Les Puissances Spatiales Qui Montent

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Les Puissances Spatiales Qui Montent SOMMAIRE Les puissances spatiales qui montent Par Philippe VOLVERT 1 SOMMAIRE 2 SOMMAIRE Les puissances spatiales qui montent Par Philippe VOLVERT 3 SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 L’ESPACE AU PAYS DU SOLEIL LEVANT ..................................................................................................... 6 LES AMBITIONS CHINOISES ........................................................................................................................ 14 L’INDEPENDANCE SPATIALE INDIENNE ................................................................................................... 24 L’ESPACE ET LE RESTE DU MONDE ........................................................................................................... 29 LES GRANDES DATES DE L’ASTRONAUTIQUE JAPONAISE .................................................................... 36 LES GRANDES DATES DE L’ASTRONAUTIQUE CHINOISE ....................................................................... 39 LES GRANDES DATES DE L’ASTRONAUTIQUE INDIENNE........................................................................ 41 LES VOLS HABITES ....................................................................................................................................... 43 LES PROGRAMMES D’EXPLORATION PLANETAIRE ................................................................................ 46 SOURCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 48 4 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Après l’Union Soviétique en 1957 et les Etats-Unis en 1958, l’espace s’est ouvert à d’autres nations souhaitant participer à cette grande aventure. Pour les deux géants de l’après guerre, il s’agissait avant tout d’une conquête visant à montrer au reste du monde que l’on était les plus forts. Pour les autres nations, il s’agissait surtout d’une exploitation de l’espace, que ce soit à des fins militaires, comme la Chine, ou des fins civiles, comme c’est le cas au Japon ou en Inde. Si pour la majorité des gens, l’espace est avant tout la folle course entre les Américains et les Soviétiques, l’histoire spatiale des autres nations est moins connue. Dans cette seconde partie de l’histoire de la conquête de l’espace, vous découvrirez toutes les nations engagées dans l’exploration et l’exploitation de l’espace en dehors de l’Europe. Saviez-vous que cela fait déjà 40 ans que Japonais et Chinois lancent des satellites ? Saviez- vous également que les Indiens ont une maîtrise des technologies spatiales depuis 30 ans déjà ? C’est cette histoire que raconte « Les puissances spatiales qui montent ». Elle va vous raconter l’aventure de ces nations qui ont un jour rêvé des étoiles au point de les toucher avec leurs satellites. Vous découvrirez que certains de ces pays ont un programme spatial qui n’a rien à envier aux Russes ou aux Américains. Je vous invite donc à découvrir ces « Puissances spatiales qui montent » 5 L’ESPACE AU PAYS DU SOLEIL LEVANT CHAPITRE I L’ESPACE AU PAYS DU SOLEIL LEVANT Le 11 février 1970, le Japon devenait modestement la cinquième puissance spatiale. Au fil des années, et surtout depuis la création de l’agence spatiale Nasda, le Japon a mis un œuvre un nombre important de programmes de recherches scientifiques et technologiques ainsi qu’une famille de lanceurs, qui au fil des temps, est devenue 100 % nipponnes. 6 L’ESPACE AU PAYS DU SOLEIL LEVANT Des universitaires à la conquête des étoiles Tout commence en 1955 à l’Université de Tokyo. Sous la direction du professeur Hideo ITOGOWA, des étudiants de l’Institut de Sciences Astronautique et Spatiale (ISAS), du département Sciences, fabriquent des petites fusées à poudre. Elles ne mesurent qu’une vingtaine de centimètres. Au milieu des années 60, l’ISAS développe les premières fusées à plusieurs étages. Ce sont les Kappa et Lambda. Cette dernière lance dans l’espace Ohsumi le 11 février 1970 Le professeur ITOGOWA en train depuis la base de Kagoshima. Avec ce satellite, le Japon de préparer une micro fusée à devient la quatrième puissance spatiale après l’URSS (1957), poudre les Etats-Unis (1958) et la France (1965). Après la mise sur orbite réussie d’Ohsumi, le Japon développe un lanceur plus puissant, la Mu qui se déclinera en plusieurs versions jusqu’à sa mise à la retraite en 1995. Elle sera remplacée en 1997 par M-V, depuis abandonnée en raison d’un coût d’exploitation trop élevé. Ces programmes étaient financés par le Ministère de l’éducation. Une agence spatiale à part entière Les activités spatiales de l’ISAS, bien que prometteuses, ne permettent