.F...... [email protected] Larson, D.J...... [email protected] Lauff, R...... [email protected] LeSage, L...... [email protected] Lindquist, E.E...... [email protected] Marshall, S.A...... [email protected] Masner L...... [email protected] Morgan, A...... [email protected] Morton, J.K...... [email protected] Myles, T.G...... [email protected] Nadel, H...... [email protected] Packer, L...... [email protected] Philip, K.W...... [email protected] Vol. 18, No. 1 41

Prévost, Y.H...... [email protected] Scudder, G.G.E...... [email protected] Sharkey, M...... [email protected] Shorthouse, J.D...... [email protected] Smith, I...... [email protected] Søvik, G...... [email protected] ...... ([email protected] after June 24, 1999) Strongman, D...... [email protected] Swann, J...... [email protected] Tourneur, J.C...... [email protected]

List of Addresses

1. Crop Protection Program, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 2. Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7 3. Royal British Columbia Museum, P.O. Box 9815, Stn. Prov. Govt., Victoria, British Columbia V8V 1X4 4. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, 5 - 225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091, U.S.A. 5. 482 Montée de la Source, Cantley, Québec J8V 3H9 6. University of Alaska, Institute of Arctic Biology, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, Alaska U.S.A. 99775-7000 7. 1171 Mallory Road, R1-S20-C43, Enderby, B.C. V0E 1V0 8. 12 Westroyal Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 2C3 9. 3 Woodridge Dr. , Guelph, Ontario N1E 3M2 10. School of Forestry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1 11. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 12. P.O. Box 1255, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, B0J 2C0 42 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

13. Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6 14. Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 15. Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Downsview, Ontario M3J 1P3 16. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John*s, Newfoundland A1B 3X9 17. Département des Sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 9555 boul. de l*Université, Chicoutimi, Québec G7H 2B1 18. Department of Biology, St. Mary*s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 19. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5 20. Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9 21. B.C. Conservation Data Centre, Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 780 Blanchard Street, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 1X4 22. Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3 23. Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6 24. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 25. Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 26. Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen*s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6 27. Athabasca University, Centre for Natural and Human Science, Athabasca, Alberta T9S 1A1 28. Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, U.S.A. 29. Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 130, Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia, B0N 2H0 30. Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5 31. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 32. Biological Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway 33. Renewable Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Coppermine, N.W.T. X0E 0E0 34. Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Vol. 18, No. 1 43

Index to Taxa (entry nos.)

Arachnida Diptera ...... 58 Anthomyzidae .... 4 Solpugida ...... 52 Asilidae...... 6 Opiliones ...... 42 Ceratopogonidae . . . 10 Acari ...... 1,59,h Chironomidae ....13,14 Hydracarina .....1,30 Milichiidae ...... 40 Collembola ...... 20,59 Phoridae ...... 44 Insecta ...... 28,32 Pipunculidae .....45 Odonata...... 41 Simuliidae ...... 50 Plecoptera ...... 32 Sphaeroceridae ....53 Isoptera ...... 33 Tabanidae ...... 55 Dermaptera ...... 23 Tipulidae ...... 32 Orthoptera ...... 48 Siphonaptera ...... 51 Mallophaga ...... 38 Lepidoptera...... 9,35,36,39,h Hemiptera ...... 30 Trichoptera ...... 57 Adelgidae...... 2 Hymenoptera ...... 58 Aleyrodidae ..... 3 parasitic Hymenoptera 7, 12, 26, 43, Aphididae ...... 5,h ...... 47,48 Cercopidae ...... 11 Aculeata ...... 8,29 Cicadellidae .....16 Apidae ...... 8 Coccoidea ...... 17 Braconidae ...... 7 Lygaeidae ...... 37 Chalcidoidea .....12,47 Psyllidae ...... 46 Cynipidae...... 22 Thysanoptera ...... 56 Diprionidae...... 24 Coleoptera ...... 18,19,58 Eupelmidae...... 12,26 immatures ...... 18 Formicidae ...... 27 Chrysomelidae ....15 Halictidae...... 29 Curculionidae ....21 Pteromalidae .....47 Dytiscidae ...... 25 Scelionidae ...... 48 Leiodidae ...... 34 Symphyta...... 24,54,h Silphidae ...... 49 Fungi ...... 28 Mecoptera ...... 32