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Važnost Točne Identifikacije Štetnika Kao Temelj Uspješnog Suzbijanja

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Važnost Točne Identifikacije Štetnika Kao Temelj Uspješnog Suzbijanja Nediljko Landeka* Zavod za javno zdravstvo Istarske županije, Nazorova 23, 52000 Pula, Republika Hrvatska Važnost točne identifikacije štetnika kao temelj uspješnog suzbijanja Sažetak U radu je prikazana pojavnost organizama koji se rijetko pojavljuju i teže su prepoznatljivi kod rutinskog pregleda objekta. Zbog sličnosti s nekim štetnicima, koji su učestaliji u praksi, pristup njihovom suzbijanju može od početka biti usmjeren u krivom pravcu. Navedene su pojave kornjaša roda Mezium i Gibbium (Spider beetles) koje još možemo nazvati paukoliki kornjaši, kornjaša roda Anthrenus (Carpet beetles) i skokuni (Collembola). Svi navedeni slučajevi su morali proći determinaciju u entomološkom laboratoriju kako bi problem bio uspješno riješen. Klučne riječi: insekti, paukoliki kornjaš, kornjaš tepiha, skokuni, determinacija. Paukoliki kornjaši, eng. Spider beetles Paukoliki kornjaš makroskopski izrazito nalikuju paucima. Možemo ih naći na različitim mjestima unutar objekata. U nastavku su prikazani slučajevi koje smo uočili na dva različita lokaliteta u Istri. Tek nakon uzimanja uzoraka i pregleda u priručnom entomološkom laboratoriju Zavoda za javno zdravstvo Istarske županije (ZZJZIŽ) utvrđeno je da se radi o kukcima a ne paucima. Zbog prednjih ticala, koja jako podsjećaju na četvrti par nogu, mogu se lako zamijeniti s paucima zbog čega se tako i nazivaju u engleskoj inačici svog imena. U prvom slučaju kukci su zamijećeni na nepristupačnim mjestima, naknadno dograđenog ali nedovršenog, stropa prostora jedne ustanove u Pazinu u travnju 2009. godine. Stari strop se sastojao od podloge od trske, koja se nekada koristila za izradu stropne konstrukcije tako da se na nju nanosila žbuka. Zbog velike brojnosti pojedini primjerci su padali sa stropa u radni prostor. Korisnici objekta su zbog toga pozvali registriranu tvrtku za provedbu DDD mjera. Izvođač mjere dezinsekcije je utvrdio da se radi o neobičnoj pojavi pa je uzeo uzorak štetnika i dostavio ga u ZZJZIŽ na determinaciju. Pregledom izlovljenog materijala pod entomološkom lupom uočeno je da se radi o kornjašu iz porodice Ptinidae s karakterističnim antenama od 11 segmenata smještenih između očiju, koje im daju paukoliki izgled i dugih tankih nogu sa stopalima (tarsi) od 5 segmenata(1). U navedenom slučaju se radilo o rodu Mezium (Slika 1.a,b) a nakon pregleda dostupne literature pokazalo se da ova vrsta može nastanjivati ovakve prostore. U drugom slučaju se radilo o kući koja se koristi za iznajmljivanje turistima tijekom ljetne sezone u naselju Kaštelir kod Poreča. U rujnu 2013. godine DDD Odjel, ZZJZIŽ je zaprimio poziv vlasnika kuće koji se žalio na pauke koji grizu turiste i nalaze se svuda po kući. Izvidom je utvrđeno da se radi o staroj preuređenoj kući s drvenom međustropnom * e-mail adresa: [email protected] konstrukcijom. Pauokoliki kukci koje smo zamijetili tijekom izvida su bili jako tromi i nalazili su se u kutovima prostorija i iznad prozora prema stropu, u području s manje prirodne svjetlosti. Analizom materijala izuzetog za vrijeme pregleda utvrđen