DOCSLIB.ORG

The Australian Red Cross in the Second World War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Australian Red Cross in the Second World War Embedded: The Australian Red Cross in the Second World War Jonathan A. Spear Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2007 Department of History The University of Melbourne Produced on archival quality paper Abstract This thesis will demonstrate that the Australian Red Cross was embedded with the Australian government, military and civilian ‘home front’ during the Second World War. The legal basis, structure, leadership and administration of the Society were closely integrated with the official war effort of the Australian government and military. The Red Cross societies of other combatant nations were similarly organised to contribute to the logistical firepower of their respective governments and militaries. The Second World War revitalised the Australian Red Cross and caused the Society to forge even stronger links with the Australian government. The Society was integrated as a paramilitary branch of the Australian military forces and provided logistical support to the military in Australia and overseas by means of its Field Force. The pervasive presence of the Red Cross resulted in the embedding of the Society on the Australian civilian ‘home front’. The integration of the Australian Red Cross with the Australian government was for the purpose of supporting the war effort of the Allies in Australia and overseas. However, the active participation of national Red Cross societies in the war efforts of nation-states came at a cost to prisoners of war, Allied governments and the international Red Cross movement. The successful delivery of humanitarian relief to prisoners of war could only occur if the national governments involved recognised a reciprocal benefit in doing so. The extremely close relationship between the national Red Cross societies and their governments resulted in the interests and actions of national Societies being aligned with those of governments. When this alignment was combined with practical challenges and the lack of a practical incentive to humanely treat prisoners of war, the Red Cross principle of reciprocal treatment foundered. This thesis will establish that while the integration of the Australian Red Cross with the military power of the nation was of tangible benefit to the Australian government, the Society’s fundamental principles and humanitarian objectives were undermined by political and logistical imperatives. i Declaration This is to certify that (i) the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD. (ii) due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used. (iii) this thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, inclusive of tables, maps, footnotes, bibliographies and appendices. ii Acknowledgements Many thanks are due to Kate Darian-Smith, Charles Schencking and John Lack, of the University of Melbourne’s History Department and Australian Centre, who have provided critical counsel in the planning and execution of this thesis. Sharon Pimm and Noel Barrow, of the Australian Red Cross National Office, provided me with unprecedented access to the Society’s National Archives. Without such access and the assistance of Sharon and Noel, this thesis would not have been possible. Fabrizio Bensi and the staff of the International Committee of the Red Cross Archives in Geneva provided similarly helpful access and assistance. The University of Melbourne’s History Department and Arts Faculty provided financial grants which allowed me to travel to Geneva. The Melbourne universities War History and Military Studies Group provided me with constructive comments and inspiration. My employers, Slater & Gordon Lawyers and the Victorian Department of Justice, have provided me with the time necessary to conduct archival research. My family, in particular Lilian, Laetitia and Luelle have consistently supported me throughout this project. iii Table of Contents Abstract i Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv Abbreviations v Table of Figures vi Introduction – Embedded 1 Chapter One – The Embedding of the Australian Red Cross within the Australian Government and Society 30 Chapter Two – The Australian Red Cross’ Support of the Allied War Effort 67 Chapter Three – The Embedding of the Australian Red Cross within the Australian Military 119 Chapter Four – Prisoners of War: Holy Grail or Poisoned Chalice? 