The Semantic View of Translating Litotes from English Into Arabic
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University Interscholastic League Literary Criticism Contest • Invitational a • 2021
University Interscholastic League Literary Criticism Contest • Invitational A • 2021 Part 1: Knowledge of Literary Terms and of Literary History 30 items (1 point each) 1. A line of verse consisting of five feet that char- 6. The repetition of initial consonant sounds or any acterizes serious English language verse since vowel sounds in successive or closely associated Chaucer's time is known as syllables is recognized as A) hexameter. A) alliteration. B) pentameter. B) assonance. C) pentastich. C) consonance. D) tetralogy. D) resonance. E) tetrameter. E) sigmatism. 2. The trope, one of Kenneth Burke's four master 7. In Greek mythology, not among the nine daugh- tropes, in which a part signifies the whole or the ters of Mnemosyne and Zeus, known collectively whole signifies the part is called as the Muses, is A) chiasmus. A) Calliope. B) hyperbole. B) Erato. C) litotes. C) Polyhymnia. D) synecdoche. D) Urania. E) zeugma. E) Zoe. 3. Considered by some to be the most important Irish 8. A chronicle, usually autobiographical, presenting poet since William Butler Yeats, the poet and cele- the life story of a rascal of low degree engaged brated translator of the Old English folk epic Beo- in menial tasks and making his living more wulf who was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize for through his wit than his industry, and tending to Literature is be episodic and structureless, is known as a (n) A) Samuel Beckett. A) epistolary novel. B) Seamus Heaney. B) novel of character. C) C. S. Lewis. C) novel of manners. D) Spike Milligan. D) novel of the soil. -
Dear AP Literature Students
Dear AP Literature Students: Welcome! I’m excited to meet you in the fall and to revel in the amazing reading! Before you return to school in August, please complete the following work to get our conversation started: 1. Carefully read and annotate All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy and Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro. When you read McCarthy, I would recommend bookmarking this page as it provides translations of the Spanish: http://cormacmccarthy.cookingwithmarty.com/wp- content/uploads/ATPHTrans.pdf. 2. Next, watch the animated film Persepolis (based on the graphic novel by Marjane Satrapi) and think about how it connects to our summer reading and why. You can rent it on Netflix or Amazon or possibly check it out at your local library. Yes, it is in French with subtitles J 3. Lastly, actively study the vocabulary lists "Literary Allusions" and "Literary Terms" (both in this packet). I would recommend not passively memorizing flashcards or a Quizlet, but instead using the words in your everyday conversations and in your writing to secure them in your memory and into your own personal lexicon! On the first day of AP week, you will be tested on the summer work. The test on the works of fiction will be primarily objective rather than interpretive, and it will include quotation identification, plot and setting points, and character descriptions. The test on the vocabulary will be matching. The point of the test is to ensure that you have read actively and studied the vocabulary so that you can use the works and words immediately. -
A Pragmatic Study of Litotes in Trump's Political Speeches
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 11, Issue 3, 2020 A Pragmatic Study of Litotes in Trump's Political Speeches Wafaa Mokhlosa, Ali Abdulkareem Mukheefb*, a,bUniversity of Babylon, Iraq, Email: b*[email protected] Litotes is defined as a figure of speech by which the affirmative is expressed by denying its contrary. The current study is concerned with identifying and analysing litotes in Donald Trump's political speeches on pragmatic level. The study aims at identifying the illocutionary force of litotes, the functions of litotes, which maxim of Grice is mainly breached in the production of litotes to produce implicature, and which type of litotes is heavily used by Trump. The analysis is curried out on data consists of four texts from Trump's speeches during being president from 2016 to 2019. The study concludes that the illocutionary force of litotes in most of the times is asserting. Litotes is used mainly to fulfil the function of emphasis, but it can be used to perform the functions of encouraging and inciting. Trump uses contrary litotes in most of his speeches. Key words: Pragmatics, Litotes, Illocutionary force, Implicature, Functions. Introduction Politicians use different strategies and devices to convince their audience or gain their support. Figurative language is one of these strategies that are mainly based on the use of certain figures of speech such as irony, euphemism, metaphor, litotes etc. according to Griffiths (2006:81). Understanding figurative language requires a great interaction between semantics and pragmatics. Therefore, to understand the meaning of certain figure of speech a total knowledge of the context is required. -
