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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87536-3 - The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947-1967 Joya Chatterji Index More information

Index

24 Parganas, 29, 31, 52 Tripuri, session of, 277 Working Committee of, 11, 15 A All-India Hindu Mahasabha, 260, 264, 265, Acts 266, 268, 269, 302 ‘Black Acts’, 308 All-India Parliamentary Board (also see Coal Mines Act (1961), 259 Lahiry, Ashutosh), 273 Evacuee Properties Act (1951), 181 elections: 1948, 271–2 Government of India Act (1920), 11, 40, 61 1952, 268, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, Government of India Act (1935), 12, 61, 278, 289, 297 70, 75, 83 1957, 299 North’s Regulating Act (1773), 61 1967, 275 Preventive Detention Act (1950), 290 1971, 275 Taxation Act (1935), 77 Hindus, definition of, 266, 304 West Bengal Act XVI, The Rehabilitation leadership in Delhi, 265 of Displaced Persons (1951), 225, Muslims, exclusion of, 266, 271, 272, 295, 299 273, 297, 303 West Bengal Animal Slaughter Control refugees, and, 261, 263, 291, 293 Act (1950), 178, 179 resignations from, 267, 291 West Bengal Security Act (1948), 225 Working Committee, 262, 272 Ahmad, Muzaffar, 297 14 February 1948, 262 All-Bengal Refugee Council, 270 8 August 1948, 265 All-Bengal Teachers’ Association, 6 and 7 November 1948, 266 287, 290 26 December 1948, decisions of, All-Bengal Teachers’ Struggle 266, 267 Coordination Committee, 290 All-India Momin Conference (leftist All-India Congress Committee (AICC), 11, group), 299 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 25, 63, 96, 214, All Party Teachers Struggle Coordination 215, 216, 218, 219, 227, 228, 230, Committee, 287 231, 232, 234, 235, 237, 258, 260, Ambedkar, Dr B. R. (Bhim Rao), 67, 72, 276, 278, 283, 285, 287, 288, 290, 90, 93, 94, 102 295, 297, 299 amendments to Draft Constitution, 80, 1934 (Gandhi’s constitution), 96 82, 101, 102 centre, 56 and the Boundary Commissions (also see Congress session, Jaipur, 291 Boundary Commissions), 25, 26 high command of, 13, 14, 15, 21, 25, 26, Anjuman Mufidul Islam, 177, 180, 199 29, 33, 38, 39, 42 Anjuman Tanzimul Momenin, 198, 204 Chittagong Hill Tracts and, 60 anti-blasphemy agitation (1956), 200, 204 Nagpur session of (1920), 11 Anushilan Samiti President of, 24, 33 CPI, and, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283, 285, representation of West and East Bengal 286, 287, 288, 289, 297, 299, 300, in, 233, 258 304, 305, 306 Tripuri Congress, 1939, 213 Noakhali, and, 276

332

Index 333

Hindustan Socialist Republican Army, dominance of East Bengal, in, 216, and, 266, 277 217, 218 Arbitral Tribunal, 22 Congress Plan of, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, Arya Rashtra Sangha, 34, 50 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, Assam, 4, 7, 48 52, 55 Attlee, Sir Clement Congress Scheme of, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39 and the transfer of power in India, 13, 15 dissidents, and their plan for West and the June 3 Plan (also see June 3 Plan), 19 Bengal, 55 Austin, Granville, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 75, 78, Muslims and, 39–45 80, 87, 92, 96, 97, 98, 102 district representation, in, 235 Ayyar, A K, 67 Gandhians, in (also see Gandhi, M. K., Ghandians), 213, 214, 216, B 218, 219 Badruddoza, Syed, 166, 203, 204, 299 Hooghly group, 214, 218, 219, 221, 234 Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, 239, 240, 251 impact of partition on, 213–19 Bakarganj, 35, 45, 49, 50 official party, 24, 25, 30, 45, 50 and Radcliffe’s award, 59 President, 216, 217, 219 Bakr-Id, 178, 179 Provincial Congress Committee Banerjee, Upendranath, 46 (BPCC), 26, 214, 216, 218 Bangla Congress, 311 Radcliffe’s award and, 59–60 Bankura, 29, 31, 52 representation by population, in, 215 Bardoloi, Gopinath, 80 Separation Council and, 22 Barisal, 34, 35 Bengal famine (1943), 310, 311 Basu, Amar Krishna, 284 Bengal Legislative Assembly, 20, 21, 24, Basu, Jyoti, 198, 299, 302, 306, 308 276, 283 Bengal Boundary Commission, 25, 29, 30, Bengal Provincial Hindu Students’ 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 55 Federation, 262, 271, 282 Bengal castes, 212, 214, 218, 219, 230, 231, Bengal Provincial Muslim League, 212, 232, 238 221, 223 Brahmins, 108 Bengal Volunteers, 277, 284, 304, 307 Kayasthas, 108 bhadralok, 108, 112, 115, 146, 147, 157, 232 Mahishyas, 227, 233 rise of, 7–15 Marwaris, 231, 233 Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 200 Namasudras, 35, 108, 124, 184, 185 Bhattacharyya, Mahadev, 270 Rajbangshis, 48, 108 Bhowmick, Baidyanath, 305 Santals, 108 Bihar, 4, 9, 41, 46, 48, 52 untouchables, 227 States Reorganisation Committee and, 60 Vaidya, 233 Bihar [and Orissa], 303, 304, 305, 306 Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Birbhum, 29, 31, 52 Industry (BCCI), 232, 238, 241 Biswas, Justice C. C., 25, 27, 38 Bengal Congress, (also see West Bengal Bolshevik Party, 212 Congress) 3, 12, 14, 21, 22, 24, Bombay, 6, 79, 85, 106, 157, 161, 190, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 239, 250 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50 borders, 1, 2, 25, 26 Assembly Party of, 21, 24, 56 creation of new borders, 1, 2 ‘Big Five’, 217, 224 creation of new borders of West Bengal, Boundary Commission and, 26–39 26, 27–57 Central Coordination Committee and economic considerations and, 52–7 (also see Central Coordination Bose brothers, 13, 30 (also see Bose, Sarat Committee), 30, 31, 32, 33, 220 Chandra, and Bose, Subhas Commilla Abhoy Ashram group Chandra) (Councillor), 216 Bose, Nirmal Kumar, 157, 163, 189, 190 Congress organisation in Bengal Bose, Sarat Chandra, 214, 278, 290 by district, eve of partition, 215 strategy of cross-communal alliances of, 12 interim arrangements post-1947, 218 and the ‘United Bengal Plan’, 12, 14