182 Conclusion – The Australian Red Cross and the Nation State 243 Bibliography 255 iv Abbreviations AIF Australian Imperial Force ARC Australian Red Cross ARCAR Australian Red Cross Annual Report, Series NO13, ARCNA. ARCNA Australian Red Cross National Archives, Melbourne AWM Australian War Memorial, Canberra ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICRCA International Committee of the Red Cross Archives, Geneva. MCC Minutes of Australian Red Cross Central Council, Series NO14, ARCNA. MCCEC Minutes of Australian Red Cross Central Council Emergency Committee, Series NO14, ARCNA. MCE Minutes of Australian Red Cross Central Executive, Series NO14, ARCNA. MNC Minutes of Australian Red Cross National Council, Series NO14, ARCNA. MNE Minutes of Australian Red Cross National Executive, Series NO14, ARCNA. NAA National Archives of Australia POW Prisoner of War Second AIF Second Australian Imperial Force v Table of Illustrations John Nimmo in Mubo, New Guinea 1 Australian Red Cross Recruitment Poster 30 Diagrammatic Outline of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 37 Australian Red Cross Recruitment Poster 67 Tin Australian Red Cross Fundraising Sign 73 Deputy Assistant Commissioner John Fleming 119 Colonel Cohen in Alexandria 143 Colonel Cohen at Gaza Ridge 149 Australian Red Cross Prisoner of War Relief Parcel 182 Brigadier Langley 196 Repatriated Prisoner of War is Processed 202 Hope for All Mankind in War and Peace 243 vi Introduction Embedded Indigenous New Guinea stretcher bearers (popularly known as ‘fuzzy wuzzy angels’) carry a wounded soldier from 2/7th Infantry Battalion on a stretcher down a muddy track through the jungle to Wau. The 2nd Field Ambulance was situated at Wau. The Battalion had been attacking a Japanese stronghold between Wau and Mubo when the soldier was wounded. The stretcher bearers are escorted by John Nimmo (later Sir John) who was a searcher for the Australian Red Cross, left, and Corporal Alf Bray, probably from the Australian Army Medical Corps (AAMC). (New Guinea, 1943, P02110.001, AWM). 1 As he reached the Australian Army 2/7th Infantry Battalion’s position at the top of a mountain ridge, John Nimmo collapsed. He was covered in mud and exhausted after a long climb through jungle in the Mubo area of New Guinea. It was 1943 and Japanese forces were close. In fact, they were closer than John Nimmo realised. As he attempted to recover his breath, an officer of the Battalion grabbed him and pulled him over the crest of a nearby hill. The officer explained that Nimmo’s chosen place of rest may well have been his last. The same location was the target of frequent Japanese machinegun crossfire. Grateful for this timely advice, Nimmo rested. His rescuer was shot dead the next day.1 Given John Nimmo’s location at the front line of combat and his muddy Australian Army uniform, one could be forgiven for assuming that he was an Army officer. Close inspection of Nimmo’s uniform, following a thorough wash, would have revealed a number of badges emblazoned with a red cross on a white background.2 He was not a regular Army officer. In fact, Nimmo was one of the most successful Field Force officers of the Australian Red Cross. His role in New Guinea was to search for missing soldiers and provide comfort to the sick or wounded While embedded with Australian military forces. Nimmo’s motivations in volunteering for service and his wartime experiences, however, were similar to many of the 600,000 Australians who undertook voluntary duties with the Australian Red Cross during the Second World War.3 1 “Sir John Nimmo Interview 12 December 1990 & 25 March 1991 for the Keith Murdoch Sound Archive of Australians in the War of 1939-45,” S01038, AWM, 26-27; “High Morale in Mubo Area (Red Cross Commissioner J.A. Nimmo),” The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 June 1943, 7. 2 Sir John Nimmo Interview, 6-7. 3 By the conclusion of the war, the Australian Red Cross boasted an active membership of 600,000 volunteers – “Minutes of 31st Annual General Meeting 19 November 1945,” Series NO14, ARCNA, 6. The total membership of all branches of the Australian defence forces throughout the war amounted to 990,900 personnel - Joan Beaumont, ed., Australian Defence - Sources & Statistics (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2001), 306; Peter Charlton, The Thirty-niners (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1981); Peter Karsten, ed., Recruiting, Drafting and Enlisting - Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces (New York: Garland, 1998). 2 The son of a railway engine driver, John Nimmo was born in Ballarat, Australia, on 15 January 1909.4 Nimmo attempted to abandon his successful legal practice and enlist in the Australian Army shortly after France capitulated to Germany in June 1940.5 His motivation for doing so was simple. Nimmo explained that: It was a matter of patriotism. I felt that the Allied cause was a very genuine and real cause and that every man who could make a contribution should be in it.6 Nimmo was disappointed when he was rejected for active service due to his blindness in the left eye – the legacy of an air rifle accident as a boy.7 Undeterred, he then sought employment as an Army legal officer. Before
