DOCSLIB.ORG

ZILADAR Paper)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ZILADAR Paper) 1 Model Paper 10 (ZILADAR Paper) 1. Which planet is called the “Evening 7. When did Pakistan’s first Star”? expedition land on Antarctica? A. Mars B. Mercury A. On January 15, 1991 C. Venus B. On March, 1976 D. None of these C. On April 16, 1991 D. On August 14, 1980 2. The Parliament of Sweden is known as: 8. “Kyodo” is the news agency of: A. People’s Congress A. China B. Japan B. Parliament C. U.S.A D. Cambodia C. Riksdag D. National Congress 9. Cryptography is a branch of science which deals with: 3. World’s longest street is: A. Crimes A. Yonge Street B. Fleet Street B. Secret writing C. Wall Street C. Dictionary D. Lombard Street D. Old thing 4. Greenwich, a city of London, is 10. RAMA is a secret agency of: famous for? A. Israel B. Afghanistan A. Calculating the time of all the C. Iran D. Iraq countries B. Beautiful gardens 11. The old name of Libya is: C. Both of them A. Trablus B. Tripoli D. None of these C. United Arab D. Undlas 5. George Washington was succeeded 12. The new name of Persia is: by: A. Iran B. Baghdad A. Thomas Jefferson C. Turkey D. Iraq B. John Hamilton C. John Adams 13. The only person to win two D. None of these unshared Nobel prizes is: A. Marie 6. In 1954, USA launched its first B. Linus Pauling Atomic Submarine. What was its C. John Jackson name? D. None of these A. Attila B. Washington C. Sea Lion D. Nautilus 14. Highest military award of Britain is: A. Iron Cross B. Victoria Cross 2 C. Victoria Medal A. Keenghar Lake D. Military Cross B. Manchar Lake C. Hali Lake 15. Yosemite waterfall is located in: D. None of these A. USA B. Philippines C. Venezuela D. UK 23. Name the longest river of Pakistan. A. Chenab B. Karaola 16. First Provincial elections after C. Indus D. Jhelum establishment of Pakistan were held in: 24. Allama Inayatullah Mashraqi was A. 1950 B. 1951 the founder of: C. 1952 D. 1953 A. Mujahid Tehreek B. Tehreek-e-Khatam-e-Nabuwat 17. The origin of the idea of Pakistan is C. Khaksar Tehreeq associated with the name of: D. None of these A. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan B. Allama Iqbal 25. What is Malakhra? C. Quaid-e-Azam A. A lake B. A river D. None of these C. A game D. None of these 18. Lady Finger Peak is present in: A. China B. India 26. Which religious scholar tried to C. Pakistan D. Morocco eradicate different innovations from the religious? 19. The “Roof of the World” is: A. Shah Wali Ullah A. The Alps B. Haji Shariat Ullah B. The Apennines C. Syed Ahmad Shaheed C. Andes D. Shah Ismail D. The Pamir Plateau (Tibet) 27. First edition of Asar-e-Sanadid 20. Le Harve is the seaport of: appeared in: A. Portugal B. Italy A. 1846 B. 1845 C. France D. China C. 1848 D. 1849 21. Where is the shrine of Lal Shahbaz 28. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan became the Qalandar situated? Chief Judge in: A. Shahbaz Nagar A. 1846 B. 1845 B. Uch Sharif C. 1848 D. 1849 C. Sehwan Sharif D. None of these 29. Headquarters of the World Economic Forum is situated in: 22. The largest Natural Lake in the A. Davos B. London subcontinent is: C. Geneva D. New York 3 C. September, 1936 30. “Ottawa Convention 1997” is D. October, 1937 related to: A. Environment protection 37. Which party won the elections of B. Preserving wild life October 1990? C. Banning landmines A. People’s Party D. None of these B. Islami Jamhori Ittehad C. Pakistan National Alliance 31. The War of Roses (1455-85) in D. Muslim League European history is associated with the: 38. The elections for Assemblies were A. War between England and held in October 2002 when the France elections for Senate were held? B. Civil war in England A. January 2003 C. Anglo-Spanish War B. February 2003 D. None of these C. March 2003 D. April 2003 32. What is the total numbers of Ghazwat? 39. The government of Benazir Bhutto A. 17 B. 25 was dismissed for the second time C. 27 D. 29 on November 5, 1996 by: A. Ghulam Ishaq Khan 33. Which was the first Ghazwa of B. Malik Miraj Khalid Islam? C. Farooq A. Leghari A. Abwa B. Badr D. Nawaz Sharif C. Ohad D. Mota 40. The longest Surah in the Holy 34. Ghazwa Abwa is also known as: Quran is: A. Ghazwa Widdan B. Ghazwa A. Surah Al Imran C. Ghazwa Ohad B. Surah Al-Baqrah D. Ghazwa Badr C. Surah Al- Falaq D. Surah An-Nisa 35. What was the religion of the forefathers of the Holy Prophet 41. “Glasgow” is the seaport of: (SAW)? A. UK B. Iraq A. Idolatry C. Japan D. Iran B. Deen-e-Ibraheemi C. Hinduism 42. Which of the following words D. Buddhism explains a narrow strip of land separating two seas and 36. The Government of India Act 1935 connecting two landmarks? was fully enforced on: A. Isthmus B. Strait A. August, 1935 B. April, 1937 C. Bay D. Gulf 4 A. Britain B. USA 43. 