334 Index

Bose, Sarat Chandra (cont.) Chamber of Princes, 63 Socialist Republican Party, and, 278, Chatterjee, Amritalal, 291 284, 290, 303, 304, 308 Chatterjee, N. C., 264 Bose, Subhas Chandra (‘Netaji’), 213, 214, Chatterjee, S.P., 30,41,55,56 277, 278, 284, 302 projections for West Bengal by, 55–6 Muslim alliance, and 12 The partition of Bengal. A geographical Boundary Commission, 25, 26 study with maps and diagrams, Ambedkar, B R and, 25, 26 and 41, 56 assessors, 26 Chattopadhyaya, Satyendra Mohan, 230 Bengal Congress and, 26, 29 Chaudhuri, Pratul, 276, 277 Hindu Mahasabha, 24 Chittagong, 4 Radcliffe line, 21 Armoury Raid, 1930, 226 Sikhs, 26 port, 242 Burdwan, 29, 31, 49, 52 Chittagong Hill Tracts, 4 District Congress Committee, 46 Congress high command and, 60 Division, 49, 51 Radcliffe’s award and, 60 Burman, Mohini Mohan, 227 Chowdhury, Benoy, 300 Burrows, Sir Frederick, 21 Chowdhury, Sanat Kumar Roy, 269, 274 coal, 63, 82, 84, 85, 102 C Comintern, 278 Cabinet Mission, 1946 Communal Award (1932), 12, 217 May 16 Plan of, 14 (also see May 16 Plan, Gandhi and (also see Gandhi, M. K.), 12 Cabinet Mission Plan) Communist Party of India (CPI), 211, 220, Plan, 14, 70 260, 276, 280, 282 Calcutta, 6, 7, 9, 22, 24, 25, 30, 35, 42, 44, 1952 elections, and, 278, 296, 297 46, 51, 55, 161, 162, 163, 175, Algeria, liberation of, and, 299 190, 196 Bengal elections, 1952 and 1967, 276 Muslim political organisation in, 177 Burdwan District Minority Board, and, policing of, 23 266, 300 port, 42, 44 candidates, 296 Radcliffe’s award and, 59 core constituencies and refugee University of, 55 concentrations, and, 260, 263, Census of India, 272, 274, 289, 290, 299 1941, 30, 94, 95 East Bengal, and, 286 flawed (1941), 94 elite cadres, front organisers, 286 Central Coordination Committee (also see Muslim constituencies and, 263, 288, Bengal Congress above), 25, 30, 297, 302 33, 36, 41, 50, 55 Muslims, and, 266, 270, 271, 272, 280, Bengal and, 260, 261, 263, 267, 268, 290, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302 292, 302, 303 CPI (Marxist), 220 Bengal Congress and, 30, 31, 32, 33, 220 Bengal elections 1952, and, 278, 283, centre, 292, 293 emergency powers of, 75 Bengal elections, 1967, 276 powers of, 61, 62, 63, 67, 69, 70, 75, 79, CPI, Bengal 84, 100, 101 elections, and, 276 Chakmas, 108 Mass organisations, May Day 1943, Chakrabarti, Prafulla, 270, 286, 287, 291, and, 279 292, 294 Communists, 48, 49 Chakrabarty, Saroj, 214, 217, 219, 229, Congress, high command (also see All-India 230, 231, 234, 244, 245, 247, Congress Committee), 61, 62, 65, 248, 249, 250, 251, 255, 256, 67, 70, 91, 98 257, 258, 309 constituencies in Bengal Assembly, impact Chakravarty, Ambika, 304 of partition upon, 211, 212, 217, Chakravarty, Kumud Chandra, 263, 218, 226, 227, 234, 239, 240, 242, 301, 305 245, 247, 257