je kornjaš iz porodice Ptinidae, rod Gibbium, najvjerojatnije vrste Gibbium psylloides (Czempinski, 1778). Zbog dugačkih ticala jako je sličan pauku (Slika 2. a,b), a hrani se različitim materijalima npr. krznom, plišanim igračkama, različitim žitaricama, starim knjigama(2). Slabo je pokretan, a bez hrane može izdržati i do godinu dana. Ne izaziva kožne reakcije pa je ocijenjeno da su kožne reakcije, na koje su se gosti žalili, bile vjerojatno posljedica uboda tigrastog komarca čija su legla pronađena u dvorištu kuće. a) b) Slika 1 a) i b). Mezium sp. pronađen u stropnoj konstrukciji starog objekta (Pazin, 25. travnja 2009.) Picture 1. Mezium sp. found in the floor of the old building (Pazin, 25th April 2009) (foto/photo: N. Landeka) a) b) Slika 2 a) i b).Gibbium sp. pronađen u staroj adaptiranoj kući (Kaštelir 19. rujna 2013.) Picture 2 a) and b). Gibbium sp. found in an old converted homes (Kaštelir 19th September 2013) (foto/photo: N. Landeka) U oba slučaja se radilo o kukcima koji pripadaju porodici Ptinidae. Ptinidae se inače ne smatraju javnozdravstvenim štetnicima, osim kada su im populacije, u određenim okolnostima, izrazito brojne pa izazivaju nelagodu i gađenje kod korisnika objekta. Različite vrste možemo naći u muzejima, na tavanima koje sadrže gnijezda glodavaca i ptica(3), ali ih se može naći i u ostavama, mlinovima i skladištima što znači da se mogu hraniti različitim zrnatim plodovima, sušenim voćem, ribljim brašnom, keksima(1). Osim toga hrane se i predmetima od životinjske kože, papira, drveta, perja i strvinama sisavaca i drugih kukaca(2). Odrasle jedinke roda Mezium su od 1,5 do 3,5 milimetara dužine i imaju tamno crveno-smeđi do crni, sjajan, loptasti abdomen koji im daje pogrbljen izgled(1). Glava, grudni koš, noge i ticala su blijedo žute do krem boje. Nekada crvena boja tijela može podsjećati na izgled kućne stjenice(4). Ne mogu letjeti jer su im krila čvrsto povezana što pogoduje smanjenju dehidracije. Stoga ove vrste bez pitke vode izdrže i do sedam godina što se smatra svojstvom pustinjskih organizama kojeg mogu koristiti u uvjetima čuvanja žitarica npr. u silosima. Ličinke su "C" oblika i krem-boje sa svijetlo smeđom glavom dužine 3,5 do 4 milimetra(5). Najčešće se pojavljuje u proljeće. Ženka polaže oko 40 jajašaca u blizini izvora hrane. Jaja su sitna i vretenastog oblika, a razvoj ličinke traje oko tri mjeseca. Mogu imati od jedne do dvije generacije godišnje, ovisno o temperaturi prostora i relativnoj vlažnosti zraka. Paukoliki kornjaši su aktivni noću ili dnevno u tamnim dijelovima prostorije pa ih se rijetko vidi. Vole i povećanu vlažnost prostora pa se i hrane namirnicama koje su oštećene vlagom. Mogu se naći i u samim gnijezdima ptica i glodavaca. Aktivni su i na nižim temperaturama(5). Suzbijanje se temelji na otkrivanju i uklanjanju predmeta, oštećenih namirnica ili materijala (možda i strvina) za koje se pokažu kao mogući izvor te suzbijanju glodavaca i postavljanju barijera za ptice ukoliko su primijećeni njihovi tragovi. U slučaju da se primijeti kolonija šišmiša potrebno se obratiti institucijama koje se bave njihovom zaštitom kako bi dobili detaljne naputke o daljnjim postupanjima jer se radi o zaštićenim vrstama. Treba imati na umu da se ovi kukci mogu hraniti na različitim podlogama pa je potreban