19th Amendment to USA’s C. China D. Russia constitution essentially granted the right of voting to? 50. What do you understand by Ultra A. Red Indians B. Women Vires? C. Negroes A. An affair of the heart D. None of these B. Beyond limits C. Beyond one’s authority 44. GMAT stands for: D. None of these A. Graduate Management Admission Test 51. ____ is the oldest written language B. General Management of the world. Admission Test A. Chinese B. Sindhi C. Graduate Medical Admission C. Sanskrit D. Arabic Test D. Graduate Medical Admission 52. Necrophobia is a fear of: Treaty A. Everything B. Death C. Wealth 45. 7th April is the day celebrated as: D. None of these A. Peace Day B. Human Right Day 53. Which country’s parliament is C. World Health Day called “Mother of All Parliaments”? D. Water Day A. Britain B. USA C. China D. Russia 46. Total number of great lakes of USA and Canada are: 54. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan did his A. Four B. Seven Ph.D. from Leaven University of: C. Five D. Three A. Germany B. Holland C. Belgium D. Austria 47. Which country’s Parliament has the largest membership? 55. Cambodia was earlier known as: A. Russia B. China A. Mauritania B. Persia C. Japan D. United C. Kampuchea States D. None of these 48. The largest number of women 56. Highest military award of India is: representatives are in the A. Iron Cross parliament of: B. Military Cross A. Sweden B. Denmark C. Victoria Cross C. Rwanda D. Pakistan D. Param Vir Chakra 49. Which country’s parliament is 57. Henry Kissinger was the former US: called mother of parliaments? A. Premier B. President 5 C. Libya D. Japan 66. What is the total length of K-2 58. “Jiji” is the news agency of: peak? A. China B. Pakistan A. 8610 meter B. 8640 meter C. Libya D. Japan C. 8611 meter D. 8691 meter 59. MOSAD is a secret agency of: 67. Manchhar Lake is found in: A. Palestine B. Israel A. Thatta district C. France D. Germany B. Khushab District C. Dadu District 60. Who among the following is D. D. Ismail Khan District regarded as the forerunner of revenue administration in 68. Doctrine of Lapse under which medieval India? adoption of hairs was banned was A. Akbar B. Sher Shah introduced Sub-continent: C. Balban A. 1846 B. 1845 D. None of these C. 1848 D. 1849 61. Who has taken the highest number 69. East India Company occupied of wickets in test cricket? Punjab in: A. Malcolm Marshall A. 1846 B. 1845 B. M. Murlitharan C. 1848 D. 1849 C. Waqar Younas D. Wasim Akram 70. Sher Shah is well-known for his administrative skill, especially his: 62. What is the duration of one-half of A. Market control steps a Hockey match? B. Land revenue system A. 45 min B. 40 min C. Mansabdari system C. 35 min D. 30 min D. Law and order 63. Which country is known as the 71. Name the first Editor-in-Chief of “Land of Thunderbolt”? the magazine “Tarjuman-ul- A. Belgium B. Nepal Quran”? C. Bhutan D. Bolivia A. Abul Kalam Azad B. Muhammad Hussain Azad 64. Name the city which is a seat of C. Tufail Muhammad UNO International Court of Justice? D. Syed Abul Ala Maududi A. Hamburg B. Greenwich C. Geneva D. Hague 72. Who was the founder of Mughal Empire in India? 65. Sharjah is located in: A. Babar B. Akbar A. Qatar B. UAE C. Shah Jahan C. Kuwait D. Saudi Arabia D. None of these 6 80. Which was the Napoleon’s last 73. Who is called the “Parrot of India”? battle in which he was captured A. Akbar B. Shah Jahan and exiled to St. Helena? C. Amir Khusro A. Battle of Trafalgar D. None of them B. Battle Waterloo C. Battle of Austerlitz 74. Parliament of Norway is known as: D. Battle of Leipzig A. People’s Congress B. Parliament 81. After Shariat Ullah who made the C. Storting Faraizi Movement strong and D. National Congress popular? A. Syed Ahmad Shaheed 75. Which are the boundary lines B. Shah Ismail between India and Pakistan? C. Dadhu Mian A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bombing Iran Or Living with Iran's Bomb?