Index 335

Constituent Assembly of India, 20, 61, 64, and the ‘Swarajist’ challenge against 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 80, ‘no-changers’ (also see 84, 87, 88, 89, 95, 97, 99, 101, ‘no-changers’), 11 102, 261–75 Deshmukh Award, 246, 247 Bengal representation, 72 Dinajpur, 31, 44, 45, 46, 48 Bengal representatives’ letter to Prasad, Dinajpur town, 45 23 July 1947, 73, 76 West Dinajpur, 52 debates, 97 Draft Constitution of India, 80, 82, 89, 95, Drafting Committee, 79, 84, 89, 90, 91, 95 99, 100, 101 Expert Committee, Financial Provisions and West Bengal (whole section), 61–6 of the Constitution, 82, 84, 88 discussion by, 99 grouping, Muslim provinces, 67 Article 3 provincial boundaries, 101 groups, provinces, 64, 68, 69, 70, 97 West Bengal and, 99–100 (cf. sections, 65, 69) Duragpur refinery (also see economic Minority Rights, Advisory Committee on infrastructure), 256 subject of, 87, 88 Munshi, K.M., 64, 65, 75, 90 E President of, 72, 80, 96, 102, cf. Rajendra East India Company, 6, 269 Prasad East Punjab, 26 revised quotas in, 71, 72 Eastern Bengal and Assam, 4 strategy of West Bengal’s leaders in, 2 economic infrastructure, 118, 235, 240, Union Constitution Committee, 70, 85 245, 252, 253 Sub-Committee, 71 Assam rail link, 243 Union Powers Committee, 64, 76, 77, Eastern canal, 243 78, 79, 81, 82 Mayurkashi project, 255 West Bengal constitution, 160, 165, ports, 242 Kandla, 253 Paradip, 253 195, 208 roads [transport], 243, 252, 253, 254 Constitution of India (1950) (also see sewage, 253 President of India), 2, 25, 26, 95, transport links, 252 98, 99 elections (also see CPI), 203 Article 369, 102 1937, 13 concurrent list, 102 1945–46, 211, 212, 226 emergency powers under, 102 1952–67, of Muslim candidates, 203, Governors’ powers, 75, 100 204, 206 (cf. Government of India Act Bengal, 268, 289, 290, 303 (1935), Section 93, 75, 76) 1967, Congress collapse in, 311, 312 residuary powers, 68, 70, 100 1969 [mid-term], 312 Temporary and Transitional 1977, 313 Powers, 102 Bengal party affiliation (1946), 276 Cooch Behar, 48 Bhawanipur (1957), 308 copper, 252 by-election South Calcutta, June Curzon, George Nathaniel (Lord), 1949, 223 creation of province of Eastern Bengal Midnapore [by], 269, 305 and Assam, 4 Elections in West Bengal, 202, 205, 206 partition of Bengal (1905) and, 4, 5, 1952, 196, 205 [and Muslims], 195, 196, 9, 59 197, 202, 203, 204, 206 1957 [and Muslims], 203, 204, 205 D Emergency, 313 Dacca, 35 engineering industries, 251 Dandakaranya Development Authority Eviction Bill (1951), 294 (also see Rehabilitation policies, dispersal and), 137 F Darjeeling, 31, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55 Fact Finding Committee (Report of the Radcliffe’s award and, 59 Committee of Ministers, Das, C. R. (Chittaranjan), 308 1954), 139

