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History Class VIII

Chapter-11 Rise of

Growth of Nationalism:- 1. The Early Revolts in India. 2. Socio-Intellectual Awakening. 3. Discontent among Indians. 4. Unification. 5. National Press and Literature. 6. Modern Western Literature. 7. Others Factors: the policies of Viceroy Lord Lytton added fuel to fire. His policy of removing the import duties from British goods ruined the Indian textile industry. Two Acts- the Vernacular Press Act (1878),that imposed a severe censorship on Indian newspapers, and Arms Act(1878), that forbed Indians from possessing arms – created great discontent among Indians. Added to this was the Ilbert Bill (1883).

The Start Of Organised Nationalism: :  , a retired British official, organised a meeting in Bombay (Mumbai). This was the first step towards the making of a political organisation called the Congress.

The Moderate Phase (1885-1905):

Demands of The Moderates:  They demanded freedom of speech and expression. They called for the Civil Services exams to be held in India too, not just in England.

The Radical Phase (1905-1918):  The early years of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of a new group. They were lead by , and , Popularly known as Lal-Bal-Pal.

Partition of :  Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905. Bengal, at the time, was the largest province of British India that Included and parts of Orissa().

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Boycott and :  The method of boycott aimed at asking people to boycott goods manufactured in Britain. This would help help India to move away from the status of being ‘a dumping ground’ for British goods.

Surat Split(1907):  The Moderates and the Extremists differed on several issues, which widened the gap between them. The partition, however, temporarily united the Moderates and the Extremists. In December 1907, a session of the Congress was held at Surat. In this Session, a major difference came up between the Moderates and the Radicals.

Indian Council Act Of 1909(Morley-Minto Reforms) :  The British played their cards very well. They pleased the Moderates by passing the Indian Councils Act in 1909. Morley, the Secretary of State, and Minto the Viceroy passed this Act. This Act is also known as the Morley – Minto Reforms.

The Revolutionaries: The Start Of Violent Nationalism- First Phase:  New kind of method which believed in the use of violence. They aimed at physically expelling the British from India. They are called revolutionaries who were active in Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and Bengal. They also organised secret societies, like Anushilan Samiti in Bengal and Abhinava Bharat Society in Maharashtra

The Muslim League :  The British had always wanted to break the unity of the and Muslims.

The First World War And The Indian National Movement :  In 1914, the First World War broke out. To fight this war the British used Indian resources and soldiers.  The home rule movement started in the same period Tilak and formed two home Rule Leagues, which later merged.

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Chapter-12 The March To Freedom (1919-1947)

Emergence Of Gandhi:-  Towards the end of the first world war, the Indian National Movement got a dynamic leader, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Under his able leadership, the national movement became a mass movement.

The Champaran, Khera And Ahmedabad :  Champaran (Bihar) were being forced to sell indigo at very low prices to the planters. In 1917, Gandhiji defied British orders and went to Champaran.  Ahmedabad were paid very low wages. In 1918, Gandhiji supported the workers against the mill owners who eventually increased the workers’ wages.  Kaira (kheda), Gujarat was another area where Gandhiji involved himself. He supported the peasants who could not pay taxes as the crops had failed that year.

The :First All Indian Satyagraha: 1. The Government of India Act 1919 disappointed the Indians. They were protests all over. The British tried to control the situation by passing the Rowlatt Act (1919) 2. Gandhiji launched an anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha. He gave Message to Indians that 6 April 1919 was to be observed as a day of (strike),fasting and prayer.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:  , took place all over the country, opposing the Rowlatt Act. On 6th April,1919 Gandhiji was arrested. This was followed by the arrests of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal in Punjab.

Anti British Movement :  International politics changed after the first world war. Humiliating terms were imposed by the British on the Ruler of Turkey.