A Syntactic Analysis of Negation in Latin: Negated Quantifier Phrases
A Syntactic Analysis of Negation in Latin: Negated Quantifier Phrases Maria C Tierney April 2018 New York University Department of Linguistics Senior Honors Thesis Advisor: Professor Chris Collins Second Reader: Professor Richard Kayne Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to give innumerable thanks to my advisor and mentor Professor Chris Collins, without whom this thesis would not have been possible. His endless support, assistance, and enthusiasm allowed me to attempt this project and complete it to my best abilities. All of its failings are my own; however, its successes would not have been possible without the guidance and support of Professor Collins. I could not have wished or hoped for a better advisor. Next, I would like to thank the other professors and mentors in New York University’s Department of Linguistics who have helped me reach this point in my academic career. In particular, I would like to thank Richard Kayne, an inspiring scholar and professor who was kind enough to offer me his feedback and encouragement. I would also like to thank Hadas Kotek and Stephanie Harves for their support and guidance, as well as Maria Kouneli, who was an encouraging TA in my very first syntax class. The scholars of syntax in the NYU Department of Linguistics are an amazing, world-class group of individuals, and I feel immeasurably lucky to have had the opportunity to work among them. Outside of the realm of syntax, countless other professors and scholars both inside and outside the NYU Department of Linguistics have offered me their support and guidance. -
ED311449.Pdf
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 311 449 CS 212 093 AUTHOR Baron, Dennis TITLE Declining Grammar--and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary. INSTITUTION National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, Ill. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-1073-8 PUB DATE 89 NOTE :)31p. AVAILABLE FROM National Council of Teachers of English, 1111 Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 10738-3020; $9.95 member, $12.95 nonmember). PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Viewpoints (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *English; Gr&mmar; Higher Education; *Language Attitudes; *Language Usage; *Lexicology; Linguistics; *Semantics; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Words ABSTRACT This book contains 25 essays about English words, and how they are defined, valued, and discussed. The book is divided into four sections. The first section, "Language Lore," examines some of the myths and misconceptions that affect attitudes toward language--and towards English in particular. The second section, "Language Usage," examines some specific questions of meaning and usage. Section 3, "Language Trends," examines some controversial r trends in English vocabulary, and some developments too new to have received comment before. The fourth section, "Language Politics," treats several aspects of linguistic politics, from special attempts to deal with the ethnic, religious, or sex-specific elements of vocabulary to the broader issues of language both as a reflection of the public consciousness and the U.S. Constitution and as a refuge for the most private forms of expression. (MS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY J. Maxwell TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." U S. -
An Analysis of the Translation of Figures of Speech Found in Coco Movie
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF FIGURES OF SPEECH FOUND IN COCO MOVIE A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Andreas Tri Hartana Student Number: 141214156 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT Hartana, Andreas Tri. (2018). An Analysis of the Translation of Figures of Speech Found in Coco Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education, Sanata Dharma University. Movie’s subtitle is a product of translation. Translation is a process of transferring the meaning from source language into the target language. Translating English subtitle is not easy, especially if the movie contains many figures of speech expressions. The translator should be aware in translating the figure of speech expressions because they cannot be translated literally. This research analyzed the types of figures of speech found in COCO movie and how acceptable the translation of the figures of speech is. The researcher chooses COCO movie because it is a new, popular and an inspiring movie. It is an animation movie, which contains figures of speech inside of it. There are two research questions. They are: (1) What types of figures of speech are found in the COCO movie? And (2) How acceptable is the translation of the figures of speech in the Indonesian subtitle? It is a qualitative research and uses document analysis technique. -