336 Index

famine, 63, 94, 95 Ghosh, Surendra Mohan, 24, 216, 217, 285 Famine Resistance Committees, 287 Gupta, Atul Chandra, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, Faridpur, 31, 35, 45, 49, 50 45, 59 Radcliffe’s award and, 40, 59 Gupta, Saibal, 137, 138 Farakka (also see economic infrastructure), Gurkha League, 48, 220 256 Gurkhas, 48 Finance Commission, 94, 248, 249, 306 Central, 246, 247 H First Finance Commission, 247 Haldia Oil Refinery, 256 Second Finance Commission, 123, Halim, Abdul, 297 247, 306 Harijans (also see Bengal castes), 227 Statutory transfers, 249 Hashem, Abul, 100 creation of, 84, 89, 92 Hindu Mahasabha, Bengal (also see grants-in-aid (Dr B. C. Roy), 84, 86, 89 All-India Hindu Mahasabha), Fire Service Workers’ Union, 290 14, 26–39, 46, 50, 261, 264, food shortages, 63, 64, 73, 74, 91, 102 270, 273 food gap, 244, 245 activists, 270, 271, 275 hunger marches, 245 Barisal district branch, 262 rice, 56 Bengal Provincial Hindu Mahasabha Foreign Bureau, Government of India, 292 Scrutiny report (1956), 273 Fort William (Calcutta), 6, 7 Boundary Commission and, 31 Forward Bloc (Ruikar) (1952), 211, branches, in (1956), 263 220, 275, 276, 277, 278, 284, Burdwan district, 271 285, 287, 288, 297, 299, East Bengal branches, 264 304, 306 Hindu refugees and, 31–6 franchise, 94 impact of partition, 261–75, 278, 284, 285 G Lahiry faction, 264 Gandhi, Indira, 311, 312, 313 membership and strength, in, 260, Gandhi, M. K. (Mohandas Karamchand), 273, 277 217, 218, 227, 261 Murshidabad, and, 263, 272, 273, 277, allies, 11 279, 281, 288 assassination of, 30 January 1948, 261, Muslims, and, 260, 261, 266, 272, 262, 266 297, 300 impact on Mahasabha, 262, 267 North Calcutta district, 267 Communal Award, and, 12 provincial elections, 1946, performance Congress, 11 in (also see elections), 263, defeat, 11 265, 273 strategies, 11 refugees, and, 269–71, 297 style of politics, 11 Scheduled Castes and, 35 Gandhians, (also see no-changers) West Bengal, 266, 268, 299 hardliners, 11 Hindu Sramik Sangha (Hindu Workers Dr P. C. Ghosh (also see Ghosh, Union), 268 Dr Prafulla Chandra), 24 Hooghly district, 6–7, 29, 30, 31, 49 Gangopadhyay, Sunil, 294 Arambagh subdivision, 214 Gani Khan Choudhury, A. B. A., 205 District Congress Committee, 46 (also Ghosh, Ajoy, 283 see Hooghly group) Ghosh, Atulya, 46, 49, 173, 175, 214, 216, no-changers, 214 218, 219, 221, 222, 231, 234, 237, pro-changers, 214 263, 305 Hooghly group, 46 Ghosh, Dr Prafulla Chandra, 23, 24, 36, 50, AICC, Bombay session, April 175, 273, 305 1948, 218 ministry, 115 Hoque, Lotfal, 205 Ghosh, Ramendranath, 265, 266 Howrah, 29, 31, 52 Ghosh, Sudhir Kumar, 261, 284 Hyderabad, 111, 123

Index 337

I Krishak Majdoor Praja Party (KMPP) (also INA trials, 278, 284 see Ghosh, Prafulla), 175, 220 Independents, 212 Nehru, Jawaharlal and West Bengal Indian Civil Service, Muslims, 177, 200, 273 Hindus and Muslim officers in West Krishnamachari, T.T., 89, 90, 98 Bengal, and, 200 Kunzru, Pandit, H. N., 67, 75, 80, 91, 92, 102 Indian National Army (INA), 13 inflation, 63 L Inter-Dominion Agreement, April Lahiry, Ashutosh, 35, 263, 264, 265, 266, 1948, 129 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, conference, 129 273, 274 Interim Government, 14 land-grab movement, 312 iron and steel, 82, 102 land reforms, 225 prices, equalisation of, 251 language issue, Ismail, Mohammad, 300, 301 Cocanada Congress (1923), 96 Congress Assembly Party, and 67, 95, J 97, 99 Jalal, Ayesha, 64 Congress proceedings, language of, 96, Jalpaiguri, 31, 44, 46, 48, 52 97, 98, 99 Radcliffe’s award and, 59 Greater Bengal question, 304 Jana Sangha, 220, 274, 275 language and script, 96, 97, 98 Jatiya Banga Sangathan Samiti, 46, 49, 50 language of the constitution, official, 63, Jayakar, M. R., 67 98, 99 Jenkins, Sir Evan, 22 Linguistic Province (Dar) Commission, 101 Jessops Armoury Raid (1948), 227 report of, 99, 101 De, Pritish, 227 Linguistic Provinces Committee, Report, Raha, Amar, 227 304 Jessore, 31, 35, 46, 48 linguistic provinces, 96, 101 Jinnah, M. A. (Mohammad Ali) and Quaid- linguistic states, demand for, 293 e-Azam, 13, 60 Bengal, and, 303 Jugantar, 217 Munshi-Ayyangar formula, 98 June 3 Plan (3 June Plan, 3 June decision), Official Language Commission, report 15, 19, 21, 61, 65, 70 of, 306 jute, 56, 78, 80, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, States Reorganisation Commission, 305 233, 240, 241, 244, 247, 248, 251, Tamil nationalism, 98 254, 255 West Bengal States Linguistic Redistribution Committee, 304 K Left Front government, 312, 313 Kabir, Humayun, 173 left-wing parties, Bengal, 126, 276, 283, Kabir, Jehangir, 175, 311 289, 291, 292, 295, 297, 299, 302, Kaliachak (also see Muslim-majority areas 303, 304, 305, 306, 308 in West Bengal), 44 votes polled in legislative assembly Kashmir, 246, 247 elections (1952–69), 263, 274, kerosene, see oil 276, 283, 288, 290, 300, 301 Khaitan, Debi Prasad, 69, 73, 78, 79, 82, licences, 229, 230, 231 88, 90 Linlithgow, Lord, 13 Khare, V. B., 269 Lok Sevak Sangha, 220 Khulna, 31, 45, 49, 50, 52 Radcliffe’s award and, 40, 59 M Kisan sabhas, 278, 285 MacDonald, Ramsay, movement, 312 Communal Award of 1932 and, Pricing Committee, and, 278, 285 12, 302 Konar, Hare Krishna, 312, 313 Madras, 6 Kripalani, Acharya, 24, 33, 36, 45 Mahishya Samiti [factions], 221, Kripalani, Mrs Sucheta, 273, 303 227, 228