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Being Prepared for Unprecedented Times Peter Layton
    Being prepared for unprecedented times National mobilisation conceptualisations and their implications Peter Layton 1 2 3 BEING PREPARED FOR UNPRECEDENTED TIMES National mobilisation conceptualisations and their implications Peter Layton 3 About the Griffith Asia Institute The Griffith Asia Institute (GAI) is an internationally recognised research centre in the Griffith Business School. We reflect Griffith University’s longstanding commitment and future aspirations for the study of and engagement with nations of Asia and the Pacific. At GAI, our vision is to be the informed voice leading Australia’s strategic engagement in the Asia Pacific— cultivating the knowledge, capabilities and connections that will inform and enrich Australia’s Asia-Pacific future. We do this by: i) conducting and supporting excellent and relevant research on the politics, security, economies and development of the Asia-Pacific region; ii) facilitating high level dialogues and partnerships for policy impact in the region; iii) leading and informing public debate on Australia’s place in the Asia Pacific; and iv) shaping the next generation of Asia-Pacific leaders through positive learning experiences in the region. Visit us at: www.griffith.edu.au/asiainstitute About the publication This paper has been developed with the support of the Directorate of Mobilisation, Force Design Division within the Australian Department of Defence. Mobilisation involves civil society, emergency services and all levels of government. The sharing of the research undertaken aims to encourage informed community debate. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Australian Government or the Department of Defence, or any part thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Document
    Speak Out Education Packet for Speakers and Students ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following people have our thanks for their dedication to this project and their contributions: 1990-91 Education Committee Members James Manford, PastCommittee Chairman Zach Roberts, POW ETO & Lecturer Helen Smith, National Ex-POW Historian Col. Donald E. Miller, U.S. Army Retired LloydW: Miller, Historian David Everson, Vietnam POW Anthony Jurek, Korea POW Our thanks to National Commander Francis Agnes and PNC John Edwards for their encouragement. Earl F. Miller, Committee Chairman Renee M. Miller Hazel Ownby American Ex-Prisonersof War APRIT..1991 MISSIONSTATEMENT For the Speaker: This packet of materials was compiled to make presentation of the speaker's war time and POW story simpler. Sheets have been designed for easy reading and use as "hand outs". They can be distributed to students prior to the time of the Ex-POW session with the class. Some topics will tie in with special events, i.e., Veterans Day, Flag Day, Etc .. Information contained here may be used to augment the personal story the Ex-POW has to tell. Suggestions listed are guidelines only. The American Ex-Prisoners of War Organization believes the Ex-POW belongs to a "chapter" in American History that should not be glossed over, lost, or forgotten. Generations to come should be aware of the prison camp experience and be cognizant of the fact that such cruelties and hardships are elements of war. No more than cursory attention is given to World War II, the Korean or the Vietnam War in the present school curriculum. If mention is made of POWs it is usually statistical in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Edmund Barton and the 1897 Federal Convention
    The Art of Consensus: Edmund Barton and the 1897 Federal Convention The Art of Consensus: Edmund Barton and the 1897 Federal Convention* Geoffrey Bolton dmund Barton first entered my life at the Port Hotel, Derby on the evening of Saturday, E13 September 1952. As a very young postgraduate I was spending three months in the Kimberley district of Western Australia researching the history of the pastoral industry. Being at a loose end that evening I went to the bar to see if I could find some old-timer with an interesting store of yarns. I soon found my old-timer. He was a leathery, weather-beaten station cook, seventy-three years of age; Russel Ward would have been proud of him. I sipped my beer, and he drained his creme-de-menthe from five-ounce glasses, and presently he said: ‘Do you know what was the greatest moment of my life?’ ‘No’, I said, ‘but I’d like to hear’; I expected to hear some epic of droving, or possibly an anecdote of Gallipoli or the Somme. But he answered: ‘When I was eighteen years old I was kitchen-boy at Petty’s Hotel in Sydney when the federal convention was on. And every evening Edmund Barton would bring some of the delegates around to have dinner and talk about things. I seen them all: Deakin, Reid, Forrest, I seen them all. But the prince of them all was Edmund Barton.’ It struck me then as remarkable that such an archetypal bushie, should be so admiring of an essentially urban, middle-class lawyer such as Barton.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pillars of American Grand Strategy in World War II by Tami Davis Biddle
