DOCSLIB.ORG

Iran's Space Program: the Next Genie in a Bottle?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iran's Space Program: the Next Genie in a Bottle? IRAN’S SPACE PROGRAM: THE NEXT GENIE IN A BOTTLE? Lee Kass* External support continues to help advance Iran’s space effort. Tehran is advancing its space program to satisfy numerous civil and military objectives, including manufacturing satellites to accurately guide its Shahab ballistic missiles. The United States and Israel remain gravely concerned of Iranian efforts to gain more military power. The Iranian space endeavor mimics a disturbing pattern other countries use clandestinely to advance their long-range missile programs. Iran might reengineer the Shahab to carry future satellites and try to obtain significant political rewards from future satellite launches. Exploiting this event would unite Iran politically, complicating Washington’s regional objective, and further destabilizing the region. Iranian efforts to advance its space program throughout the region precisely. Statements follow an unsettling pattern seen elsewhere. from Iran’s president, Mahmoud In slightly different ways and to varying Ahmadinejad, who declared his intention to degrees of success, China, North Korea, and “wipe Israel off the map” and dismissed the Pakistan use a civil space pr ogram United States as a “hollow superpower,” clandestinely to manufacture longer -range heighten the level of tension. missiles to further safeguard national Iran might seek to develop a space security. Iran seeks to become a space program to improve national pride. power for similar reasons. This is a concern Successfully testing a launch vehicle would to the United States and its allies. Unlike allow Iran to boast that it is a space power. other Islamic countries with satellites, the The propaganda Tehran espouses following Iranian defense ministry plays a prominent this event might unite the country. This role in shaping the space effort with would further legitimize Ahmadinejad’s possible contributions from the Islamic policies and rhetoric, and generate greater Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC). This regional and international fear regarding the military component manages the Shahab regime’s intentions. ballistic missile program, which Iran might modify into a space launch vehicle (SLV) EFFORTS TO DEVELOP SPACE with foreign support. TECHNOLOGIES The United States and its allies find the Iranian space endeavor threatening. Tehran Iranian efforts to exploit space began seeks to build satellites to improve the under the Shah who tried to improve his military’s ability to target potential enemies country’s scientific standing. In 1959, and to closely monitor the region. Tehran became a founding member of the Enhancing the Shahab to become satellite- United Nations’ Committee on the Peaceful guided would allow Iran to strike Israel and Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS). The United States military forces stationed United Nations ’ General Assembly Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 3 (September 2006) 15 Lee Kass requested that UNCOPUOS review 1. Commercializing space programs international collaborative programs to for Earth observation, and exploit space for civil purposes, serve as a predicting environmental changes; forum for information exchanges, and encourage the development and facilitate 2. Promoting international cooperation the advancement of national programs to based on concepts of joint benefits; study outer space.(1) Iranian efforts to exploit space started 3. Encouraging space efforts in the over thirty years ago, which demonstrates private sector to increase awareness that the country put a premium on further within the public of space and understanding this arena. Iran built a facility incorporate related initiatives into to obtain photographs soon after the United daily lives ; States launched the first system designed to capture imagery of the Earth. The Iranian 4. Developing a mastery of space Remote Sensing Center (IRSC) is science and technology directed to responsible for gathering, processing, and assist in the development of space distributing relevant material to users programs and commercial projects; throughout the country for re source planning and management. The IRSC helps 5. Increasing interest in space officials determine suitable areas to programs among the youth, who develop, and its personnel maintained will play a notable role in the operations while the country experienced a country’s future. (3) revolution and a devastating conflict with neighboring Iraq. (2) Iran seeks to accomplish the se and other Partly as a response to Iran’s eight-year broad objectives in order to become more war of attrition against Iraq, Iranians technologically advanced. Possessing wanted to improve their political, social, imagery and other types of material from and