338 Index

Maitra, Pandit Lakshmi Kanta, 75, 76, 94, Punjab Boundary Commission and, 25 98, 99 West Bengal and, 173, 175 Maity, Abha, 228 Muslim-majority provinces, 64, 65, 70, 71 Maity, Nikunja Behari, 221, 227, 228 Muslims (also see Patel, Vallabbhai) Malda, 31, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 267, 268, Ahmediya, 198 272, 273, 279, 281, 288 fall in urban numbers, 183 Maoists, 312, 313 Hindu refugee displacement of Muslims Marxist Forward Bloc, 220, 276, in Calcutta, 165, 166, 167, 172, 287, 290 185, 188, 190, 197, 201, 202 May 16 Plan, Cabinet Mission, 14, 64, 66, immigrants from East Pakistan [to, 168], 67, 69, 70 186, 187 cf. Cabinet Mission Plan, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71 literacy, 192 Mazumdar, Jogesh, 277 Momin [conference], 198 Mazumdar, Satyendra Narayan, 276 newspapers, 166, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204 middle classes, Bengal, 271, 302, 306 partition and, 159, 185, 205 Midnapore, 29, 31, 49, 52 reverse migration of (also see immigrants migration, 2 from East Pakistan), 183, 186, Allahabad, Bengali migration to, 7 187, 188 impact of 2–3 Shershabadiyas, 161 Lahore, Bengali migration to, 7 smuggling and, 192, 193 migrants, 3 tradesmen, 161 Patna, Bengali migration to, 7 Muslims of West Bengal, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, Rangoon, Bengali migration to, 7 13, 14, 159, 160–5, 166, 170, 171, scale of, 106, 118 172, 176, 190, 192, 194, 195, 201, Mitra, Asok, 117, 124 202, 205, 208 Momin, 266, 299 burial grounds, and, 167, 180, 199 Mookerjee, Dr Syama Prasad (also see Calcutta, and, 160, 161, 162, 163, 173, Hindu Mahasabha and all-India 177, 180, 182, 190, 198, 200, Hindu Mahasabha), 36, 261, 201, 206 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, clustering and ghettoisation of, 175, 180, 273, 275 181–94, 197, 204, 205, 206 founds Jana Sangha, 267, 274 border areas, 165, 185, 187, 188 resignation, 23 November 1948, 266 distribution of, 169, 170 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 15, 20, 21, 22, urban and rural concentrations of, 23, 26, 38, 39 162–71, 185, 187, 188, 202, 206: Mudaliar, Sir A Ramaswamy, 78 areas, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, Mukherjea, Justice B. K., 25, 27 186, 190, 192, 195, 208 Mukherjee, Ajoy, 221, 222, 310, 311 government officials and flight, 163, 168, Mukherjee, Debendranath (D. N.), 21, 172, 178, 179, 186, 195, 199, 201, 264, 272, 273 205, 206 Mukherjee, Hemchandra, 264 harassment of rioters, 180, 182, 183, 185 Mukherjee, Sailendra Kumar, 264 impact of partition on, 3, 39, 40, 41, 42, Mukhpadhyay, Saroj, 280, 285 44, 45, 49 Munshi, K. M., 2 local and union boards, and, 40 Murshidabad, 31, 40, 42, 45, 46, 48, Muslim notables, 9 52, 59 Muslim peasants, 8, 161 Radcliffe’s award and, 59 Muslim-majority areas and districts, 29, Muslim League, 13, 14, 15, 21, 23, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 172, 174, 175, 195, 310 44–5, 59 1946 elections, and, 174 new politics, 194–208 Bengal Boundary Commission and, 30, Muslim politics in West Bengal: West 39, 40, 55, 60 Bengal Congress Assembly Party, Bengal Provincial, 21 173, 177 East Pakistan, 175 partition, and, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166, Premier, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, 172 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175,