    Leveraging Strength: The Pillars of American Grand Strategy in World War II by Tami Davis Biddle Tami Davis Biddle is the Hoyt S. Vandenberg Chair of Aerospace Studies at the U.S. Army War College in Carlisle, PA. She is the author of Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Thinking about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945, and is at work on a new book titled, Taking Command: The United States at War, 1944–1945. This article is based on a lecture she delivered in March 2010 in The Hertog Program on Grand Strategy, jointly sponsored by Temple University’s Center for Force and Diplomacy, and FPRI. Abstract: This article argues that U.S. leaders navigated their way through World War II challenges in several important ways. These included: sustaining a functional civil-military relationship; mobilizing inside a democratic, capitalist paradigm; leveraging the moral high ground ceded to them by their enemies; cultivating their ongoing relationship with the British, and embra- cing a kind of adaptability and resiliency that facilitated their ability to learn from mistakes and take advantage of their enemies’ mistakes. ooking back on their World War II experience from the vantage point of the twenty-first century, Americans are struck, first of all, by the speed L with which everything was accomplished: armies were raised, fleets of planes and ships were built, setbacks were overcome, and great victories were won—all in a mere 45 months. Between December 1941 and August 1945, Americans faced extraordinary challenges and accepted responsibilities they had previously eschewed.
    [Show full text]
  • George Turner: Australia’S First Treasurer
    George Turner: Australia’s first treasurer John Hawkins1 The following article is the first in a series of biographies of Australia’s federal treasurers. George Turner, a former Victorian treasurer and premier, was Australia’s first treasurer, and despite battling ill-health brought down the first four federal budgets. He was a cautious treasurer whose budgets were balanced, and he limited federal expenditure. Revenue was raised from somewhat protectionist tariffs, and most of it was redistributed to the states. Turner was so widely respected for his diligence and competence that the leaders of all three major parties of the time reputedly offered him the post of treasurer. 1 The author is from Domestic Economy Division, the Australian Treasury. Comments and support from Amy Burke, Steven Kennedy and Carol Murphy are appreciated. The views in this article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Australian Treasury. 59 George Turner: Australia’s first treasurer Introduction The Right Honourable Sir George Turner, PC, KCMG, was Australia’s first treasurer, and brought down the first four federal budgets.2 Manning Clark said of him that ‘balancing the books was his great passion in life’.3 This made him an ideal choice for the job of treasurer, at a time when it was more of an accounting role than an economic one. Competent rather than charismatic, he was so admired for being ‘hardworking, conscientious and reliable’4 that all the party leaders and prime ministers of the time (the Protectionists Barton and Deakin, the Free Trader Reid and Labor’s Watson) reputedly offered him the job as treasurer.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Infantry Combat Training During the Second World War
    SHARPENING THE SABRE: CANADIAN INFANTRY COMBAT TRAINING DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR By R. DANIEL PELLERIN BBA (Honours), Wilfrid Laurier University, 2007 BA (Honours), Wilfrid Laurier University, 2008 MA, University of Waterloo, 2009 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in History University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada © Raymond Daniel Ryan Pellerin, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ii ABSTRACT “Sharpening the Sabre: Canadian Infantry Combat Training during the Second World War” Author: R. Daniel Pellerin Supervisor: Serge Marc Durflinger 2016 During the Second World War, training was the Canadian Army’s longest sustained activity. Aside from isolated engagements at Hong Kong and Dieppe, the Canadians did not fight in a protracted campaign until the invasion