Non-Standard English and Dialect Forms
Non-standard English and dialect forms Teaching notes These notes and answers support the student activities that follow on pp.5-7. Task one: Standard and non-standard sentences All the sentences are examples of non-standard English, and many feature regional dialect forms. Sentence Notes 1 We were stood at the Although this is primarily a regional dialect form common to bus stop for ages. northern England and the Midlands, it is becoming more frequent across the UK. At times this and its equivalent with the verb ‘sit’ e.g. ‘They are sat’ can be heard in places where Standard English might be expected (BBC News on TV/radio for example). A quick online search shows that many people are discussing it (even on Mumsnet), which suggests this is a dialect feature that is spreading. 2 I didn’t do nothing. An example of a double negative, a common feature of a range of regional dialects. 3 They got off of the This might be regarded as an example of language change train at the wrong rather than a distinctive regional dialect feature. Speakers station. seem to consider that the first ‘off’ is part of the verb phrase, and as a result an extra preposition is needed. 4 There are less Again, this is an example of language change in action – opportunities now for think of supermarket checkout signs for ‘10 items or less’. young people than in The distinction between countable and uncountable nouns the previous decade. appears to be changing, with the comparative ‘fewer’ (used for countable nouns) falling out of use. -
1. Alliteration, Consonance and Assonance 2. Allusion 3. Analogy 4. Apostrophe
A Few Literary and Poetic Devices: (words underlined in bold represent “figurative” language) 1. Alliteration, consonance and assonance • The repetition of sounds where consonance uses consonants and assonance uses vowels Ex. From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore— While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door— Only this and nothing more.” 2. Allusion • a literary device in which an author uses subject matter refer to an event, place, or other work – usually not directly stated • An indirect reference to a piece of knowledge not explicitly mentioned in the text, e.g. “Chocolate was her Achilles Heel” Ex. When Nature sleeps and stars are mute, To mar the silence ev’n with lute. At rest on ocean’s brilliant dyes An image of Elysium lies:” 3. Analogy • A literary device that creates a relationship based on parallels or connections between two ideas. By establishing this relationship, the new idea is introduced through a familiar comparison, thus making the new concept easier to grasp. Analogy is more extensive and elaborate than either a simile or a metaphor. Ex. From Romeo and Juliet “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet. So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,” 4. Apostrophe • An apostrophe used in literature is an arrangement of words addressing a non-existent person or an abstract idea in such a way as if it were present and capable of understanding feelings. -
Litotes in Analects 2
Litotes in The Analects: Form and Function YingYuanRandyAllenHarris Aug 12-14 University of Waterloo Outline • Why single out litotes? • How to justify its definition & classification? • How litotes function in The Analects? • Is litotes processible by computer? • Why single out litts • A universal figure active in many languages and classics • Greek, Latin, German, English, Chinese, French,, Dutch, Old Norse,… • Homer’s Iliad, Odyssey; Thucydides’s History Cicero’s Brutus, De Oratore; Kafkas’ Das Schloss, More’s Utopia, King Richard III; The Analects, Xunzi… • Why single out litts (con.) • Scanty researches in contemporary time • dozens of closely related articles (from1930 till now) • a couple of monographs • What is litotes? • Definitions from dictionaries Def Definitions from big dictionaries Definitions from big of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negation of its opposite. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) Definition 1: A figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negation of its opposite. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) A figure of speech, in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary (‘A citizen of no mean city’) (The Oxford English Dictionary) Understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary ( “ He is not a bad ball player.” ) (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language) A figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negation of its opposite. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) • Definitions from monographs & proceedings • The figure of speech by which a (nearly always) evaluative expression is periphrased by the negation of its opposite. -
