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Revue De L'histoire Des Religions, 3 Revue de l’histoire des religions 3 | 2014 Traduction et transmission de la Doctrine dans l’histoire du bouddhisme Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/rhr/8257 DOI : 10.4000/rhr.8257 ISSN : 2105-2573 Éditeur Armand Colin Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 octobre 2014 ISBN : 978-2-200-92912-1 ISSN : 0035-1423 Référence électronique Revue de l’histoire des religions, 3 | 2014, « Traduction et transmission de la Doctrine dans l’histoire du bouddhisme » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 octobre 2016, consulté le 25 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/rhr/8257 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/rhr.8257 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 25 septembre 2020. Tous droits réservés 1 SOMMAIRE Transmission et traduction de la Doctrine dans l’histoire du bouddhisme Avant-propos Guillaume Ducœur Histoire de l’interprétation de L’Ornement des Réalisations (Abhisamayālaṃkāra). Réflexions sur l’idée de tradition philosophique Pierre-Julien Harter Le bodhisattva à la salle d’écriture. Histoire rédactionnelle et datation Guillaume Ducœur La première traduction coréenne du Sūtra du Lotus (1463) Kyong-Kon Kim Qu’est-ce qu’une ville sacrée ? Népal/Inde Notes critiques Gérard Toffin Comptes rendus Olivier DU ROY, La règle d’or : histoire d’une maxime morale universelle. Vol. 1 : De Confucius à la fin du XIXe siècle, vol. 2 : Le XXe siècle et essai d’interprétation Paris, Les Éditions du Cerf, (« Patrimoines »), 2012, 2 vol., 1517 p., 24 cm, 45 et 35 €, ISBN 978-2-204-09460-3 et 978-2-204-09461-0. Alberto Frigo Bernd ROLING, Physica sacra : Wunder, Naturwissenschaft und historischer Schriftsinn zwischen Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit Leiden-Boston, Brill (« Mittellateinische Studien und Texte », 45), 2013, X-496 p., 167 €, ISBN 978-90-04-25804-4. Jean-Robert Armogathe Charles DOYEN, Poséidon souverain. Contribution à l’histoire religieuse de la Grèce archaïque Bruxelles, Académie Royale de Belgique (« Mémoires de la Classe des Lettres », 55), 2011, 391 p., 25 cm, 28 €, ISBN 978-2-8031-0279-2. Thierry Petit Enrico MONTANARI, Fumosae Imagines. Identità e memoria nell’aristocrazia repubblicana Rome, Bulzoni Editore (« Mos Maiorum. Studi sulla tradizione romana », 2), 2009, 259 p., 21 cm, 19 €, ISBN 978-88-7870-423-7. Christophe Badel Denis FEISSEL, Chroniques d’épigraphie byzantine 1987-2004 Paris, Collège de France – CNRS, Centre de Recherche d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance (« Monographies », 20) 2006, 433 p., 24 cm, 30 €, ISBN 2-916716-01-7. Michael Whitby The Greek Life of St. Leo bishop of Catania (BHG 981b), Text and Notes by Alexandros G. ALEXAKIS, Translation by Susan WESSEL Bruxelles, Société des Bollandistes (« Subsidia hagiographica », 91), 2011, XXXVII-355 p., 25 cm, ISBN 978-2-87365-026-1. Annick Peters-Custot Valentina TONEATTO, Les Banquiers du Seigneur. Évêques et moines face à la richesse (IVe-début IXe siècle) Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes (« Histoire »), 2012, 437 p., 24 cm, 22 €, ISBN 978-2-7535-1856-8. Marie-Céline Isaïa Revue de l’histoire des religions, 3 | 2014 2 Théodore AGALLIANOS, Dialogue avec un moine contre les Latins (1442), édition critique, traduction et commentaire par Marie-Hélène BLANCHET Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne (« Byzantina Sorbonensia », 27), 2013, 251 p., 24 cm, 40 €, ISBN 978-2-85944-732-8. Vincent Déroche Frank LA BRASCA et Christian TROTTMANN (éd.), Vie solitaire, vie civile. L’humanisme de Pétrarque à Alberti, Actes du XLVIIe Colloque International d’Études Humanistes, Tours 28 juin-2 juillet 2004 Paris, Honoré Champion (« Centre d’Études Supérieures de la Renaissance – Le savoir de Mantice », 20), 2011, 23,5 cm, 638 p., 120 €, ISBN 978-2-7453-2226-5. Clémence Revest Jean-Marie GUEULLETTE, Eckhart en France : la lecture des Institutions spirituelles attribuées à Tauler (1548-1699) Grenoble, Jérôme Millon, 2012, 363 p., 24 cm, 30 €, ISBN 978-2-84137-273-7. Stéphane-Marie Morgain Hartmut BROSZINSKI, Manuscripta chemica in Quarto Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag (« Die Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Landesbibliothek und Murhardsche Bibliothek der Stadt Kassel », Bd. 3, 2,2), 2011, 29,8 cm, XXXVIII-672 p., 198 €, ISBN 978-3-447-06494-1. Didier Kahn Matthieu BREJON DE LAVERGNÉE, Histoire des filles de la charité, préface de Dominique JULIA Paris, Fayard, 2011, 690 p., 23,5 cm, ISBN 978-2-213-66257-2, 30 €. Simon Icard Abbé EDGEWORTH DE FIRMONT, Correspondance, récits, lettres inédites (1771-1806), édition établie, présentée et annotée par Augustin PIC Paris, Cerf (« Histoire »), 2013, 578 p., 24 cm, 39 €, ISBN 978-2-204-07888-7. Jean-Marc Ticchi Jacques PRÉVOTAT, Jean VAVASSEUR-DESPERRIERS (dir.), Les « chrétiens modérés » en France et en Europe 1870-1960 Villeneuve-d’Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion (« Histoire et civilisation »), 2013, 485 p., 24 cm, 34 €, ISBN 978-2-7574-0445-4. Louis-Pierre