of Sicily in July 1943. The years that Canadian infantry units spent training in the United Kingdom were formative in the history of the Canadian Army. Despite what much of the historical literature has suggested, training succeeded in making the Canadian infantry capable of succeeding in battle against German forces. Canadian infantry training showed a definite progression towards professionalism and away from a pervasive prewar mentality that the infantry was a largely unskilled arm and that training infantrymen did not require special expertise. From 1939 to 1941, Canadian infantry training suffered from problems ranging from equipment shortages to poor senior leadership. In late 1941, the Canadians were introduced to a new method of training called “battle drill,” which broke tactical manoeuvres into simple movements, encouraged initiative among junior leaders, and greatly boosted the men’s morale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Final Campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945
    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year The final campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945 Karl James University of Wollongong James, Karl, The final campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945, PhD thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2005. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/467 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/467 The Final Campaigns: Bougainville 1944-1945 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy from University of Wollongong by Karl James, BA (Hons) School of History and Politics 2005 i CERTIFICATION I, Karl James, declare that this thesis, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, is wholly my work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Karl James 20 July 2005 ii Table of Contents Maps, List of Illustrations iv Abbreviations vi Conversion viii Abstract ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1 ‘We have got to play our part in it’. Australia’s land war until 1944. 15 2 ‘History written is history preserved’. History’s treatment of the Final Campaigns. 30 3 ‘Once the soldier had gone to war he looked for leadership’. The men of the II Australian Corps. 51 4 ‘Away to the north of Queensland, On the tropic shores of hell, Stand grimfaced men who watch and wait, For a future none can tell’. The campaign takes shape: Torokina and the Outer Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Necessary Chicanery : Operation Kingfisher's
    NECESSARY CHICANERY: OPERATION KINGFISHER’S CANCELLATION AND INTER-ALLIED RIVALRY Gary Followill Z3364691 A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters by Research University of New South Wales UNSW Canberra 17 January 2020 1 Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Australia's Global University Surname/Family Name Followill Given Name/s GaryDwain Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar MA Faculty AOFA School HASS Thesis Title Necessary Chicanery: Operation Kingfisher'scancellation and inter-allied rivalry Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This thesis examines the cancellation of 'Operation Kingfisher' (the planned rescue of Allied prisoners of war from Sandakan, Borneo, in 1945) in the context of the relationship of the wartime leaders of the United States, Britain and Australia and their actions towards each other. It looks at the co-operation between Special Operations Australia, Special Operations Executive of Britain and the US Officeof Strategic Services and their actions with and against each other during the Pacific War. Based on hithertounused archival sources, it argues that the cancellation of 'Kingfisher' - and the failure to rescue the Sandakan prisoners - can be explained by the motivations, decisions and actions of particular British officers in the interplay of the wartime alliance. The politics of wartime alliances played out at both the level of grand strategy but also in interaction between officers within the planning headquarters in the Southwest Pacific Area, with severe implications for those most directly affected. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here afterknow n, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Something Is Wrong with Our Army…' Command, Leadership & Italian