Index 339

176, 177, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, newspapers, 266, 268, 300, 301, 304 187, 188, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, Niemeyer, Sir Otto, 83 196, 199, 200, 216, 276, 277 Niemeyer formula, 83 party-political profile of Muslim MLAs, 202 Nikhil Vanga Bastuhara, 270 patterns of flight, post-partition and, Karma Parishad (NVBKP) (also see All 165–71, 180, 184, 188, 197, 201 Bengal Refugee Council), 270, refugees to East Bengal, 165, 166, 200 291, 293 from Calcutta, 162, 163, 167, 170, 171, Noakhali, 14, 35 (also see riots, 185, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197, 200 communal) exodus from border districts, 167, 169, no-changers (also see AICC), 180, 184 Chittaranjan Das and, 11 exodus from Nadia and Calcutta, 166 North Bengal, 46, 47–8 exodus, district patterns of, 166, 169, 181, 183, 190 O population, redistribution of, 172, 181, oil, petroleum and kerosene, 80, 102 185, 187, 188, 194 Orissa, 4, 9, 52 Radcliffe’s award and, 57, 59 representation in Bengal Assembly of, P 173, 207 Pakistan, 263, 269, 277, 284, 285, 286, social composition of, 163, 165, 168, 305, 306 171, 190, 192, 193, 194, 197, 201 demand for, 278 staying on and assimilation of, 159, 165, Panikkar, K. M., 70 169, 171–81, 194, 195, 208 Panja, Jadabendranath, 46, 49 Murshidabad, pattern of Muslims paper, 85, 102, bamboo, 241 staying on in, 162–71, 172, 186, 203 Parganas, 29, 31, 52 Sunnis, 162 partition of India, 106, 151 Muslim United Front (West Bengal Patel, Vallabbhai Minorities United Front), 203, 204 Muslims, and, 173, 175, 177 Mysore State Hindu Students’ Paul, Makhan, 277 Federation, 265 Permanent Settlement of Bengal (1793), 7, 81, 82, 87 N petroleum, see oil Nadia, 31, 34, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 274 planning, 63, 100, 229 Naidu, Mrs Sarojini, 96 First Five Year Plan, 243 Nakatani, Tetsuya, 111, 113, 125, Planning Commission, 249, 256, 257 126, 151 Second Five Year Plan, 256 Naskar, Hem Chandra, 227 Third Five Year Plan, 249, 250, 257 Nationalist Muslim Party, 174, 212 Politburo, Moscow, 278 Kabir, Jehangir and also see K.J., 174 Praja Socialist Party, 220 Naxalbari, 311, 312 Prasad, Dr Rajendra, 26, 63, 70, 71, 72, Naxalites, 313 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 83, 92, 93, Nehru, Jawaharlal, 23, 60, 103 95, 96, 97 rehabilitation and West Bengal Prasad Papers, 73, 83, 84, 98 refugees, 128, 129, 130, 131, Presidency division, 49, 52 133, 158 President of India (also see Constitution of Nehru-Liaquat Pact, 1950, 129 India), Krishak Majdoor Praja Party (KMPP) election of, 94 and West Bengal Muslims, Emergency Powers under the 177, 200 Constitution, 102 Neogy, K.C., 72, 87 President’s rule (1971), 313 New Bengal Association, 30, 31, 33, 50 prices (also see ‘inflation)’, 63 New Delhi, 13 (also see centre, princely states, 67 Government of India, Congress Mysore, 78 high command), 9, 14, 15, 19, 20, Dewan: Mudaliar, Sir A Ramaswamy, 78 21, 22, 33,39 princes, 63, 71