    Bombing Iran or Living with Iran’s Bomb? Kassem Ja’afar © Transatlantic Institute and Kassem Ja’afar, July 2008 Bombing Iran or Living With Iran’s Bomb? The Price of Military Action and the Consequences of Inaction Kassem Ja’afar FOREWORD Dear Reader, Since its nuclear programme was exposed in 2002, Iran has defied the international community and doggedly pursued its nuclear goals, turning down tantalizing diplomatic incentives, bearing the brunt of increasing diplomatic isolation and incurring a steep price in economic sanctions. Over the past six years, Iran has ramped up its nuclear programme and fought all attempts to make its rulers desist from its quest. As of July 2008, nothing seems to stand in the way of Iran’s successfully completing a nuclear cycle – nothing, except time and technological hurdles its scientists will eventually overcome. What options does the international community have? The answer depends on whether Iran can be convinced to change course. If so, the right mixtures of pressures and incentives will, at some point, tip the balance and persuade Iranian decision makers to change course. Regardless, the international community has failed so far to find that perfect point of equilibrium. Iran’s nuclear programme, meanwhile, is proceeding apace and time is running out. Before long, the international community might be faced with the unthinkable – the terrible dilemma between launching an attack against Iran before it acquires nuclear weapons (or at least the capability to build them) and coming to terms and living with Iran’s nuclear bomb. These are two terrible scenarios – but they may soon become very real.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan: Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Discusses Nuclear Program in TV Talk Show
    Pakistan: Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Discusses Nuclear Program in TV Talk Show SAP20090902008002 Karachi Aaj News Television in Urdu 1400 GMT 31 Aug 09 [From the "Islamabad Tonight" discussion program hosted by Nadeem Malik. Words within double slant lines as received in English.] [Host Nadeem Malik] Pakistan owes its impregnable defense to a scientist called Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan, who is our guest today. [Malik] What difficulties were you facing when you started the nuclear program of Pakistan? [Khan] //Industrial infrastructure// was nonexistent at that time in Pakistan. Immediately after the Indian nuclear tests in 1974, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto summoned a meeting of scientists in Multan to ask them to make a nuclear bomb. After the debacle of East Pakistan in 1971, Bhutto was extremely worried about Pakistan's security, as he knew that Pakistan had become very //vulnerable//. He removed Usmani when the latter told him that they could not go ahead with their plan of acquiring a nuclear bomb, because the basic //infrastructure// was not there. Usman was not wrong in his capacity. The Atomic Energy Commission was the only relevant institution at that time, but it lacked the required expertise. India's nuclear test in 1974 caused hysteria in Pakistan. I was in Belgium in 1971, when the Pakistan Army surrendered in the then East Pakistan and faced utmost humiliation. Hindus and Sikhs were beating them with shoes, and their heads were being shaved in the //concentration camps//. I saw those scenes with horror. When India tested its bomb in 1974, I was living in Holland and working in a //nuclear field//.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Statement Washington, DC 20530 Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, As Amended
    Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 07/17/2013 12:53:25 PM OMB NO. 1124-0002; Expires February 28, 2014 «JJ.S. Department of Justice Supplemental Statement Washington, DC 20530 Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended For Six Month Period Ending 06/30/2013 (Insert date) I - REGISTRANT 1. (a) Name of Registrant (b) Registration No. Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf 5975 (c) Business Address(es) of Registrant 315 Maple street Richardson TX, 75081 Has there been a change in the information previously furnished in connection with the following? (a) If an individual: (1) Residence address(es) Yes Q No D (2) Citizenship Yes Q No Q (3) Occupation Yes • No D (b) If an organization: (1) Name Yes Q No H (2) Ownership or control Yes • No |x] - (3) Branch offices Yes D No 0 (c) Explain fully all changes, if any, indicated in Items (a) and (b) above. IF THE REGISTRANT IS AN INDIVIDUAL, OMIT RESPONSE TO ITEMS 3,4, AND 5(a). 3. If you have previously filed Exhibit C1, state whether any changes therein have occurred during this 6 month reporting period. Yes D No H If yes, have you filed an amendment to the Exhibit C? Yes • No D If no, please attach the required amendment. I The Exhibit C, for which no printed form is provided, consists of a true copy of the charter, articles of incorporation, association, and by laws of a registrant that is an organization. (A waiver of the requirement to file an Exhibit C may be obtained for good cause upon written application to the Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • LJMU Research Online