Non-Cooperation Movement:  The all India non-Cooperation Movement was started on 1 August 1920. Gandhiji give the call for this movement to redress the wrong done in Punjab and Turkey. 3 | P a g e

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 A constructive Programme was launched along with the Non- cooperation Movement this programme promoted.  Khadi and Charkha  Spread of education  Equality (abolition and untouchability)

Revolutionaries Second Phase:  These organisations were in support of radical protest method like assassination of British Officials. Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), later re-named (as the revolutionaries felt that socialism should be one of their goals) as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), Was One Organisation. They were completely in favour of an armed socialist revolution in India. They were severely repressed by the British.Chandrashekhar Azad and were members of the HSRA and were the most famous revolutionaries of the time.  The revolutionaries movement was very strong in Bengal. Unpopular police officers and magistrates were the main targets. The most famous among the revolutionaries of Bengal was .

The : 1. To recommend constitutional changes in India, in 1927 a commission headed by sir John Simon was appointed by The British government. All the members of the commission were British. Regarding the constitutional changes, the British were of the view that various Indian groups had major differences.

Lahore Session Of The Congress (1929):  In December 1929, the congress session was held at . It was presided by . In this session, The Congress declared its aim as complete independence or purna .

The Dandi March  The Civil Disobedience Movement started with the beginning of satyagraha against the salt law Gandhiji started This Movement. This salt law clearly states that nobody could manufacture salt in India without the permission of the British government. The Round Table Conferences :  First Round Table Conference – It was held in 1930. The main agenda of this conference was to discuss the proposals of the Simon Commission. This conference was boycotted by the Indian National Congress.

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The :  Sir came to India in March 1942. He came to discuss the issues regarding the second World War and to seek the support of Indian Leaders in the War.

The :  Gandhiji and the congress launched the famous Quit India Movement in August 1942. After the failure of the Cripps Mission, The congress decided to launch the third mass movement against British. A resolution was passed on 8 August 1942.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose And Indian Army (INA) :  One of the most dynamic leaders of the Indian freedom struggle was Subhash Chandra Bose. In 1939 he left the congress party. The reason was that he differed with Gandhiji on the policy of non violence he founded a new party called the Forward Bloc. Bose created the Fauj or (INA) IN Singapore.

The Cabinet Mission(1945):  By May 1945, the second world war came to an end. The British Government sent a three member Cabinet Mission in February 1946. The head of this mission was lord Pethick Lawrence.

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Chapter-13 India After Independence

Problems After Independence :- The Refugee Problem  Post –independence, millions of people migrated to India from Pakistan. This migration was a saga of chaos, violence and anarchy. People were homeless and jobless. Resettlement of these people was a major challenge for the newly independent India.

Integration Of The Princely States:  The British left India with more than 550 independent princely states. At the time of transfer of power they were scattered all over India. All these Princely states were free and they were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan.

Economic Difficulties: 1. After the partition many economic difficulties lay ahead. There was food shortage as most rice and wheat producing areas went to Pakistan. 2. Farmers and peasants used to depend on the monsoon of their survival. This, in turn, affected the lives of the people of other professions. 3. In the cities, factory workers used to live in crowded slums with very limited access to healthcare or education.

Planned Development:  India adopted a mixed economy. In this type of economic setup there are both government and private enterprises working in agriculture, industrial and service sectors.

Five Year Plan:  Indian leaders realised that systematic planning was necessary for economic development. The planning Commission was set up by the government of India in 1950.  In 1951, Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, presented the First Five Year Plan.

India’s Foreign Policy:  Foreign policy guided by the principles of peaceful co- existence, disarmament and non-alignment.

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 India strongly opposes the countries in which the government discriminates against people on the basis of their religion, colour, race or class.

The Non Aligned Movement (NAM) : 1. The international politics changed drastically after the second world war. 2. The major countries of the world were divided into two powerful politics groups. 3. These were called power blocs led by of two superpowers- the USA (western Bloc) and USSR (Eastern Bloc). 4. After independence, India did not want to join any of the ‘power blocs’. India decided to choose the policy of non-alignment in world affairs.

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