340 Index

Punjab (also see East Punjab and West Government of India rehabilitation Punjab), 1, 12, 15, 20, 22, 26, policies, 105, 106, 113, 118, 128, 262, 285, 291, 303 129–30, 134, 140 borders of, 25 Punjab, in, 106, 111, 119, 126, 128, Boundary Commission of, 25 129, 130, 137 West Bengal, in, 106, 114, 130, 135 Q Government of West Bengal Quit India movement (1942), 13, 263, rehabilitation policies, 101, 118, 277, 278 122, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 142, R 147, 157 Radcliffe’s award Nehru and West Bengal refugees, 128, Chittagong Hill Tracts and, 60 129, 130, 131, 133, 158 Congress Plan and, 59–60 Hindu, reasons for leaving East Bengal, East Bengal and, 57, 59 105, 106, 107–14 formula for partition of, 41 impact of refugees on West Bengal Muslims and, 57, 59 society, 106, 132, 133, 138, 151–8 Radical Democrats, 212 in Nadia, 111, 113 Rajagopalachari, C., 41 in West Bengal, 107 Rajshahi, 30, 31, 34, 40, 44 inflation, and, 156 Ranadive, B. T., 283 labourers, 108, 116, 117 Randhawa, M. S., 106, 126 literacy among, 145 Rangpur, 31, 40, 44, 48, 59 Marichjhapi settlement, 137 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangha (RSS), 177 middle classes, 114, 115 Rasul, Muhammad Abullah, 285, 297 Nadia, reasons for leaving East rationing, 229 Bengal, 113 Rau, N. Madhava, 90 Nadia, settlement of refugees in, 125 Ray, Siddhartha Shankar, 308, 309 Namasudras, 151 refugee camps, 270, 306 occupations of, compared with general Gosala, 291 population, other immigrants, Lake Number One, 305 146, 148, 152 refugees, 2, 3, 105, 107 peasants, 108, 116, 117, 118, 124, 126, 1956 Survey, 126, 145, 149, 150 136, 138, 139, 235 artisans, 115, 116, 123, 247 population growth, and, 154 Azadgarh, 118, 140, 143, 151 poverty among, 126, 149, 150 businessmen, 114, 115 family size, 138, 144, 149, 150 Calcutta and 24 Parganas, concentration rural and urban, 126, 132, 140, 147 in, 70, 274, 296, 297 propertied classes, 114 concentrations in Calcutta of, 132, 295 Punjab refugees, resettlement of, and urban cities, 115, 123, 126, 127, 119, 126 132, 139, 140, 142, 143, 147 rehabilitation of, 3 in border regions, e.g. Nadia, Village rehabilitation policies, 127–41 M, Nadia, 111, 125, 126 Dandakaranya Project, 136, 137, Dandakaranya, relations of refugees with 138, 139 tribal inhabitants, 138 denial, and, 106, 127 desertions from, 137, 138 dispersal and, 119, 127, 132, 134, 140 district-wise distribution of, 120, 148 exodus, 119, 139 electoral success of the left, and, 288, 297 scheduled castes, 108, 118 employment, and, 115, 124, 127, 131, scheduled tribes, 118 133, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, self-settlement of (also see squatters), 147, 148, 151, 152, 157 141, 142, 144 employment patterns of, 115, 146, 147, settlement patterns of, 115, 117, 118, 148, 149 119–27, 128, 130, 157, 269, failure of government rehabilitation 283, 285 policies, 139, 140 social change among, 151, 153

Index 341

structure of family life, and, 152, 153 Roy, Kiran Sankar, 114 Tollygunge Railway Colony, 143 Roy, Leela, 278, 304 UCRC, 134, 135 underemployment, 157 S unemployment among, 139, 140, 147, Salahuddin, S. M., 177, 180, 199 157, 158 Samjukta Socialist Party, 220 refugees, and [urban], 139, 157 Santan Bahini, 183 urban government [planning], 144 Santhanam, K., 67, 78, 89 women, 113, 145, 149, 152, 153, 154 Sanyal, Nalinakshya, 26 and work, 145, 146 Sanyal, Sasanka Sekhar, 196 ‘bhadramahila’, and, 146, 153 Sapru Committee (1945), 62, 63, 75 employment of, 123, 145, 149, 152, Sarkar, Hemanta Kumar, 46 153, 154, 155, 157 Sarkar, Nalini Ranjan, Sir, 21, 88, impact, 127, 153, 154, 155 89, 92 literacy among, 145, 146 Sattar, Abdus, 201 role in migration, 106, 149, 153 Savarkar, Veer, 266, 267 workforce, 157, 295, 296 Scheduled Caste Federation, 212 World War II, effect of, 141 Scheduled Castes, 12, 25, 35, 212, Revolutionary Communist Party of India 228, 233 (RCPI), 211, 220, 227 Hindu Mahasabha, and, 35 Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), 211, 220, Sen, P C (Prafulla Chandra), 214, 218, 219, 275, 276, 277, 283, 284, 288, 297 230, 231, 310 elections and, 276 minister for civil supplies, 307 strongholds in Bengal, 262, 284, Separation Council, 21, 22, 23 288, 289 Bengal Congress, and, 22 riots, communal, 136, 141, 167, 181, 182, Shadow Cabinet (for West Bengal), 21, 23 183, 190, 297, 301 shadow government, 76 Bihar (1946–7), 165 Shastri, Algu Rai (also see language issue), Calcutta, 107 96, 97, 99 Calcutta killings (1946), 165, 168, 179, 180 Siddiqui, M. K. A., 163, 190, 193 Dacca (1941), 262 Sikhs, 15, 26, 71 East Bengal (1964), 167 Siliguri, 227, 243 Hazratbal (1964), 112 Sitaramayya, P., 231 Howrah (1950), 167, 168, 180, 182 Socialist Party, 220 Hyderabad (1948), 112 Socialist Republican Party, 220, 278, Jessore (1949, 1950), 111, 124 287, 290 Jubbulpore (1961), 167, 169, 180, 199 Sarat Bose, and, 278, 284, 290, 303, Khulna (1949, 1950), 111, 112, 124 304, 308 Nadia (1950–51), 166, 184 Socialist Unity Centre of India (SUCI), 31, Noakhali (1946), 107, 112 220, 276, 287, 290 Tippera (1946), 107, 111 Spate, O H K, 5, 25, 105, 111 rivers (and river-systems) of Bengal, 20, 48, squatters, 132, 142, 143 55–6 Sri Sangha groups, 277 Bhagirathi, 42, 44 States Reorganisation Committee Brahmaputra, 5 (1956) (also see language Ganges, 5, 42 issue), 60 shift of river course, 124 Bihar and, 60 Ganges-Bhagirathi, 42, 45 strikes, 296 Gorai, 31 bank employees (1956), 296, 307 Hooghly, 42, 55 Calcutta Police (1954), 296, 307 Mathabhanga, 42, 59 central government employees (1960), Nadia 27, 42, 44, 59 296, 307 Padma, 243, 244 schoolteachers (1954), 296, 307 Roy, Dr B. C. (Bidhan Chandra), 68, 73, students, 307 100, 305 tramway workers (1958), 296, 307