economic standing. As such, the people space will assist Tehran to identify areas elected the pragmatist Ali Akbar Hashemi suitable for development and those to be Rafsanjani, and later , the reformist avoided because of their susceptibility to Muhammad Khatami as president. These earthquakes and floods. (4) Iran attempted leaders wanted to further modernize the partially to do that by manufacturing country partly with more Western financial satellites. On January 5, 2003, Rear assistance. To encourage greater Western Admiral Ali Shamkhani, the country’s support , both presidents diminished the former defense minister, stated that within fundamentalists’ influence. Khatami issued eighteen months, “Iran will be the first various reforms to modernize the country to Islamic country to penetrate the stratosphere include reinvigorating efforts for the nation with its own satellite and with its own to become more active in space. He helped launch system.” According to Shamkhani, the country to view becoming a space the satellite launch would be in response to power as a vehicle for modernity. Some of American actio ns: “The Persian Gulf was the goals Tehran enumerated at a 2002 once a place from which constant threats UNCOPUOS meeting reinforces this against the Islamic Republic emanated. But perception: now, with the resources that we are gaining, this region cannot be used against us by any 16 Middle East Review of International Affairs , Vol. 10, No. 3 (September 2006) Iran’s Space P rogram: T he Next Genie in a Bottle? outside force.” When he made this the defense minister and four “space announcement, Tehran figured it was the experts.”( 9 ) This arrangement raises next target after coalition forces met their national security implications, because one objectives in Iraq. That has yet to occur, but of the unspecified space specialists might Iran still seeks a space capability partly include the IRGC’s commander. Military because of America’s growing regional reforms in 1989 slightly curtailed this presence.(5) Developing these programs in group’s independence from the defense response to the increased United States ministry. While the IRGC retains an presence indicates that Iran feels threatened independent command, it administratively and partly seeks to exploit space to functions within the regular armed forces at safeguard its own national security. the General Staff.(10) The Iranian delegate Iran apparently attempted to meet some neglected to disclose the IRGC or the of the above-noted goals starting in April council’s efforts to safeguard security at the 2003. The legislature approved a bill to 2002 UNCOPUOS meeting, possibly to create the Iranian Space Agency (ISA) to minimize accusations that it wanted to serve as a policy-formulating organization exploit space for military purposes. for space initiatives. T he ISA performs research on technology, remote sensing DEVELOPING BALLISTIC MISSILES projects, develops national space AS SPACE PROGRAMS equipment, and participates in the development of national and international Reorganizing the Iranian aerospace space endeavors. It also coordinates various sector can help the country more effectively space-related activities within the country’s consolidate resources to advance various research institutes, administrative agencies, space efforts, such as launching satellites and universities. These efforts also help the onboard indigenously-developed SLVs. ISA to execute decisions from the Supreme Nasser Maleki, former deputy director of Aerospace Council. (6) the Iranian aerospace organization, Iran’s legislature created this body in acknowledged that the same technology December 2003( 7 ) to approve various used to manufacture missiles could also be space-related programs and to promote used to manufacture SLVs.(11) Building an partnerships among other organizations . (8) SLV based on ballistic missile technology The council functions with input from has distinct advantages: lower cost, less senior government officials. The IS A’s time needed for training, and less likelihood director serves as the council’s secretary, of international scrutiny because the same and the country’s president functions as technology can apply to manufacturing the chairman. Appointment of the president and SLV. These benefits might explain why not the minister of science or another more Iran seeks to deploy its satellites onboard knowledgeable stakeholder might impede indigenously-manufactured SLVs. (12 ) the advancement of current and future space Tehran will likely do that by modifying its projects, because the president has road-mobile, single-stage, liquid propellant numerous other matters to oversee and less Shahab ballistic missile . This and other expertise. Nonetheless, his presence raises liquid propellant systems have many the ISA’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bombing Iran Or Living with Iran's Bomb?