    LJMU Research Online Craig, MM ‘Nuclear Sword of the Moslem World’?: the United States, Britain, Pakistan, and the ‘Islamic Bomb’, 1977–80 http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/4612/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Craig, MM (2016) ‘Nuclear Sword of the Moslem World’?: the United States, Britain, Pakistan, and the ‘Islamic Bomb’, 1977–80. International History Review, 38 (5). pp. 857-879. ISSN 0707-5332 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ ‘Nuclear Sword of the Moslem World’?: America, Britain, Pakistan, and the ‘Islamic bomb’, 1977-1980 Malcolm M. Craig Email: [email protected] This article appeared in The International History Review, Vol.38, No.5 (2016) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2016.1140670 1 Introduction In advance of Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu’s March 2015 address to the US Congress, an editorial in the conservative Washington Times commented: Mr Netanyahu has the opportunity to talk in plain speech with no equivocation about the threat that Iran, armed with the Islamic bomb, poses to the survival of the Jewish state and perhaps the United States as well.
    [Show full text]
  • The A.Q. Khan Network
    NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE A. Q. KHAN NETWORK: CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS by Christopher O. Clary December 2005 Thesis Co-Advisors: Peter R. Lavoy Feroz Hassan Khan Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2005 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: 5. FUNDING NUMBERS The A. Q. Khan Network: Causes and Implications 6. AUTHOR(S): Christopher O. Clary 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan's Rise to Nuclear Power and the Contribution of German Companies
    PRIF-Report No. 118 Pakistan's Rise to Nuclear Power and the Contribution of German Companies Klaus-Peter Ricke the Translation: Matthew Harris © Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) 2013 Address: PRIF x Baseler Straße 27–31 x 60329 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 69 95 91 04–0 x Fax: +49 (0) 69 55 84 81 E-mail: [email protected] x Internet: www.prif.org ISBN: 978-3-942532-50-1 € 10.00 Summary The amendment of the Foreign Trade and Payments Act (Außenwirtschaftsgesetz) has prompted the preparation of this paper because of concerns over potential setbacks in advances achieved over the past twenty years in regulating German exports to non-EU countries and shipments to member states of the EU and the watering down of export restrictions to correspond to the low standards in place at the EU level (with the objective of streamlining the Foreign Trade and Payments Act and nullifying special German re- quirements which place German exporters at a disadvantage compared with their Euro- pean competitors, according to a spokesperson of the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology). This would send the wrong signal on combating prolifera- tion. From the 1970s to 1990s the Federal Republic of Germany played an extremely negative role because it opened the doors wide to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction through lax legislation and even more slipshod enforcement. Alarmed by several scandals, in recent years the German government has taken the lead regarding this issue and it would be appropriate for it to continue to fulfill this role.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Proliferation
    Questions 1. Why are countries, who seek to install a nuclear weapon program interested in building a deuterium enrichment program? 2. What are the two important aspects the 6Li(n,t)4He reaction has for the fusion weapon industry? 3. Why does a fusion bomb need a fission trigger? Nuclear Proliferation Proliferation beyond the “Superpowers” After Soviet Union in 1949, the first successful British test of a pure fission based 10 kT bomb (Totem 1) took place on October 14, 1953 at Emu Field, Australia. The free fall bomb (Blue Danube) was the first nuclear weapon stockpiled by Britain, and going into service in November 1953 1954 Winston Churchill decided that Britain should go ahead with H-bomb development, that is, to replicate the U.S. achievement. EMU field, British test site Proliferation after the 1963 test ban In 1949 and 1952 France build its first reactors which could be used For 239Pu breading. Uranium ores were discovered in France in 1951. French nuclear weapon program began in earnest in 1956, after the humiliating defeat at Dien Bien Phu and loss of French Indochina. Lack of US support during Suez crisis, France decided to develop its Independent military and nuclear force structure (Force de Frappe). The first French nuclear test, code-named Gerboise Bleue (60-70KT), was detonated at on February 13 1960 at Reggane in Algeria. After Algeria gained independence in 1966, the french testing program moved to the Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls in the South Pacific. The China Program China began developing nuclear weapons in the late 1950s with Soviet Union assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes the Nonproliferation R