precizan pregled cijelog prostora. Ukoliko ne možemo pronaći izvor mogu se postaviti monitoring ljepljive lovke na više mjesta u prostoru pa pregledom lovki možemo pretpostaviti mjesto bliže izvoru od kuda potiču kukci(5). U daljnjem postupku suzbijanja, uz uklanjanje vlažnih uvjeta sredine, koriste se i insekticidi na bazi piretroida. Treba napomenuti da bez lociranja izvora i uklanjanja zaraženog predmeta sama primjena insekticida pružiti će samo kratkoročno olakšanje, ali neće biti od velike pomoći(6). Anthrenus sp., kornjaši tepiha eng. Carpet beetles Ovog štetnika (Anthrenus) također rijetko susrećemo u rutinskom radu. U ZZJZIŽ su u kolovozu 2012. i rujnu 2013. godine donijete neobične ličinke. Pregledom materijala pod lupom je ustanovljeno da se radi o štetniku iz porodice Dermestidae. Napada pokućstvo, može napraviti štete u domaćinstvu, ali i nelagodu kod stanara objekta u koje se naseli. U prvom slučaju radilo se u infestiranom namještaju (kauč) s kojeg je vlasnik uzeo ličinke ovog kornjaša i donio uzorak u zavod. U drugom slučaju je štetnik otkriven i donesen od strane zavodskog tima za dezinsekciju tijekom pripreme objekta za tu mjeru (Slika 3.). Radilo se o apartmanu u jednom turističkom naselju nadomak Pule koji se iznajmljuje turistima tijekom sezone. U oba slučaja su obavljeni tretmani prostora i namještaja piretroidnim insekticidom uz naputak vlasniku da u isto vrijeme obavi temeljito pranje tepiha i izlaganje odjevnih predmeta jakom sunčevom svjetlu. Naknadnim obilaskom tretiranih prostora nisu ustanovljene ličinke i odrasli oblici, ali tipičan izgled ličinki ovog štetnika upućuje upravo na neku od vrsti iz ove porodice. U oba slučaja se radilo o kornjašima iz obitelji Dermestidae najvjerojatnije roda Anthrenus. Odrasli oblici (Slika 4.) mogu doseći dužinu tijela 3 do 4,5 milimetara tako da svojom veličinom, oblikom te mjestom nalaska mogu pogrešno uputiti na prisustvo kućne stjenice(4). Kod pronalaska ovakvih kukaca u objektu je nepohodno napraviti determinaciju pod lupom. Ličinke su dugačke oko 7 mm, zlatno smeđe boje prekrivene kraćim gustim dlačicama i rjeđim dužim čekinjama(7). Odrasle jedinke se najčešće mogu naći oko prozora ili na cvijeću jer se hrane peludom i nektarom cvjetnica (u prirodi glog i oskoruša), dok se ličinke hrane različitim proizvodima životinjskog podrijetla (keratin, materijali bogati hitinom - mrtvi i suhi kukci, dlake, perje, tkanine i vuna(7,8,). Na zbirkama kukaca ponekad mogu napraviti veliku štetu. U divljini se razvijaju pod korom drveća ili u gnijezdima ptica, rjeđe sisavaca. U kuće prodiru najčešće iz ptičjih gnijezda na kućama ili gnijezda osa. Ženka polaže do sto jaja na odgovarajuću podlogu. Nakon nekoliko dana iz jaja se izlegu ličinke, koji kroz nekoliko mjeseci do godinu dana stasaju u odrasle kukce. Ličinke su sklone lutanju pa se mogu naći u različitim dijelovima objekta. Razvoj ovisi o dostupnoj hrani i mikroklimatskim uvjetima pa može potrajati i tri godine(7). Slika 3. Ličinke Dermestidae (Anthrenus) s lokacija Slika 4. Ličinke Anthrenus s adultnim oblikom / Pula (9.10.2013.) Picture 4. The larvae Anthrenus with adult form Picture 3. The larvae Dermestidae (Anthrenus), preuzeto/downloaded from: locations in Pula (9th October
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