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 14, ISSUE 1, FALL 2011 Studies ‘Something is wrong with our army…’ Command, Leadership & Italian Military Failure in the First Libyan Campaign, 1940-41. Dr. Craig Stockings There is no question that the First Libyan Campaign of 1940-41 was an Italian military disaster of the highest order. Within hours of Mussolini’s declaration of war British troops began launching a series of very successful raids by air, sea and land in the North African theatre. Despite such early setbacks a long-anticipated Italian invasion of Egypt began on 13 September 1940. After three days of ponderous and costly advance, elements of the Italian 10th Army halted 95 kilometres into Egyptian territory and dug into a series of fortified camps southwest of the small coastal village of Sidi Barrani. From 9-11 December, these camps were attacked by Western Desert Force (WDF) in the opening stages of Operation Compass – the British counter-offensive against the Italian invasion. Italian troops not killed or captured in the rout that followed began a desperate and disjointed withdrawal back over the Libyan border, with the British in pursuit. The next significant engagement of the campaign was at the port-village Bardia, 30 kilometres inside Libya, in the first week of 1941. There the Australian 6 Division, having recently replaced 4 Indian Division as the infantry component of WDF (now renamed 13 Corps), broke the Italian fortress and its 40,000 defenders with few casualties. The feat was repeated at the port of Tobruk, deeper into Libya, when another 27,000 Italian prisoners were taken.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ambon Forward Observation Line Strategy 1941-1942
    The Ambon Forward Observation Line Strategy 1941-1942 A Lesson in Military Incompetence By David A Evans B. Asian Studies, BA (Hons) History. History Faculty of Arts and Humanities A dissertation submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Murdoch University Declaration Except where I have indicated, I declare that this dissertation is my own work and is an account of my research that has not been submitted for assessment for a degree at a University or other Tertiary Institution. (Signed) David A Evans i Copyright Acknowledgement I acknowledge that a copy of this dissertation will be held at Murdoch University Library. I understand that, under the provisions s51.2 of the Copyright Act 1968, all or part of this dissertation may be copied without infringement of copyright where such a reproduction is for the purposes of study and research. This statement does not signal any transfer of copyright away from the author. (Signed) David A Evans Full Name of Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Title: The Ambon Forward Observation Line Strategy 1941-1942: A Lesson in Military Incompetence Author: David A Evans Year: 2010 ii Acknowledgements I acknowledge Senator Chris Back for facilitating my entry into tertiary education at Curtin University’s Muresk Agricultural College in Western Australia. Under Senator Back’s mentorship I developed a lifelong interest in learning that led to the completion of my university studies at Murdoch University. I also acknowledge Associate Professor Lenore Layman and Professor Michael Durey for their professional approach in mentoring and guiding me through my education as a historian at Murdoch University.
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking Japanese Diplomatic Codes David Sissons and D Special Section During the Second World War
    Breaking Japanese Diplomatic Codes David Sissons and D Special Section during the Second World War Breaking Japanese Diplomatic Codes David Sissons and D Special Section during the Second World War Edited by Desmond Ball and Keiko Tamura ASIAN STUDIES SERIES MONOGRAPH 4 Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Breaking Japanese diplomatic codes : David Sissons and D Special Section during the Second World War / edited by Desmond Ball and Keiko Tamura. ISBN: 9781925021073 (paperback) 9781925021080 (ebook) Subjects: Sissons, D. C. S. (David Carlisle Stanley), 1925-2006. Allied Forces. Southwest Pacific Area. Allied Intelligence Bureau World War, 1939-1945--Cryptography. World War, 1939-1945--Secret service--Australia. World War, 1939-1945--Electronic intelligence--Australia. World War, 1939-1945--Military intelligence--Australia. World War, 1939-1945--Japan. Cryptography--Australia--History. Military intelligence--Australia--History--20th century. Other Authors/Contributors: Ball, Desmond, 1947- editor. Tamura, Keiko, editor. Dewey Number: 940.548694 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: David Sissons about 18 years old before joining the Army in 1944. Photo courtesy of Mrs Bronwen Sissons. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2013 ANU E Press Contents Preface . ix Acknowledgements . xi Acronyms and Abbreviations .
    [Show full text]
  • Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States
    HOMELAND SECURITY PROGRAM and the INTELLIGENCE POLICY CENTER THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Homeland Security Program RAND Intelligence Policy Center View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
    [Show full text]