    The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes The Nonproliferation R. Scott Kemp Emperor Has No Clothes The Gas Centrifuge, Supply-Side Controls, and the Future of Nuclear Proliferation What policies have most constrained the proliferation of nuclear weapons over the last sixty years? Will they continue to do so in the future? Scholars have long acknowledged that states may forgo nuclear weapons if their security concerns, domestic politics, and social norms do not favor ac- quisition.1 These political and cultural factors may be the primary determi- nants of proliferation, but they are not easily modulated by public policy. As such, policymakers have more often focused on impeding the path to nuclear weapons acquisition by controlling technology. This “supply-side” approach keeps with a long tradition. As far back as 1944, senior political ofªcials in the United States and the United Kingdom believed that, although the bomb itself was not particularly difªcult to fabricate, the effort needed to replicate the Manhattan Project’s enormous ªssile material production facilities would pro- vide an almost automatic barrier to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.2 More recently, scholars have represented proliferation rings, illicit trade, and nuclear smuggling as being critical vectors that enable proliferation among the technically weak.3 A.Q. Khan has become a pop icon for contemporary prolif- R. Scott Kemp is Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The author is indebted to Valentin Borisevich, Christopher Chyba, Owen Coté, Trevor Edwards, Alexander Glaser, Olli Heinonen, Tsunetoshi Kai, Sultan Bashir Mahmood, Zia Mian, Masud Naraghi, Mahdi Obeidi, Joshua Pollack, Riazuddin, Lawrence Sparks, Frank von Hippel, Houston Wood, Shi Zeng, and several engineers and government ofªcials who have asked to remain anonymous.
    [Show full text]
  • Overcoming Pakistan's Nuclear Dangers
    „ , Overcoming Pakistan's Nuclear Dangers Mark Fitzpatrick VIISS The International Institute for Strategic Studies Contents Acknowledgements 6 Glossary and acronyms 7 Introduction 9 Chapter One Pakistan's nuclear programme 13 Beginnings 13 Uranium enrichment 17 Plutonium production 19 Warheads 20 Deliver)' systems 24 Nuclear policy 27 No intention to operationalise Nflsr 33 Monetary costs 35 Civilian nuclear sector 33 Chapter Two The potential for nuclear use 47 India-Pakistan conflicts in the nuclear age 51 Assessment 65 ChapterThree The potential for a nuclear arms race 71 Pakistan's motivations for TNWs 78 Destabilising impact of TNWs 84 Strain on command and control 87 Nuclearisation of the sea 91 Impact on CTBT and FMCT 92 NATO analogies 95 "" Chapter Four The potential for nuclear terrorism 105 Defining nuclear terrorism 106 Presence of terrorist groups 107 Terrorist interest in nuclear weapons 112 Western assessments 115 Nuclear-security measures 117 Paranoia about the US 124 Potential for insider collusion 126 Transport vulnerability 128 Comparison with India and other countries 130 Assessment 132 Chapter Five The potential for onward proliferation and for nuclear accidents 141 Onward proliferation 141 Nuclear transfer to Saudi Arabia? 146 Nuclear safety risks 148 Conclusion 153 Nuclear normalisation 159 Index 167 introduction Nuclear specialists are often asked which country presents the greatest source of concern. One might say Russia, because it holds the largest inventory of nuclear weapons (followed closely by the United States) and because, together with other former Soviet republics, it is the source of the greatest amount of trafficked nuclear material. One could point to China, because it has the fastest-growing nuclear industry and because it is the least transparent among the five declared nuclear-weapons states.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomers and Astrologers[Edit] Main Article: List of Muslim Astronomers Sind Ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khan