    Bombing Iran or Living with Iran’s Bomb? Kassem Ja’afar © Transatlantic Institute and Kassem Ja’afar, July 2008 Bombing Iran or Living With Iran’s Bomb? The Price of Military Action and the Consequences of Inaction Kassem Ja’afar FOREWORD Dear Reader, Since its nuclear programme was exposed in 2002, Iran has defied the international community and doggedly pursued its nuclear goals, turning down tantalizing diplomatic incentives, bearing the brunt of increasing diplomatic isolation and incurring a steep price in economic sanctions. Over the past six years, Iran has ramped up its nuclear programme and fought all attempts to make its rulers desist from its quest. As of July 2008, nothing seems to stand in the way of Iran’s successfully completing a nuclear cycle – nothing, except time and technological hurdles its scientists will eventually overcome. What options does the international community have? The answer depends on whether Iran can be convinced to change course. If so, the right mixtures of pressures and incentives will, at some point, tip the balance and persuade Iranian decision makers to change course. Regardless, the international community has failed so far to find that perfect point of equilibrium. Iran’s nuclear programme, meanwhile, is proceeding apace and time is running out. Before long, the international community might be faced with the unthinkable – the terrible dilemma between launching an attack against Iran before it acquires nuclear weapons (or at least the capability to build them) and coming to terms and living with Iran’s nuclear bomb. These are two terrible scenarios – but they may soon become very real.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Puissances Spatiales Qui Montent
    SOMMAIRE Les puissances spatiales qui montent Par Philippe VOLVERT 1 SOMMAIRE 2 SOMMAIRE Les puissances spatiales qui montent Par Philippe VOLVERT 3 SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 L’ESPACE AU PAYS DU SOLEIL LEVANT ..................................................................................................... 6 LES AMBITIONS CHINOISES ........................................................................................................................ 14 L’INDEPENDANCE SPATIALE INDIENNE ................................................................................................... 24 L’ESPACE ET LE RESTE DU MONDE ........................................................................................................... 29 LES GRANDES DATES DE L’ASTRONAUTIQUE JAPONAISE .................................................................... 36 LES GRANDES DATES DE L’ASTRONAUTIQUE CHINOISE ....................................................................... 39 LES GRANDES DATES DE L’ASTRONAUTIQUE INDIENNE........................................................................ 41 LES VOLS HABITES ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 508 Christina Aguilera Genie in a Bottle Piano Sheet
    M M M M M M M M M M M M M B4 4 t t t t M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M BB4 4 t t t t M M M M M M BBBt t t t M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M BBt t t t M M M M M M M M M M M M M M BBt t t t M M M M M M BBBt t t t M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Bt t t t BBBBBBM M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M t t t t M M M M M M BQ BBt t t t M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M BBt t t t t t t t t t t t t t GENIE IN A BOTTLE words and Music by pAMELA SHEYNE, DAVID FRANK Moderately slow - 84 and STEVE KIPNER Fmin Et Btmin7 Fmin Et D 4fr. 1 t 2 B PiaR t t M M M M MM M M M M o t t 4 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M f M M M M MM mf PiaL {p t t4 t t 4 MB M M M M M M M M M MB M M M M M N.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan: Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Discusses Nuclear Program in TV Talk Show
    Pakistan: Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Discusses Nuclear Program in TV Talk Show SAP20090902008002 Karachi Aaj News Television in Urdu 1400 GMT 31 Aug 09 [From the "Islamabad Tonight" discussion program hosted by Nadeem Malik. Words within double slant lines as received in English.] [Host Nadeem Malik] Pakistan owes its impregnable defense to a scientist called Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan, who is our guest today. [Malik] What difficulties were you facing when you started the nuclear program of Pakistan? [Khan] //Industrial infrastructure// was nonexistent at that time in Pakistan. Immediately after the Indian nuclear tests in 1974, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto summoned a meeting of scientists in Multan to ask them to make a nuclear bomb. After the debacle of East Pakistan in 1971, Bhutto was extremely worried about Pakistan's security, as he knew that Pakistan had become very //vulnerable//. He removed Usmani when the latter told him that they could not go ahead with their plan of acquiring a nuclear bomb, because the basic //infrastructure// was not there. Usman was not wrong in his capacity. The Atomic Energy Commission was the only relevant institution at that time, but it lacked the required expertise. India's nuclear test in 1974 caused hysteria in Pakistan. I was in Belgium in 1971, when the Pakistan Army surrendered in the then East Pakistan and faced utmost humiliation. Hindus and Sikhs were beating them with shoes, and their heads were being shaved in the //concentration camps//. I saw those scenes with horror. When India tested its bomb in 1974, I was living in Holland and working in a //nuclear field//.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017
    Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .
    [Show full text]
  • Unmanned Satellites on Postage Stamps 42. Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Rohini, and Badr Series Satellites by Don Hillger - SU 5200 and Garry Toth (Coauthor)
    Unmanned Satellites on Postage Stamps 42. Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Rohini, and Badr Series Satellites by Don Hillger - SU 5200 and Garry Toth (Coauthor) This is the forty-second in a series of quasi-spherical polyhedron, about 1.6 articles about unmanned satellites on m in diameter. postage stamps. In this article we cover Since the body of the spacecraft scientific satellites from Southern Asia: is similar for both Aryabhata and the Aryabhata, Bhaskara, and Rohini Bhaskara, it is assumed that the satellites from India, and the Badr antennas can be used to distinguish satellite from Pakistan. between the two. For Aryabhata, the TheAryabhata satellite was India’s antennas appear to be attached to the first satellite, launched 19 April 1975. widest part of the spacecraft body. For It was completely designed and Bhaskara, the antennas appear to be manufactured in India but launched by attached to the angled part of the body. Russia. The spacecraft, named after the The first Rohini was the first Indian- famous Indian astronomer Aryabhata built satellite that was also launched (476-550), was a scientific satellite by them, on 18 July 1980. Three used to measure cosmic X-rays, solar Rohinis were launched through 1983. neutrons, gamma rays, ionospheric Although some sources identify electrons, and UV rays. With 26 sides, it as a spherical satellite, 0.6 m in the spacecraft was quasi-spherical. diameter, the lone postal item from It appears on several stamps or other India featuring Rohini shows it as a postal items from India and Russia. polyhedron, similar to Aryabhata and Dominica is the only other country Bhaskara, but with one flattened end.
    [Show full text]
  • N95- 17549 I If!!I I'__/ I
    N95- 17549 i if!!i_i'__/_i GROUND STATION SUPPORT FOR SMALL SCIENTIFIC SATELLITES : i_ ¸::::• ; R. Holdaway, E. Dunford and P.H. McPherson " _i_:', _ i. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton, DIDCOT Oxfordshire, OXI10QX, UK _ _ii i_I ABSTRACT In order to keep the cost of a complete small scientific satellite programme low, it is necessary to minimise the cost of the Ground Station Operations and Support. This is required not only for the operations and support :.? : per se, but also in the development of Ground Station hardware and the mission associated software. Recent experiences at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) on two international projects, IRAS and AMPTE, have shown that the low cost objectives of operations using smaller national facilities can be achieved. This paper describes the facilities at RAL, and the methods by which low cost support are provided by considering the differing implications of hardware/software system modularity, reliability and small numbers of dedicated and highly skilled operations staff. INTRODUCTION / i_!_ Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) is part of tile UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) - formally the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC). RAL has a long history of Space Science and Technology going back to the early 1960's, and in more recent times RAL has had TT&C responsibilities for a number of space missions. In 1983, RAL operated the Infra-Red Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) on behalf of NASA, S ERC and the Dutch Aerospace Agency NIVR. Operations with IRAS covered all aspects of ground System work, including Mission Planning, Command Generation, Satellite Control, Data Reception, Satellite Health Monitoring, and Detailed Science Analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Space Agency 'Interested' in Cooperating with NASA 4 October 2016, by Nasser Karimi