pas, dans un cadre budgétaire raisonnable, d’avoir un programme spatial développé. C’est pourquoi, en 1969, sous l’impulsion du Premier Ministre, une agence spatiale est créée. Elle porte le nom de NASDA (National Space Development Agency). Son objectif est de réaliser un programme spatial qui puisse répondre aux besoins des citoyens. Si dans un premier temps, les satellites sont lancés par des fusées américaines, la NASDA souhaite acquérir une certaine autonomie concernant l’accès à l’espace. Le seul problème et de taille, c’est qu’au lendemain de la capitulation du Japon en 1945, le Japon s’est vu interdire de se réarmer et donc de développer des lanceurs d’une taille plus importante que ceux lancés par l’ISAS. La seule façon pour la NASDA d’avoir les technolgies liées aux lanceurs sans contrevenir aux décisions prises à l’Armistice, c’est d’acheter la technologie à la Nasa. C’est sous licence américaine que N-I est mise au point à partir des Thor-Delta made in USA. Au fil des ans, le Japon démontrera sa capacité à développer un programme spatial aussi riche que varié. Avec son programme ETS (Engineering Test Satellites), le Comparatif entre la Thor Delta Japon teste les nouvelles technologies qu’il utilisera dans les américaine et son clone N-I nouvelles générations de satellites. Avec les programmes 7 L’ESPACE AU PAYS DU SOLEIL LEVANT ECS (Experimental Communications Satellites), CS (Communications Satellites), BS (Broadcasting Satellites) entre autres, la NASDA tend à répondre aux besoins en télécommunications sur le territoire national. L’observation de la Terre et de son environnement est l’un des pilliers du programme spatial japonais. Avec l’aide de la Nasa, la NASDA a mis au point les satellites météorologiques GMS (Geostationnary Meteorological Satellites) qui font partie du réseau mondial de veille météorologique. Lorsque l’on parle de l’observation de la Terre, on pense aux satellites de télédétection. Plusieurs programmes ont été développés par l’agence spatiale comme ADEOS (Advanced Earth Illustration montrant le satellite Observing Satellite), JERS (Japanese Earth Resources ADEOS en orbite terrestre Satellite) ou encore MOS (Maritime Observation Satellite) entre autres. Des lanceurs américains aux made in Japan Le 09 février 1975, N-I est lancée pour la première fois depuis le centre spatial de Tanegashima, au sud du Japon. A cette occasion, elle place sur orbite un satellite expérimental, ETS-I. N-I, fusée de 33 m de haut et 90 tonnes au décollage, vole à 7 reprises entre 1975 et 1982. Entre temps, une version plus performante est mise en service, la N-II. Comme sa sœur aînée, N-II tire ses technologies d’une Delta américaine. Elle vole huit fois entre 1980 et 1986 avec succès, plaçant sur orbite des satellites expérimentaux et de communications essentiellement. Le 13 août 1986 voit la naissance de H-I. Ce lanceur n’est ni plus, ni moins qu’une N-II dont le second étage a été remplacé par un plus puissant. Tout comme la famille N, H-I s’enorgueillit d’un sans faute lors de sa mise à la retraite en 1991 après 9 lancements. Au moment où H-I est retirée du service, une fusée 100 % japonaise est en cours de développement dans les bureaux d’études de la NASDA. La mise au point ne s’est pas passée sans anicroches. Lors d’un essai sur banc du moteur du corps central en 1991, une explosion se produit, provoquant la mort d’un ingénieur de chez Mitsubishi. Ce moteur, tout comme celui de la navette ou d’Ariane 5, fonctionne à l’hydrogène et l’oxygène liquide. Il est aussi performant que difficile à mettre au point. Le LE-7, c’est son nom, fournit au H-II décolle du centre spatial de décollage une poussée de 110 tonnes. Après avoir surmonté Tanagashima pour son vol tous les pépins, H-II s’élève majestueusement dans le ciel de inaugural qui sera couronné de Tanegashima pour un vol parfait le 04 février 1994. succès 8 L’ESPACE AU PAYS DU SOLEIL LEVANT Le lanceur H-II jugé trop cher pour être exporté sur le marché est abandonné au profit du H-IIA. H-IIA tire ses technologies du H-II afin d’en diminuer le coût de développement. Le Japon propose non seulement un nouveau lanceur mais une famille de lanceurs dont la puissance varie en fonction de la mission à accomplir. Sur la version standard, on retrouve 2 boosters d’un diamètre plus large que ceux de la H-II mais plus petit. De cette version, 3 déclinaisons sont possibles. La version plus puissante est équipée non pas de ces 2 boosters standards mais de 4. Entre les deux extrêmes, on retrouve deux versions qui sont équipées de boosters plus petits (SRB- A). L’une n’en compte que 2 tandis que l’autre en compte 4. Le premier
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