342 Index

Suhrawardy, H. S., 21 West Bengal Congress, 46, 176, 218, 223, conference of Muslim leaders, 1947, 231, 232 and, 173 alliances, 289 Sundarbans, 5 candidates, 270, 274, 275, 290, Swatantra Party, 220 299, 300 CPI: relations with, 278, 283 T dominance by East Bengal of Tabligh Jamaat (Calcutta), 198 (1947–50), 173 Tamil Nadu, 249, 250 Forward Bloc: relations with, 278, 284, 285 tanneries, 242 High Command, 261, 267, 302, 303, 304 taxation, 77 Hindu Mahasabha: relations with, 261, 1935 Act, 77 267, 268, 269 corporation taxes, 78, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, impact of partition on, 260 89, 91 JVP Committee, 303 excise duties, 78, 80, 85, 89, 91 leaders, 260, 263, 270 export duties, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, leadership, 270 86, 89 Ministry in West Bengal, 260, 263, 292, Financial Provisions, Expert Committee 305, 308 on, 85, 86, 89 Muslims (and also see Muslims), 299 income tax, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, opposition, 275, 290, 299, 302, 303, 305 88, 89, 91 refugees, 291 land revenue, 77, 79, 81, 82 Revolutionary Socialist Party: relations sales [and purchase] tax, 77, 80, 86 with, 275, 277 separate heads, 78, 79,81,87 West Bengal, ‘core’ territories of, 52 stamp duties, 77, 86 West Bengal districts Taxation Enquiry Commission (1961), 258 distribution of licences, 229, 237 tea, 44, 48, 55, 59, 80, 84, 85, 242, 243 by districts, 237 estates, 91 levels of development gardens, 91 industrial, 229, 235, 236 tea-growing districts, 47 West Bengal, impact of partition on Tebhaga campaigns, 226 economy, 238–59 Teota, zamindars of, 114, 277 West Bengal Elections, 264 textiles, 63, 102 Mahasabha’s performance in (1952), The partition of Bengal. A geographical study 268, 272–5 with maps and diagrams (also see West Bengal, employment in factories Chatterjee, S. P.), 41, 56 (1948), 241 trade unions, 282, 286, 297 West Bengal Muslim Rehabilitation Board tramfare Enhancement Resistance [Association, Committee], 171, Committee, 287, 306 198, 199, 204 West Bengal States Linguistic U Redistribution Committee, see United Bengal Plan, 12 language issue United Central Refugee Council (UCRC), West Punjab, 26 135, 287, 289 Workers’ and Peasants’ League, 287 United Front government, 311, 312 Workers’ Party of India, 220 Uttar Pradesh (UP), 247 World War II, economic impact of, 63 Wright, Theodore P., Jr, 199 V Writers’ Building, 310 Van Schendel, Willem, 192, 195, 199 Y W Yadava Mahasabha, 228 Weiner, Myron, 225, 228, 229, 233 West Bengal Animal Slaughter Control Act Z of 1950, 178, 179 Zhdanov line, 283 cow-sacrifice or go-korbani, and, 178, 179 Zolberg, A. R., 105