    Iran's space agency 'interested' in cooperating with NASA 4 October 2016, by Nasser Karimi Speaking to reporters at the start of World Space Week, Mohsen Bahrami said that "many in the world look at NASA's programs. We are interested in having cooperation, naturally. When you are in orbit, there is no country and race." It was the first time Iran had expressed such interest since signing last summer's landmark nuclear deal with world powers. Bahrami said, however, that cooperation will only be possible with the agreement of leaders of both countries. He emphasized that Iran has a peaceful and powerful civil space program. "We have capabilities and we are part of an international scene," he said. Iran has begun negotiations on technical cooperation with the space agencies of various European countries, as well as Russia, China and Japan, Bahrami said. He also said Iran had started negotiating with international satellite operators. Iran has long harbored ambitions to put its own satellites into orbit to monitor natural disasters in the earthquake-prone nation, improve telecommunications and expand military surveillance. The U.S. and its allies worry that the same technology could be used to develop long- The head of Iran's space agency, Mohsen Bahrami, range missiles. speaks during a news conference at his office, in Tehran, Iran, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. Speaking to reporters at the start of World Space Week, Bahrami said his country is interested in cooperating with NASA. Iran has long harbored ambitions to launch satellites to monitor natural disasters in the earthquake-prone nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Response Towards Terrorism: a Case Study of Musharraf Regime
    PAKISTAN RESPONSE TOWARDS TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF MUSHARRAF REGIME By: SHABANA FAYYAZ A thesis Submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Political Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham May 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The ranging course of terrorism banishing peace and security prospects of today’s Pakistan is seen as a domestic effluent of its own flawed policies, bad governance, and lack of social justice and rule of law in society and widening gulf of trust between the rulers and the ruled. The study focused on policies and performance of the Musharraf government since assuming the mantle of front ranking ally of the United States in its so called ‘war on terror’. The causes of reversal of pre nine-eleven position on Afghanistan and support of its Taliban’s rulers are examined in the light of the geo-strategic compulsions of that crucial time and the structural weakness of military rule that needed external props for legitimacy. The flaws of the response to the terrorist challenges are traced to its total dependence on the hard option to the total neglect of the human factor from which the thesis develops its argument for a holistic approach to security in which the people occupy a central position.
    [Show full text]
  • Genie in a Bottle Key of Am Christina Aguilera
    Genie In A Bottle Key of Am Christina Aguilera Intro: Am G F E7 Am G F E7 Verse 1: Am G I feel like I've been locked up tight F E7 For a century of lonely nights; Am G F E7 Waiting for someone to release me. Am G You're licking your lips and blowing kisses my way, F E7 But that don't mean I'm gonna give it away; Am G F E7 Baby, baby, baby. Pre-Chorus: Am G F E7 Oh, oh, oh, My body's saying let's go. Am G F E7 Oh, oh, oh, But my heart is saying no. Chorus: Am G F E7 Am If you want to be with me, baby, there's a price to pay. G F E7 I'm a genie in a bottle, you gotta rub me the right way. Am G F E7 Am If you want to be with me, I can make your wish come true. G F E7 You gotta make a big impression, gotta like what you do. After Chorus: This arrangement from www.coolcatukes.com, ref:200303 Page 1 Am G F E7 I'm a genie in a bottle, baby. Gotta rub me the right way, honey. Am G F E7 I'm a genie in a bottle, baby, Come, come, come on and let me out. Intro: Am G F E7 Am G F E7 Verse 2: Am G The music's playing and the lights' down low, F E7 One more dance and then we're good to go; Am G F E7 Waiting for someone Who needs me.