    Astronomers and astrologers[edit] Main article: List of Muslim astronomers Sind ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khani (1650-1707) Ibrahim al-Fazari (-777) Muhammad al-Fazari (-796 or 806) Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician (780-850 CE) Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) (787-886 CE) Al-Farghani (800/805-870) Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa) (9th century) Dīnawarī (815-896) Al-Majriti (d. 1008 or 1007 CE) Al-Battani (858-929 CE) (Albatenius) Al-Farabi (872-950 CE) (Abunaser) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (903-986) Abu Sa'id Gorgani (9th century) Kushyar ibn Labban (971-1029) Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900-971) Al-Mahani (8th century) Al-Marwazi (9th century) Al-Nayrizi (865-922) Al-Saghani (-990) Al-Farghani (9th century) Abu Nasr Mansur (970-1036) Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (10th century) (Kuhi) Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (940-1000) Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (940-998) Ibn Yunus (950-1009) Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040) (Alhacen) Bīrūnī (973-1048) Avicenna (980-1037) (Ibn Sīnā) Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (1029-1087) (Arzachel) Omar Khayyám (1048-1131) Al-Khazini (fl. 1115-1130) Ibn Bajjah (1095-1138) (Avempace) Ibn Tufail (1105-1185) (Abubacer) Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (-1204) (Alpetragius) Averroes (1126-1198) Al-Jazari (1136-1206) Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135-1213) Anvari (1126-1189) Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (-1266) Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274) Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311) Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (1250-1310) Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375) Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (1320-80) Jamshīd al-Kāshī (1380-1429) Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526-1585)
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons
    Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Updated August 1, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34248 Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Summary Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal probably consists of approximately 110-130 nuclear warheads, although it could have more. Islamabad is producing fissile material, adding to related production facilities, and deploying additional nuclear weapons and new types of delivery vehicles. Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal is widely regarded as designed to dissuade India from taking military action against Pakistan, but Islamabad’s expansion of its nuclear arsenal, development of new types of nuclear weapons, and adoption of a doctrine called “full spectrum deterrence” have led some observers to express concern about an increased risk of nuclear conflict between Pakistan and India, which also continues to expand its nuclear arsenal. Pakistan has in recent years taken a number of steps to increase international confidence in the security of its nuclear arsenal. Moreover, Pakistani and U.S. officials argue that, since the 2004 revelations about a procurement network run by former Pakistani nuclear official A.Q. Khan, Islamabad has taken a number of steps to improve its nuclear security and to prevent further proliferation of nuclear-related technologies and materials. A number of important initiatives, such as strengthened export control laws, improved personnel security, and international nuclear security cooperation programs, have improved Pakistan’s nuclear security. However, instability in Pakistan has called the extent and durability of these reforms into question. Some observers fear radical takeover of the Pakistani government or diversion of material or technology by personnel within Pakistan’s nuclear complex. While U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes
    The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Kemp, R. Scott. “The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes.” International Security 38, no. 4 (April 2014): 39–78. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00159 Publisher MIT Press Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89182 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes The Nonproliferation R. Scott Kemp Emperor Has No Clothes The Gas Centrifuge, Supply-Side Controls, and the Future of Nuclear Proliferation What policies have most constrained the proliferation of nuclear weapons over the last sixty years? Will they continue to do so in the future? Scholars have long acknowledged that states may forgo nuclear weapons if their security concerns, domestic politics, and social norms do not favor ac- quisition.1 These political and cultural factors may be the primary determi- nants of proliferation, but they are not easily modulated by public policy. As such, policymakers have more often focused on impeding the path to nuclear weapons acquisition by controlling technology. This “supply-side” approach keeps with a long tradition. As far back as 1944, senior political ofªcials in the United States and the United Kingdom believed that, although the bomb itself was not particularly difªcult to fabricate, the effort needed to replicate the Manhattan Project’s enormous ªssile material production facilities would pro- vide an almost automatic barrier to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.2 More recently, scholars have represented proliferation rings, illicit trade, and nuclear smuggling as being critical vectors that enable proliferation among the technically weak.3 A.Q.
    [Show full text]