Sardella Véronique ALEMANY, La dernière solitaire de Port-Royal. Survivances jansénistes jusqu’au XXe siècle Paris, Cerf Histoire, 2013, 683 p., 23,5 cm, 50 €, ISBN 978-2-204-09951-6. Jean-Pierre Chantin Écrire l’histoire du christianisme contemporain. Autour de l’œuvre d’Étienne Fouilloux, sous la direction de Annette BECKER, Frédéric GUGELOT, Denis PELLETIER, et Nathalie VIET-DEPAULE Paris, Éditions Karthala, 2013, 445 p., 24 cm, 34 €, ISBN 978-2-8111-0840-3. Giacomo Losito Revue de l’histoire des religions, 3 | 2014 3 Transmission et traduction de la Doctrine dans l’histoire du bouddhisme Avant-propos Guillaume Ducœur 1 En 1844, dans son Introduction à l’histoire du bouddhisme indien (Paris, 2 e édition, 1876, p. xxxvi), Eugène Burnouf (1801-1852), alors professeur au Collège de France et initiateur de la bouddhologie en Europe, affirmait qu’« une histoire du bouddhisme, pour être complète, devrait donc, après avoir expliqué l’origine de cette religion, et exposé les vicissitudes de son existence dans l’Inde, la suivre hors de sa terre natale, et l’étudier chez les peuples qui l’ont successivement recueillie ». Aussi, depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, les bouddhologues ont suivi et étudié le bouddhisme partout où il essaima, durablement ou non, tant en Asie qu’en Occident. 2 Le présent dossier Transmission et traduction de la doctrine dans l’histoire du bouddhisme revient, à travers trois contributions, sur l’histoire de la transmission de la doctrine (dharma) bouddhique en Inde et en dehors de ses frontières, à partir du Ier s. ap. J.-C., période durant laquelle les écoles anciennes (sthaviravāda) virent s’imposer de plus en plus la pensée du grand véhicule (mahāyāna) par la rédaction de nouveaux sūtra. Comme le montre Pierre-Julien Harter, cette production doctrinale novatrice au début de l’ère chrétienne, notamment celle des Prajñāpāramitāsūtra, entraîna un nombre grandissant de commentaires au cours des siècles suivants qui assurèrent tout autant la continuité de la transmission du dharma bouddhique, tel qu’il fut développé par les tenants mahāyānistes, qu’un nouveau départ en exégèse, voire dans l’élaboration d’un statut doctrinal à part entière de ces mêmes commentaires. L’étude de l’ Abhisamayālaṃkāra, dans le contexte indien des IVe-VIe s. ap. J.-C., est donc un bon exemple de cette double transmission par les milieux scolastiques bouddhiques d’une tradition doctrinale en perpétuelle évolution, mais se réclamant toujours fidèle à ses origines. Revue de l’histoire des religions, 3 | 2014 4 3 Cette transmission du dharma dans d’autres sphères culturelles, comme l’Asie Centrale puis la Chine, a permis également la conservation de certains ouvrages depuis disparus sur le sol indien lui-même. Les traductions chinoises donnent donc à entrevoir ce que furent ces traités bouddhiques indiens ainsi que le travail de traduction des bouddhistes indiens, centrasiatiques et chinois qui participèrent à la diffusion de la doctrine en Chine, « bouleversant ainsi de fond en comble les perceptions chinoises » (Anne Cheng, Histoire de la pensée chinoise, Paris, 1997, p. 349). Ces traductions rendent en partie possible la restitution de l’histoire rédactionnelle d’un texte bouddhique indien, sa date d’élaboration et sa diffusion à travers les siècles. C’est ce à quoi s’est attaché Guillaume Ducœur en examinant les différentes versions indiennes et chinoises de l’épisode biographique du Buddha enfant à la salle d’écriture, mises en regard avec des bas-reliefs du Gandhāra. 4 Enfin, lorsque le bouddhisme chinois entra à son tour en contact avec la culture coréenne, sa doctrine fut encore transmise par l’intermédiaire de nouvelles traductions et de commentaires en langue indigène. Ce fut le cas du Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra, rédigé en Inde au IIe s. ap. J.-C., traduit et commenté en Chine dès le IIIe s. ap. J.-C., puis introduit en Corée et au Japon à partir du VIe s. ap. J.-C. Ce sūtra mahāyānique a joui d’une heureuse fortune parmi les bouddhistes des Pays du Milieu, du Matin calme et du Soleil Levant et « n’a même probablement jamais été autant diffusé qu’aujourd’hui, dans la volonté plus ou moins consciente d’en faire pour le bouddhisme ce que la Bible ou le Coran sont pour d’autres religions » (Jean-Noël Robert, Le Sûtra du Lotus, Paris, 1997, p. 23). Dans sa contribution, Kyong-Kon Kim retrace donc l’histoire de ces traductions successives, détermine les enjeux religieux et les facteurs politiques coréens qui ont contribué, au cours du XVe siècle, à la mise en place d’un travail monumental de traductions et de commentaires, et relève les différents procédés sémantiques et phonologiques employés par les traducteurs coréens pour assurer la meilleure diffusion possible de ce texte doctrinal mahāyānique, désormais parvenu bien loin de sa terre natale, l’Inde bouddhique. AUTEUR GUILLAUME DUCŒUR Université de Strasbourg [email protected] Revue de l’histoire des religions, 3 | 2014 5 Histoire de l’interprétation de L’Ornement des Réalisations (Abhisamayālaṃkāra).
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