    [Show full text]
  • Disk Catalog by Category
    DVD Karaoke 1-800-386-5743 KaraokeStar.com DVD DVD DVD DVD Why I Love You So Much Monica Lo Dijo El Corazon Sebastian, Joan Abrazame Fernandez, Alejandro Vocal Guides: Yes BOD0001 Lyric Sheet: No Can't Help Falling In Love Presley, Elvis Hasta Que Amanezca Sebastian, Joan Jamas Te Vi Tan Linda Fernandez, Alejandro I Will Beatles Julian Sebastian, Joan Madie Simplemente Nadie Fernandez, Alejandro Band On A Disc KaraokeStar.com Elvis Presley Lucky One Grant, Amy Amor De Luna Fernandez, Alejandro $19.99 Vocal Guides: No Love Is A Wonderful Thing Bolton, Michael DOK8502 Lyric Sheet: No Quiereme Fernandez, Alejandro CC Rider Presley, Elvis Emotion Bee Gees La Mitad Que Me Faltaba Fernandez, Alejandro Canta Combo DVD KaraokeStar.com Devil In Disguise Presley, Elvis Last Christmas Wham Que Seas Muy Feliz Fernandez, Alejandro Juan Gabriel $22.99 Don't Be Cruel Presley, Elvis Dust In The Wind Kansas Don't Presley, Elvis I Finally Found Someone Streisand, Barbra Amor Eterno Gabriel, Juan Vocal Guides: No DOK8507 Lyric Sheet: No Hawaiian Wedding Song Presley, Elvis Where Do You Go No Mercy Hjasta Que Te Conoci Gabriel, Juan Canta Combo DVD KaraokeStar.com I Wan You I Need You I Love Yo Presley, Elvis Real Thing Unknown Si Quieres Gabriel, Juan Super Hits Vol 1 $22.99 Lawdy Miss Clawdy Presley, Elvis Crazy Dream Unknown Cosas De Enamorados Gabriel, Juan Long Tall Sally Presley, Elvis When You Say Nothing At All Krauss, Alison La Farsante Gabriel, Juan Asereje Las Ketchup Mean Woman Blues Presley, Elvis In The Summertime Mungo, Jerry Debo Hacerlo
    [Show full text]
  • Interfaces Paksat-1R Satellite Platform
    Capacity Building in Space Technology Through Low Cost Programme Initiatives By Mohammad Yousuf Khan SUPARCO, Pakistan Introduction ¾ SUPARCO, the national space agency of Pakistan, is looking forward for capacity building in the field of space technology within its limited resources Badr‐1 ¾ Two experimental Micro Satellites Badr‐ 1 and Badr‐2 have been indigenously designed, developed and launched in the past Badr‐2 Introduction Contd.. ¾ In 2008, a contract was awarded to CGWIC, China for manufacturing and launch of the first communication satellite of Pakistan, Paksat‐1R, in order to meet needs of the country ¾ The contract was utilized by SUPARCO for capacity building in such way that an indigenously designed and developed subsystem named as Customer Furnished Instruments (CFIs) to Paksat‐1R was flown and tested in orbit successfully Launch of paksat‐1R Challenges and Constraints of CFIs ¾ Stringent qualifying criteria for CFIs to check its suitability against a mature Chinese platform ¾ Meeting the deadlines set for satellite to avoid delays in the schedule of the overall programme ¾ The subsystem should not cause any failure to the satellite ¾ Provision of limited space, mass and power ¾ CFIs functionality be such that it is significantly useful for future programmes CFIs Design & Development ¾ It has the necessary electrical function of a satellite platform in order to be useful for the future programmes ¾ It does not propagate fault to the satellite ¾ Mostly COTS components were used ¾ The units were ruggedized in order to meet stringent qualification requirement Overview of CFIs ‐ Interfaces PakSat-1R Satellite Platform Satellite Channel Satellite Receiver Amplifier Overview of CFIs ‐ Interfaces SDIU 100 V TC TM RS422 PCDU-1 & PCDU-2 IMUX OMUX LNA DHU OBC TWTA Switch TC TC RS422 TM TM Test TC Coupler Rx-1 DECDEC ENC Tx-1 Test 1553B Coupler TC TM CF Rx-2 RTU Tx-2 CFI Spacecraft5 Overview of CFIs –Broad Specs ¾ Total Mass : 48.5kg ¾ Dimensions : 36” (L) x 30” (W) x 15”(H) ¾ Power Consump : 75W ¾ Qual.
    [Show full text]