A Bi-Clausal Account of English 'To'-Modal Auxiliary Verbs
A Bi-clausal Account of English ‘to’-Modal Auxiliary Verbs Sungshim Hong Chungnam National University Sungshim Hong. 2014. A Bi-clausal Account of English ‘to’-Modal Auxiliary Verbs. Language and Information 18.1 , 33–52. This paper pro- poses a unified structural account of some instances of the English Modals and Semi-auxiliaries. The classification and the syntactic/structural description of the English Modal auxiliary verbs and verb-related elements have long been the center for many proposals in the history of generative syntax. According to van Gelderen (1993) and Lightfoot (2002), it was sometime around 1380 that the Tense-node (T) appeared in the phrasal structures of the English language, and the T-node is under which the English Modal auxiliaries occupy. Closely related is the existing evidence that English Modals were used as main verbs up to the early sixteenth century (Lightfoot 1991, Han 2000). This paper argues for a bi-clausal approach to English Modal auxiliaries with the infinitival par- ticle ‘to’ such as ‘ought to’ ‘used to’ and ‘dare (to)’ ‘need (to)’, etc. and Semi- auxiliaries including ‘be to’ and ‘have to’. More specifically, ‘ought’ in ‘ought to’ constructions, for instance, undergoes V-to-T movement within the matrix clause, just like ‘HAVEAux’ and all instances of ‘BE’, whereas ‘to’ occupies the T position of the embedded complement clause. By proposing the bi-clausal account, Radford’s (2004, 2009) problems can be solved. Further, the historical motivation for the account takes a stance along with Norde (2009) and Brin- ton & Traugott (2005) in that Radford’s (2004, 2009) syncretization of the two positions of the infinitival particle ‘to’ is no di↵erent from the ‘boundary loss’ in the process of Grammariticalization. -
Analyzing Meaning an Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics
Analyzing meaning An introduction to semantics and pragmatics Paul R. Kroeger language Textbooks in Language Sciences 5 science press Textbooks in Language Sciences Editors: Stefan Müller, Martin Haspelmath Editorial Board: Claude Hagège, Marianne Mithun, Anatol Stefanowitsch, Foong Ha Yap In this series: 1. Müller, Stefan. Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches. 2. Schäfer, Roland. Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen. 3. Freitas, Maria João & Ana Lúcia Santos (eds.). Aquisição de língua materna e não materna: Questões gerais e dados do português. 4. Roussarie, Laurent. Sémantique formelle : Introduction à la grammaire de Montague. 5. Kroeger, Paul. Analyzing meaning: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics. ISSN: 2364-6209 Analyzing meaning An introduction to semantics and pragmatics Paul R. Kroeger language science press Paul R. Kroeger. 2018. Analyzing meaning: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics (Textbooks in Language Sciences 5). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/144 © 2018, Paul R. Kroeger Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-034-7 (Digital) 978-3-96110-035-4 (Hardcover) 978-3-96110-067-5 (Softcover) ISSN: 2364-6209 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1164112 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/144 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=144 Cover and concept of design: -
Cognitive Analysis of Double Negation
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 1442-1445, October 2011 © 2011 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.1.10.1442-1445 A Constructive Study of English and Chinese Double Negation Fushan Sun Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China Email: [email protected] Abstract—As a universally used linguistic structure, double negation has long attracted the attention of scholars in Chinese and foreign countries. But so far the research of double negation is limited to the study and analysis of negative words, negative markers and the surface structure of double negation, and is also restricted to one particular language. In this essay, based on contrastive linguistics and cognitive linguistics, I launch a comparison between English double negation and its Chinese counterpart from the cognitive perspective to identify similarities and differences between them, and furthermore I also attempt to elaborate the causes and motivations for its meaning. Index Terms—double negation, cognitive, iconicity, M—Principle What is the basis of the sense of double negation? Many linguists are interested in and concentrate on this issue. Palmer and Otto Jespersen are the most typical representatives of these scholars. Palmer said that two negative elements cancel each other to form a positive sense in a sentence. Otto Jespersen (1939) explains "All the languages seem to have a common law, that is, two negative makes a positive". In fact, this theoretical basis used the principle of logic that "two noes mean a yes". As to the issue why double negation can strengthen the.